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Medical Glossary

AAD Allergic airway , an infl ammatory Acetogenins Natural products from the plants disorder of the airways caused by allergens. of the family Annonaceae, are very potent AAPH 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy- inhibitors of the NADH-ubiquinone reduc- drochloride, a water-soluble azo compound tase (complex I) activity of mammalian used extensively as a free radical generator, mitochondria. often in the study of peroxidation and the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) Enzyme that- characterisation of antioxidants. catalyses the biotin-dependent carboxylation Abeta aggregation Amyloid beta pro- of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. tein (Abeta) aggregation is associated with Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Is an enzyme Alzheimer’s disease (AD); it is a major com- that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) ponent of the extracellular plaque found in the neurotransmitter , producing AD brains. choline. Abdominal distension Referring to gener- Acne vulga’ris Also known as chronic acne, alised distension of most or all of the abdo- usually occurring in adolescence, with com- men. Also referred to as stomach bloating edones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), often caused by a sudden increase in fi bre nodules (infl amed acne spots) and pustules from consumption of vegetables, fruits and (small infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the face, beans. neck and upper part of the trunk. Ablation The destruction of small Acidosis Increased acidity, an excessively acid areas of myocardial , usually by appli- condition of the body fl uids. cation of electrical or chemical energy, in the Acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome treatment of some tachyarrhythmias. (AIDS) An epidemic disease caused by Abortifacient A substance that causes or an infection by human immunodefi ciency induces abortion. virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes Abortivum A substance inducing abortion. immune system failure and debilitation and Abscess A swollen infected, infl amed area is often accompanied by infections such as fi lled with pus in body tissues. tuberculosis. ABTS 2.2-Azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6- - Acridone An organic compound based on the sulphonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. 9 position. A C A T Acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or cor- ACE See -converting enzyme. ticotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Also produced and secreted by the anterior pitu- known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide itary . It palys a role in the synthesis and tropic hormone produced and secreted by the secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticoste- anterior pituitary gland. roids and androgenic steroids.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 277 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 278 Medical Glossary

Activating (ATF) A oxygen consumption and coronary fl ow,

protein (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA while the A2A receptor also has broader anti- sequences regulating the transfer or transcrip- infl ammatory effects throughout the body. tion of information from DNA to mRNA. These two receptors also have important roles Activator protein-1 (AP-1) A heterodimeric in the brain, regulating the release of other protein transcription factor that regulates gene neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu-

expression in response to a variety of stimuli, tamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are including , growth factors, stress located mainly peripherally and are involved and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in in infl ammation and immune responses. turn regulates a number of cellular processes ADH See Alcohol dehydrogenase. including differentiation, proliferation and Adipocyte A cell involved in the synthesis apoptosis. and storage of . Actoprotective Increasing the body’s physical Adipocytokine Bioactive cytokines produced performance. by adipose tissues Actoprotectors Preparations that increase the A protein in humans that modu- mental performance and enhance body sta- lates several physiological processes, such bility against physical loads without increas- as of glucose and fatty acids and ing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are immune responses. regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold Adipose tissues Body fat, loose connective tis- a signifi cant capacity to increase physical sue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). performance. Adoptogen Containing smooth pro-stressors Acute otitis media (AOM) see Otitis media. which reduce reactivity of host defence sys- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- enzymes that catalyses the initial step in each ous stressors due to increased basal level of cycle of fatty acid β-oxidation in the mito- mediators involved in the stress response. chondria of cells. Adrenal Star-shaped endocrine glands Adaptogen A term used by herbalists to refer that sit on top of the kidneys. to a natural herb product that increases the Adrenalectomised Having had the adrenal body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, glands surgically removed. stress and fatigue. Adrenergic Having to do with adrena- Adaptogenic Increasing the resistance of the line (epinephrine) and/or noradrenaline body to stress. (norepinephrine). Addison’s disease Is a rare endocrine disorder. Adrenergic receptors A class of G protein- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- coupled receptors that are targets of the nor- duce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It adrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, (epinephrine). hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. Adulterant An impure ingredient added into a Adenocarcinoma A cancer originating in glan- preparation. dular tissue. Advanced glycation end products Adenoma A benign tumour from a glandular ( AGEs) Resultant products of a chain of origin. chemical reactions after an initial glycation Adenoidectomy Surgical removal of the reaction. AGEs may play an important adverse adenoids. role in process of , , Adenopathy Abnormal enlargement or swell- aging and chronic renal failure. ing of the node. Aegilops An ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner receptors A class of purinergic, of the eye. G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine Aerophagia Excessive air swallowing. as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are Afferent Something that so conducts or car-

four adenosine receptors. A 1 receptors and A2A ries towards, such as a , fi bre, or play roles in the , regulating myocardial nerve. Medical Glossary 279

Agammaglobulinaemia An inherited disorder When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme in which there are very low levels of protective into the blood. immune proteins called immunoglobulins. cf. ALAT (alanine aminotransferase) See x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. Alanine transaminase. Agalactia Lack of milk after parturition (birth). Albumin Water-soluble proteins found in egg Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) a white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- medical condition of elderly adults that results sues and plant juices and tissues. in a loss of vision in the centre of the visual Albuminaria Excessive amount of albumin in fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the the urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. retina. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) An enzyme Agglutinin A protein substance, such as an involved in the breakdown of alcohol. antibody, that is capable of causing agglutina- Aldose reductase , aldehyde reductase An tion (clumping) of a particular antigen. enzyme in that con- Agglutination Clumping of particles. verts glucose to sorbitol. Agonist A drug that binds to a receptor of a cell Aldosterone Is a steroid hormone. Its main and triggers a response by the cell. role is to regulate salt and water in the body, Agoraphobia An anxiety disorder character- thus having an effect on . ised by anxiety in situations where the sufferer Aldosteronism A condition in which there is perceives certain environments (openness or excessive secretion of aldosterone, which dis- crowdedness) as dangerous or uncomfortable. turbs the balance of sodium, potassium and Ague A (such as from malaria) that is water in the blood and so leads to high blood marked by paroxysms of chills, fever and pressure. sweating that recurs with regular intervals. Aldosteronopenia Defi ciency of aldosterone AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cyto- production with normal secretion of cortisol. solic protein transcription factor. Alexipharmic An antidote, remedy for poison. AIDS See Acquired immunodefi ciency Alexiteric A preservative against contagious syndrome. and infectious and the effects of Akathisia A movement disorder in which there poisons. is an urge or need to move the legs to stop Algesic Endogenous substances involved in unpleasant sensations. Also called restless the production of pain that is associated with leg syndrome, the disorder is often caused by infl ammation, e.g. , and long-term use of antipsychotic medications. . AKT Serine/threonine kinase (also known Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) An enzyme in as protein kinase B or PKB) plays a critical the cells lining the biliary ducts of the . regulatory role in diverse cellular processes, ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile including cancer progression and insulin obstruction, intrahepatic or metabolism. infi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also Akt signalling pathway Akt are protein present in bone and placental tissues. kinases involved in mammalian cellular sig- Alkalosis Is a condition in which the body fl u- nalling and inhibit apoptotic processes. ids have excess base (alkali). Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involv- Allergenic Having the properties of an antigen ing Akt and FoxO transcription factors that (allergen), immunogenic. play a role in and . Allergic Pertaining to, caused, affected with, or Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS phosphoryla- the nature of the . tion Amplifi es serotonin 5-HT2B receptor Allergic conjunctivitis Infl ammation of the blockade mediated anti-hypertrophic effects. tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to Alanine transaminase (ALT) Also called allergy. serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase Allergy A hypersensitivity state induced by (SGPT) or alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) an enzyme present in (liver cells). resulting in harmful immunologic reactions 280 Medical Glossary

on subsequent exposures. The term is usually Amastigote Refers to a cell that does not have any used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environ- fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain phase mental antigen (atopic allergy or contact der- in the life cycle of trypanosome protozoans. matitis) or to drug allergy. Amenorrhea The condition when a woman Allodynia A painful response to a normally fails to have menstrual periods. innocuous stimulus. Amidolytic Cleavage of the amide structure. Allogeneic Cells or tissues which are geneti- Amoebiasis State of being infected by amoeba cally different because they are derived from such as Entamoeba histolytica . separate individuals of the same species. Also Amoebicidal Lethal to amoeba. refers to a type of immunological reaction AMPK (5′ AMP-activated protein kinase) O r that occurs when cells are transplanted into a 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein genetically different recipient. kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cellular Allografts Or homografts, a graft between energy . individuals of the same species, but of differ- Amygdalitis Infl ammation of one or both ton- ent genotypes. sils, tonsilitis. Alloknesis Itch produced by innocuous Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) A peptide of mechanical stimulation. 39–43 amino acids that appear to be the main Allostasis The process of achieving stability, or constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of homeostasis, through physiological or behav- Alzheimer’s disease patients. ioural change. Amyloidosis A disorder that results from Alopecia Is the loss of hair on the body. abnormal deposition of the protein, amyloid, Alopecia areata Type of hair loss that typically in various tissues of the body. causes patches of baldness. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Or ALS, is ALP See Alkaline phosphatase. a disease of the motor neurons in the brain Alpha-adrenoceptor Receptors postulated and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sym- movement. pathetic nervous system in order to explain Amyotrophy Progressive wasting of muscle the specifi city of certain agents that affect tissues. adj. amyotrophic. only some sympathetic activities (such as Anaemia A blood disorder in which the blood is and relaxation of intes- defi cient in red blood cells and in haemoglobin. tinal muscles and contraction of smooth Anaesthesia Condition of having sansation muscles). temporarily suppressed. Alpha amylase (α-amylase) A major form of Anaesthetic A substance that decreases par- amylase found in humans and other mammals tially or totally nerve the sense of pain. that cleaves alpha-bonds of large, alpha-linked Analeptic A central nervous system (CNS) polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, stimulant medication. yielding glucose and maltose. Analgesia Term describing relief, reduction or ALT See Alanine transaminase. suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. Alterative A medication or treatment which Analgesic A substance that relieves or reduces gradually induces a change and restores healthy pain. functions without sensible evacuations. Anamnesis Patient’s account of their medical Alveolar A vigorously phago- history. cytic macrophage on the epithelial surface Anaphoretic An antiperspirant. of alveoli that ingests carbon and other Anaphodisiac Or antiaphrodisiac is something inhaled particulate matters. Also called conio- that reduces or blunts the libido. phage or dust cell. Anaphylaxis A severe, life-threatening allergic Alzheimer’s disease A degenerative, organic, response that may be characterised by symp- mental disease characterised by progressive toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- brain deterioration and , usually ing, vomiting or diarrhoea. occurring after the age of 50. Anaphylactic adj. see Anaphylaxis. Medical Glossary 281

Anaphylotoxins Are fragments (C3a, C4a or (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume C5a) that are produced during the pathways (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- of the complement system. They can trigger stitial fl uid) and arterial vasoconstriction. release of substances of endothelial cells, mast Anglioplasty Medical procedure used to open cells or , which produce a local obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting infl ammatory response. usually from atherosclerosis. Anaplasia A reversion of differentiation in Anguillulosis A parasitosis caused by the cells and is characteristic of malignant neo- intestinal nematode Strongyloides stercoralis plasms (tumours). (round worm). Anaplastic adj. see Anaplasia. Anisakiasis A human parasitic infection of the Anasarca Accumulation of great quantity of gastrointestinal tract caused by the consump- fl uid in body tissues. tion of raw or undercooked seafood contain- Anencephaly A cephalic disorder that results ing larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex . from a neural tube defect that occurs when the Anisonucleosis A morphological manifesta- cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to tion of nuclear injury characterised by varia- close, resulting in the absence of a major por- tion in the size of the cell nuclei. tion of the brain, skull and scalp. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Is a type of Androgen Male sex hormone in vertebrates. infl ammatory arthritis that targets the joints of Androgens may be used in patients with breast the spine. cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. V or annexin A5 Is a member of the Androgenic alopecia Hair loss in men and annexin family of intracellular proteins that women. binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium- Android adiposity Centric fat distribution pat- dependent manner. terns with increased disposition towards the Annexitis Also called adnexitis, a pelvic abdominal area, visceral fat—apple shaped. infl ammatory disease involving the infl amma- cf. gynoid adiposity. tion of the ovaries or fallopian tubes. Branch of concerned Anodyne A substance that relieves or soothes with the reproductive diseases in men. pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain Aneugen An agent that affects cell division or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. and the mitotic spindle apparatus, causing the Anoikis Apoptosis that is induced by inade- loss or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby quate or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. inducing aneuploidy. adj . aneugenic. Anophthalmia Medical term for the absence Angina pectoris, angina Chest pain or chest of one or both eyes. discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle Anorectal Relating to the rectum and anus. does not get enough blood. Anorectics Appetite suppressants, substances Angioedema Rapid swelling of the dermis, which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a subcutaneous tissues, mucosa and submucosal short-term basis clinically to treat obesity. tissues caused by small blood vessels leaking Also called anorexigenics. fl uid into these tissues. Lack or loss of desire to eat. Angiogenic adj. see Angiogenesis. Anorexia nervosa Is a psychiatric disorder Angiogenesis A physiological process involv- characterised by an unrealistic fear of weight ing the growth of new blood vessels from pre- gain, self-starvation and conspicuous distor- existing vessels. tion of body image. Angiotensin An oligopeptide hormone in the Anorexic Having no appetite to eat. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict Anorexigenics See Anorectics. and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the Anosmia Inabity to perceive odour, reduced –angiotensin system. sense of smell. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) An Anoxia Absence of oxygen supply. exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that partic- Antagonist A substance that acts against and ipates in the body’s renin–angiotensin system blocks an action. 282 Medical Glossary

Antalgic A substance used to relive a painful ity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other condition. microorganisms. Antecubital This vein is located in the Antiblennorrhagic A substance that treats antecubital fossa—the area of the arm in front blenorrhagia a conjunctival infl ammation of the elbow. resulting in mucus discharge. Anterior uveitis Is the most common form of Antibody A gamma globulin protein produced ocular infl ammation that often causes a pain- by a kind of called the plasma ful red eye. cell in the blood used by the immune sys- Anthelmintic An agent or substance that is tem to identify and neutralise foreign objects destructive to worms and used for expulsion (antigen). of internal parasitic worms in animals and Anticarcinomic A substance that kills or humans. inhibits carcinomas (any cancer that arises in Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl a- /tissue cells). vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins, Anticephalalgic Headache relieving or which are benefi cial to health. They occur preventing. as water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may Anticestodal A chemical destructive to appear red, purple or blue according to pH in tapeworms. plants. Anticholesterolemic A substance that can pre- Anthrax A bacterial disease of cattle and ship vent the build-up of cholesterol. that can be transmitted to man though unpro- Anticlastogenic Having a suppressing effect of cessed wool. chromosomal aberrations. Anthropometric Pertaining to the study of Anticoagulant A substance that thins the blood measurements. and acts to inhibit blood from stick- Antiamoebic A substance that destroys or sup- ing together. presses parasitic amoebae. Antidepressant A substance that suppresses Antiamyloidogenic Compounds that inhibit depression or sadness. the formation of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid fi brils Antidiabetic A substance that prevents or alle- (fAβ) from amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and desta- viates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. bilise fAβ. Antidiarrhoeal Having the property of stop- Antianaphylactic Agent that can prevent the ping or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having occurrence of anaphylaxis (life-threatening such action. allergic response). Antidipsotropic Antialcohol abuse; medica- Antiangiogenic A drug or substance used to tion to reduce alcohol consumption. stop the growth of tumours and progression of Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison. cancers by limiting the pathologic formation Antidopaminergic A term for a chemical of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). that prevents or counteracts the effects of Antiarrhythmic A substance to correct irregu- dopamine. lar heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Antidrepanocytary Anti-sickle cell anaemia. Antiasmathic Drug that treats or ameliorates Antidysenteric An agent used to reduce or asthma. treat and diarrhoea. Antiatherogenic That protects against athero- Antidyslipidemic Agent that will reduce the genesis, the formation of (plaques) abnormal amount of and in in . the blood. Antibacterial Substance that kills or inhibits Anti-oedematous Reduces or suppresses bacteria. oedema. Antibilious An agent or substance which helps Antiemetic An agent that stops vomiting and remove excess bile from the body. . Antibiotic A chemical substance produced Anti-epileptic A drug used to treat or prevent by a microorganism which has the capac- convulsions, anticonvulsant. Medical Glossary 283

