biomedicines Review Sugar Fructose Triggers Gut Dysbiosis and Metabolic Inflammation with Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis Wan-Li Cheng 1,2,3,4, Shao-Jung Li 1,2,3,4, Ting-I Lee 5,6,7, Ting-Wei Lee 5,6, Cheng-Chih Chung 4,8,9, Yu-Hsun Kao 4,10,11,* and Yi-Jen Chen 3,4,9,10,* 1 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan;
[email protected] (W.-L.C.);
[email protected] (S.-J.L.) 2 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 3 Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan 4 Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
[email protected] 5 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
[email protected] (T.-I.L.);
[email protected] (T.-W.L.) 6 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan 7 Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 8 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 9 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan 10 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 11 Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Citation: Cheng, W.-L.; Li, S.-J.; Lee, Taipei 11696, Taiwan T.-I.; Lee, T.-W.; Chung, C.-C.; Kao, * Correspondence:
[email protected] (Y.-H.K.);
[email protected] (Y.-J.C.) Y.-H.; Chen, Y.-J.