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Studies on the Biology and Host Location Behavior In STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HOST LOCATION BEHAVIOR OF PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITOID OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. _____________________________ Ebenezer Oloyede Onagbola Certificate of Approval _____________________________ _____________________________ Arthur G. Appel Henry Y. Fadamiro, Chair Alumni Professor Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology _____________________________ _____________________________ Micky D. Eubanks Kathy L. Flanders Associate Professor Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology _____________________________ Joe F. Pittman Interim Dean Graduate School STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HOST LOCATION BEHAVIOR OF PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITOID OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Ebenezer Oloyede Onagbola A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 10, 2008 STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HOST LOCATION BEHAVIOR OF PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITOID OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Ebenezer Oloyede Onagbola Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ________________________ Signature of Author May 10, 2008____________ Date of Graduation iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HOST LOCATION BEHAVIOR OF PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITOID OF CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Ebenezer Oloyede Onagbola (Doctor of Philosophy, May 10, 2008) (M.Tech., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 2003) (B.Tech., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 2000) 272 Typed pages Directed by Henry Y. Fadamiro Pteromalus cerealellae is an ectoparasitoid of several pests of stored products. Information on several aspects of its biology and life history strategy is grossly lacking. My dissertation focuses on some aspects of the biology, behavior and the cues used by P. cerealellae to locate its host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In Chapter II, I investigated the influence of environmental factors on longevity and reproductive performance of P. cerealellae. Male and female wasps benefited greatly from sugar feeding with significant increases in lifespan and progeny iv production. The suitability of freeze-killed larvae of C. maculatus as hosts for rearing P. cerealellae was investigated in Chapter III. Live and freeze-killed C. maculatus larvae were equally suitable as hosts for P. cerealellae with no significant difference in progeny production. In Chapter IV, I characterized the pre-imaginal stages of P. cerealellae for the first time using morphological structures revealed by microscopic techniques and recorded four larval instars for P. cerealellae. The external morphology of antennal sensilla of P. cerealellae was examined in Chapter V using scanning electron microscopy. Three morphologically different olfactory sensilla types were recorded on the antennae of both sexes with major sexual differences in the abundance of the multiporous sensilla trichodea type III and the multiporous placoid sensilla. In Chapter VI, I documented the mating behavior of P. cerealellae. Females exhibit “calling behavior” to initiate courtship. Males play the active role, exhibiting most of the observed pre-mounting behaviors. The role of semiochemicals in mediating intraspecific communication in P. cerealellae was investigated in Chapter VII using electroantennogram (EAG), behavioral (olfactometer) and analytical (gas chromatography) techniques. Results suggest the existence of male- and female-produced semiochemicals, possibly of cuticular origin, in this species. In Chapter VIII, the role of host-related semiochemicals in the host location of P. cerealellae was investigated using EAG, behavioral and analytical techniques. Results suggest the use of multiple olfactory stimuli in host finding by female P. cerealellae with preference for stimuli from host habitats (cowpea seed odor). v VITA Ebenezer Oloyede Onagbola, son to Chief Emmanuel (Late) and Mrs. Maria Onagbola, was born on January 2, 1973 in Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria. He graduated from The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria with a Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) degree in Biology (Food Storage Technology Option) in the year 2000 and Masters of Technology (M. Tech.) degree in Food Storage Technology in the year 2003. He started graduate program in Entomology in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA, in 2004. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research and development as a man and scientist benefited greatly from constant guidance, support and patience of my adviser and brother, Dr. Henry Yemisi Fadamiro. His enthusiasm and generosity with time has contributed immensely to the success of this work. I am also indebted to the other committee members: Dr. Micky D. Eubanks, Kathy Flanders, Dr. Arthur G. Appel and the dissertation outside reader, Dr. Jack W. Feminella for their genuine interest, time and valuable advice. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Wayne Clark and Dr. Henry Fadamiro for the teaching experience I gained from working with them. My profound gratitude go to Professors O. O. Odeyemi (Mrs), C. O. Adedire and Dr. M. O. Ashamo for having considered and recommended me to my advisor. Elly Maxwell, Shelia Boyt, Drs Chen Li, Vincent Umeh, and Hongyi Wei, Akinyode Morakinyo, Yinfang Xiao, Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Ramohan Rao Balusu, Timothy Nafziger and Prithwiraj Das whom I worked with at one time or the other in Fadamiro’s lab, made my time productive and fun-filled. I am deeply grateful to my parents and siblings for their love and supports in giving me the opportunity to be educated. Special thanks to Ms. Erica Deon Phelps for her love and encouragement. I am deeply grateful to my pastors for their unceasing prayers and I am particularly grateful to God for making my dream a reality. My sincere thanks also go to the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology for financial assistance in the form of a Graduate Research/Teaching Assistantship. vii Style manual or journal used: Biological Control Computer software used: Microsoft® Office XP, JMPIN® Version 5.1, SAS Institute Inc., 2003 and SAS for Windows, 2003. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................1 1.1 Cowpea seeds...........................................................................................................1 1.2 The cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus ....................................................1 1.3 Control of pests of stored cowpea............................................................................2 1.4 Biological control of pests of stored products through the use of parasitoids.........4 1.5 Host location by insect parasitoids ..........................................................................5 1.5.1 Host location by the use of chemical cues...................................................6 1.5.2 Host location by the use of physical cues ....................................................7 1.6 Study organism ........................................................................................................9 1.7 Dissertation outline, goals and objectives..............................................................10 1.8 References..............................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 2 LONGEVITY, FECUNDITY AND PROGENY SEX RATIO OF PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE IN RELATION TO DIET, HOST PROVISION AND MATING....................................................................32 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................32 2.2 Materials and methods ...........................................................................................34 2.2.1 Insects ........................................................................................................34 ix 2.2.2 Effects of diet, host provision and mating on longevity ............................35 2.2.3 Effects of diet on progeny production .......................................................37 2.3 Results ....................................................................................................................38 2.3.1 Effects of diet, host provision, and mating on longevity ...........................38 2.3.2 Effects of diet on progeny production .......................................................40 2.4 Discussion..............................................................................................................41
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