Antifebrile A substance that reduces fever, Antihypertensive A drug used in medicine also called antipyretic. and pharmacology to treat (high Antifeedant Preventing something from being blood pressure). eaten. Anti-infl ammatory A substance used to Antifertility Agent that inhibits formation of reduce or prevent infl ammation. ova and sperm and disrupts the process of fer- Antileishmanial Inhibiting the growth and tilisation (antizygotic). proliferation of Leishmania , a genus of fl agel- Anti-fi brosis Preventing/retarding the devel- late protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues opment of fi brosis, i.e. excessive growth and of vertebrates. activity of fi broblasts. Antileprotic Therapeutically effective against Antifi larial Effective against human fi larial leprosy. worms. Antilithiatic An agent that reduces or sup- Antifungal An agent that kills or inhibits the presses urinary calculi (stones) and acts to growth of fungi. dissolve those already present. Antigen A substance that prompts the produc- Antileukaemic Anticancer drugs that are used tion of antibodies and can cause an immune to treat leukaemia. response. adj. antigenic. Antilithogenic Inhibiting the formation of cal- Antigenotoxic An agent that inhibits DNA culi (stones). adduct formation, stimulates DNA repair mech- Antimalarial An agent used to treat malaria anisms and possesses antioxidant functions. and/or kill the malaria-causing organism, Antiganacratia Anti-menstruation. Plasmodium spp. Antigastralgic Preventing or alleviating gas- Antimelanogenesis Obstruct production of tric colic. melanin. Antihaematic Agent that stops vomiting. Antimicrobial A substance that destroys or Antihaemorrhagic An agent which stops or inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, prevents bleeding. viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. Antihepatotoxic Counteracting injuries to the Antimitotic Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. liver. Antimutagenic An agent that inhibits Antiherpetic Having activity against herpes mutations. simplex virus (HSV). Antimycotic Antifungal. An agent used to counteract Antineoplastic Said of a drug intended the effects of production in allergic to inhibit or prevent the maturation and reactions. proliferation of neoplasms that may become Antihyperalgesia The ability to block malignant, by targeting the DNA. enhanced sensitivity to pain, usually produced Antineuralgic A substance that stops intense by nerve injury or infl ammation, to nocicep- intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, tive stimuli. adj. antihyperalgesic. caused by neuralgia. Antihypercholesterolemia Term to describe Antinociception Reduction in pain: a reduction lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or in pain sensitivity produced within neurons blood serum. when an endorphin or similar opium-contain- Antihypercholesterolemic Agent that lowers ing substance opioid combines with a receptor. chlolesterol level in the blood or blood serum. Antinociceptive Having an analgesic effect. Antihyperlidemic Promoting a reduction of Antioxytocic Inhibiting premature labour. cf. lipid levels in the blood, or an agent that has tocolytic. this action. Antinutrient Are natural or synthetic com- Antihypersensitive A substance used to treat pounds that interfere with the absorption of excessive reactivity to any stimuli. nutrients and are commonly found in food sources and beverages. 284 Medical Glossary

Antioestrogen A substance that inhibits the sense RNA sequence, translation of the biological effects of female sex hormones. mRNA into the protein is blocked. This may Antiophidian Antivenoms of snake. slow or halt the growth of cancer cells. Antiosteoporotic Substance that can prevent Antiseptic Preventing decay or putrefaction, a osteoporosis. substance inhibiting the growth and develop- Antiovulatory Substance suppressing ment of microorganisms. ovulation. Anti-sickling agent An agent used to pre- Antioxidant A chemical compound or sub- vent or reverse the pathological events lead- stance that inhibits oxidation and protects ing to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell against free radical activity and lipid oxidation conditions. such as vitamin E, vitamin C or beta-carotene Antispasmodic A substance that relieves (converted to vitamin B) and carotenoids and spasms or inhibits the contraction of smooth fl avonoids which are thought to protect body muscles; smooth muscle relaxant, muscle cells from the damaging effects of oxidation. relaxer. Many foods including fruit and vegetables Antispermatogenic Preventing or suppressing contain compounds with antioxidant proper- the production of semen or spermatozoa. ties. Antioxidants may also reduce the risks of Antisudorifi c See Antiperspirant. cancer and age-related macular degeneration Antisyphilitic A drug (or other chemical (AMD). agents) that is effective against syphilis. Antipaludic Antimalarial. Antithermic A substance that reduces fever Antiperiodic Substance that prevents the recur- and temperature. Also known as antipyretic. rence of symptoms of a disease, e.g. malaria. Antithrombotic Preventing or interfering with Antiperspirant A substance that inhibits sweat- the formation of thrombi. ing. Also called antisudorifi c, anaphoretic. Antitoxin An antibody with the ability to neu- Antiphlogistic A traditional term for a tralise a specifi c toxin. substance used against infl ammation, an Antitumoral Substance that acts against the anti-infl ammatory. growth, development or spread of a tumour. Antiplatelet agent Drug that decreases Antitussive A substance that depresses aggregation and inhibits formation. coughing. Antiplasmodial Suppressing or destroying Antiulcerogenic An agent used to protect plasmodia. against the formation of ulcers or is used for Antiproliferative Preventing or inhibiting the the treatment of ulcers. reproduction of similar cells. Antivenin An agent used against the venom of Antiprostatic Drug to treat the prostate. a snake, spider or other venomous animals or Antiprotozoal Suppressing the growth or insects. reproduction of protozoa. Antivinous An agent or substance that treats Antipruritic Alleviating or preventing itching. addiction to alcohol. Antipyretic A substance that reduces fever or Antiviral Substance that destroys or inhibits quells it. Also known as antithermic. the growth and viability of infectious viruses. Antirheumatic Relieving or preventing Antivomitive A substance that reduces or sup- rheumatism. presses vomiting. Antiscorbutic A substance or plant rich in Antizygotic See Antifertility. vitamin C that is used to counteract scurvy. Anuria Absence of urine production and Antisecretory Inhibiting or diminishing excretion. adj. anuric. secretion. Anxiogenic Substance that causes anxiety. Antisense Refers to antisense RNA strand Anxiolytic A drug prescribed for the treatment because its sequence of nucleotides is the of symptoms of anxiety. complement of message sense. When mRNA APAF-1 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1. forms a duplex with a complementary anti- Medical Glossary 285

Apelin Also known as APLN, a peptide which aPPT (activated partial thromboplastin in humans is encoded by the APLN gene. time) A , a measure of the part of Aperient A substance that acts as a mild laxa- the blood clotting pathway. tive by increasing fl uids in the bowel. Apurinic lyase A DNA enzyme that catalyses Aperitif An appetite stimulant. a chemical reaction. Aphonia Loss of the voice resulting from dis- Arachidonate cascade Includes the cyclooxy- ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various psy- genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids chological causes, such as hysteria. and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- Aphrodisiac An agent that increases sexual erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- activity and libido and/or improves sexual tively called eicosanoids. performance. ARE Antioxidant response element, is a tran- Aphthae White, painful oral ulcer of unknown scriptional control element that mediates cause. expression of a set of antioxidant proteins. Aphthous ulcer Also known as a canker sore, Aribofl avinosis A condition caused by the is a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a dietary defi ciency of ribofl avin that is char- painful open sore inside the mouth or upper acterised by mouth lesions, seborrhea and throat. vascularisation. Aphthous stomatitis A canker sore, a type of Aromatase An enzyme involved in the produc- painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or tion of oestrogen that acts by catalysing the upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. estradiol (an oestrogen). Aromatase is located Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a disease in which in oestrogen-producing cells in the adrenal the and the blood stem cells that glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose reside there are damaged and do not make (fat) tissue and brain. enough new blood cells. Aromatic Having a pleasant, fragrant odour. Apnoea Suspension of external breathing. Aromatherapy A form of Apoprotein The protein moiety of a molecule that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such or complex, as of a . as essential oils and other scented compounds Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) A major protein from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) son’s mood or health. in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol ARPE-19 cells A human retinal pigment epi- effl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. thelial cell line with differentiated properties. ( APOB) Is the primary apo- Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms that can lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also or ‘bad cholesterol’), which is responsible for called dysrhythmias. carrying cholesterol to tissues. Arsenicosis See Arsenism. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) The apolipoprotein Arsenism An incommunicable disease result- found on intemediate density lipoprotein and ing from the ingestion of groundwater con- chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor taining unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as on liver and peripheral cells. arsenicosis. Apoplexy Unconsciousness or incapacity of Arteriogenic A penis the brain to function resulting from a cerebral dysfunction caused by the narrowing of the haemorrhage or stroke. arteries in the penis, decreasing blood infl ow Apoptogenic Ability to cause death of cells. to it, thus making impossible. Apoptosis Death of cells. Arteriosclerosis Imprecise term for various Is a condition characterised by disorders of arteries, particularly hardening infl ammation of the appendix. Also called due to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often epityphlitis. used as a synonym for atherosclerosis. Appetite stimulant A substance to increase or Arthralgia Is pain in the joints from many pos- stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. sible causes. 286 Medical Glossary

Arthritis Infl ammation of the joints of the with excessive amounts of mucus, often in body. response to one or more triggers. Arthrodynia An affection characterised by Astringent A substance that contracts blood pain in or about a joint. vessels and certain body tissues (such as Arthus reaction An allergic reaction of the mucous membranes) with the effect of reduc- immediate hypersensitive type that results ing secretion and excretion of fl uids and/or from the union of antigen and antibody, with has a drying effect. complement present in blood vessel walls. Collectively called astroglia, are Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) A characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the ligand- activated transcription factor best brain and spinal cord. known for mediating the toxicity of dioxin Ataxia (Loss of coordination) results from the and other exogenous contaminants and is degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord responsible for their toxic effects, including and of nerves that control muscle movement immunosuppression. in the arms and legs. ASATor AST Aspartate aminotransferase; see Ataxic polyneuropathy Is a syndrome char- Aspartate transaminase. acterised by problems with coordination and ASBT Apical sodium-dependent bile acid balance (sensory ataxia) and disturbances in transporter, belongs to the solute carrier fam- nerve function (sensory neuropathy), bilat- ily (SLC) of transporters and is an important eral optic atrophy and bilateral sensorineural carrier protein expressed in the small intestine. deafness. Ascaris A genus of parasitic intestinal round Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related pro- worms. tein (ATR) Also known as serine/threonine- Ascites Abnormal accumulation of fl uid within protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by the ATR Ascorbic acid See Vitamin C. gene. It is involved in sensing DNA damage Aspartate transaminase (AST) Also called and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase leading to cell cycle arrest (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) Atelectasis The collapse or closure of the is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme lung resulting in reduced or absent gas associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is exchange. increased in acute liver damage but is also pres- ATF-2 Activating transcription factor 2. ent in red blood cells and cardiac and skeletal Athlete’s foot A contagious skin disease muscle and is therefore not specifi c to the liver. caused by parasitic fungi affecting the foot Asphyxia Failure or suppression of the respi- and hands, causing itching, blisters and crack- ratory process due to obstruction of airfl ow ing. Also called dermatophytosis. to the or due to the lack of oxygen in Atherogenic Having the capacity to start or inspired air. accelerate the process of atherogenesis. Asphyxiation The process of undergoing Atherogenesis The formation of lipid deposits asphyxia. in the arteries. Asthenia A nonspecifi c symptom character- A deposit or degenerative accumu- ised by loss of energy, strength and feeling of lation of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- weakness. most layer of the wall of an . Asthenopia Weakness or fatigue of the eyes, Atherosclerosis The condition in which an usually accompanied by headache and dim- artery wall thickens as the result of a build- up ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. of fatty materials such as cholesterol. Asthenozoospermia (asthenosper- Atherothrombosis Medical condition charac- mia) Reduced sperm motility. terised by an unpredictable, sudden disruption Asthma A chronic illness involving the respi- (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- ratory system in which the airway occasion- rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation ally constricts, becomes infl amed and is lined and thrombus formation. Medical Glossary 287

Athymic mice Laboratory mice lacking a thy- Autolysin An enzyme that hydrolyses and mus gland. destroys the components of a biological cell Atonic Lacking normal tone or strength. or a tissue in which it is produced. Atony Insuffi cient muscular tone. Autonomic disorder A neurological disease in Atopic dermatitis An infl ammatory, non- which the autonomic nervous system ceases to contagious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown function properly. aetiology; often called eczema. Autonomic neuropathy Is a nerve disorder Atresia A congenital medical condition in due to damage to the autonomic nerves that which a body orifi ce or passage in the body is affects involuntary body functions, including abnormally closed or absent. heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and Atretic follicle Follicular atresia is the break- digestion. down of the ovarian follicles. Autophagy Digestion of the cell contents by Atretic ovarian follicles An involuted or enzymes in the same cell. closed ovarian follicle. Autopsy Examination of a cadaver to deter- Atrial fi brillation Is the most common car- mine or confi rm the cause of death. diac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and Avenanthramides Low molecular weight, sol- involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the uble phenolic compounds found in oats. heart; the most serious consequence of atrial Avidity index Describes the collective inter- fribillation is ischemic stroke. actions between antibodies and a multivalent Atrioventricular node A node of specialised antigen. heart muscle located in the septal wall of the Avulsed teeth Is tooth that has been knocked right atrium; receives impulses from the sino- out. atrial node and directs them to the walls of the Ayurvedic Traditional Hindu system of ventricles. medicine based largely on homeopathy and Attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder naturopathy. ( ADHD, ADD or AD/HD ) Is a neurobe- Azoospermia Is the medical condition of a havioural developmental disorder, primarily male not having any measurable level of characterised by the coexistence of attentional sperm in his semen. problems and hyperactivity. Azotaemia A higher than normal blood level Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Also of or other nitrogen-containing com- called brainstem evoked response (BSER), is pounds in the blood. an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem B Cell-activating factor (BAFF) Also called of a human by the presentation of a sound tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily such as a click. member 13B. It plays an important role in the Augmerosen A drug that may kill cancer cells proliferation and differentiation of B cells. by blocking the production of a protein that Babesia A protozoan parasite (malaria-like) makes cancer cells live longer. Also called of the blood that causes a haemolytic disease bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. known as babesiosis. Auricular Of or relating to the auricle or the Babesiosis Malaria-like parasitic disease ear in general. caused by Babesia, a genus of protozoal Aurones [2-Benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- piroplasms. ones] are the secondary plant metabo- Back tonus Normal state of balanced tension lites and are a subgroup of fl avonoids. See in the tissues of the back. Flavonoids. Bactericidal Lethal to bacteria. Autoantibodies Antibodies manufactured by BAFF A that belongs to the tumour the immune system that mistakenly target necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. and damage specifi c tissues and organs of the Balanitis Is an infl ammation of the glans body. (head) of the penis. 288 Medical Glossary

BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and cell types, particularly in early stages of is used in many different research disciplines, tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system but most often in the production of monoclo- activity by stimulating the release of natural nal antibodies. killer cells, lymphocytes and monocytes. Balm Aromatic oily resin from certain trees Beta- Is a multifunctional oncogenic and shrubs used in medicine. protein that contributes fundamentally to cell Barbiturates Are drugs that act as central development and biology. It has been impli- nervous system depressants and can there- cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- fore produce a wide spectrum of effects, nalling pathway. from mild sedation to total anaesthesia. They Beta cells A type of cell in the in are also effective anxiolytics, hypnotics and areas called the islets of Langerhans. anticonvulsants. Beta glucans Polysaccharides of D -glucose Baroreceptor A type of interoceptor that is monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds, stimulated by pressure changes, as those in (1→3), (1→4)-β-D -glucan, soluble, viscous blood vessel wall. component of fi bres found in cereals like oats. Barrett’s oesophagus (Barrett oesophagi- Beta-thalassemia An inherited blood disorder tis) A disorder in which the lining of the that reduces the production of haemoglobin. oesophagus is damaged by stomach acid. Beta-lactamase Enzymes produced by some Basophil A type of white blood cell with coarse bacteria that are responsible for their resistance granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. (two-lobed) nucleus. BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic Bax/Bad Proapoptotic proteins. compound), an antioxidant used in foods, BCL-2 A family of apoptosis regulator pro- cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and petroleum teins in humans encoded by the B cell lym- products. phoma 2 (BCL-2) gene. BID The only known Bcl-2 family member BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide See that can function as an agonist of proapoptotic Augmereson. Bcl-2-related proteins such as Bax and Bak. BCR/ABL A chimeric oncogene, from fusion B i fi dobacterium Is a genus of Gram- positive, of BCR and ABL cancer genes associated nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacte- with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. ria. Bifi dobacteria are one of the major gen- Bechic A remedy or treatment of cough. era of bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Bifi dobacteria aid in digestion are associated (BNST) Act as a relay site within the hypo- with a lower incidence of and also thalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate prevent some forms of tumour growth. Some its activity in response to acute stress. bifi dobacteria are being used as probiotics. Belching , or burping Refers to the noisy B i fi dogenic Promoting the growth of (benefi - release of air or gas from the stomach through cial) bifi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. the mouth. Bile Fluid secreted by the liver and discharged Beriberi Is a disease caused by a defi ciency of into the duodenum where it is integral in the

thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) that affects many sys- digestion and absorption of fats. tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, Bilharzia, bilharziosis See Schistosomiasis. nerves and digestive system. Biliary Relating to the bile or the organs in Beta-carotene Naturally occurring retinol which the bile is contained or transported. (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain Biliary infections Infection of organ(s) associ- fruits and vegetables with potential antineo- ated with bile, comprise: plastic and chemopreventive activities. As an (a) acute , an acute infl ammation of antioxidant, beta-carotene inhibits free radical the gallbladder wall damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell (b) cholangitis, infl ammation of the bile ducts Medical Glossary 289

