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Toni Morrison; "Jazz"

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Toni Morrison; Toni Morrison Toni Morrison (1931 – ) Chloe Anthony Wofford, nata a Lorain, Ohio, nel 1931 (la famiglia del padre era emigrata a nord dalla Georgia e quella della madre dall’Alabama e dal South Carolina; entrambe lo hanno fatto per scampare alla violenza razziale) B.A. presso la Howard University; M.A. presso la Cornell University, tesi su V. Woolf e W. Faulkner 1963, senior editor alla sede di New York della Random House 1970, debutto come romanziera (The Bluest Eye) 1 Toni Morrison (1931 – ) dal 1981, membro della American Academy of Arts and Letters ha ricevuto numerosi premi, compreso il Pulitzer per la narrativa (1988) e il Nobel per la letteratura (1993) nel 1992 è stata in cima alla lista dei best-seller sia per la narrativa (Jazz) che per la saggistica (Playing in the Dark) I principali romanzi The Bluest Eye (1970) Sula (1973) Song of Solomon (1977) Tar Baby (1981) Beloved (1987), vincitore del premio Pulitzer per la narrativa nel 1988 Jazz (1992) Paradise (1998) Love (2003) Mercy (2008) 2 Altre opere “Recitatif”, racconto (1983) Dreaming Emmett, testo teatrale inedito (1986) Playing in the Dark: Essays on Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), critica letteraria Testi di canzoni (dal1993) Libri per ragazzi (dal 1999) Margaret Garner, libretto commissionato da Michigan Opera Theatre, Cincinnati Opera e Opera Company of Philadelphia, compositore Richard Danielpour (2000) La letteratura afro-americana Ha avuto un ruolo chiave nel portare la letteratura afro-americana nel mainstream È tra le più importanti autrici al mondo Le sue opere appartengono al canone americano Æ Ciò nonostante, la decisione di assegnarle il Nobel per la letteratura nel 1993 ha generato sorpresa e, in parte, critiche: è stato visto semplicemente come un gesto politically correct 3 L’identità afro-americana “So much of what is true about Afro-Americans is not only the African but the American – we are very much that and trying to separate those things out can be very difficult, if you want to separate them out. We are a brand new human being in this country.” (Christina Davis, “An Interview with Toni Morrison” in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994) L’uso della lingua La qualità caratteristica della sua opera: “The language, only the language […] It is the thing that black people love so much – the saying of words, holding them on the tongue, experimenting with them, playing with them […] The worst of all possible things would be to lose that language. There are certain things I cannot say without recourse to my language.” (Thomas LeClair, “The Language Must Not Sweat: A Conversation with Toni Morrison” in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994) 4 La presenza afro-americana nella letteratura americana “Quando ho cominciato a leggere da scrittrice, mi sono resa conto di un aspetto ovvio: il soggetto del sogno è il sognatore. La costruzione di un personaggio “africanista” è riflessiva; una straordinaria meditazione sul proprio io; una vigorosa esplorazione delle paure e delle bramosie che risiedono nella coscienza di chi scrive. È una stupefacente rivelazione di desiderio, di terrore, di perplessità, di vergogna, di magnanimità. È necessaria molta fatica per non vedere tutto questo.” (Giochi al buio, 1992) Jazz (1992) Ambientazione (tempo): dalla fine dell’Ottocento fino alla metà degli anni Venti del Novecento Ambientazione (luogo): Virginia, Baltimora, New York City (“la Città” è in realtà Harlem) Narratore: ? Punto di vista: cambia lungo tutto il romanzo ma è prevalentemente quello del narratore a cui non si riesce ad attribuire un genere Protagonisti: Violet e Joe 5 Cronologia 1855, Vera Louise Gray, incinta, va a Baltimora; True Belle, la sua schiava, l’accompagna dovendo abbandonare le sue due figlie, May e Rose 1873, Golden Gray (il figlio di Vera Louise) incontra Wild, incinta di Joe; Joe nasce a Vesper Co., Virginia; allevato da genitori adottivi; il suo mentore è Henry LesTroy “Hunters Hunter” 1876, nasce Violet 1888, Rose Dear (la madre di Violet) perde la casa, la terra e tutti I suoi beni; True Belle fa ritorno a Vesper come donna libera 1892, Rose Dear si suicida gettandosi in un pozzo Cronologia 1892, Joe va alla ricerca di sua madre, Wild; sposa Violet 1899, True Belle muore 1901, Joe e Violet perdono la terra che Joe aveva acquistato 1906, Joe e Violet prendono un treno per New York 1917, disordini di East St. Louis; i genitori di Dorcas vengono uccisi 1925, Joe incontra Dorcas 1926, Joe spara a Dorcas; funerale di Dorcas; Violet va a trovare Alice Manfred (la zia di Dorcas) 6 Personaggi principali Joe Trace Violet Trace Dorcas – Acton, Felice Alice Manfred – Frances e Neola Miller, Malvonne Rose Dear True Bell Wild – Rhoda e Frank Williams Henry Lestory (o LesTroy) “Hunters Hunter” Golden Gray Vera Louise Gray – Colonnello Wordsworth Gray Personaggi secondari Honor Philly Victory Williams Duggie Gistan e Stuck Sweetness 7 Temi e motivi Violenza assassinio di Dorcas la Città schiavitù la ‘storia’ Maternità le madri nelle vite dei personaggi la ‘madre terra’ Razza Giovinezza vs. Vecchiaia Temi e motivi Musica come tema (blues, jazz) la sua violenza e il suo potere di corruzione jazz come tecnica narrativa Memoria ‘tracce’ del passato vite dissociate dalle memorie del passato condizione di orfani (sentirsi fuori posto, alla ricerca dell’identità) Migrazione da sud a nord uccelli 8 Temi e motivi La città opportunità di realizzazione orgoglio nero la città e la musica la città e la violenza architettura Simboli Uccelli dalle ali rosse indicano la presenza di Wild in Virginia libertà vs. uccelli di Violet in gabbia Abito verde da Vera Louise Gray a Wild tramite Hunters Hunter e Golden Gray 9.
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