Medical Term for Diabetes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
2015 Prediabetes Data Summary
The Georgia Department of Public Health Prediabetes Data Summary Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death among adults and over 800,000 people live with diabetes in Georgia.1 Individuals with prediabetes have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Moreover, individuals with prediabetes often possess cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and high cholesterol. Prediabetes almost always occurs among individuals who eventually develop Type 2 diabetes.2 In Type 2 diabetes, the body does not use insulin properly which causes blood glucose (sugar) levels to be higher than normal. Approximately 450,000 adults in Georgia have prediabetes. Prediabetes (also known as borderline diabetes) is a medical condition that occurs when blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but are not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.3 Test results among individuals diagnosed with prediabetes include: A1C test value: 5.7% - 6.4% Impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) levels: 100-125 mg/dl OR Two- hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) value: 140 mg/dl – 199 mg/dl Making healt hy lifestyle choices, such as eating healthy foods, being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight, may help to bring blood glucose (sugar) levels down to normal and decrease the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Table 1. Demographic Characteristics among Prediabetics, Georgia, 2013 Demographic Characteristics Percent (%) 95% CI State Total 7.9 (7.2, 8.9) Sex Male 7.8 (6.8, 9.5) Female 7.9 (6.9, 9.1) Race/Ethnicity -
Glossary of Common Diabetes Terms
Glossary of Common Diabetes Terms A1C: a test that reveals exactly how well your blood sugar (glucose) has been controlled over the previous three months Beta cells: cells found in the pancreas that make insulin Blood glucose: also known as blood sugar, glucose comes from food and is then carried through the blood to deliver energy to cells Blood glucose meter: a small medical device used to check blood glucose levels Blood glucose monitoring: the simple blood test used to check the amount of glucose in the blood; a tiny drop of blood, taken by pricking a finger, is placed on a test strip and inserted in the meter for reading Diabetes: the shortened name for diabetes mellitus, the condition in which the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or your body is unable to use insulin to move glucose into cells of the body Diabetic retinopathy: the eye disease that occurs in someone with diabetes when the small blood vessels of the retina become swollen and leak liquid into the retina, blurring vision; it can sometimes lead to blindness Gestational diabetes: the diabetes some women develop during pregnancy; it typically subsides after the baby is delivered, but many women who have had gestational diabetes may develop type 2 diabetes later in life Glucagon: the hormone that is injected into a person with diabetes to raise their blood glucose level when it’s very low (hypoglycemia) Glucose: blood sugar that gives energy to cells Hyperglycemia: also known as high blood glucose, this condition occurs when your blood glucose level is too high; -
Insurance Coverage of Medical Foods for Treatment of Inherited Metabolic Disorders
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE © American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Open Insurance coverage of medical foods for treatment of inherited metabolic disorders Susan A. Berry, MD1, Mary Kay Kenney, PhD2, Katharine B. Harris, MBA3, Rani H. Singh, PhD, RD4, Cynthia A. Cameron, PhD5, Jennifer N. Kraszewski, MPH6, Jill Levy-Fisch, BA7, Jill F. Shuger, ScM8, Carol L. Greene, MD9, Michele A. Lloyd-Puryear, MD, PhD10 and Coleen A. Boyle, PhD, MS11 Purpose: Treatment of inherited metabolic disorders is accomplished pocket” for all types of products. Uncovered spending was reported by use of specialized diets employing medical foods and medically for 11% of families purchasing medical foods, 26% purchasing necessary supplements. Families seeking insurance coverage for these supplements, 33% of those needing medical feeding supplies, and products express concern that coverage is often limited; the extent of 59% of families requiring modified low-protein foods. Forty-two this challenge is not well defined. percent of families using modified low-protein foods and 21% of families using medical foods reported additional treatment-related Methods: To learn about limitations in insurance coverage, parents expenses of $100 or more per month for these products. of 305 children with inherited metabolic disorders completed a paper survey providing information about their use of medical foods, mod- Conclusion: Costs of medical foods used to treat inherited meta- ified low-protein foods, prescribed dietary supplements, and medical bolic disorders are not completely covered by insurance or other feeding equipment and supplies for treatment of their child’s disorder resources. as well as details about payment sources for these products. -
Food Fact Sheet