Biliousness Old term used in the eighteenth Blood stasis syndrome Blood stagnation or and nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad slowing of blood, an important underlying digestion, stomach pains, and of many disease processes accord- excessive fl atulence. ing to traditional Chinese medicine. Bilirubin A breakdown product of haem (a BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) A part of haemoglobin in red blood cells) pro- family of secreted signalling molecules that duced by the liver that is excreted in bile which can induce ectopic bone growth. causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and BNIP3 A pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein eyes when it accumulates in those organs. which is associated with mitochondrial dys- Biotin Also known as vitamin B7. See Vitamin function and cell death. B7. Boil Localised pyrogenic, painful infection, Bitter A medicinal agent with a bitter taste and originating in a hair follicle. used as a tonic, alterative or appetiser. Borborygmus Rumbling noise caused by the Blackhead See Comedone. muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- Blackwater fever Dangerous complication of cess that moves the contents of the stomach malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in and intestines downwards. the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- Bowman–Birk inhibitors Type of serine pro- moglobin directly into the blood. teinase inhibitor. Blain See Chilblain. Bouillon A broth in French cuisine. Blastocyst Blastocyst is an embryonic struc- Bradicardia As applied to adult medicine, ture formed in the early embryogenesis of is defi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 mammals, after the formation of the morula, beats per minute. but before implantation. Bradyphrenia Referring to the slowness of Blastocystotoxic Agent that suppresses further thought common to many disorders of the development of the blastocyst through to the brain. ovum stage. Brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) A Blebbing Bulging, e.g. membrane blebbing protein member of the neutrophin family that also called membrane bulging or ballooning. plays an important role in the growth, mainte- Bleeding diathesis Is an unusual susceptibility nance, function and survival of neurons. The to bleeding (haemorrhage) due to a defect in protein molecule is involved in the modulation the system of . of cognitive and emotional functions and in Blennorrhagia Gonorrhoea. the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. Blennorrhoea Inordinate discharge of mucus, Bright’s disease Chronic nephritis. especially a gonorrhoeal discharge from the Bronchial infl ammation See Bronchitis. urethra or vagina. Bronchiectasis A condition in which the Blepharitis Infl ammation of the eyelids. airways within the lungs (bronchial tubes) Blepharospasm Involuntary twitching, blink- become damaged and widened. ing closure or squeezing of the eyelids. Bronchitis Is an infl ammation of the main air Blister Thin vesicle on the skin containing passages (bronchi) to the lungs. serum and caused by rubbing, friction or Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) A medical burn. procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed Blood–brain barrier (BBB) Is a separation through the mouth or nose into the lungs and of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). and then recollected for examination. It allows essential metabolites, such as oxy- Bronchopneumonia Or bronchial pneumonia; gen and glucose, to pass from the blood to the infl ammation of the lungs beginning in the ter- brain and central nervous system (CNS) but minal bronchioles. blocks most molecules that are more massive Broncho-pulmonary Relating to the bronchi than about 500 Da. and lungs. 290 Medical Glossary

Bronchospasm Is a diffi culty in breathing Physical wasting with loss of weight, caused by a sudden constriction of the mus- muscle atrophy, fatigue and weakness caused cles in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs by disease. in asthma. Caco-2 cell line A continuous line of heteroge- Brown fat Brown (BAT) in neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- mammals; its primary function is to generate noma cells. body heat in animals or newborns that do not Cadaver A dead body, corpse. shiver. Ca 2 + ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in Bubo Infl amed, swollen lymph node in the the plasma membrane of cells that serves to neck or groin. remove calcium (Ca2 + ) from the cell. Buccal Of or relating to the cheeks or the gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a mouth cavity. 37-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundant Bulbectomy Removal of the olfactory bulb. in the sensory neurons which innervate bone. Bulimia An emotional disorder characterised Calcium (Ca) Is the most abundant mineral by a distorted body image and an obses- in the body found mainly in bones and teeth. sive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of It is required for muscle contraction, blood extreme overeating are followed by fasting or vessel expansion and contraction, secretion self-induced vomiting or purging. of hormones and enzymes and transmitting Bullae Blisters; circumscribed, fl uid- impulses throughout the nervous system. containing, elevated lesions of the skin, usu- Dietary sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, ally more than 5 mm in diameter. Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green Bursa A fl uid-fi lled sac or saclike cavity situ- leafy vegetables, fortifi ed cereals, beverages ated in areas subjected to friction. and soybean products. Bursitis Condition characterised by infl am- Calcium ATPase Is a form of P-ATPase mation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of which transfers calcium after a muscle has synovial fl uid in the body. contracted. C fi bre s Afferent fi bres found in the nerve of Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) A class of the somatic sensory system. drugs and natural substances that disrupt the cal- c-FOS A cellular proto-oncogene belonging to cium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium channels. the immediate early gene family of transcrip- Calciuria Abnormal presence of calcium in the tion factors. urine. C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase Enzymes that Calculosis The tendency or deposition to form belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- calculi or stones. ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Calculus (calculi) Hardened, mineral deposits plethora of cellular responses to such stressful that can form a blockage in the urinary system. stimuli, including apoptosis and production Calculi infection Most calculi arise in the kid- of infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cyto- ney when urine becomes supersaturated with kines in diverse cell systems. cf MAPK. a salt that is capable of forming solid crys- c-Jun-I (Ser 73) Substrate of JNK-1 activated tals. Symptoms arise as these calculi become by phosphorylation at Ser73. impacted within the ureter as they pass towards c-Jun-I (Ser 63) Substrate of JNK-1 activated the urinary bladder. by phosphorylation at Ser63. Calefacient Substance that gives a sensation of C-reactive protein A protein found in the warmth. blood the levels of which rise in response to Caligo Dimness or obscurity of sight, depen- infl ammation. dent upon a speck on the . c-Src A cellular non-receptor . Calmodulin Is a calcium-modulated protein CAAT element-binding proteins-alpha (c/ that can bind to and regulate a multitude of EBP-alpha) Regulates gene expression in different protein targets, thereby affecting adipocytes in the liver. many different cellular functions. Medical Glossary 291

cAMP-dependent pathway Cyclic adenosine Cardiac hypertrophy Is a thickening of the monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- heart muscle (myocardium) resulting in a tor triggered signalling cascade used in cell decrease chamber size, including the left communication in living organisms. and right ventricles. Common causes of car- CAMP factor Diffusible, heat-stable, extra- diac hypertrophy include high blood pressure cellular protein produced by Group B (hypertension) and heart valve stenosis. Streptococcus that enhances the haemolysis of Cardialgia Heartburn. sheep erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus. Cardinolides Cardiac glycosides with a fi ve- It is named after Christie, Atkins and Munch- membered lactone ring in the side chain of the Petersen, who described it in 1944. steroid aglycone. Is a gastrointestinal dis- Cardinolide glycoside Cardenolides that con- ease () caused by bacteria called tain structural groups derived from sugars. Campylobacter which is frequently associated Cardioactive Having an effect on the heart. with the consumption of contaminated poultry. Cardiogenic shock Is characterised by a Cancer a malignant neoplasm or tumour in any decreased pumping ability of the heart that part of the body. causes a shock-like state associated with an Candidiasis Infections caused by members of inadequate circulation of blood due to primary the fungus genus Candida that range from failure of the ventricles of the heart to function superfi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, effectively. to systemic and potentially life-threatening Cardiomyocytes cells. diseases. Cardiomyopathy Heart muscle disease. Canker See Chancre. Cardiopathy Disease or disorder of the heart. family Includes CB1 Cardioplegia Stopping the heart so that sur- cannabinoid receptors found predominantly gical procedures can proceed in a still and in the brain and nervous sytem and CB2 can- bloodless fi eld. nabinoid receptors mainly associated with Cardiotonic Something which strengthens, immune tissues and expressed at low levels in tones or regulates heart functions without the brain. overt stimulation or depression. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB 2 recep- Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and tor) A G protein-coupled receptor from the blood vessels. cannabinoid receptor family that is mainly Caries Tooth decay, commonly called cavities. expressed on T cells of the immune system, Cariogenic Leading to the production of caries. on and B cells and in haemato- Carminative Substance that stops the forma- poietic cells. tion of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that Carboxypeptidase An enzyme that hydroly- has already formed, relieving fl atulence or ses the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a colic by expelling gas. peptide bond. It is synthesised in the pancreas Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and secreted into the small intestine. (CPT1) Also known as carnitine acyltrans- Carbuncle Is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- ferase I or CAT1, is a mitochondrial enzyme, ally with one or more openings draining pus involved in converting long-chain fatty acid onto the skin. into energy. Carcinogenesis Production of carcinomas. Carotenes Are a large group of intense red adj. carcinogenic. and yellow pigments found in all plants; Carcinoma Any malignant cancer that arises these are hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass from epithelial cells. of tetraterpenes) and the principal carotene Carcinosarcoma A rare tumour containing is beta-carotene which is a precursor of vita- carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. min A. Cardiac Relating to, situated near or affecting Carotenoids A class of natural fat-soluble pig- the heart. ments found principally in plants, belonging Cardiac asthma Acute attack of dyspnoea with to a subgroup of terpenoids containing eight wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. 292 Medical Glossary

Carotenoids play an important potential role CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/ in human health by acting as biological anti- EBP)-α A key adipogenic transcription oxidants. See also Carotenes. factor. Carotenodermia Yellow skin discoloration cdc2 kinase A member of the cyclin- dependent caused by excess blood carotene. protein kinases (CDKs). Carpopedal spasm Spasm of the hand or foot, CDKs Cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a or of the thumbs and great toes. family of serine/threonine kinases that medi- Capases Cysteine–aspartic acid proteases, are ate many stages in mitosis. a family of cysteine proteases, which play CD4T cell Helper T cell with CD4 receptor essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell that recognises antigens on the surface of a death), necrosis and infl ammation. virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines Catalase (CAT) Enzyme in living organism that stimulate B cells and killer T cells. that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen CD 28 Is one of the molecules expressed on peroxide to water and oxygen. T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, Catalepsy Indefi nitely prolonged maintenance which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases of activation. catatonic . CD31 Also known as PECAM-1 (platelet Catamenia Menstruation. endothelial cell molecule-1), a mem- Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or ber of the immunoglobulin superfamily, that tissue to a less differentiated form. mediates cell-to-. Cataplasm A medicated poultice or plaster. CD36 An integral membrane protein found on A soft moist mass, often warm and medi- the surface of many cell types in vertebrate cated, that is spread over the skin to treat an animals. infl amed, aching or painful area, to improve CD40 An integral membrane protein found the circulation. on the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic Cataractogenesis Formation of . cells, follicular dendritic cells, haemato- Catarrh, catarrhal Infl ammation of the poietic progenitor cells, epithelial cells and mucous membranes especially of the nose and carcinomas. throat. CD68 A expressed on monocytes/ Catechins Are polyphenolic antioxidant plant macrophages which binds to low-density metabolites. They belong to the family of fl a- lipoprotein. vonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. See Cecal ligation Tying up the cecam. Flavonoids. Celiac disease An autoimmune disorder of the Catecholamines Hormones that are released small intestine, triggered in genetically sus- by the adrenal glands in response to stress. ceptible individuals by ingested gluten from Cathartic Is a substance which accelerates wheat, rye, barley and other closely related defaecation. cereal grains. Peptides resulting from Caustic Having a corrosive or burning effect. partially digested gluten of wheat, bar- Cauterisation A medical term describing the ley or rye cause of the burning of the body to remove or close a part small intestinal mucosa. of it. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Caveolae Tiny (50–100nm) invaginations of located on the surface of cell membranes the plasma membrane of the cell. involved with binding of other cells or with CB-1 receptor Cannabinoid receptor type 1 the . held to be one of the most widely expressed G Cellular respiration Is the set of the meta- protein-coupled receptors in the brain. bolic reactions and processes that take place CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/ in organisms’ cells to convert biochemical EBP) Family of of transcription factors that energy from nutrients into adenosine triphos- interact with CCAAT (cytidine–cytidine–ade- phate (ATP) and then release waste products. nosine–adenosine–thymidine) box motif. The reactions involved in respiration are cata- Medical Glossary 293

bolic reactions that involve the oxidation of cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is one molecule and the reduction of another. a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine Cellulitis A bacterial infection of the skin that triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common reg- tends to occur in areas that have been dam- ulator of ion channel conductance, glycoge- aged or infl amed. nolysis and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes Central nervous system Part of the vertebrate smooth muscle tissues. nervous system comprising the brain and spi- CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide A nal cord. vasodilator neuropeptide that is expressed in a Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) subgroup of small neurons in the dorsal root, is a disease in which a serous detachment of trigeminal and vagal ganglia. This neuropep- the neurosensory retina occurs over an area of tide has been postulated to play a role in the leakage from the choriocapillaris through the pathophysiology of migraine. retinal pigment epithelium. Chalcones A subgroup of fl avonoids. Central venous catheter A catheter placed Chancre A painless lesion formed during the into the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. primary stage of syphilis. Cephalagia Pain in the head, a headache. Chaperones Are proteins that assist the non- Cephalic Relating to the head. covalent folding or unfolding and the assem- Ceramide oligosides Oligosides with an bly or disassembly of other macromolecular N -acetyl-sphingosine moiety. structures. Cercariae A free swimming larva of the para- Chemoembolisation A procedure in which sitic schistosome worm that has a tail and the blood supply to the tumour is blocked suckers on its head for penetration into a host. surgically or mechanically and antican- Cerebral embolism A blockage of blood fl ow cer drugs are administered directly into the through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot tumour. that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- Chemokines Are chemotactic cytokines, elled to the brain. which stimulate migration of infl ammatory Cerebral ischemia Is the localised reduc- cells towards tissue sites of infl ammation. tion of blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the Chemonociceptors Nociceptors or sensory brain due to arterial obstruction or systematic pheripheral neurons that are sensitive to hyperfusion. chemical stimuli. Is the ischemic kind of Chemosensitiser A drug that makes tumour stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- cells more sensitive to the effects of sels supplying blood to the brain. . Cerebral tonic Substance that can alleviate Chemosis Oedema of the conjunctiva of the poor concentration and memory, restlessness, eye. uneasiness and insomnia. Chickenpox Is also known as varicella and Cerebrosides Are glycosphingolipids which is a highly contagious illness caused by pri- are important components in animal muscle mary infection with varicella zoster virus and nerve cell membranes. (VZV). The virus causes red, itchy bumps on Cerebrovascular disease Is a group of brain the body. dysfunctions related to disease of the blood Chilblains Small, itchy, painful lumps that vessels supplying the brain. develop on the skin. They develop as an Cervical spondylotic myelopathy A com- abnormal response to cold. Also called per- mon cause of spinal cord dysfunction in older niosis or blain. persons. Chlorosis Iron defi ciency anaemia character- Cerumen Ear wax, a yellowish waxy sub- ised by greenish yellow colour. stance secreted in the ear canal of humans and Cholagogue Is a medicinal agent which pro- other mammals. motes the discharge of bile from the system. cFLIP Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, an Cholecalcifereol A form of vitamin D, also inhibitor of death ligand-induced apoptosis. called vitamin D3. See Vitamin D. 294 Medical Glossary

Cholecyst Gallbladder. Chromoblastomycosis A chronic fungal Cholecystitis Infl ammation of the gallbladder. infection of the skin and the subcutaneous Cholecystokinin A peptide hormone that plays tissue caused by traumatic inoculation of a a key role in facilitating digestion in the small specifi c group of dematiaceous fungi (such intestine. as Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verru- Cholera An infectious gastroenteritis caused cosa, Fonsecaea compacta ) through the skin. by enterotoxin-producing strains of the bac- Chromosome Long pieces of DNA found in terium Vibrio cholera and characterised by the centre (nucleus) of cells. severe, watery diarrhoea. Chronic Persisting over extended periods. Choleretic Stimulation of the production of Chronic anterior uveitis Infl ammation of the bile by the liver. iris and middle coat of the eyeball. Cholestasis A condition caused by rapidly Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease developing (acute) or long-term ( chronic) (COPD) A progressive disease that makes it interruption in the excretion of bile from the hard to breathe. liver to the duodenum. Chronic venous insuffi ciency (CVI) A medi- Cholesterol A soft, waxy, steroid substance cal condition where the cannot pump found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. stream and in all our body’s cells. Chronotropic Affecting the rate of rhythmic Cholethiasis Presence of gall stones (calculi) movements (e.g. heartbeat). in the gallbladder. Chyle A milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Choline A water-soluble, organic compound, and emulsifi ed fats, or free fatty acids. usually grouped within the vitamin B com- Chylomicrons Are large lipoprotein particles plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed that transport dietary lipids from the intestines for physiological functions such as structural to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons integrity and signalling roles for cell mem- are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- branes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetyl- teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) choline synthesis). that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Cholinergic Activated by or capable of liberat- the water- based solution of the bloodstream. ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- Chylorus Milky (having fat emulsion). pathetic nervous system. Chyluria Also called chylous urine, is a medi- Cholinergic system A system of nerve cells cal condition involving the presence of chyle that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve (emulsifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which impulses. results in urine appearing milky. Cholinomimetic Having an action simi- Chymase Member of the family of serine pro- lar to that of acetylcholine; called also teases found primarily in mast cell. parasympathomimetic. Chymopapain An enzyme derived from Chonotropic Affecting the time or rate, as the papaya, used in medicine and to tenderise rate of contraction of the heart. meat. Choriocarcinoma A quick-growing malig- Cicatrizant The term used to describe a prod- nant, trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that uct that promotes healing through the forma- occurs in a woman’s uterus (womb). tion of scar tissue. Choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) is the C-Kit receptor A protein tyrosine kinase recep- creation of new blood vessels in the choroid tor that is specifi c for . This layer of the eye. interaction is crucial for the development of hae- Chromium (Cr) Is required in trace amounts matopoietic, gonadal and pigment stem cells. in humans for sugar and . Chronic liver disease characterised Its defi ciency may cause a disease called by replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar chromium defi ciency. It is found in cereals, tissue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading legumes, nuts and animal sources. progressively to loss of liver function. Medical Glossary 295

