Your Unpublished Thesis, Submitted for a Degree at Williams College and Administered by the Williams College Libraries, Will Be Made Available for Research Usc
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WILLIAMS COLLEGE LIBRARIES COPYRICiHT ASSIGNMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR A STUDENT THESIS Your unpublished thesis, submitted for a degree at Williams College and administered by the Williams College Libraries, will be made available for research usc. You may, through this form, provide instructions regarding copyright, access, dissemination and reproduction of' your thesis. The College has the right in all cases to maintain and preserve theses both in hardcopy and electronic format, and to make such copies as the Libraries require !'or their research and archival functions. _The f~1culty advisor/s to the student writing the thesis claims joint authorship in this work. -~ 1/wc have included in this thesis copyrighted material for which 1/we have not received permission from the copyright holdcr/s. If' you do not secure copyright permissions by the time your thesis is submitted, you will still be allowed to submit. However, if the necessary copyright permissions arc not received, c-posting of your thesis may be affected. Copyrighted material may include images (tables, drawings, photographs, figures, maps, graphs, etc.), sound files, video material, data sets, and large portions of text. l. COI'YRICiiiT An author by law owns the copyright to his/her work, whether or not a copyright symbol and elate arc placed on the piece. Please choose one of the options below with respect to the cupyright in your the,; is. 1/wc choose not to retain the copyright to the thesis, and hereby assign the copyright to Williams College. Selecting this option will assign copyright to the College. !Cthc author/swishes later to publish the work, he/she/they will need to obtain permission to do so Crom the Libraries, which will be granted except in unusual circumstances. The Libraries will be Cree in this case to also grant permission to another researcher to publish some or all oCthe thesis. !Cyou have chosen this option, you do not need to complete the next section anJ can proceed to the signature line. !/we choose to retain the copyright to the thesis !'or a period or 0 years, or until my/our death/s, whichever is the earlier, at which time the copyright shall be assigned to Williams College without need of further action by me/us or by my/our heirs, successors, or representatives of my/our cstate/s. Selecting this option allows the author/s the llexibility of retaining his/her/their copyright Cor a period or years or Cor IiCc. II. ACCESS AND COPYING If you have chosen in section I, above, to retain the copyright in your thesis for some period of time, please cl1o(:;;.,onc of the following options with respect to access to, and copying ol~ the thesis. V 1/wc grant permission to Williams College to provide access to (and therefore copying of) the thesis in electronic format via the Internet or other means of electronic transmission, in addition to permitting access to and copying of the thesis in hardcopy format. Selecting this option allows the Libraries to transmit the thesis in electronic format via the Internet. This option will therefore permit worldwide access to the thesis and, because the Libraries cannot control the uses of an electronic version once it has been transmitted, this option also permits copying of the electronic version. ~~ I/wc grant permission to Williams College to maintain and provide access to the thesis in hardcopy format. In addition, 1/we grant permission to Williams College to provide access to (and therefore copying of) the thesis in electronic format via the Internet or other means of electronic transmission after a period of~~~ years. Selecting this option allows the Libraries to transmit the thesis in electronic format via the Internet af'Lcr a period of years. Once the restriction period has ended, this option permits worldwide access to the thesis. and copying of the electronic and hardcopy versions. ~~ 1/wc grant permission to Williams College to maintain, provide access to, and provide copies of the thesis in hardcopy format only, for as long as l/wc retain copyright. Selecting this option allows access to your work only from the hardcopy you submit for as long as you retain copyright in the work. Such access pertains to the entirety of your work, including any media that it incorporates. Selecting this option allows the Libraries to provide copies of the thesis to researchers in hardcopy form only, not in electronic format. 1/wc grant permission to Williams College to maintain and to provide access to the thesis in hardcopy format only, for as long as llwc retain copyright. Selecting this option allo.vs access to your work only fi·01n the hardcopy you submit for as long as you retain copyright in the work. Such access pertains to the entirety of your work, including any media that it incorporates. This option docs NOT permit the Libraries to provide copies of the thesis to researchers. Signature Signed (student author) _Redacted _________ _ Signature Redacted Signed (faculty advisor) _···_·----~------ Signed (2d advisor, if applicable) _____________________ Thesis title Date , ,,_ --,~ 1 ,., Signature Redacted ~~~:~~~c~:y: Date: ~(tLL/ )f I JD;?