Food Fact Sheet Diabetes - Type 2 What is Type 2 diabetes? Diabetes is a condition where the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood is too high because your body cannot use it properly. In Type 2 diabetes this happens because your pancreas doesn’t produce enough of the hormome insulin (that helps glucose enter body cells) and/or the insulin that is produced does not work correctly (insulin resistance). The importance of good blood glucose control 2 Reduce your portion sizes to help you reduce and People with Type 2 diabetes need to control their maintain a healthy weight. blood glucose. It is also important to look after your A portion is: heart health. Making changes to your lifestyle, diet and • a fist size of potatoes, bread, pasta or other activity level can be key to reducing the risk of diabetes starchy carbohydrates causing you problems now and in the future. • a palm size of meat/fish or poultry What can you eat? • two handfuls of vegetables or salad • a cupped-handful of fruit People with diabetes should eat a healthy diet, the • top of your thumb size of oil or fat spread. same as somebody without diabetes. It should be low Try using a smaller plate, filling half of your plate with in saturated fat, high in fibre and include a variety of vegetables and avoiding second helpings. fruit and vegetables. 3 Carbohydrates are used for energy so include some The eatwell guide in your diet each day. Opt for wholegrain options, fruits and vegetables, beans, pulses, low fat milk and The eatwell guide represents the main food groups and yoghurt. -
Comparative Evaluation of Fructosamine and Hba1c As a Marker of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: a Hospital Based Study
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Comparative Evaluation of Fructosamine and HbA1c as a Marker of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Hospital Based Study Dr. Jyoti Goyal1, Dr. Nibhriti Das2, Dr. Navin Kumar3, Ms. Seema Raghav4, Dr. Paramjeet Singh Bhatia5, Dr. Karunesh Prasad Singh6, Dr. Sabari Das7 1DNB, Department of Internal Medicine, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India- 281003, 2Ex-Director of Laboratory services and Additional Dean Research and Academics, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India- 281003, 3Ph.D, Biostatistitian, Department of Biostatistics, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India-281003. 4M.Sc., Certified Diabetes Educator, Department of Internal Medicine, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India-281003. 5MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India-281003. 6MD Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India-281003. 7Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nayati Healthcare and Research Centre, Mathura, India- 281003, Corresponding Author: Dr. Jyoti Goyal ABSTRACT Introduction: Management of type 2 diabetes revolves around achievement of target glycemic control with the help of antidiabetic drugs or insulin. There are various markers for measurement of glyceamic control like HbA1c, Mean Blood Glucose and fructosamine levels. Though HbA1c is a well validated standard method for assessment of glycemic control but it has also got certain limitations. Fructosamine, a less explored method may be used as an alternative marker for an assessment of glycemic control in cases where HbA1c is unreliable or unavailable. The objective of this study is to compare the fructosamine levels with HbA1c in assessment of glycemic control in type 2 diabetics so as to assess the utility of fructosamine as an alternative marker for evaluation of glucose control. -
Robust Regression Analysis of GCMS Data Reveals Differential Rewiring of Metabolic Networks in Hepatitis B and C Patients
Article Robust Regression Analysis of GCMS Data Reveals Differential Rewiring of Metabolic Networks in Hepatitis B and C Patients Cedric Simillion 1,2, Nasser Semmo 2,3, Jeffrey R. Idle 2,3,4, and Diren Beyoğlu 2,4,* 1 Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (J.R.I.) 3 Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland 4 Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, 11201 New York, NY, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-31-632-87-11 Received: 11 September 2017; Accepted: 5 October 2017; Published: 8 October 2017 Abstract: About one in 15 of the world’s population is chronically infected with either hepatitis virus B (HBV) or C (HCV), with enormous public health consequences. The metabolic alterations caused by these infections have never been directly compared and contrasted. We investigated groups of HBV-positive, HCV-positive, and uninfected healthy controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of their plasma and urine. A robust regression analysis of the metabolite data was conducted to reveal correlations between metabolite pairs. Ten metabolite correlations appeared for HBV plasma and urine, with 18 for HCV plasma and urine, none of which were present in the controls. -
Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease: Overview and Medical Nutrition Therapy