Clastogen Is an agent that can cause one of Coma A state of unconsciousness from which two types of structural changes and breaks in a patient cannot be aroused. chromosomes that results in the gain, loss, or Comedone A blocked, open rearrangements of chromosomal segments. where the secretions oxidise, turning black. adj. clastogenic. Also called blackhead. Claudication Limping, impairment in walking. Comitogen Agent that is considered not to Climacterium Refers to menopause and the induce cell growth alone but to promote the bodily and mental changes associated with it. effect of the mitogen. Clonic Consist of rhythmic jerking Concoction A combination of crude ingredi- movements of the arms and legs, sometimes ents that is prepared or cooked together. on both sides of the body. Condyloma, condylomata acuminata Genital Clonus A series of involuntary muscular con- wart, venereal wart, anal wart or anogenital tractions and relaxations. wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted Clyster Enema. infection caused by epidermotropic human C-myc Codes for a protein that binds to the papillomavirus (HPV). DNA of other genes and is therefore a tran- Congestive heart failure Heart failure in scription factor. which the heart is unable to maintain adequate CNS depressant Anything that depresses, or circulation of blood in the tissues of the body slows, the sympathetic impulses of the cen- or to pump out the venous blood returned to it tral nervous system (i.e. respiratory rate, heart by the venous circulation. rate). Conglutination Becoming stuck together. Coagulopathy A defect in the body’s mecha- Conjunctival hyperemia Enlarged blood ves- nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility sels in the eyes. to bleeding. Conjunctivitis Sore, red and sticky eyes Cobalamin Vitamin B12. See Vitamin B12. caused by eye infection. Co-carcinogen A chemical that promotes the Conn’s syndrome Extremely rare condi- effects of a carcinogen in the production of tion characterised by adenoma, carcinoma or cancer. hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa of the Cold An acute infl ammation of the mucous adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive produc- membrane of the respiratory tract, especially tion of aldosterone and leading to sodium of the nose and throat caused by a virus and retention and hydrogen loss. accompanied by sneezing and coughing. Constipation A very common gastrointestinal Protein that is the major constituent disorder characterised by the passing of hard, of cartilage and other connective tissues; com- dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of prises the amino acids, hydroxyproline, pro- bowel motion. line, glycine and hydroxylysine. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Collagenases Enzymes that break the peptide NR113) Is a nuclear receptor transcription bonds in collagen. factor that regulates drug metabolism and Colibacillosis Infection with Escherichia coli . homoeostasis. Colic A broad term which refers to episodes of Consumption Term used to describe wast- uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who ing of tissues including but not limited to is otherwise healthy and well fed. tuberculosis. Infl ammatory bowel disease affecting Consumptive Affl icted with or associated with the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. pulmonary tuberculosis. Collyrium A lotion or liquid wash used as a Contraceptive An agent that reduces the likeli- cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases hood of or prevents conception. of the eye. Contraindication A condition which makes a Colorectal Relating to the colon or rectum. particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. 296 Medical Glossary

Contralateral muscle Muscle of opposite Cortisol Is a corticosteroid hormone made by limb (leg or arm). the adrenal glands and plays an essential role Contralateral rotation Rotation occurring in homeostasis . or originating in a corresponding part on an Cornifi cation Is the process of forming an epi- opposite side. dermal barrier in stratifi ed squamous epithe- Contusion Another term for a . A bruise, lial tissue. or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are Coryza A word describing the symptoms of damaged or broken as the result of a blow to a head cold. It describes the infl ammation of the skin. the mucus membranes lining the nasal cav- Convulsant A drug or physical disturbance ity which usually gives rise to the symptoms that induces convulsion. of nasal congestion and loss of smell, among Convulsion Rapid and uncontrollable shaking other symptoms. of the body. COX-1 See Cyclooxygenase-1. Coolant That which reduces body temperature. COX-2 See Cyclooxygenase- 2. Copper (Cu) Is essential in all plants and CpG islands Genomic regions that contain a animals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, high frequency of CpG sites. including the copper centres of cytochrome C CpG sites The cytosine–phosphate–guanine oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase nucleotide that links two nucleosides together (containing copper and zinc). In addition to in DNA. its enzymatic roles, copper is used for bio- cPLA(2) Cytosolic phospholipases A2, these logical electron transport. Because of its role phospholipases are involved in cell signalling in facilitating iron uptake, copper defi ciency processes, such as infl ammatory response. can often produce anaemia-like symptoms. CPY1B1, CPY1A1 A member of the cyto- Dietary sources include curry powder, mush- chrome P450 superfamily of haem-thiolate room, nuts, seeds, wheat germ, whole grains monooxygenase enzymes. and animal meat. Creatin A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs Copulation To engage in coitus or sexual inter- naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply course. adj. copulatory. energy to muscle. Cor pulmonale Or pulmonary heart disease Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) Enzyme is enlargement of the right ventricle of the that catalyses the conversion of creatine and heart as a response to high blood pressure or consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to increased resistance in the lungs. create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- Cordial A preparation that is stimulating to the phate (ADP). heart. CREB cAMP response element binding, a pro- Corn Or callus, is a patch of hard, thickened tein that is a transcription factor that binds to skin on the foot that is formed in response to certain DNA sequences called cAMP response pressure or friction. elements. Corpora lutea A yellow, progesterone- Crohn disease An infl ammatory disease of the secreting body that forms from an ovarian fol- intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- licle after the release of a mature egg. testinal tract. Corticosteroids A class of steroid hormones CRP (C-reactive protein) A substance pro- that are produced in the adrenal cortex, used duced by the liver that increases in the pres- clinically for hormone replacement therapy, ence of infl ammation in the body. for suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppres- Crossover study A longitudinal, balance study sion of immune response and as antineoplas- in which participants receive a sequence of tic, anti-allergic and anti- infl ammatory agents. different treatments or exposures. Corticosterone A 21-carbon steroid hormone Croup Is an infection of the throat (larynx) and of the corticosteroid type produced in the cor- windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus tex of the adrenal glands. (also called laryngotracheobronchitis). Medical Glossary 297

Cryptococcal meningitis A fungal infection of category of signalling molecules that are used the membranes covering the brain and spinal extensively in cellular communication. cord (meninges). Cytopathic Any detectable, degenerative Crytochidism (cryptochism) A developmen- changes in the host cell due to infection. tal defect characterised by the failure of one Cytoprotective Protecting cells from noxious or both testes to move into the scrotum as the chemicals or other stimuli. male fetus develops. Cytosolic Relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm Curettage Surgical procedure in which a body in cells. cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- Cytostatic Preventing the growth and prolif- ment or aspirated with a cannula. eration of cells. Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin. Cytotoxic Of or relating to substances that are CXC8 Also known as 8, IL-8. toxic to cells; cell killing. Cyanogenesis Generation of cyanide. adj. d - Galactosamine An amino sugar with unique cyanogenetic. hepatotoxic properties in animals. Cyclooxygenase (COX) An enzyme that Dandruff Scurf, dead, scaly skin among the is responsible for the formation of pros- hair. tanoids—prostaglandins, and Dartre Condition of dry, scaly skin thromboxanes that are each involved in the Debility Weakness, relaxation of muscular infl ammatory response. Two different COX fi bre. enzymes existed, now known as COX-1 and Debridement Is the process of removing non- COX-2. living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns and Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Is known to be other wounds. present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal Debriding agent Substance that cleans and tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of treats certain types of wounds, burns and the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in ulcers. kidney and platelet function. Deciduogenic Relating to the uterus lining that Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is primarily pres- is shed off at childbirth. ent at sites of infl ammation. Deciduoma Decidual tissue induced in the Cysteine proteases Are enzymes that degrade uterus (as by trauma) in the absence of polypeptides possessing a common catalytic pregnancy. mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cys- Deciduomata Plural of deciduoma. teine thiol in a catalytic triad. They are found Decidual stromal cells Like endometrial in fruits like papaya, pineapple and kiwifruit. glands and endothelium, express integrins that Cystitis A common urinary tract infection that bind basement components. occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, Decoction A medical preparation made by infect the urine and infl ame the bladder lining. boiling the ingredients. Cystorrhea Discharge of mucus from the Decongestant A substance that relieves or bladder. reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. Cytochrome bc-1 complex Ubihydroquinone: Deep venous Is a blood clot that Cytochrome c oxidoreductase. forms in a vein deep inside a part of the body. Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A A very large D e fi brinated plasma Blood whose plasma and diverse superfamily of haem-thiolate pro- component has had fi brinogen and fi brin teins found in all domains of life. This group removed. of enzymes catalyses many reactions involved Degranulation Cellular process that releases in drug metabolism and synthesis of choles- antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- terol, steroids and other lipids. tory vesicles called granules found inside Cytokine Non-antibody proteins secreted by some cells. certain cells of the immune system which Delayed after depolarisations carry signals locally between cells. They are a (DADs) Abnormal depolarisation that 298 Medical Glossary

begins during phase 4—after depolarisation is tion of some mucocutaneous conditions such as completed, but before another action potential lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders. would normally occur. Detoxifi e r A substance that promotes the Delirium Is common, sudden severe confusion removal of toxins from a system or organ. and rapid changes in brain function that occur Diabetes A metabolic disorder associated with with physical or mental illness; it is reversible inadequate secretion or utilisation of insulin and temporary. and characterised by frequent urination and Demulcent An agent that soothes internal persistent thirst. See Diabetes mellitus. membranes. Also called emollient. Diabetes mellitus ( DM) (Sometimes called Dendritic cells Are immune cells and form ‘sugar diabetes’) is a set of chronic, meta- part of the mammalian immune system, func- bolic disease conditions characterised by high tioning as antigen-presenting cells. blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from Dentition A term that describes all of the upper defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. and lower teeth collectively. Diabetes mellitus appears in two forms. Deobstruent A medicine which removes Diabetes mellitus type I (Formerly known as obstructions; also called an aperient. juvenile onset diabetes) caused by defi ciency Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) A crosslink prod- of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a result uct of collagen molecules found in bone and of destruction of insulin-producing beta cells excreted in urine during bone degradation. of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an Depilatory An agent for removing or destroy- increase of fasting blood glucose that begins to ing hair. appear in the urine above the renal threshold. Depressant A substance that diminishes func- Diabetes mellitus type II (Formerly called tional activity, usually by depressing the ner- non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or vous system. adult-onset diabetes) the disorder is charac- Depurative An agent used to cleanse or purify terised by high blood glucose in the context the blood; it eliminates toxins and purifi es the of insulin resistance and relative insulin defi - system. ciency in which insulin is available but cannot Dermatitis Infl ammation of the skin causing be properly utilised. discomfort such as eczema. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a Dermatitis herpetiformis An autoimmune serious and common complication of diabetes chronic blistering skin disorder characterised involving damage of the autonomic nerves. by blisters fi lled with a watery fl uid. Major clinical manifestations of DAN include Dermatophyte A fungus parasitic on the skin. resting , exercise intolerance, ortho- Dermatosis Is a broad term that refers to any static hypotension, constipation, gastroparesis, disease of the skin, especially one that is not erectile dysfunction, sudomotor dysfunction, accompanied by infl ammation. impaired neurovascular function, ‘brittle dia- Dermonecrotic Pertaining to or causing necro- betes’ and hypoglycaemic autonomic failure. sis of the skin. Diabetic foot Any pathology that results Dermopathy A skin disorder characterised by directly from diabetes mellitus or any long- discoloured patches and small papules that term or chronic complication of diabetes often become pigmented and ulcerated and mellitus. result in scars, most commonly occurring on Diabetic neuropathy A neuropathic disor- the shins of people with diabetes mellitus. der that is associated with diabetes mellitus. Desmutagen Substances that inactivate muta- It affects all peripheral nerves including pain gens (cancer-causing agents). fi bres, motor neurons and the autonomic ner- Desquamation The shedding of the outer lay- vous system. ers of the skin. Diabetic retinopathy Damage to the retina Desquamative ginginvitis Red, painful, glazed caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, and friable gingivae which may be a manifesta- which can eventually lead to blindness. Medical Glossary 299

Diads Two adjacent structural units in a poly- Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) Or mer molecule. peripheral neuropathy, is the most common Dialysis Is a method of removing toxic sub- neurological problem in HIV disease. DSPN stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood also represents a complex symptom that when the kidneys are unable to do so. occurs because of peripheral nerve damage Diaphoresis Is profuse sweating commonly related to advanced HIV disease. associated with shock and other medical Diuresis Increased urination. emergency conditions. Diuretic A substance that increases urination Diaphoretic A substance that induces perspira- (diuresis). tion. Also called sudorifi c. Diverticular disease Is a condition affecting Diaphyseal Pertaining to or affecting the shaft the large bowel or colon and is thought to be of a long bone (diaphysis). caused by eating too little fi bre. Diaphysis The main or midsection (shaft) of a Common, sometimes painful long bone. digestive disease which involves the forma- Diarrhoea A profuse, frequent and loose dis- tion of pouches (diverticula) within the bowel charge from the bowels. wall. Diastolic Referring to the time when the heart DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- is in a period of relaxation and dilatation cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco (expansion). cf . systolic. smoke that is a potent carcinogen. Dieresis Surgical separation of parts. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid Dietary fi bre Is a term that refers to a group that contains the genetic instructions used in of food components that pass through the the development and functioning of all known stomach and small intestine undigested and living organisms. reach the large intestine virtually unchanged. DOCA Desoxycorticosterone acetate— a ste- Scientifi c evidence suggest that a diet high roid chemical used as replacement therapy in in dietary fi bre can be of value for treating Addison’s disease. or preventing such disorders as constipation, Dopamine A catecholamine neurotransmit- , diverticular disease, ter that occurs in a wide variety of animals, hiatus and haemorrhoids. Some com- including both vertebrates and invertebrates. ponents of dietary fi bre may also be of value Dopaminergic Relating to, or activated by the in reducing the level of cholesterol in blood neurotransmitter, dopamine. and thereby decreasing a risk factor for coro- Double blind Refers to a clinical trial or exper- nary heart disease and the development of iment in which neither the subject nor the . Dietary fi bre is benefi cial in the researcher knows which treatment any par- treatment of some diabetics. ticular subject is receiving. Digalactosyl diglycerides Are the major lipid Douche A localised spray of liquid directed components of chloroplasts. into a body cavity or onto a part. Diosgenin A steroid-like substance that is involved DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl—a in the production of the hormone progesterone, crystalline, stable free radical used as an extracted from roots of Dioscorea yam. inhibitor of free radical reactions. Dipsia Sensation of dryness in the mouth and Dracunculiasis Also called guinea worm dis- throat related to a desire to drink. ease (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by Dipsomania Pathological use of alcohol. the nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . Discutient An agent (as a medicinal applica- Dropsy An old term for the swelling of soft tis- tion) which serves to disperse morbid matter. sues due to the accumulation of excess water. Disinfectant An agent that prevents the spread adj. dropsical. of infection, bacteria or communicable Drug metabolising enzymes Play central roles disease. in the biotransformation, metabolism and/or 300 Medical Glossary

detoxifi cation of xenobiotics or foreign com- Dysphonia A voice disorder, an impairment in pounds that are introduced to the human body. the ability to produce voice sounds using the Drusen Tiny yellow or white deposits of extra- vocal organs. cellular materials in the retina of the eye or on Dysplasia Refers to abnormality in the optic nerve head. development. Dry eye syndrome Also called keratoconjunc- Dyspnoea Shortness of breath, diffi culty in tivitis sicca, occurs when there are not enough breathing. tears on the front of the eyes. Dysrhythmias See Arrhythmias. DT diaphorase Also called DTD or NAD(P)H Dystocia Abnormal or diffi cult childbirth or Quinone oxidoreductase, is an obligate two- labour. electron reductase which bioactivates chemo- Dystonia A neurological movement disorder therapeutic quinones. characterised by prolonged, repetitive muscle Dysarthria Is a motor speech disorder. contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- Dysbiosis Also called dysbacteriosis, refers to ing movements of muscles. a condition with microbial imbalances on or Dysuria Refers to diffi cult and painful inside the body. urination. Dysentery (Formerly known as fl ux or the E - Cadherin Has traditionally been categorised bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive sys- as a tumour suppressor. tem that results in severe diarrhoea containing E- Also known as endothelial leuco- mucus and blood in the faeces. It is caused cyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, usually by a bacterium called Shigella . a member of the selectin family. It is tran- Dysesthesia An unpleasant abnormal sensation siently expressed on vascular endothelial cells produced by normal stimuli. in response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Dysgeusia Distortion of the sense of taste. EC 50 Median effective concentration that Dyshomeostasis An imbalance or other break- produces desired effects in 50 % of the test down of a homeostasis system. population. Dyskinesia The impairment of the power of Ecbolic A drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary to increase uterine contractions and that is or incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. used especially to facilitate delivery. Dyslipidemia Abnormality in or abnormal Ecchymosis Skin discolouration caused by the amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured Dysmenorrhoea Is a menstrual condition char- blood vessels. acterised by severe and frequent menstrual ECG See electrocardiography. cramps and pain associated with menstruation. EC–SOD Extracellular superoxide dismutase, a Dysmotility syndrome A vague, descriptive tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracellular term used to describe diseases of the mus- matrix of tissues. It participates in the detoxifi - cles of the gastrointestinal tract (oesophagus, cation of by catalysing stomach, small and large intestines). the dismutation of superoxide radicals. Dysosmia Qualitative alteration or distortion Ectopic heartbeats Small changes in an oth- of the perception of smell. erwise normal heartbeat that lead to extra or Dyspareunia Painful sexual intercourse. skipped heartbeats. Dyspedia followed by nausea. Ectrodactyly Involves the absence of one or Dyspepsia Refers to a symptom complex more central digits of the hand or foot. of epigastric pain or discomfort. It is often Eczema Is broadly applied to a range of persis- defi ned as chronic or recurrent discomfort tent skin conditions. These include dryness and centred in the upper abdomen and can be recurring skin rashes which are characterised by caused by a variety of conditions. cf. func- one or more of these symptoms: redness, skin tional dyspepsia. oedema, itching and dryness, crusting, fl aking, Dysphagia Diffi culty in swallowing. blistering, cracking, oozing or bleeding. Medical Glossary 301

