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3.1 Background on the FDLR 44081 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Copyright © 2007 Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA All rights reserved First published June 2007 This report is commissioned by the Secretariat of the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration 3URJUDP 0'53 7KHDXWKRUVDFFHSWIXOOUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKLVUHSRUW,WGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFW the views of the MDRP Secretariat or any partner of the MDRP. It is not a formal publication of the World Bank. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. 7KLVSDSHUKDVQRWXQGHUJRQHWKHUHYLHZDFFRUGHGWRRIÀFLDO:RUOG%DQNSXEOLFDWLRQV7KHÀQGLQJVLQWHUSUHWD- WLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQVKHUHLQDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRU V DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO %DQNIRU5HFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW:RUOG%DQNDQGLWVDIÀOLDWHGRUJDQL]DWLRQVRULWV([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRUV or the governments they represent. To request copies of the paper or for more information on the paper, please contact the MDRP Secretariat. The paper is also available on the MDRP website: www.mdrp.org. (PDLOLQIR#PGUSRUJ Photos by Harald Hinkel 44081 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR THE DISARMAMENT & REPATRIATION OF FOREIGN ARMED GROUPS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO The cases of the FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Hans Romkema June 2007 Conflict & Transition Consultancies Table of Contents List of Acronyms .................................................................................1 Definitions Used for this Report..........................................................3 Maps: - Locations of foreign Armed Groups in North & South Kivu - .......................................................................4 Executive Summary.............................................................................6 Background and Objectives of the FNL, FDLR and ADF/NALU ................................6 Forces Nationales pour la Libération (FNL) of Burundi..........................6 Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) of Rwanda................................................................................7 Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU) of Uganda.........................................7 The Impact of the AGs on the Kivu Provinces...........................................................8 The D&R Experience to Date ..................................................................................9 The Way Forward....................................................................................................9 Political.................................................................................................9 Opportunities for Non-violent D&R.......................................................10 If Voluntary D&R Fails.........................................................................11 Anticipated Results ..............................................................................12 Recommendations .................................................................................................12 To All Parties:......................................................................................12 To the GoDRC:.....................................................................................12 To the Countries of Origin: ...................................................................13 To MONUC:.........................................................................................13 To the MDRP:......................................................................................13 International Community: ....................................................................14 1. Introduction...................................................................................15 1.1 Aim and Objectives........................................................................................15 1.2 Target Groups ...............................................................................................16 1.3 The Conflict & Transition Consultancies Team.................................................17 1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................17 i Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament & Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo The cases of the: FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Table of Contents 1.4.1 Interviews with Key-informants ................................................17 1.4.2 Questionnaires .........................................................................18 1.4.3 Focus Groups ...........................................................................18 1.4.4 Historical Review and Literature..............................................18 1.4.5 Comparative Analysis ...............................................................19 1.5 Constraints....................................................................................................19 2. The Democratic Republic of Congo ...............................................21 2.1 Brief Historical Context.................................................................................21 2.2 Current State of Affairs in Rural Kivu............................................................23 2.2.1 The Military Situation..............................................................23 2.2.2 Deployment, Army Integration and DDR ...................................25 2.2.3 The Intelligence Service...........................................................26 2.2.4 The Local Administration: Governance and Presence ................26 2.2.5 Regional Cooperation...............................................................27 2.3 Impact of Foreign AGs on Host Communities..................................................28 2.3.1 Humanitarian & Development Activities ...................................29 2.3.2 Who’s in Charge? .....................................................................30 3. FDLR..............................................................................................32 3.1 Background on the FDLR ..............................................................................32 3.1.1 Key Operations & Infiltrations ..................................................34 3.1.2 Political Goals and Objectives...................................................35 3.1.3 Ideology and Religion...............................................................36 3.2 An Overview of Structure, Strength and Systems ...........................................36 3.2.1 Strength and Structure.............................................................36 3.2.2 Training and Recruitment.........................................................38 3.2.3 Intelligence and Control ...........................................................39 3.2.4 Arms and Ammunition ..............................................................41 3.2.5 Logistics, Economic Survival and Enrichment ...........................42 3.2.6 When Does a Refugee Become a Settler?.................................45 3.2.7 Locations .................................................................................46 3.2.8 Internal Conflicts and Divisions.................................................47 3.2.9 At Ease! ..................................................................................48 3.3 Disarmament & Repatriation .........................................................................49 3.3.1 Attitude of Combatants to D&R and MONUC............................49 3.3.2 Information and Sensitisation...................................................49 3.3.3 Justice .....................................................................................51 3.3.4 Extremist Leadership...............................................................52 ii Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament & Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo The cases of the: FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Table of Contents 4. FNL................................................................................................53 4.1 Background on the FNL ..................................................................................54 4.1.1 The Origins of the FNL.............................................................54 4.1.2 Aim and Objectives...................................................................56 4.1.3 Ideology and Religion...............................................................57 4.1.4 FRODEBU and the CNDD-FDD ................................................57 4.2 An Overview of the FNL ................................................................................58 4.2.1 Military Strength and Structure ...............................................58 4.2.2 Supplies and Economic Survival ...............................................59 4.2.3 Location ..................................................................................59 4.3 An Overview of the Current Situation.............................................................60 4.4 Disarmament and Repatriation ......................................................................61 5. ADF/NALU .....................................................................................63 5.1 The History of ADF and NALU ......................................................................63 5.2 An Overview of the ADF/NALU......................................................................66
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