Nutrition FYI Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease: Overview and Medical Nutrition Therapy Sarah Jane Schwarzenberg, MD, and Carol Brunzell, RD, CDE In patients with celiac disease (gluten- problems recognized only retrospec- glycemia, but only several months sensitive enteropathy, or GSE), inges- tively as resulting from celiac disease; after initiation. tion of the gliadin fraction of wheat it is common for “asymptomatic” It seems likely that a malabsorp- gluten and similar molecules (pro- patients to report improved health or tive disease could create opportunity lamins) from barley, rye, and possibly sense of well-being when following a for hypoglycemia in diabetes, partic- oats causes damage to the intestinal gluten-free diet. Up to one-third of ularly in patients under tight control. epithelium. The injury results from an patients may have unexplained failure Serological testing for GSE in abnormal T-cell response against to thrive, abdominal pain, or short patients with type 1 diabetes, with gliadin. Thus, GSE is a disease in stature.3,6 early diagnosis of GSE, may reduce which host susceptibility must be More controversial is the question this risk by allowing patients to be combined with a specific environmen- of whether GSE affects blood glucose diagnosed in a pre-symptomatic tal trigger to affect injury.1 control. A study by Acerini et al.7 in a state. It also seems prudent to closely Typically, patients with GSE have type 1 diabetic population found no monitor insulin needs and blood glu- chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive. difference between the celiac and non- cose control during the early phase of However, some patients present with celiac subpopulation in terms of instituting a gluten-free diet. -
Metformin for Prediabetes
FACT SHEET FOR PATIENTS AND FAMILIES Metformin for Prediabetes What is metformin? Metformin [met-FORE-min] is a medication that is often prescribed for prediabetes in order to help prevent type 2 diabetes. It is taken by mouth (orally) as a pill. Like other prediabetes medications, it works best when you follow the rest of your treatment plan, like improving your nutrition by eating more fruits and vegetables, being physically active every day, and in most cases, losing weight. What does it do? Metformin helps lower your blood glucose (blood sugar). It does this by: Does metformin cause hypoglycemia • Decreasing the amount of glucose released by your (low blood glucose)? liver. Less glucose enters into your bloodstream. No. Metformin doesn’t cause hypoglycemia by itself. • Increasing the ability of your muscles to use glucose But combined with other medications, vigorous for energy. As more glucose is used, more glucose exercise, or too little food, it can make your blood leaves your bloodstream. glucose drop too low. Why is metformin important Since low blood glucose can be dangerous, make sure for my health? that you and your family know the symptoms. These include feeling shaky, sweaty, hungry, and irritable. Metformin can’t cure your prediabetes. But, by If you have these symptoms, take some quick-acting helping control your blood glucose, it can help sugar. Good sources are 3 or 4 glucose tablets, a half- prevent type 2 diabetes, especially among those at cup of fruit juice or regular soda, or a tablespoon of highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes. -
Prediabetes: What Is It and What Can I Do?
Prediabetes: What Is It and What Can I Do? What is prediabetes? Weight loss can delay or prevent diabetes. Prediabetes is a condition that comes before Reaching a healthy weight can help you a lot. diabetes. It means your blood glucose levels are If you’re overweight, any weight loss, even higher than normal but aren’t high enough to be 7 percent of your weight (for example, losing called diabetes. about 15 pounds if you weigh 200), may lower your risk for diabetes. There are no clear symptoms of prediabetes. You can have it and not know it. If I have prediabetes, what does it mean? It means you might get type 2 diabetes soon or down the road. You are also more likely to get heart disease or have a stroke. The good news is that you can take steps to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. How can I delay or prevent type 2 diabetes? You may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes with: Daily physical activity, such as walking. Weight loss, if needed. Losing even a few pounds will help. Medication, if your doctor prescribes it. If you have prediabetes, these steps may bring your blood glucose to a normal range. But you are still at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity can delay or prevent diabetes. Being active is one of the best ways to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. It can also lower your weight and blood pressure, and improve cholesterol levels. Ask your health care team about activities that are safe for you. -