Eczematous rash Dry, scaly, itchy rash. Embryotoxic Term that describes any chemi- ED 50 Is defi ned as the dose producing a cal which is harmful to an embryo. response that is 50 % of the maximum Emesis Vomiting, throwing up. obtainable. Emetic An agent that induces vomiting. cf. Formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, antiemetic is characterised as swelling caused by abnor- Emetocathartic Causing vomiting and mal accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or purging. in one or more cavities of the body. It usually Emmenagogue A substance that stimulates, occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can initiates and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. involve the entire body. Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine Edematogenic Producing or causing edema. to balance and restore the normal function of EGFR proteins Epidermal the female reproductive system. receptor (EGFR) proteins. Protein kinases are Emollient An agent that has a protective and enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino membranes. acid in a substrate protein. Emphysema A long-term, progressive disease EGR-1 Early growth response 1, a human of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of gene. breath. Eicosanoids Are signalling molecules made Emulsion A preparation formed by the suspen- by oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a twenty- sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- carbon essential fatty acid, and include prosta- uid in another liquid. glandins and related compounds. Encephalitis Infl ammation of the brain caused Elastase A serine protease that also hydrolyses by a virus. amides and esters. Encephalocele A neural tube defect character- Electrocardiography Or ECG, is a transtho- ised by saclike protrusions of the brain tissue racic interpretation of the electrical activity through a congenital fi ssure in the skull. of the heart over time captured and externally Encephalomalacia Cerebral softening, a recorded by skin electrodes. localised softening of the brain substance, due Electromyogram (EMG) A test used to to haemorrhage or infl ammation. record the electrical activity of muscles. Encephalopathy A disorder or disease of the An electromyogram (EMG) is also called a brain. myogram. Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine Electuary A medicinal paste composed of glands or the hormones secreted by them. powders, or other medical ingredients, incor- Endocytosis Is the process by which cells porated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suit- absorb material (molecules such as proteins) able for oral administration. from outside the cell by engulfi ng it with their Elephantiasis A disorder characterised by . chronic thickened and oedematous tissue on Endometrial cancer Cancer that arises in the the genitals and legs due to various causes. endometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb). 1 1 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD- Is a common and often painful 11β or 11β-HSD) is the name of a family of disorder of the female reproductive system in enzymes that catalyse the conversion of inert which the endometrium, the tissue that nor- 11 keto-products (cortisone) to active cortisol, mally lines the womb (uterus), grows outside or vice versa. the uterus. The two most common symptoms Embrocation Lotion or liniment that relieves of endometriosis are pain and infertility. muscle or joint pains. Endometritis Refers to infl ammation of the Embryonation Formation of embryo in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. egg. Endometrium The inner lining of the uterus. 302 Medical Glossary

Endoplasmic reticulum Is a network of Enterohaemorrhagic Causing bloody tubules, vesicles and sacs around the nucleus diarrhoea and colitis, said of pathogenic that are interconnected. microorganisms. Endostatin A naturally occurring 20-kDa Enterohepatonephropathy Hepatorenal C-terminal protein fragment derived from lesions accompanied by renal failure. type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as Enterolactone A lignin formed by the action of an antiangiogenic agent that inhibits the for- intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found mation of the blood vessels that feed cancer in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. tumours. Enteropooling Increased fl uids and electro- Endosteum The thin layer of cells lining the lytes within the of the intestines due to medullary cavity of a bone. increased levels of prostaglandins. Endosteul Pertaining to the endosteum. Enterotoxigenic Of or being an organism con- Endothelial progenitor cells Population of taining or producing an enterotoxin. rare cells that circulate in the blood with the Enterotoxin Is a protein toxin released by a ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, microorganism in the intestine. the cells that make up the lining of blood Entheogen A substance taken to induce a spiri- vessels. tual experience. Any of a group of vasoconstric- Enuresis Bed-wetting, a disorder of elimina- tive peptides produced by endothelial cells tion that involves the voluntary or involuntary that constrict blood vessels and raise blood release of urine into bedding, clothing or other pressure. inappropriate places. Endotoxaemia The presence of endotoxins Envenomation Is the entry of venom into a in the blood, which may result in shock. adj . person’s body, and it may cause localised or endotoxemic. systemic poisoning. Endotoxin Toxins associated with certain bac- Eosinophilia The state of having a high con- teria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted centration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- in soluble form by live bacteria, but is a cytes) in the blood. structural component in the bacteria which is Eosinophils (Or, less commonly, acidophils) released mainly when bacteria are lysed. are white blood cells that are one of the Enema Liquid injected into the rectum either immune system components. as a purgative or medicine. Also called clyster. Epidermal growth factor receptor Enophthalmos A condition in which the eye (EGFR) Belongs to the ErbB family of falls back into the socket and inhibits proper receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). EGFR are eyelid function. involved in the pathogenesis and progression eNOS (Endothelial synthase) the of different carcinoma types. enzyme responsible for most of the vascular Epididymis A structure within the scrotum nitric oxide produced. attached to the backside of the testis and Enteral Term used to describe the intestines or whose coiled duct provides storage, transit other parts of the digestive tract. and maturation of spermatozoa. Enteralgia Pain in the intestines; intestinal Epididymitis A medical condition in which colic. there is infl ammation of the epididymis. Enteral administration Involves the oesopha- Epidural haematoma Accumulation of blood gus, stomach and small and large intestines in the potential space between dura and bone (i.e. the gastrointestinal tract). and may be intracranial or spinal . Refers to infl ammation of the small Epigastralgia Pain in the epigastric region. intestine. Epigastric discomfort Bloated abdomen, Enterocolic disorder Infl amed bowel disease. swelling of abdomen, abdominal ditension. Enterocytes Tall columnar cells in the small A common chronic neurological dis- intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the order that is characterised by recurrent unpro- fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. voked seizures. Medical Glossary 303

Epileptiform Resembling epilepsy or its mani- tidylserine exposure at the outer membrane festations. adj. epileptiformic. leafl et. Epileptogenesis A process by which a normal Erysipelas Is an intensely red Streptococcus brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in bacterial infection that occurs on the face and which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. lower extremities. Episiotomy A surgical incision through the Erythema Abnormal redness and infl amma- perineum made to enlarge the vagina and tion of the skin, due to . assist childbirth. Erythema multiforme Is a skin disorder Epithelial–mesenchymal transition or trans- due to an allergic reaction or infection; formation ( EMT ) A process by which characterised by fever, general ill feeling, epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell– skin itching, joint aches and multiple skin cell adhesion and gain migratory and invasive lesions. properties to become mesenchymal cells. Erythematous Characterised by erythema. Epithelioma A usually benign skin disease Erythroderma Exfoliative dermatitis. most commonly occurring on the face, around Erythroleukoplakia An abnormal patch of the eyelids and on the scalp. red and white tissue that forms on mucous Epitope A single antigenic site on a protein membranes in the mouth and may become against which an antibody reacts. cancer. Tobacco (smoking and chew- Epitrochlearis The superfi cial-most muscle of ing) and alcohol may increase the risk of the arm anterior surface. erythroleukoplakia. Epistaxis Acute haemorrhage from the nostril, Erythropoiesis Is the process whereby ery- nasal cavity or nasopharynx (nosebleed). throid precursor cells proliferate and differen- Epstein–Barr virus Herpesvirus that is the tiate into red blood cells. causative agent of infectious mononucleo- Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced sis. It is also associated with various types of by the kidney that promotes the formation human cancers. of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone ERbeta Oestrogen receptor beta, a nuclear marrow. receptor which is activated by the sex hor- Eschar A slough or piece of dead tissue that is mone, oestrogen. cast off from the surface of the skin. Ergocalciferol A form of vitamin D, also Escharotic Capable of producing an eschar; a called vitamin D2. See Vitamin D. caustic or corrosive agent. Ergogenic Increasing capacity for bodily Estradiol Is the predominant sex hormone or mental labour, especially by eliminating present in females, also called oestradiol. fatigue symptoms. Estrogenic Relating to oestrogen or producing Ergonic Increasing capacity for bodily or men- oestrus. tal labour, especially by eliminating fatigue Euglycaemia Normal blood glucose symptoms. concentration. ERK (extracellular signal regulated Eupeptic Conducive to digestion. kinases) Widely expressed protein kinase Exanthema Sudden widespread rash. intracellular signalling molecules which are Exanthematous Characterised by or of the involved in functions including the regulation nature of an eruption or rash. of meiosis, mitosis and postmitotic functions Excitotoxicity Is the pathological process by in differentiated cells. which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- Eructation The act of belching or of casting up tamate and similar substances. wind from the stomach through the mouth. Excipient A pharmacologically inert substance Eruption A visible rash or cutaneous used as a diluent or vehicle for the active disruption. ingredients of a medication. Eryptosis Suicidal death of erythrocytes, Exencephaly A type of cephalic disorder characterised by cell shrinkage, membrane wherein the brain is located outside of the blebbing, activation of proteases and phospha- skull. 304 Medical Glossary

Exfoliative cheilitis Is a reactive process, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) Is an in which upper, lower or both lips become inherited condition in which numerous pol- chronically infl amed, crusted and sometimes yps form mainly in the epithelium of the large fi ssured. intestine. Exocytosis The cellular process by which Familial dysautonomia A genetic disorder cells excrete waste products or chemical that affects the development and survival of transmitters. autonomic and sensory nerve cells. Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or propto- Fanconi syndrome Is a disease of the proximal sis Is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of renal tubes in which certain substances nor- the orbit. adj. exophthalmic. mally absorbed into the bloodstream by the Exotoxin A toxin secreted by a microorganism kidneys are released into the urine instead. and released into the medium in which it grows. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type II trans- Expectorant An agent that increases bronchial membrane protein that belongs to the tumour mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction necrosis factor (TNF) family. of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the FAS, fatty acid synthase (FAS) A multi- body. enzyme that plays a key role in fatty acid Experimental allergic encephalomyeli- synthesis. tis (EAE) Is an animal model of brain Fas molecule A member of the tumour necro- infl ammation. sis factor receptors, which mediates apoptotic Exteroceptive Responsiveness to stimuli that signal in many cell types. are external to an organism. Fauces The passage leading from the back of Extrapyramidal side effects Are a group of the mouth into the pharynx. symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, Favus A chronic skin infection, usually of the dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) scalp, caused by the fungus Trichophyton that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic schoenleinii and characterised by the develop- medications. ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair fol- Extravasation Discharge or escape, as of blood licles. Also termed tinea favosa. from the vein into the surrounding tissues; dis- Febrifuge An agent that reduces fever. Also charge or escape from a vessel or channel. called an antipyretic. Eyelid oedema Swollen eyelid caused by Febrile Pertaining to or characterised by fever. infl ammation or excess fl uid. Febrile neutropenia The development of Fabry disease Is a rare X-linked (inherited) fever, often with other signs of infection, in lysosomal storage disease caused by alpha- an individual with neutropenia, an abnormally galactosidase A defi ciency, which can cause low number of granulocytes in the a wide range of systemic symptoms such as blood. pain in the extremities, papules on the lower Felon A purulent infection in the bulbous distal body parts, cornea clouding, fatigue, neuropa- end of a fi nger. thy, renal and cardiac complications. Fetotoxic Toxic to the fetus. FAC chemotherapy Fluorouracil, doxoru- Fibrates Hypolipidemic agents primarily used bicin (adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide for decreasing serum triglycerides, while chemotherapy. increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). FADD Fas-associated protein with death domain; Fibril A small slender fi bre or fi lament. the protein encoded by this gene is an adaptor Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms the essen- molecule which interacts with other death cell tial portion of the blood clot. surface receptors and mediates apoptotic signals. Fibrinolysis A normal ongoing process that Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) Also dissolves fi brin and results in the removal of called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- small blood clots. degenerative autosomal dominant genetically Fribinolytic Causing the dissolution of fi brin transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. by enzymatic action. Medical Glossary 305

Fibroblast Type of cell that synthesises the intolerance, certain foods or a sudden switch extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- to a high fi bre. tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, Flavans A subgroup of fl avonoids. See and plays a critical role in . Flavonoids. Fibrogenic Promoting the development of Flavanols A subgroup of fl avonoids, are a fi bres. class of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4- Fibromyalgia A common and complex dihydro- 2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These chronic, body-wide pain disorder that affects compounds include the catechins and the cat- people physically, mentally and socially. echin gallates. They are found in chocolate, Symptoms include debilitating fatigue, sleep fruits and vegetables. See Flavonoids. disturbance and joint stiffness. Also referred Flavanones A subgroup of fl avonoids, consti- to as FM or FMS. tute >90% of total fl avonoids in citrus. The Fibronectin A high molecular weight major dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, nar- (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular ingenin and eriodictyol. matrix (ECM) that adheres to membrane- Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by spanning receptor proteins called integrins. mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- Fibrosarcoma A malignant tumour derived tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, from fi brous connective tissue and character- tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. ised by immature proliferating fi broblasts or Flavones A subgroup of fl avonoids based on undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one Fibrosis The formation of fi brous tissue as a (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are reparative or reactive process. mainly found in cereals and herbs. Filarial Pertaining to a thread-like nematode Flavonoids (Or biofl avonoids) are a group of worm. polyphenolic antioxidant compounds that Filariasis A parasitic and infectious tropical dis- occur in plant as secondary metabolites. They ease that is caused by thread-like fi larial nema- are responsible for the colour of fruit and veg- tode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. etables. Twelve basic classes (chemical types) Fistula An abnormal connection between two of fl avonoids have been recognised: fl avones, organs inside of the body. isofl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, fl avanols, fl a- Fistula-in-ano A track connecting the internal vanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins (includ- anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal ing proanthocyanidins), leucoanthocyanidins, orifi ce. chalcones, dihydrochalcones and aurones. 5 ′-Nucleotidase ( 5 ′-Ribonucleotide phospho- Apart from their antioxidant activity, fl avo- hydrolase) an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein noids are known for their ability to strengthen present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of walls, thus assisting circulation and mammalian cells, hydrolyses 5′-nucleotides helping to prevent and treat bruising, vari- to their corresponding nucleosides. cose veins, bleeding gums and nosebleeds 5-HT1A receptor A serotonin protein that and heavy menstrual bleeding, and are also binds to 5-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with anti-infl ammatory. high affi nity to exert subtle control over emo- Flourine F is an essential chemical element tion and behaviour. that is required for the maintenance of healthy Flash electroretinogram or fl ash ERG (fERG bones and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It ) Is a test which measures the electrical is found in seaweeds, tea, water, seafood and response of the eye’s light-sensitive cells (rods dairy products. and cones). It also checks other cell layers in Fluorosis A dental health condition caused by the retina. a child receiving too much fl uoride during Flatulence Is the presence of a mixture of tooth development. gases known as fl atus in the digestive tract Flux An excessive discharge of fl uid. of mammals expelled from the rectum. FMD (fl ow-mediated dilation) A measure of Excessive fl atulence can be caused by lactose which is used to eval- 306 Medical Glossary

uate cardiovascular risk. Also called FMVD ( Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in the local- fl ow-mediated vasodilation). ised accumulation of pus and dead tissue. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Is a protein Furunculosis Skin condition characterised by tyrosine kinase which is recruited at an early persistent, recurring boils. stage to focal adhesions and which mediates G protein-coupled receptor kinases ( GRKs , many of the downstream regulatory responses. GPCRKs ) A family of protein kinases which Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) A hor- regulate the activity of G protein- coupled mone produced by the pituitary gland. In receptors (GPCRs) by phosphorylating their women, it helps control the intracellular domains after their associated G and the production of eggs by the ovaries. proteins have been released and activated. Follicular atresia The breakdown of the ovar- GABA Gamma aminobutyric acid, required ian follicles. as an inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the Fomentation Treatment by the application of transmission of an impulse from one cell to war, moist substance. another in the central nervous system, which Fontanelle Soft spot on an infant’s skull. prevents over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is Forkhead box-O transcription factors used to treat both epilepsy and hypertension. (FOXOs) Are a family of transcription fac- GADD 152 A proapoptotic gene. tors that play important roles in regulating the Galctifuge Or lactifuge, causing the arrest of expression of genes involved in cell growth, milk secretion. proliferation, differentiation and longevity. It Galactogogue A substance that promotes the also plays an important role in tumour sup- fl ow of milk. pression by regulating the expression of genes Galactophoritis Infl ammation of the milk involved in stress resistance, DNA damage ducts. repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Galactopoietic Increasing the fl ow of milk; Framboesia See . milk producing. FRAP Ferric reducing ability of plasma, an Gallbladder A small, pear-shaped muscular assay used to assess antioxidant property. sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in Fibrillation Is the rapid, irregular and unsyn- which bile secreted by the liver is stored until chronised contraction of muscle fi bres, espe- needed by the body for digestion. Also called cially with regard to the heart. cholecyst, cholecystitis. 5-Dihydroaldosterone A hormone secreted Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) Measures the by the adrenal cortex that regulates electro- total phenol content in terms of the standard lyte and water balance by increasing the renal gallic acid by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. retention. Galphai proteins or G alpha I proteins Are Friedreich’s ataxia Is a genetic inherited dis- heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide- regulatory order that causes progressive damage to the (G) proteins associated with a variety of intra- nervous system resulting in symptoms rang- cellular membranes and specifi c plasma mem- ing from muscle weakness and speech prob- brane domains. lems to heart disease. cf. ataxia. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- Fulminant Acute . peptidase, a liver enzyme. Functional dyspepsia A non-ulcer condition Gap junction intercellular communication Is that causes an upset stomach or pain or dis- considered to be the sole means by which low comfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. molecular weight factors inside a cell can pass Functional food Is any fresh or processed directly into the interior of neighbouring cells. food claimed to have a health-promoting or Gap junctions are considered to play an essen- disease-preventing property beyond the basic tial role in the maintenance of homeostasis. function of supplying nutrients. Also called Gastralgia (Heartburn) pain in the stomach medicinal food. or abdominal region. It is caused by excess Furuncle Is a skin disease caused by the of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the infection of hair follicles usually caused by stomach. Medical Glossary 307