-- t I rev. March 2010 1 Negotiating Health Care at the South Bronx’s Lincoln Hospital by Taisha Rodríguez Carmen Teresa Whalen, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Latina/o Studies WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts Monday, May 21, 2012 2 Acknowledgments I would first like to thank Professors Ondine Chavoya and Mérida M. Rúa for sparking my interest in Latina/o Studies, and even making me consider the future possibility of a senior thesis as a first-year student. Having both of you as my readers was the perfect way to conclude the Latina/o Studies concentration. A special thanks to Professor Mérida M. Rúa for your insightful feedback and encouragement throughout the thesis process, as well as during the past four years. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Professor Carmen T. Whalen, for your unfailing support, advice, and understanding. Thanks to our weekly meetings and your feedback, I was continually reminded of my focus and motivation for pursuing this project. Thank you also for the extensive proofreading, even while trying to balance your own busy schedule. Many thanks to the Office of Special Academic Programs for their support through the MMUF fellowship. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Professor Laurie Heatherington for your support, guidance, and helping me to concretely plan a strategy to complete my thesis—all for the sake of maintaining my mental health. Thank you to my friends for being understanding and willing to listen, especially Rigo Ruiz-Bonilla and Gracia Manzanares. Special thanks to Joel T. Clemmer for your constant reassurance, support, and making me laugh during times when I wanted to cry. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents and grandparents. Aunque no hayan entendido el proceso de la tesis, no saben cuanto les agradezco su apoyo y oraciones. Gracias por siempre recordarme de la importancia de no solo trabajar, pero sobre todo de descansar y de disfrutar. 3 Table of Contents Introduction . 4 Chapter 1: Community Control or Professional Control: Defining Health Care Debates in 1970 . 16 Young Lords Party Perspective on Health Issues . 19 The New York Times Enters the Debate . 27 Chapter 2: The “New” Lincoln Hospital: Continuing Health Care Issues and Framing Alternative Discourses . 36 Transitions: From the “Old” Lincoln to the “New” Lincoln . 37 Continuing Health Care Issues at the “New” Lincoln Hospital . 43 Continuing Alternative Discourses . 52 Conclusion . 60 4 Introduction “Welcome to the People’s Hospital,” read a banner hung on the exterior of the South Bronx’s Lincoln Hospital on July 14, 1970. It epitomized the core of the demands that the Young Lords Party, a Puerto Rican activist group with a socialist and nationalist agenda, presented to Lincoln Hospital administrators. During their twelve hour takeover of the medical center’s administrative building, the group demanded community control of the facilities and that services meet the needs of community residents. More specifically, their demands included: preventative health care, continuation of services, training and employment for community residents, and a grievance table where both patients and employees could voice their complaints. After negotiations with Lincoln Hospital’s administrators, hospital director Dr. Antero Lacot, a Puerto Rican gynecologist and the first non-white person to occupy a high-ranking management position, granted the Young Lords’ demand for a complaint table and the group voluntarily exited the building without having caused any physical damages to the property. 1 The next day, on behalf of the Lincoln Hospital administration, Dr. Lacot announced that the administration agreed to ensure no cutbacks in jobs or services, to implement preventative programs, and to continue with discussions for the construction of a new Lincoln Hospital.2 With their continued advocacy, the Young Lords Party members remained an active presence at Lincoln Hospital, by assisting staff with interpreting and paperwork, by manning a complaint table, and by using an x-ray truck 1 Alfonso A. Narvaez, “Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital: Offices are Held for 12 Hours—Official Calls Points Valid,” New York Times, 15 July 1970; Martin Gansberg, “Abortion Death Reported by City: Victim is First Here Since State Law was Relaxed,” New York Times, 21 July 1970; Alfonso A. Narvaez, “Doctors at Lincoln Hospital Threaten to Resign: Charge Harassment in Clinic by Young Lords and Other Activist Community Units,” New York Times, 29 July 1970. 2 Alfonso A. Narvaez, “Lincoln Hospital Hears Demands: Officials Meet with Young Lords to Discuss Problems,” New York Times, 16 July 1970; Narvaez, “Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital,” New York Times, 15 July 1970.