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Social Democratic Parties and European Integration: the Case of the Turkish Republican People’S Party

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Social Democratic Parties and European Integration: the Case of the Turkish Republican People’S Party View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTIES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE TURKISH REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY A Master’s Thesis by GÜLCE TÜRKER Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2013 To My Mom SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTIES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE TURKISH REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by GÜLCE TÜRKER In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. ---------------------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. ---------------------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Paul Williams Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. ---------------------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Başak İnce Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences ---------------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTIES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE TURKISH REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY Türker, Gülce M.A., Department of International Relations Thesis Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas September 2013 This thesis analyses the attitudes and behaviour of the Republican People’s Party towards European integration and Turkey’s European Union membership process. It aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the relation of social democratic parties vis-à-vis European integration. The main inquiry is how and under what conditions the Republican People’s Party as a social democratic party, shapes its position towards European integration. The study argues that the Republican People’s Party has been a historically a pro-European political party, however due to conditional situations, it has been a soft Eurosceptical party after 2002. Key Words: The Republican People’s Party, European integration, social democratic parties iii ÖZET SOSYAL DEMOKRATİK PARTİLER VE AVRUPA ENTEGRASYONU: CUMHURİYET HALK PARTİSİ ÖRNEK ÇALIŞMASI Türker, Gülce Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas Eylül 2013 Bu tez, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’nin Avrupa entegrasyonuna ve Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği’ne üyelik sürecine bakışını ve davranışlarını analiz etmektedir. Sosyal demokrat partilerin Avrupa entegrasyonuna bakışlarını inceleyerek literatüre katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Sosyal demokrat bir parti olarak Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’nin hangi koşullarda ve nasıl Avrupa entegrasyonuna bakışını şekillendirdiği araştırmanın temel odağını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’nin tarihsel olarak Avrupa yanlısı bir parti olduğunu, fakat 2002 yılından sonra koşulsal durumlara bağlı olarak kısmi Avrupa kuşkucu bir parti olduğu fikrini savunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, Avrupa entegrasyonu, Sosyal Demokrat Partiler iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dimitris Tsarouhas for his guidance and support, not only throughout the thesis but also throughout my graduate and undergraduate study. I also would like to sincerely thank members of the examining committee, Assist. Prof. Paul Williams and Assoc. Prof. Başak İnce, who examined my study, gave valuable comments and made recommendations on my thesis. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the generosity of the TÜBİTAK BİDEB 2210 Scholarship Programme for supporting my academic research through providing scholarship opportunity. I would like to express my special thanks to Grup7 family for their endless support, understanding and encouragement. I could not complete this thesis without their support. They are like my family in İstanbul. I would like to thank all of my friends, especially Yeşim Üzümcüoğlu who always been there for me and has offered her unconditional friendship and help since my undergraduate years. Also I would like to thank Fulya Alpyörük and Onur Ulaş and to other wonderful people in my life for their endless support and belief in me. I feel a deep sense of gratitude for my family who has endured this long process with me. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Özgür Aksugur and my beloved sister Ekin Türker for their unconditional and irreplaceable support and understanding. They patiently encouraged me all the time. Last but not the least, I would like to express my very special thanks and love to my amazing mother Ayşe Türker not only her support and love throughout this thesis but also throughout my entire life. Without her great encouragement and support, this thesis would not have been realized. Thus I dedicate this thesis to my beloved mother with my appreciation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZET iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II: SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTIES AND EU INTEGRATION 7 2.1 A Review of Social Democratic Parties 7 2.1.1 Social Democracy and the Third Way 9 2.1.2 The Core Values of Social Democracy 12 2.2 The Republican People’s Party as A Social Democratic Party 13 2.2.1 The RPP and the Social Democracy 1965–1980 Period 14 2.2.1.1 The RPP as the Left of Centre 14 2.2.1.2 The RPP as Democratic Left 15 2.2.2 The RPP and the Social Democracy after 1992 16 2.2.3 The RPP and the Socialist International 19 2.3 Social Democratic Parties and European Integration 20 vi CHAPTER III: THE REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY FROM 1992 TO 2002 32 3.1 Customs Union 33 3.2 The Amsterdam Summit and the Agenda 2000 34 3.3 The Luxembourg Summit 36 3.4 28 February Process 38 3.5 The ban of the Welfare Party 39 3.6 The Cardiff Summit and the First Progress Report 40 3.7 1999 General Elections 41 3.8 The capture of Abdullah Öcalan and his sentencing to the death penalty 42 3.9 The Helsinki Summit 42 3.10 The Nice Summit 43 3.11 The ban of the Virtue Party 44 3.12 The Accession Partnership Document 45 3.13 The National Programme for the Adoption of the EU Acquis 46 3.14 Constitutional Amendments 46 CHAPTER IV: THE REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY FROM 2002 TO 2012 49 4.1 Constitutional Reform Packages 50 4.2 The Copenhagen Summit 52 4.3 2003 Regular Report 54 4.4 The Annan Plan and Cyprus Issue 54 4.5 The Brussels Summit and the Opening of the Negotiations 56 vii 4.6 2007 Presidency Elections and 27 April E-Memorandum 58 4.7 Headscarf Controversy 61 4.8 The Closure Case against the AKP 62 4.9 The Amendments on Article 301 64 4.10 The Democratic Initiative Process 66 4.11 The Ergenokon Case 67 4.12 The Balyoz Case 68 4.13 Constitutional Referendum 69 4.14 2011 General Elections 70 CHAPTER V: THE REPUBLICAN PEOPLE’S PARTY AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 71 5.1 The Republican People’s Party Approach to the EU from 1992 to 2002 74 5.2 The Republican People’s Party Approach to the EU from 2002 to 2012 78 5.3 Theoretical Implication of the Republican People’s Party Approach to the EU 84 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 96 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ČSSD The Czech Social Democratic Party ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EEC European Economic Community EMU Economic and Monetary Union EU European Union JDP Justice and Development Party MSZP The Hungarian Socialist Party NSC National Security Council PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement PES Party of European Socialists RPP Republican People’s Party SDL Democratic Left SEA Single European Act SI Socialist International SLD The Alliance of the Democratic Left TPP True Path Party ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The concept of social democracy has emerged as one of the most important political developments in the world after the Industrial Revolution. It evolved in the late 19th century and played an important role in the EU political arena in the 20th century. In the 1980s, with the spread of liberal economic practices, social democracy went through a regression. Globalisation politics and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led social democrat parties to an ideological search and led to the Third Way wave. At the beginning of the 20th century, whilst social democratic parties were gaining momentum, the Turkish Republic was born from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire. The Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi - RPP) found and ruled the Turkish Republic for twenty-seven years as a single party. After the transition to a multiparty system, in its opposition party years, the RPP went through a structural and ideological search. In 1970s, the RPP started to identify its ideology with social democracy practices and managed to become the ruling party again. The RPP was shut down by the 1980 military coup d’état and was allowed back into the political arena in 1992. After World War II, six European states, headed by France and West Germany, formed the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, with the 1 aim of restoring peace in Europe and achieving cooperation in their coal and steel fuelled economies. In 1958, with the Treaty of Rome, the European Economic Community (EEC) was formed to secure economic cooperation among its members. Over the years, the Community grew with new members and developed new practice areas.
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