Gastric Pertaining to or affecting the stomach. Glaucoma A group of eye diseases in which Gastric emptying Refers to the speed at which the optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly food and drink leave the stomach. destroyed, leading to impaired vision and Infl ammation of the stomach. blindness. Gastrocnemius muscle The big calf muscle at Gleet A chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhoea) the rear of the lower leg. of a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an Gastrodynia Pain in the stomach. abnormal discharge. Gastroparesis Also called delayed gastric Glial cells Support non-neuronal cells in the emptying , a medical condition consisting of central nervous system that maintain homeo- a paresis (partial paralysis) of the stomach, stasis, form myelin and provide protection for resulting in food remaining in the stomach for the brain’s neurons. an abnormally long time. Glioma Is a type of tumour that starts in the Gastroprokinetic See Prokinetic. brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it Gastrotonic (gastroprotective) Substance that arises from glial cells. strengthens, tones or regulates gastric func- Glioblastoma Common and most lethal form tions (or protects from injury) without overt of brain tumour. stimulation or depression. Glioblastoma multiforme Most common and Gavage Forced feeding. most aggressive type of primary brain tumour Gene silencing Suppression of the expression in humans, involving glial cells. of a gene. Glomerulonephritis ( GN) A renal disease Genotoxic Describes a poisonous substance characterised by infl ammation of the glom- which harms an organism by damaging its eruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys. DNA, thereby capable of causing mutations Also known as glomerular nephritis. adj. or cancer. glomerulonephritic. Genotoxin A chemical or another agent that Glomerulopathy Any disease of the renal damages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations glomeruli. or cancer. Glomerulosclerosis A hardening (fi brosis) of Is a of the in the kidney. that focuses on healthcare of elderly people. Glossal Pertaining to the tongue. Gestational hypertension Development of GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1. arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived after 20 weeks of gestation. from the transcription product of the proglu- Ghrelin A gastrointestinal peptide hormone cagon gene, reduces insulin requirement in secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. ing; it stimulates appetite and gastric empty- Gluconeogenesis A metabolic pathway that ing and increases cardiac output. results in the generation of glucose from non- Gingival index An index describing the clini- carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lac- cal severity of gingival infl ammation as well tate. adj . gluconeogenic. as its location. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD Gingivitis Refers to gingival infl ammation or G6PDH) Is a cytosolic enzyme in the induced by bacterial biofi lms (also called pentose phosphate metabolic pathway. plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT 4) Insulin- Gin-nan sitotoxism Toxicity caused by inges- regulated glucose transporter found in adipose tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly tissues and striated muscles that modulates by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs insulin-related translocation into the cell. and loss of consciousness. Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide also known ily) are a family of membrane proteins found as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic in most mammalian cells. peptide, a member of the secretin family of Glucosuria or glycosuria Is the excretion of hormones. glucose into the urine. 308 Medical Glossary

Glucosyltranferase An enzyme that enables Glycosuria Or glucosuria is an abnormal con- the transfer of glucose. dition of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of Glucuronidation A phase II detoxifi cation glucose by the kidneys into the urine. pathway occurring in the liver in which gluc- Glycosylases A family of enzymes involved in uronic acid is conjugated with toxins. base excision repair. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase Goitre An enlargement of the gland (GOT) An enzyme that catalyzes the leading to swelling of the neck or larynx. reversible transfer of an amino group from Goitrogen Substance that suppresses the func- aspartate to α-ketoglutarate to form gluta- tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with mate and oxaloacetate. iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the thy- Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) See roid, i.e. goitre. Alanine aminotransferase. Goitrogenic adj. causing goitre. Glutathione (GSH) A tripeptide produced Gonadotroph A basophilic cell of the ante- in the human liver and plays a key role in rior pituitary specialised to secrete follicle- intermediary metabolism, immune response stimulating hormone or luteinising hormone. and health. It plays an important role in Gonatropins Protein hormones secreted by scavenging free radicals and protects cells gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of against several toxic oxygen-derived chemi- vertebrates. cal species. Gonorrhoea A common sexually transmitted Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) The general bacterial infection caused by the bacterium name of an enzyme family with peroxidase Neisseria gonorrhoeae . activity whose main biological role is to pro- Gout A disorder caused by a build-up of a tect the organism from oxidative damage. waste product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) A major Excess uric acid settles in joints causing group of detoxifi cation enzymes that par- infl ammation, pain and swelling. ticipate in the detoxifi cation of reactive G protein-coupled receptors electrophilic compounds by catalysing their (GPCRs) Constitute the largest family conjugation to glutathione. of cell surface molecules involved in signal Glycaemic index (GI) Measures carbohy- transmission. These receptors play key physi- drates according to how quickly they are ological roles and their dysfunction results in absorbed and raise the glucose level of the several diseases. blood. Granulation The condition or appearance of Glycaemic load (GL) Is a ranking system for being granulated (becoming grain-like). carbohydrate content in food portions based Gravel Sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- on their glycaemic index and the amount of cium oxalate and mineral salts formed in the available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available car- passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. bohydrate divided by 100. Glycaemic load Gripe water Is a home remedy for babies with combines both the quality and quantity of car- colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to ments. Its ingredients vary and may include predict blood glucose values of different types alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and and amounts of food. chamomile. Glycation or glycosylation A chemical reac- Grippe An epidemic catarrh; older term for tion in which glycosyl groups are added to a infl uenza. protein to produce a glycoprotein. GSH See Glutathione. Glycogenolysis Is the catabolism of glycogen GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name by removal of a glucose monomer through of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce whose main biological role is to protect the glucose-1-phosphate. organism from oxidative damage. Glycometabolism Metabolism (oxidation) of GSSG Glutathione disulfi des are biologically glucose to produce energy. important intracellular thiols, and alterations Medical Glossary 309

in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to infl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an assess exposure of cells to . enzyme that catalyses degradation of haem. GSTM Glutathione S transferase M1, a major Haemochromatosis iron overload in the body group of detoxifi cation enzymes. with a hereditary or primary cause. GSTM 2 Glutathione S transferase M2, a Haemodialysis, hemodialysis A method for major group of detoxifi cation enzymes. removing waste products such as potassium G2-M cell cycle The phase where the cell pre- and urea, as well as free water from the blood pares for mitosis and where chromatids and when the kidneys are in renal failure. daughter cells separate. Haemolyis Lysis of red blood cells and the Guillain–Barre syndrome Is a serious dis- release of haemoglobin into the surrounding order that occurs when the body’s defence fl uid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. (immune) system mistakenly attacks part of Haemoptysis, hemoptysis Is the coughing up the nervous system, leading to nerve infl am- of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood mation, muscle weakness and other symptoms. can come from the nose, mouth, throat and the Gynecomastia Enlargement of the gland tissue airway passages leading to the lungs. of the male breast, resulting from an imbal- Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- ance of hormones. charge of blood from blood vessels. Gynecopathy Any or various diseases specifi c Haemorrhoids, hemorrhoids A painful con- to women. dition in which the veins around the anus Gynoid adiposity Fat distribution mainly to or lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and the hips and thighs, pear shaped. infl amed. Also called piles. Haemagogic Promoting a fl ow of blood. Haemostasis, A complex process Haematemesis, Is the vomiting which causes the bleeding process to stop. of blood. Haemostatic, hemostatic Something that Haematinic Improving the quality of the stops bleeding. blood, its haemoglobin level and the number Halitosis (Bad breath) a common condition of erythrocytes. caused by sulphur-producing bacteria that live Haematochezia Passage of stools containing within the surface of the tongue and in the blood. throat. Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- Hallucinogen Drug that produces hallucinogen. charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Hallucinogenic Inducing . the urine; see also Chyluria. Hallux abducto valgus Commonly called Haematoma, hematoma A localised accumu- bunion is an abnormal bending of the big toe lation of blood in a tissue or space composed towards the other toes of the foot. of clotted blood. Haplotype A set of alleles of closely linked Haematometra, hematometra A medical loci on a chromosome that tend to be inherited condition involving bleeding of or near the together. uterus. Hapten A small molecule that can elicit an Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis Formation of immune response only when attached to a blood cellular components from the haemato- large carrier such as a protein. poietic stem cells. HATs Histone acetyl transferases, enzymes Haematopoietic adj. relating to the formation that regulate the acetylation of histones and and development of blood cells. transcription factors, playing a major role in Haematuria, Hematuria Is the presence of the growth and differentiation of cells. blood in the urine. Haematuria is a sign that HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin. something is causing abnormal bleeding in a HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen. person’s genitourinary tract. HBsAg Hepatitis B s antigen. Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) HBD-2 (human β-defensin 2) A member of is an inducible protein activated in systemic the defensin family of antimicrobial peptides 310 Medical Glossary

that plays important roles in the innate and Hemorheology Study of blood fl ow and adaptive immune system of both vertebrates its elements in the . adj. and invertebrates. hemorheological. Heartburn Burning sensation in the stomach Haemorrhagic colitis An acute gastroenteritis and oesophagus caused by excessive acidity characterised by overtly bloody diarrhoea that of the stomach fl uids. is caused by Escherichia coli infection. Heat rash Any condition aggravated by heat or Haemolysin Certain proteins and lipids that hot weather such as intertrigo. cause lysis of red blood cells by damaging Heat shock chaperones (HSC ) Ubiquitous their cell membranes. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Haemolytic uremic syndrome Is a disease tein conformational and complexation states, characterised by haemolytic anaemia, acute associated with heat stress or other cellular renal failure (uraemia) and a low platelet stress responses. count. Heat shock proteins ( HSP) A group of func- Hepa-1c1c7 A type of hepatoma cells. tionally related proteins, the expression of Hepatalgia Pain or discomfort in the liver area. which is increased when the cells are exposed Hepatectomy The surgical removal of part or to elevated temperatures or other cellular all of the liver. stresses. Hepatic Relating to the liver. Helminthiasis A disease in which a part of the Hepatic cirrhosis Affecting the liver, charac- body is infested with worms such as pinworm, terised by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative roundworm or tapeworm. nodules. Haemagglutination A specifi c form of agglu- Is the loss of brain tination that involves red blood cells. function that occurs when the liver is unable Haemagglutination–inhibition test Measures to remove toxins from the blood. the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the Hepatic fi brosis Is overly profuse wound agglutination of antigen-coated red blood healing in which excessive connective tissue cells by antibodies. builds up in the liver. Haemagglutinin Refers to a substance that Hepatitis Infl ammation of the liver. causes red blood cells to agglutinate. Hepatitis A (Formerly known as infectious Haemangioma Blood vessel. hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of the Haematocrit Is a blood test that measures the liver caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A percentage of the volume of the whole blood virus. that is made up of red blood cells. Hepatocarcinogenesis Represents a linear and Haematopoietic Pertaining to the formation of progressive cancerous process in the liver in blood or blood cells. which successively more aberrant monoclonal Haematopoietic stem cell Is a cell isolated populations of hepatocytes evolve. from the blood or bone marrow that can renew (HCC) Also called itself and can differentiate to a variety of spe- malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy cialised cells. (cancer) of the liver. Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) An enzyme that Hepatocytolysis Cytotoxicity (dissolution) of catalyses the degradation of haem; an induc- liver cells. ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection Hepatoma Cancer of the liver. against oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. Condition of enlarged liver. Hemiplegia Paralysis of the arm, leg and trunk Hepatopathy A disease or disorder of the liver. on the same side of the body. Hepatoprotective (Liver protector) a sub- Haemoglobinopathies Genetic defects that stance that helps protect the liver from dam- produce abnormal haemoglobins and anaemia. age by toxins, chemicals or other disease Haemolytic anaemia Anaemia due to haemol- processes. ysis, the breakdown of red blood cells in the Hepatoregenerative A compound that pro- blood vessels or elsewhere in the body. motes hepatocellular regeneration, repairs Medical Glossary 311

and restores liver function to optimum High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Is one of the performance. fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable Hepatotonic (Liver tonic ) a substance that is cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported tonic to the liver—usually employed to nor- within the water-based blood stream. HDL malise liver enzymes and function. can remove cholesterol from atheroma within Hernia Occurs when part of an internal organ arteries and transport it back to the liver for bulges through a weak area of muscle. excretion or reutilisation—which is the main HER-2 Human epidermal growth factor recep- reason why HDL- bound cholesterol is some- tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in times called ‘good cholesterol’, or HDL-C. A breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. high level of HDL-C seems to protect against Herpes A chronic infl ammation of the skin or cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. mucous membrane characterised by the devel- HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- opment of vesicles on an infl ammatory base. phoribosyl transferase) An enzyme that Herpes circinatus Dermatitis herpetiformis catalyses the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl (resembling herpes). - 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV- or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 2) Are two species of the herpesvirus family 5′-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The which cause a variety of illnesses/infections enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as in humans such as cold sores, chickenpox or well as central nervous system functions. varicella, shingles or herpes zoster (VZV), Hippocampus A ridge in the fl oor of each lat- cytomegalovirus (CMV) and various cancers eral ventricle of the brain that consists mainly and can cause brain infl ammation (encephali- of grey matter. tis). HSV-1 is commonly associated with her- Hippocampal Pertaining to the hippocampus. pes outbreaks of the face known as cold sores Hirsutism A condition where women have or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 is more often excess facial and body hair that is dark and associated with genital herpes. They are also coarse. called human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and Histaminergic Liberated or activated by his- HHV-2) and are neurotropic and neuroinva- tamine, relating to the effects of histamine at sive viruses; they enter and hide in the human histamine receptors of target tissues. nervous system, accounting for their durabil- Histaminergic receptors Are types of G ity in the human body. protein-coupled receptors with histamine as Herpes zoster Or simply zoster, commonly their endogenous ligand. known as shingles and also known as zona, is Histone acetyltransferases (HAT) Are a viral disease characterised by a painful skin enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine rash with blisters. amino acids on histone proteins by transfer- Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) Is a viral ring an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form ocular disease characterised by a painful skin e-N -acetyl lysine. HATs act as transcriptional rash in one or more dermatome distributions coactivators. of the fi fth cranial nerve, shared by the eye and Histone lysine demethylases orbit. (KDMs) Enzymes that play a key role in the Heterophobia Term used to describe irrational amplifi cation of hypoxia-inducible-factor sig- fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against nalling and expression of proangiogenic genes heterosexuals. in cancer and neurological disorders. HDL-C (HDL cholesterol) High-density lipo- HIV See Human immunodefi ciency virus. protein cholesterol, also called ‘good choles- Hives (Urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by terol’. See also High-density lipoprotein. circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. Hiatus hernia Occurs when the upper part of HLA Human leucocyte antigen system, name the stomach pushes its way through a tear in of the major histocompatibility complex the diaphragm. (MHC) in humans. 312 Medical Glossary

HLA-DQB1 Human leucocyte antigen beta HSP70 Heat shock protein chaperone that con- chain. fers protection against heat-induced apoptosis. HLA-DR A major histocompatibility complex HSP90 A 90kDa heat shock protein chaperone (MHC) class II cell surface receptor encoded that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset by the human leucocyte antigen complex on of cellular signalling proteins that have been chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. implicated in disease processes. HMG-CoAr 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl- - HSPD 1 Heat shock 60kDa protein 1 CoA reductase or HMGCR is the rate- hTERT (TERT) Telomerase reverse transcrip- controlling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the tase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme telom- mevalonate pathway. erase in humans. It exerts a novel protective HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- function by binding to mitochondrial DNA, coenzyme A, an intermediate in the mevalon- increasing respiratory chain activity and ate pathway. protecting against oxidative stress-induced Hodgkin’s disease Disease characterised by damage. enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and HT29 cells Are human intestinal epithelial anaemia. cells which produce the secretory component Homeodomain transcription factor A protein of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and carcinoem- domain encoded by a . Homeobox bryonic antigen (CEA). genes encode transcription factors which typi- Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) A DNA cally switch on cascades of other genes. herpesvirus which is the leading cause Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant of congenital viral infection and mental internal environment of a cell or an organism, retardation. despite fl uctuations in the external. Human factor X A coagulation factor also Homeotherapy Treatment or prevention of known by the eponym Stuart–Prower fac- disease with a substance similar but not iden- tor or as thrombokinase, is an enzyme tical to the causative agent of the disease. involved in blood coagulation. It synthe- An amino acid in the blood. sised in the liver and requires for Homograft See Allograft. its synthesis. Hormesis a Term used by toxicologists to refer Human immunodefi ciency virus ( HIV) A to a biphasic dose response to an environmen- retrovirus that can lead to acquired immuno- tal agent characterised by a low-dose stimu- defi ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in lation or benefi cial effect and a high-dose humans in which the immune system begins inhibitory or toxic effect. to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunis- Hormonal (female) Substance that has a hor- tic infections. mone-like effect similar to that of oestrogen Humoral immune response (HIR) Is the and/or a substance used to normalise female aspect of immunity that is mediated by hormone levels. secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell- Hormonal (male) Substance that has a mediated immunity, which involves T lym- hormone- like effect similar to that of testos- phocytes) produced in the cells of the B terone and/or a substance used to normalise lymphocyte lineage (B cell). male hormone levels. HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial HRT Hormone replacement therapy, the cells. administration of the female hormones, oes- Hyaluronidase Enzymes that catalyse the trogen and progesterone and sometimes hydrolysis of certain complex carbohydrates testosterone. like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphates. HSF-1 factor Major regulator of heat shock Hydatidiform A rare mass or growth that protein transcription in eukaryotes. forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a HSP27 Is an ATP-independent, 27kDa heat pregnancy. shock protein chaperone that confers protec- Hydrocele Abnormal accumulation of fl uid tion against apoptosis. inside the scrotum. Medical Glossary 313

Hydrocholeretic An agent that stimulates Hyperglycaemic A substance that raises blood an increased output of bile of low specifi c sugar levels. gravity. Hyperhomocysteinemia Is a medical condi- Hydrogogue A purgative that causes an abun- tion characterised by an abnormally large dant watery discharge from the bowel. level of homocysteine in the blood. Hydronephrosis Is distension and dilation of A condition in which there the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by are excess levels of circulating insulin in the obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the blood; also known as prediabetes. kidney. Hyperkalemia Is an elevated blood level of the Hydrophobia A viral neuroinvasive disease electrolyte potassium. that causes acute encephalitis (infl ammation Hyperkeratosis Abnormal thickening of the of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also outer layer of the skin. adj. hyperkeratotic. called rabies. Hyperknesis Enhanced itch to pricking. Hydropsy See Dropsy. Hyperleptinemia Increased serum leptin level. Hydrothorax Accumulation of serous fl uid in Hyperlipoproteinemia A metabolic disor- the pleural cavity. der characterised by abnormally elevated The increase of blood fl ow to dif- concentrations of lipid/lipoprotein in the ferent tissues in the body. plasma; also known as hyperlipidaemia and Hyperalgesia An increased sensitivity to pain hyperlipemia. (enhanced pricking pain), which may be Hypermenorrhea Abnormally heavy or pro- caused by damage to nociceptors or periph- longed menstruation. eral nerves. Hypermethylation An increase in the inher- Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia A ited methylation of cytosine and adenosine metabolic disturbance characterised by an residues in DNA. excess of ammonia in the blood. Hypermineralocorticoidism Excessive min- Hypercalciuria ( Idiopathic) presence of eralocorticoid activity. excess calcium in the urine without obvious Hyperoxaluria An excessive urinary excretion cause. of oxalate. High levels of choles- Hyperphagia Or polyphagia abnormally large terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk ingestion of food beyond that needed for basic for leading to stroke or energy requirements. heart attack. Hyperpiesia Persistent and pathological high Hyperdipsia Intense thirst that is relatively blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can temporary. be found. Hyperemia Is the increased blood fl ow that Hyperplasia Increased cell production in a occurs when tissue is active. normal tissue or organ. Hyperemesis Severe and persistent nausea Hyper-pre-beta-lipoproteinaemia Increased and vomiting (morning sickness) during concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the pregnancy. blood. Hyperemesis gravidarum Is a pregnancy Hyperpropulsion Using water pressure as a complication characterised by severe nau- force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi sea, vomiting, and electrolyte in the urethra. disturbance. Hyperpyrexia Is an abnormally high fever. Hyperfi brinogenemia Excessive fi brinogen in Hypertension Commonly referred to as ‘high the blood. blood pressure’ or HTN, is a medical condi- Hyperglycaemia hyperglycaemic High blood tion in which the arterial blood pressure is sugar; is a condition in which an excessive chronically elevated. amount of glucose circulates in the blood Hypertensive Characterised or caused by plasma. increased tension or pressure as abnormally high blood pressure. 314 Medical Glossary

Hypertonia Abnormal increase in muscle ten- low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). sion and a reduced ability of the muscle to PTH plays a key role in modulating the bal- stretch. ance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycae- body. mia A disorder that causes high triglycer- Hypoperfusion Decreased blood fl ow through ides in the blood. an organ, characterised by an imbalance Hypertrophy Enlargement or overgrowth of of oxygen demand and oxygen delivery to an organ. tissues. Hyperuricaemia Is a condition characterised Hypophagic Undereating. by abnormally high level of uric acid in the Hypophysectomy The surgical removal of the blood. hypophysis (pituitary gland). Hypoadiponectinemia The state of having too Hypospadias An abnormal in low level of adiponectin, a major metabolic males in which the urethra opens on the under endocrine, responsible for regulating things surface of the penis. like glucose uptake and lipolysis (the break- Hypotensive Characterised by or causing down of fat deposits); low adiponectin is a risk diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally factor for both type II diabetes and metabolic low blood pressure. syndrome. Hypothermia A condition in which an organ- Hypoalbuminemia A medical condition ism’s temperature drops below that required where levels of albumin in blood serum are for normal metabolism and body functions. abnormally low. Hypothermic Relating to hypothermia, with Hypocalcaemic tetany A disease caused by an subnormal body temperature. abnormally low level of calcium in the blood Hypoxaemia Is the reduction of oxygen spe- and characterised by hyperexcitability of the cifi cally in the blood. neuromuscular system and results in carpo- Hypoxia A shortage of oxygen in the body. pedal spasms. adj. hypoxic. Hypochlorhydria Refer to states where the Hypoxia-inducible factors production of gastric acid in the stomach is (HIFs) Transcription factors that respond absent or low. to changes in available oxygen in the cellu- Hypocholesterolemic (Cholesterol reducer) a lar environment, specifi cally, to defi ciency in substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. oxygen. Hypocitraturia Low amount of citrate in the ICAM-1 (inter-cellular adhesion molecule urine, an important risk factor for kidney stone 1) Also known as CD54 (cluster of differ- formation. entiation 54), is a protein that in humans is Hypocorticism See Addison’s disease. encoded by the ICAM1 gene.

Hypocortisolism See Addison’s disease. IC 50 The median maximal inhibitory concen- Hypoesthesia (Or hypesthesia) refers to a tration; a measure of the effectiveness of a reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a par- compound in inhibiting biological or bio- tial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. chemical function. Hypoglycaemic An agent that lowers the con- I.C.V. (Intra-cerebroventricular) injection of centration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the Hypogonadism syndrome Characterised by brain. defects of the gonads, a diminished functional Iceterus , yellowish pigmentation of activity of the gonads—the testes and ovaries the skin. in males and females, respectively. Ichthyosis Dry, rectangular, fi shlike scales on Hypokalemia Medical condition in which the the skin. concentration of potassium (K +) in the blood Ichthyotoxic A substance which is poisonous is low. to fi sh. Hypoparathyroidism An uncommon condi- Icteric hepatitis An infectious syndrome of tion in which your body secretes abnormally hepatitis characterised by jaundice, nausea, Medical Glossary 315

fever, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged Immunostimulant Agent that stimulates an liver and transaminitis (increase in alanine immune response. aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate ami- Immunosuppression Involves a process notransferase (AST)). that reduces the activation or effi cacy of the Icterus neonatorum Jaundice in newborn immune system. infants. Immunotoxin A man-made protein that con- Idiopathic Of no apparent physical cause. sists of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis (IMP) Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) a predia- a rare disease, characterised by thickening of betic state of dysglycaemia associated with the wall of the right hemicolon with calcifi ca- insulin resistance, increased risk of cardio- tion of mesenteric veins. vascular pathology and also a risk factor for Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss mortality. (ISSHL) Is a sudden hearing loss where Impetigo A contagious, bacterial skin infec- clinical assessment fails to reveal a cause. tion characterised by blisters that may itch, I.g. Gastric intubation, insertion of Levin tube caused by a Streptococcus bacterium or through the nasal passage to the stomach. Staphylococcus aureus and mostly seen in IgE Immunoglobulin E, a class of antibody that children. plays a role in allergy. Impotence A sexual dysfunction characterised IGFs Insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- with high sequence similarity to insulin. tion of the penis. IgG Immunoglobulin G—the most abundant Incontinence (faecal) The inability to control immunoglobulin (antibody) and is one of the bowel’s movement. major activators of the complement pathway. Incontinence (urine) The inability to control IgM Immunoglobulin M, primary antibody urine excretion. against A and B antigens on red blood cells. Incretin A group of gastrointestinal hormones IKAP Is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappaBeta that cause an increase in the amount of insu- kinase complex and a regulator for kinases lin released from the beta cells of the islets of involved in pro- infl ammatory cytokine Langerhans after a meal; members include signalling. GIP and GLP-1. IKappa B Or IkB-beta, a protein of the Index of structural atypia (ISA) Index of NF-Kappa-B inhibitor family. structural abnormality. A temporary disruption of intestinal peri- Induration Hardened, as a soft tissue that stalsis due to nonmechanical causes. becomes extremely fi rm, sclerosis. Immune modulator A substance that affects Infarct An area of living tissue that undergoes or modulates the functioning of the immune necrosis as a result of obstruction of local system. blood supply. Immunodefi ciency A state in which the Infarction Is the process of tissue death immune system’s ability to fi ght infectious (necrosis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s disease is compromised or entirely absent. blood supply. Immunogenicity The property enabling a sub- I n fl ammasomes Are large intracellular stance to provoke an immune response, adj. caspase- 1-activating multiprotein complexes immunogenic. that play a central role in innate immunity. Immunoglobulin class switching Ig class I n fl ammation A protective response of the switching A biological mechanism that body to infection, irritation or other injuries, changes a B cell’s production of antibody aimed at destroying or isolating the injuries from one class to another. and characterised by redness, pain, warmth Immunomodulatory Capable of modifying or and swelling. regulating one or more immune functions. I n fl uenza A viral infection that affects mainly Immunoreactive Reacting to particular anti- the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, gens or haptens. lungs. 316 Medical Glossary

Infusion A liquid extract obtained by steeping responses and in intracellular signalling something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile events. or dissolve readily in water, to release their ( IFNs) Are natural cell- signalling active ingredients without boiling. glycoproteins known as cytokines produced A hernia into the inguinal by the cells of the immune system of most canal of the groin. vertebrates in response to challenges such as Inhalant A medicinal substance that is admin- viruses, parasites and tumour cells. istered as a vapour into the upper respiratory A group of naturally occurring passages. proteins and is a subset of a larger group of cel- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide syn- lular messenger molecules called cytokines, thases Through its product, nitric oxide which are modulators of cellular behaviour. (NO), may contribute to the induction of germ Interleukin-1 (IL-1) A cytokine that could cell apoptosis. It plays a crucial role in early induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase -related microcirculatory dysfunction. the number of bone marrow cells and cause Inotropic Affecting the force of muscle degeneration of bone joints. Also called contraction. endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte- activating Insecticide An agent that destroys insects. adj . factor, haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell insecticidal. factor, among others that IL-1 is composed of Insomnia A sleeping disorder characterised by two distinct proteins, now called IL-1α and the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to IL-1β. remain asleep for a reasonable amount of time. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) A cytokine protein Insulin A peptide hormone composed of produced by activated macrophages. Cytokine 51 amino acids produced in the islets of is an important mediator of the infl ammatory Langerhans in the pancreas causes cells in the response and is involved in a variety of cellu- liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose lar activities, including cell proliferation, dif- from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the ferentiation and apoptosis. liver and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often Interleukin 2 (IL-2) A type of cytokine the cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is immune system signalling molecule that is used to control diabetes. instrumental in the body’s natural response to Insulin homeostasis Blood sugar regulation. microbial infection. Insulin-like growth factors Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) A heterotri- (IGFs) Polypeptides with high sequence meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- similarity to insulin. They are part of a com- tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that plex system that cells employ to communicate binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. with their physiologic environment. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) An interleukin that Insulin mimetic To act like insulin. acts as both a pro-infl ammatory and anti- Insulin resistance A condition where the natu- infl ammatory cytokine. ral hormone insulin becomes less effective at (I-8) A cytokine produced by reducing blood sugars. macrophages and other cell types such as epi- Insulinogenic Associated with or stimulating thelial cells and is one of the major mediators the production of insulin. of the infl ammatory response. Insulinotropic Stimulating or affecting the Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) Is production and activity of insulin. one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins Integrase An enzyme produced by a retrovirus (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL) (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material that enable fats and cholesterol to move within to be integrated into the DNA of the infected the water-based solution of the bloodstream. cell. IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) A and, like LDL, can also promote the growth part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They of atheroma and increase cardiovascular are important in infl ammation, in immune diseases. Medical Glossary 317

Intermittent claudication An aching, crampy, also essential for the regulation of cell growth tired and sometimes burning pain in the legs and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits that comes and goes, caused by peripheral oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, . It usually occurs when walk- poor work performance and decreased immu- ing and disappears after rest. nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can Interoceptive Relating to stimuli arising from result in toxicity and even death. Dietary within the body. sources include certain cereals, dark green Interstitium The space between cells in a leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, sea- tissue. food, poultry and meat. Interstitial Pertaining to the interstitium. Ischemia An insuffi cient supply of blood to an Intertrigo An infl ammation (rash) caused by organ, usually due to a blocked artery. microbial infection in skin folds. Ischuria Retention or suppression of urine. Intima Innermost layer of an artery or vein. Isofl avones A subgroup of fl avonoids in which Intimal hyperplasia The thickening of the the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane of a blood vessel as a complica- skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- tion of a reconstruction procedure. mals. See Flavonoids. Intoxicant Substance that produces drunken- Isomers Substances that are composed of the ness or intoxication. same elements in the same proportions and Intracavernosal Within the copus cavern- hence have the same molecular formula but soum, columns of erectile tissues forming the differ in properties because of differences in body of the penis. the arrangement of atoms. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) The term used when Isoprostanes Unique -like com- a chemical is contained within or adminis- pounds generated in-vivo from the free radi- tered through the peritoneum (the thin, trans- cal-catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty parent membrane that lines the walls of the acids. abdomen). Jamu Traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. Intrathecal (i.t.) Through the theca of the spi- Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and nal cord into the subarachnoid space. activator of transcription (STAT) signal- Intromission The act of putting one thing into ling Are essential molecules in cytokine sig- another. nal transduction pathways involved in cancer Intubation Refers to the placement of a tube development and progression. into an external or internal orifi ce of the body. Jaundice Refers to the yellow colour of the Iodine (I) Is an essential chemical element skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess that is important for hormone development bilirubin in the blood. in the human body. Lack of iodine can lead JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase), also known to an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), iodine defi ciency disorders including mental belongs to the family of MAP kinases. retardation and stunted growth in babies and Jurkat cells A line of T lymphocyte cells that children. Iodine is found in dairy products, are used to study acute T cell leukaemia. seafood, kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegeta- KB cell A cell line derived from a human carci- bles and iodised salt. noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for IP See Intraperitoneal. antineoplastic (antitumour) agents. IP3R3 (Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor Kainate receptors Or KARs, are non-NMDA type 3) is an intracellular calcium release (N-methyl- D -aspartate) ionotropic recep- channel that mediates calcium release from tors which respond to the neurotransmitter the endoplasmic reticulum. glutamate. Iron (Fe) Is essential to most life forms and to Kaliuresis The presence of excess potassium normal human physiology. In humans, iron is in the urine. an essential component of proteins involved Kallikreins Peptidases (enzymes that cleave in oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the 318 Medical Glossary

serine protease family; they liberate kinins Either of two plasma α2-globulins from . Kallikreins are targets of that are kinin precursors. active investigation by drug researchers as Ki-67 Human protein associated with cell possible biomarkers for cancer. proliferation. Kaposi sarcoma A cancerous tumour of the Knockout Gene knockout is a genetic connective tissues caused by the human technique in which an organism is engi- herpesvirus 8 and is often associated with neered to carry genes that have been made AIDS. inoperative. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) Also Konzo Is an epidemic paralytic disease occur- known as human herpesvirus 8, is a gamma ring in outbreaks in remote rural areas of low- 2 herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an income African countries. important role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi Kunitz protease inhibitors A type of protein sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman dis- contained in legume seeds which functions as ease (MCD) of the plasma cell type and pri- a protease inhibitor. mary effusion lymphoma and occurs in HIV Kupffer cells Are resident macrophages of the patients. liver and play an important role in its normal Karyolysis Dissolution and disintegration of physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- the nucleus when a cell dies. pating in the acute and chronic responses of Karyorrhexis Destructive fragmentation of the liver to toxic compounds. the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chro- l - Dopa ( L -3,4- Dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an matin disintegrates into formless granules. amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- Keloids Benign dermal tumours characterised verted into dopamine in the brain. by fi broblastic proliferation and excessive Labour Process of childbirth involving muscu- accumulation of collagen. lar contractions. A sulphur-containing protein which is Lacrimation Secretion and discharge of tears. a major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, Lactagogue An agent that increases or stimu- horns and teeth. lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a Keratinocyte Is the major constituent of the galactagogue. epidermis, constituting 95% of the cells found Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme that there. catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Keratinophilic Having an affi nity for keratin. Lactation Secretion and Production of milk. Keratitis Infl ammation of the cornea. Lactic acidosis Is a condition caused by the Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Also called kera- build-up of lactic acid in the body. It leads to titis sicca, xerophthalmia or dry eye syn- acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis) and is con- drome (DES), is an eye disease characterised sidered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. by a defi ciency of aqueous tear fi lm over the LAK cell A lymphokine-activated killer cell, surface of the eye and in the lining of the i.e. a white blood cell that has been stimulated lids. to kill tumour cells. Keratolysis Softening and separation of the Lamella In cell biology, it refers to numerous horny layer of the epidermis. plate or disc-like structures at both a tissue and Keratolytic Pertaining to keratolysis. cellular level. Keratomalacia An eye disorder that leads to a Laminin A glycoprotein component of con- dry cornea. nective tissue that pro- Kidney stones (Calculi) are hardened mineral motes cell adhesion. deposits that form in the kidney. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Is a procedure Kinin Is any of various structurally related in which the gallbladder is removed by laparo- polypeptides, such as bradykinin, that act scopic techniques. locally to induce vasodilation and contraction Laparotomy A surgical procedure involv- of smooth muscle. ing an incision through the abdominal wall Medical Glossary 319

