44081 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Copyright © 2007 Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA All rights reserved First published June 2007 This report is commissioned by the Secretariat of the Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration 3URJUDP 0'53 7KHDXWKRUVDFFHSWIXOOUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKLVUHSRUW,WGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFW the views of the MDRP Secretariat or any partner of the MDRP. It is not a formal publication of the World Bank. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. 7KLVSDSHUKDVQRWXQGHUJRQHWKHUHYLHZDFFRUGHGWRRIÀFLDO:RUOG%DQNSXEOLFDWLRQV7KHÀQGLQJVLQWHUSUHWD- WLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQVKHUHLQDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRU V DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO %DQNIRU5HFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW:RUOG%DQNDQGLWVDIÀOLDWHGRUJDQL]DWLRQVRULWV([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRUV or the governments they represent. 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(PDLOLQIR#PGUSRUJ Photos by Harald Hinkel 44081 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR THE DISARMAMENT & REPATRIATION OF FOREIGN ARMED GROUPS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO The cases of the FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Hans Romkema June 2007 Conflict & Transition Consultancies Table of Contents List of Acronyms .................................................................................1 Definitions Used for this Report..........................................................3 Maps: - Locations of foreign Armed Groups in North & South Kivu - .......................................................................4 Executive Summary.............................................................................6 Background and Objectives of the FNL, FDLR and ADF/NALU ................................6 Forces Nationales pour la Libération (FNL) of Burundi..........................6 Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) of Rwanda................................................................................7 Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU) of Uganda.........................................7 The Impact of the AGs on the Kivu Provinces...........................................................8 The D&R Experience to Date ..................................................................................9 The Way Forward....................................................................................................9 Political.................................................................................................9 Opportunities for Non-violent D&R.......................................................10 If Voluntary D&R Fails.........................................................................11 Anticipated Results ..............................................................................12 Recommendations .................................................................................................12 To All Parties:......................................................................................12 To the GoDRC:.....................................................................................12 To the Countries of Origin: ...................................................................13 To MONUC:.........................................................................................13 To the MDRP:......................................................................................13 International Community: ....................................................................14 1. Introduction...................................................................................15 1.1 Aim and Objectives........................................................................................15 1.2 Target Groups ...............................................................................................16 1.3 The Conflict & Transition Consultancies Team.................................................17 1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................17 i Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament & Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo The cases of the: FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Table of Contents 1.4.1 Interviews with Key-informants ................................................17 1.4.2 Questionnaires .........................................................................18 1.4.3 Focus Groups ...........................................................................18 1.4.4 Historical Review and Literature..............................................18 1.4.5 Comparative Analysis ...............................................................19 1.5 Constraints....................................................................................................19 2. The Democratic Republic of Congo ...............................................21 2.1 Brief Historical Context.................................................................................21 2.2 Current State of Affairs in Rural Kivu............................................................23 2.2.1 The Military Situation..............................................................23 2.2.2 Deployment, Army Integration and DDR ...................................25 2.2.3 The Intelligence Service...........................................................26 2.2.4 The Local Administration: Governance and Presence ................26 2.2.5 Regional Cooperation...............................................................27 2.3 Impact of Foreign AGs on Host Communities..................................................28 2.3.1 Humanitarian & Development Activities ...................................29 2.3.2 Who’s in Charge? .....................................................................30 3. FDLR..............................................................................................32 3.1 Background on the FDLR ..............................................................................32 3.1.1 Key Operations & Infiltrations ..................................................34 3.1.2 Political Goals and Objectives...................................................35 3.1.3 Ideology and Religion...............................................................36 3.2 An Overview of Structure, Strength and Systems ...........................................36 3.2.1 Strength and Structure.............................................................36 3.2.2 Training and Recruitment.........................................................38 3.2.3 Intelligence and Control ...........................................................39 3.2.4 Arms and Ammunition ..............................................................41 3.2.5 Logistics, Economic Survival and Enrichment ...........................42 3.2.6 When Does a Refugee Become a Settler?.................................45 3.2.7 Locations .................................................................................46 3.2.8 Internal Conflicts and Divisions.................................................47 3.2.9 At Ease! ..................................................................................48 3.3 Disarmament & Repatriation .........................................................................49 3.3.1 Attitude of Combatants to D&R and MONUC............................49 3.3.2 Information and Sensitisation...................................................49 3.3.3 Justice .....................................................................................51 3.3.4 Extremist Leadership...............................................................52 ii Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament & Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo The cases of the: FDLR, FNL and ADF/NALU Table of Contents 4. FNL................................................................................................53 4.1 Background on the FNL ..................................................................................54 4.1.1 The Origins of the FNL.............................................................54 4.1.2 Aim and Objectives...................................................................56 4.1.3 Ideology and Religion...............................................................57 4.1.4 FRODEBU and the CNDD-FDD ................................................57 4.2 An Overview of the FNL ................................................................................58 4.2.1 Military Strength and Structure ...............................................58 4.2.2 Supplies and Economic Survival ...............................................59 4.2.3 Location ..................................................................................59 4.3 An Overview of the Current Situation.............................................................60 4.4 Disarmament and Repatriation ......................................................................61 5. ADF/NALU .....................................................................................63 5.1 The History of ADF and NALU ......................................................................63 5.2 An Overview of the ADF/NALU......................................................................66