The Saga of Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes Volume 70, June 2021 1247 The SAgA of Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes Roberto Mallone1,2 and Sylvaine You1 Diabetes 2021;70:1247–1249 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi21-0011 1 Islet antigen-specific strategies are the holy grail of genic BDC2.5 CD4 T cells (8), or with its more potent immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) (1), as they se- p79 mimotope. Contrary to free peptides, these SAgAs ef- lectively target the autoimmune responses involved in ficiently prevented diabetes in NOD mice only when used b-cell destruction (2). The idea is to induce a response op- in combination. While this may reflect the need to posite to that of a conventional vaccine. The administra- achieve a critical quantitative threshold of T cells targeted, tion of antigen(s) in the absence of inflammation (e.g., a synergistic functional effect is plausible. Indeed, 2.5HIP- adjuvants) should potentiate the outcomes of physiological reactive and p79-reactive T cells, which were, surprisingly, immune homeostasis, i.e., anergy, regulatory polarization, distinct populations, underwent different outcomes upon 1 and, to a lesser extent, deletion. Such antigens can be de- treatment with their cognate SAgA (Fig. 1). IL-10 Treg- livered as proteins, peptides, bacteria engineered to secrete ulatory (Tr)1 cells were induced by the more potent p79 1 these products, DNA plasmids, or nanoparticles coated ligand, while Foxp3 Tregs were amplified, but not de with antigens (either alone or preloaded on MHC mole- novo induced, by the weaker (and less soluble) 2.5HIP. COMMENTARY cules). Peptides are easy to synthesize by amino acid These effects were dose-dependent, as SAgAs induced Tr1 1 chemistry, but they are variably water-soluble and short- cells at higher dose and Foxp3 Tregs at lower dose. -
Adverse Reactions to Foods 2003
AAAAI Work Group Reports Work Group Reports of the AAAAI provide further comment or clarification on appropriate methods of treatment or care. They may be created by committees or work groups, and the end goal is to aid practitioners in making patient decisions. They do not constitute official statements of the AAAAI but serve to bring attention to key clinical or even controversial issues. They contain a bibliography, but typically not one as extensive as that contained within a Position Statement. AAAAI Work Group Report: Current Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Adverse Reactions to Foods October 2003 The statement below is not to be construed as dictating an exclusive course of action nor is it intended to replace the medical judgment of healthcare professionals. The unique circumstances of individual patients and environments are to be taken into account in any diagnosis and treatment plan. This statement reflects clinical and scientific advances as of the date of publication and is subject to change. Prepared by the AAAAI Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee (Scott H. Sicherer, M.D., Chair and Suzanne Teuber, M.D., Co-Chair) Purpose: To provide a brief overview of the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. Database: Recent review articles by recognized experts, consensus statements, and selected primary source documents. Definitions “Adverse food reaction” is a broad term indicating a link between an ingestion of a food and an abnormal response. Reproducible adverse reactions may be caused by: a toxin, a pharmacological effect, an immunological response, or a metabolic disorder. Food allergy is a term that is used to describe adverse immune responses to foods that are mediated by IgE antibodies that bind to the triggering food protein(s); the term is also used to indicate any adverse immune response toward foods (e.g., including cell mediated reactions). -
Chapter 15 ENDOCRINE and METABOLIC IMPAIRMENT
Table of Disabilities - Chapter 15 - Endocrine and Metabolic Impairment April 2006 Chapter 15 ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC IMPAIRMENT Introduction This chapter provides criteria used to rate permanent impairment resulting from endocrine disorders and disorders of metabolism. The endocrine system is composed of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands, the islet cell tissue of the pancreas and the gonads. Common endocrine disorders and disorders of metabolism assessed within this chapter include: • hyperthyroidism • hypothyroidism • hyperparathyroidism • hypoparathyroidism • hyperadrenocorticism (e.g. Cushing’s disease) • hypoadrenalism (e.g. Addison’s disease) • diabetes mellitus • hyperlipidemia • metabolic bone disease (e.g. osteoporosis). Also assessed within this chapter are hypothalmic-pituitary axis disorders and Paget’s disease of the bone. The pituitary gland, influenced by the hypothalmus, releases several hormones which control the activity of other endocrine glands or directly effect tissues of the body. The hormones released include: • thyrotropin (TSH) controls activity of the thyroid gland • corticotropin (ACTH) controls the activity of the adrenal glands • luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) control the activity of the gonads • growth hormone (GH) • prolactin • antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • oxytocin. Veterans Affairs Canada Page 1 Table of Disabilities - Chapter 15 - Endocrine and Metabolic Impairment April 2006 Disorders of the hypothalmic-pituitary axis may affect one or several of these hormones. Each affected hormone may result in permanent impairment. Paget’s disease of the bone is a non-metabolic bone disease; however, for assessment purposes, this condition is rated by using the criteria contained within Table 15.3. A rating is not given from this chapter for conditions listed below.