to gain access into the abdominal cavity. adj. Leucocytopenia Abnormal decrease in the laparotomised. number of leucocytes (white blood cells) in Larvacidal An agent which kills insect or par- the blood. asite larva. Leucocytosis Increase in white blood cell Laryngitis Is an infl ammation of the larynx. count above its normal range. Laxation Bowel movement. Leucoderma A skin abnormality characterised Laxatives Substances that are used to promote by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; bowel movement. they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. LC 50 Median lethal concentration; see LD 50. Also see Vitiligo. LD 50 Median lethal dose—the dose required Leucomyelopathy Any diseases involving the to kill half the members of a tested popu- white matter of the spinal cord. lation. Also called LC 50 (median lethal Leucopenia A decrease in the number of circu- concentration). lating white blood cells. LDL See Low-density lipoprotein. Leucorrhoea Commonly known as whites, LDL cholesterol See Low-density lipoprotein. refers to a whitish discharge from the female LDL receptor (LDLr) A low-density lipopro- genitals. tein receptor gene. Leukemia, leukaemia A cancer of the blood Lectins Are sugar-binding proteins that are or bone marrow and is characterised by an highly specifi c for their sugar moieties, which abnormal proliferation (production by multi- agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glycocon- plication) of blood cells, usually white blood jugates. They play a role in biological recogni- cells (leucocytes). tion phenomena involving cells and proteins. Leukemogenic Relating to leukaemia, causing Leiomyoma Benign smooth muscle neoplasm leukaemia. that is very rarely (0.1%) premalignant. Leukoplakia Condition characterised by white Leishmaniasis A disease caused by protozoan spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania cially of the mouth and vulva. and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- Leukotriene A group of hormones that cause cies of sand fl y. the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and Lenitive Palliative; easing pain or discomfort. asthma. Lenticular opacity Also known as or related Leydig cells Also called interstitial cells of to . Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous Leprosy A chronic bacterial disease of the skin tubules in the testicle. They produce testoster- and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some one in response to luteinising hormone. cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the Levarterenol See Norepinephrine. Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s LexA repressor Or repressor LexA, is repres- disease. sor enzyme that represses SOS response genes Leptin Is a 16-kDa protein hormone with coding for DNA polymerases required for important effects in regulating body weight, repairing DNA damage metabolism and reproductive function. Libido Sexual urge. Lequesne algofunctional index Is a wide- Lichen planus A chronic mucocutaneous spread international instrument (ten- question disease that affects the skin, tongue and oral survey) and recommended by the World mucosa. Health Organization (WHO) for outcome Ligroin A volatile, infl ammable fraction of measurement in hip and knee diseases such as petroleum, obtained by distillation and used osteoarthritis. as a solvent. Leucocyte White blood corpuscles, colourless, Limbic system Complex set of brain struc- without haemoglobin that helps to combat tures, including the , amyg- infection. dala, hippocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, 320 Medical Glossary

septum, limbic cortex and fornix that control Lovo cells Colon cancer cells. various functions such as emotion, behaviour, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Is a type of motivation, memory and olfaction. lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and tri- Liniment Liquid preparation rubbed on skin, glycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. used to relieve muscular aches and pains. High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal Linterised starch Starch that has undergone medical problems like cardiovascular disease, prolonged acid treatment. and it is sometimes called ‘bad cholesterol’. Lipodiatic Having lipid and lipoprotein lower- LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor- related ing property. protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- Lipodystrophy A medical condition charac- ling functions as well as in lipid metabolism. terised by abnormal or degenerative condi- LTB4 A type of leukotriene, a major metabolite tions of the body’s adipose tissue. in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Lipofuscin Finely granular yellow-brown pig- It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function ment granules composed of lipid- containing (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centred residues of lysosomal digestion. free radicals, arachidonic acid release and Lipogenesis Is the process by which acetyl- metabolism). It induces skin infl ammation. CoA is converted to fats; adj. lipogenic. Luciferase Is a generic name for enzymes com- Lipolysis Is the breakdown of fat stored in fat monly used in nature for bioluminescence. cells in the body. Lumbago Is the term used to describe general Liposomes Artifi cially prepared vesicles made lower back pain. of lipid bilayer. Lung abscess Necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Lipotoxicity Refers to tissue diseases that may and formation of cavities containing necrotic occur when fatty acids spill over in excess debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. of the oxidative needs of those tissues and Lusitropic An agent that affects diastolic enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful path- relaxation. ways of nonoxidative metabolism. Lutein A carotenoid, occurs naturally as yel- Lipotropic Refers to compounds that help low or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy catalyse the breakdown of fat during vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids metabolism in the body, e.g. chlorine and contained within the retina of the eye. Within lecithin. the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, Lipoxygenase A family of iron-containing whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of dominates. Lutein is necessary for good vision polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- and may also help prevent or slow down ath- ing a cis,cis- 1,4-pentadiene structure. erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which Lithiasis Formation of urinary calculi (stones) is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. in the renal system (kidneys, ureters, the uri- Luteinising hormone (LH) A hormone pro- nary bladder, urethra) can be of any one of duced by the anterior pituitary gland. In several compositions. females, it triggers ovulation. In males, it Lithogenic Promoting the formation of calculi stimulates the production of testosterone to (stones). aid sperm maturation. Lithontripic Removes stones from the kidney, Luteolysis Is the structural and functional deg- gallbladder. radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs Liver X receptors Nuclear hormones that at the end of the luteal phase of both the function as central transcriptional regulators estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of for lipid homeostasis. pregnancy. adj . luteolytic. Lochia Vaginal discharge containing blood, Luteotorpic Stimulating the formation of the mucus and uterine tissues, during the postpar- corpus luteum. tum period Lymphadenitis The infl ammation or enlarge- Lotion A liquid suspension or dispersion of ment of a lymph node casued by microbial chemicals for external application to the body. infection. Medical Glossary 321

Lymphadenitis, cervical Infl ammation of the Macular degeneration A disease that gradu- lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by ally destroys the macula, the central portion of an infection. the retina, reducing central vision. Lymphatitis Infl ammation of lymph vessels Macules Small circumscribed changes in the and nodes. colour of skin that are neither raised (elevated) Lymphadenopathy A term meaning ‘dis- nor depressed. ease of the lymph nodes’—lymph node Maculopapular Describes a rash characterised enlargement. by raised, spotted lesions. Lymphadenomegaly Is the enlargement of the Magnesium (M g) Is the fourth most abundant lymph node/nodes. mineral in the body and is essential to good Lymphangitis An infl ammation or bacte- health. It is important for normal muscle and rial infection of the lymphatic channels, nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune mostly commonly caused by the bacterium system and strong bones. Magnesium also Streptoccocus pyogenes in humans. helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes Lymphoblastic Pertaining to the production of normal blood pressure and is known to be lymphocytes. involved in energy metabolism and protein Lymphocyte A small white blood cell (leu- synthesis and plays a role in preventing and cocyte) that plays a large role in defend- managing disorders such as hypertension, ing the body against disease. Lymphocytes cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Dietary are responsible for immune responses. sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and There are two main types of lymphocytes: by-products), nuts, whole unrefi ned grains, B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes secrete fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green products (lymphokines) that modulate the leafy vegetables. functional activities of many other types of MAK cell Macrophage-activated killer cell, cells and are often present at sites of chronic activated nacrophage that is much more infl ammation. phagocytic than monocytes. Lymphocyte B cells The B cells make antibod- Malaise A feeling of weakness, lethargy or dis- ies that attack bacteria and toxins. comfort as of impending illness. Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells Malaria Is an infection of the blood by themselves when they have been taken over by Plasmodium parasite that is carried from viruses or have become cancerous. person to person by mosquitoes. There are Lymphoma A type of cancer involving cells of four species of malaria parasites that infect the immune system, called lymphocytes. man. Lymphopenia Abnormally low in the number Plasmodium falciparum So-called malig- of lymphocytes in the blood. nant tertian fever, is the most serious disease, Lysosomes Are small, spherical organelles Plasmodium vivax, causing a relapsing form containing digestive enzymes (acid hydro- of the disease, Plasmodium malariae and lases) and other proteases (cathepsins). Plasmodium ovale . mTOR, the mammalian (or mechanistic) tar- Malassezia A fungal genus (previously known get of rapamycin Regulates a wide range of as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, naturally cellular and developmental processes by coor- found on the skin surfaces of many animals dinating signalling responses to mitogens, including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- nutrients and various stresses. tation on the chest or back if it becomes an Maceration Softening or separation of parts by opportunistic infection. soaking in a liquid. Mammalian target of rapamycin Macrophage A type of large leucocyte that ( mTOR ) Pathway that regulates mito- travels in the blood but can leave the blood- chondrial oxygen consumption and oxidative stream and enter tissue; like other leucocytes capacity. it protects the body by digesting debris and Mammogram An X-ray of the breast to detect foreign cells. tumours. 322 Medical Glossary

Mandibular Relating to the mandible, the MBC Minimum bacterial concentration—the human jaw bone. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Manganese Is an essential element for health. kill an organism. It is an important constituent of some enzymes MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and an activator of other enzymes in physi- plays a role in the recruitment of monocytes to ologic processes. Manganese superoxide dis- sites of infection and injury. It is a member of mutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant small inducible gene (SIG) family. enzyme in the mitochondria. Manganese- MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- activated enzymes play important roles in the quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and Measles An acute, highly communicable rash cholesterol. Manganese is the preferred cofac- illness due to a virus transmitted by direct tor of enzymes called glycosyltransferases contact with infectious droplets or, less com- which are required for the synthesis of pro- monly, by airborne spread. teoglycans that are needed for the formation Mechanonociceptors Sensory neurons that are of healthy cartilage and bone. Dietary source mechanically sensitive found in all of the para- includes whole grains, fruit, legumes (soy- spinal connective tissues including ligament, bean and by-products), green leafy vegetables, joint capsule, annulus fi brosus of the interverte- beetroot and tea. bral disc, muscle, tendon and skin. They respond MAO activity activity. to a noxius (damaging) mechanical load. MAPK ( mitogen-activated protein Medial preoptic area Is located at the rostral kinase) These kinases are strongly activated end of the hypothalamus; it is important for in cells subjected to osmotic stress, UV radia- the regulation of male sexual behaviour. tion, disregulated K+ currents, RNA-damaging Megaloblastic anaemia An anaemia that agents and a multitude of other stresses, as results from inhibition of DNA synthesis well as infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin in production, often due to a and withdrawal of a trophic factor. The stress- defi ciency of vitamin B12 or folate, and is responsive MAPKs mediate a plethora of characterised by many large immature and cellular responses to such stressful stimuli, dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) including apoptosis and production of infl am- in the bone marrow. matory and immunoregulatory cytokines in Melaene () Refers to the black, ‘tarry’ diverse cell systems. faeces that are associated with gastrointestinal Marasmus Is one of the three forms of serious haemorrhage. protein–energy . Melanogenesis Production of melanin by liv- Mastalgia Breast pain. ing cells. Mastectomy to remove a breast. Melanoma Malignant tumour of melanocytes Masticatory A substance chewed to increase which are found predominantly in skin but salivation. Also called sialogue. also in the bowel and the eye and appear as Mastitis A bacterial infection of the breast pigmented lesions. which usually occurs in breastfeeding Melatonin A hormone produced in the brain mothers. by the pineal gland; it is important in the regu- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) A mem- lation of the circadian rhythms of several bio- ber of a group of enzymes that can break down logical functions. proteins, such as collagen, that are normally Menarche The fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst found in the spaces between cells in tissues menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. (i.e. extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix Menorrhagia Heavy or prolonged menstrua- metalloproteinases are involved in wound tion, too frequent menstrual periods. healing, angiogenesis and tumour cell metas- Menopausal Refers to permanent cessation of tasis. See also Metalloproteinase. menstruation. Medical Glossary 323

Menses See Menstruation. Metroptosis The slipping or falling out of Menstruation The approximately monthly place of an organ (as the uterus) discharge of blood from the womb in women Metrorrhagia Uterine bleeding at irregular of childbearing age who are not pregnant. intervals, particularly between the expected Also called menses. adj. menstrual. menstrual periods. Mesangial cells Are specialised cells around Mevinolin A potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy- 3- blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG- Mesencephalon Midbrain. CoA reductase). Mesothelioma Is an aggressive cancer affect- MHC Acronym for major histocompatibil- ing the membrane lining of the lungs and ity complex, a large cluster of genes found abdomen. on the short arm of chromosome 6 in most (MetS) represents a vertebrates that encodes MHC molecules. combination of cardiometabolic risk factors, MHC molecules play an important role in the including visceral obesity, glucose intoler- immune system and autoimmunity. ance or type 2 diabetes, elevated triglycerides, MHC 11 molecules Class II MHC molecules reduced HDL cholesterol and hypertension. belong to a group of molecules known as the Metabonome Complete set of metabologically immunoglobulin supergene family, which regulated elements in cells. includes immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, Metabolomics Is the scientifi c study of chemi- CD4, CD8 and others. cal processes involving metabolites. MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration, low- Metalloproteinase Enzymes that break down est concentration of an antimicrobial that will proteins and require zinc or calcium atoms for inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. proper function. Micelle A submicroscopic aggregation of Metallothionein (MT) a family of cysteine- molecules. rich, low molecular weight (500 to 14000 Da) Micellisation Formation process of micelles. proteins. Michael acceptors See Michael reaction. Meta-analysis A statistical procedure that Micahel donors See Michael reaction. combines the results of several studies that Michael reaction Conjugate addition of a address a set of related research hypotheses. carbon nucleophile to an α,β-unsaturated Metaphysis Is the portion of a long bone acceptor; a thermodynamically controlled between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of reaction between unusually acidic donors the femur. (β-ketoesters or β-diketones) and unhindered Metaphyseal Pertaining to the metaphysis. α,β-unsaturated acceptors. Stable enolates, Metaplasia Transformation of one type of one active methylenes such as malonates and mature differentiated cell type into another nitroalkanes are Michael donors, and activated mature differentiated cell type. olefi ns such as α,β- unsaturated carbonyl com- Metastasis Is the movement or spreading pounds are Michael acceptors. of cancer cells from one organ or tissue to (Or microvascular disease) another. is an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels Metetrus The quiescent period of sexual inac- in the body. tivity between oestrus cycles. Microfi laria A pre-larval parasitic worm of the Methaemoglobinemia Is a disorder character- family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and ised by the presence of a higher than normal in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. level of methaemoglobin (ferric [Fe 3+ ] rather Micronuclei Small particles consisting of than ferrous [Fe2+ ] haemoglobin) in red blood acentric fragments of chromosomes or entire cells. This results in a decreased availability of chromosomes, which lag behind at anaphase oxygen to the tissues. of cell division. Metropathy Any disease of the uterus espe- Microphthalmia-associated transcription fac- cially of the myometrium. tor (MITF) A basic helix-loop-helix leu- 324 Medical Glossary

cine zipper transcription factor protein that MMP Matrix metalloproteinases, a group of plays a role in the development, survival and peptidases involved in the degradation of the function of melanocytes and osteoclast. extracellular matrix (ECM). Microsomal PGE2 synthase Is the enzyme Mnestic Pertaining to memory. that catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin Molecular docking Is a key tool in structural E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. molecular biology and computer-assisted drug Microvasculature The fi ner vessels of the design. body, as the , and . Molluscidal Destroying molluscs like snails. Micturition Urination, act of urinating. Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast- Migraine A neurological syndrome charac- like in morphology and are used for studies of terised by altered bodily perceptions; severe, apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity and tumorige- painful headaches; and nausea. nicity, as well as for antitumour testing. Mimosine Is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyri- Molybdenum (Mo) Is an essential element that done amino acid; it is a toxic nonprotein free forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine amino acid and is an antinutrient. oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addi- to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum tion of new layers of mineral on the trabecular concentrations also affect protein synthe- surfaces of bones. sis, metabolism and growth. Dietary sources Mineralcorticoids A group of steroid hor- include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower mones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex seeds, wheat fl our, lentils and cereal grain. and regulate the balance of water and electro- Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) Is an iso- lytes (sodium, potassium) in the body. zyme of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion. deaminates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), Mitochondrial complex I The largest enzyme epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin and in the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative dopamine. phosphorylation system. Monoaminergic Of or pertaining to neurons Mitochondrial permeability transition that secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (MPT) Is an increase in the permeability of (e.g. dopamine, serotonin). the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of Monoclonal antibodies Are produced by fus- less than 1500 Da in molecular weight. MPT ing single antibody-forming cells to tumour is one of the major causes of cell death in a cells grown in culture. variety of conditions. Monocyte Large white blood cell that ingests Mitogen An agent that triggers mitosis and microbes, other cells and foreign matter. elicits all the signals necessary to induce cell Monogalactosyl diglyceride Are the major proliferation. lipid components of chloroplasts. Mitogenic Able to induce mitosis or Monorrhagia Is heavy bleeding and that is transformation. usually defi ned as periods lasting longer than Mitogenicity Process of induction of mitosis. 7 days or excessive bleeding. Mitomycin A chemotherapy drug that is given Morbidity A diseased state or symptom or can as a treatment for several different types of refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- cancer, including breast|, stomach, oesopha- alence rate of a disease. gus and bladder cancers. Morellofl avone A bifl avonoid extracted from Mitosis Cell division in which the nucleus Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, divides into nuclei containing the same num- antiviral and anti-infl ammatory properties. ber of chromosomes. Morphine The major alkaloid of opium and a Mitral valve prolapse The most common potent narcotic analgesic. heart valve abnormality. Symptoms could MTTP Microsomal triglyceride transfer pro- include palpitations, shortness of breath, tein that is required for the assembly and cough, fatigue, dizziness or anxiety, migraine secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins headaches and chest discomfort. from both enterocytes and hepatocytes. Medical Glossary 325

MUC 5AC Mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming Myeloproliferative disorder Disease of protein mucin with a high molecular weight of the bone marrow in which excess cells are about 641kDa. produced. Mucositis Painful infl ammation and ulceration Myelosuppressive Causing bone marrow of the mucous membranes lining the digestive suppression. tract. Myelotoxicity State of being toxic to myeloid Mucous Relating to mucus. tissues, the bone marrow. Mucolytic Capable of reducing the viscosity of Myiasis Parasitic infestation of the body of a mucus, or an agent that so acts. live mammal by fl y larvae. Mucus Viscid secretion of the mucous Myocardial Relating to heart muscle tissues. membrane. Myocardial infarction (MI) Is the rapid devel- