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THE TERMS of OUR CONNECTION: AFFILIATION and DIFFERENCE in the POST-1960 NORTH AMERICAN NOVEL Jennifer M. James Submitted In

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THE TERMS of OUR CONNECTION: AFFILIATION and DIFFERENCE in the POST-1960 NORTH AMERICAN NOVEL Jennifer M. James Submitted In THE TERMS OF OUR CONNECTION: AFFILIATION AND DIFFERENCE IN THE POST-1960 NORTH AMERICAN NOVEL Jennifer M. James Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Jennifer M. James All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Terms of our Connection: Affiliation and Difference in the Post-1960 North American Novel Jennifer M. James In this dissertation, I consider a neglected legacy of the long 1960s (1959-1975): the struggle to form lasting connections across seemingly irreparable social divides. Through a comparative analysis of North American novels by James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Margaret Atwood, Linda Hogan, Tim O’Brien and Susan Choi, I identify a common story their works all share: the narrative of affiliation. These novels of affiliation, I argue, represent the creation of lateral bonds of attachment among individuals of different races, ethnicities, genders, sexualities and classes. As a transgressive and unruly form of interpersonal relationship, affiliation works to bridge divisions by joining together the contradictory feelings of erotic desire and friendship. Defining an overlooked sub-genre of the post-1960 North American novel of development, this project illuminates the heterogeneous bonds of solidarity that undoubtedly arose during the sixties, yet have been continually silenced by national discourses of identity and multiculturalism. In the wake of neo-liberalism, 1960s collective projects for social change, including the New Left, the civil rights movement, Black Nationalism, feminism, and the Asian American movement, among others, appear historically and ideologically separate, and even antagonistic. In stark contrast, this dissertation illuminates the common ethics of affiliation that aligned these disparate movements and was built from collaborative, immanent and provisional attempts at repairing suffering and disparity. Positioned not within, but alongside the fraught history of the sixties, this project offers a new portrait of the adjacent, subterranean modes of experimental living that animated the era. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Chapter 1: Making Love, Making Friends: Affiliation and Repair in James Baldwin’s Another Country 52 3. Chapter 2: Cut Adrift: Improvising Affiliation in Toni Morrison’s Sula 100 4. Chapter 3: Improbable Companions: Interspecies Affiliation in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing 145 5. Chapter 4: Broken Affinities: The Ends of Affiliation in Tim O’Brien’s In the Lake of the Woods 191 6. Chapter 5: A Far-Off Horizon: Visions of Affiliation in Susan Choi’s American Woman 239 7. Bibliography 275 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have come into being without the support and vision of a number of people and institutions. I am pleased to acknowledge the many friends, colleagues, faculty and students whose guidance and insights contributed to the felicitous completion of this project. First and foremost, I have been tremendously blessed to work with the best advisor a girl could ever ask for. The astute, compassionate guidance and seemingly infinite generosity of Marianne Hirsch has made this dissertation a success, above all else. For conversation, feedback, and priceless advice, I thank the many professors with whom I have studied, including Rachel Adams, Bob O’Meally, Sharon Marcus, Nancy K. Miller, Jonathan Arac, Catherine Biers, Julie Crawford, John Gamber, Beth Povinelli, Gary Okihiro, Gayatri Spivak, Monica Miller and Ivy Schweitzer. I am indebted to my colleagues at Columbia, in particular my academic sisters and brothers Saskia Cornes, Alicia DeSantis, Jess Fenn, Melissa Gonzalez, Alvan Ikoku, Sherally Munshi, Kate Stanley, Sonali Thakkar, and Autumn Womack, with special thanks to Sherally, Sonali and Autumn for their close and patient reading of a number of chapter drafts. My students in “Re-Reading the Sixties: Sex, Love and Gender,” “Sex and Intimacy in the 1960s,” and “Toni Morrison and her New York Circle” gave me inspiration and energy as I worked to crystallize the project’s main ideas and render my writing accessible to a variety of readers. I would like to acknowledge the participants and respondents at the Dartmouth Futures of American Studies Institute, the Columbia University Seminar in Cultural Memory, the Columbia Americanist Graduate Colloquium, and the Columbia Institute for Research on Women and Gender Graduate Colloquium for generously reading and responding to my written work. I also would like to thank the panelists and audience members at a number of academic conferences, including the 2011 Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment Conference, the “Re-Vision in Contemporary Women’s Writing” panel at the 2011 American Comparative Literature Association ii Conference, and the 2009 Conference “James Baldwin: In His Time/In Our Time” at Suffolk University. I have greatly appreciated the opportunity to participate in and learn from the dynamic conversations that took place in the “Engendering Archives” working group at Columbia’s Center for the Critical Analysis of Social Difference. I’d also like to acknowledge the English Department faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee campus and my future colleagues at Pacific Lutheran University for their attention and insightful comments on my work. As the years have gone by, I have been truly thankful to receive much needed logistical and administrative support from the wonderful staff of the Columbia University English Department, in particular Joy Hayton, Pamela Rodman, Virginia Kay and Valencia Ortiz. In addition I’d like to acknowledge the help and quick thinking of Vina Tran and Page Jackson at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender. I gratefully acknowledge Studies in American Fiction for permission to reprint sections of Chapter 1, which will appear in the Spring 2012 issue of the journal. I would also like to thank my former professors at Smith College and Dartmouth College who helped me achieve my academic goals, in particular Maria Banerjee, Ann Rosalind Jones and Mary Jean Green. Special thanks to my good friend Jess Hotchkiss, whose support and companionship helped me survive many an academic crisis. Thanks as well to those kind souls who offered up their homes for retreat and shelter, especially Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer and my aunt Kathryn James Morgan. Finally, I am so grateful for my wonderfully supportive parents, Mike and Diana James, whose constant encouragement, advice, life lessons, and general inspiration have made my dreams tangible and attainable for the past 33 years. iii For my parents, Mike and Diana James, whose tall-tales of the sixties continue to haunt my imagination. iv INTRODUCTION On August 15, 2009, Frank Rich published a New York Times Op-Ed commenting on the anniversary of the Woodstock Festival and the third season of the celebrated, 60s-themed television series Mad Men. Explicitly connecting the sixties with the “oughts,” Rich writes of witnessing a moment akin to the 1960s, a “pivot point of our history, with a new young president unlike any we’ve seen before, and with the promise of a new frontier whose boundaries are a mystery. Something is happening here, as Bob Dylan framed this mood the last time around, but you don’t know what it is.”1 As Rich’s article suggests, the study of the Sixties is like entering a seemingly undiscovered, yet paradoxically well trod, territory. The “something that is happening here” in 2012 holds an uncanny resemblance to the raucous horizon of possibility we associate with the sixties. Yet this “new frontier” is in fact, not quite new, but a moment of re-vision, where we are looking back with a new perspective on the conflicts over race, class and gender that animated the era. As the hopes and disappointments of the 2008 presidential election have proven, we are faced with a crucial need to enrich our understanding of the ways social life has transformed since the sixties. I aim to provide the beginnings of such an account in this dissertation. This dissertation addresses the overlooked psychic and affective experiences that contribute to the development of non-normative interpersonal, familial and communal structures of relation during the sixties. In the following pages, I approach fiction as a dynamic space to explore an alternative cultural imaginary of affiliation I believe animates the period. Attending to this neglected legacy of the long 1960s (1959-1975), this project analyzes how novels of the era represent its struggles to form lasting affiliations across seemingly irreparable social divides. Through a 1 Frank Rich, “’Mad Men’ Crashes Woodstock’s Party,” New York Times, 15 Aug 2009, 18 April 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/opinion/16rich.html?pagewanted=all. 2 comparative analysis of novels by James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Margaret Atwood, Tim O’Brien and Susan Choi, I identify a common story their works all share: the narrative of affiliation. These novels of affiliation represent the cultivation of lateral bonds of attachment among individuals of different races, ethnicities, genders and sexualities. Defining an overlooked sub-genre of the post- 1960 North American novel of development, these texts illuminate subversive modes of companionship and crossing that were central to collectivity during the era, yet have been continually silenced by national discourses of neo-liberalism and multiculturalism. Together they demonstrate that cross-difference circles
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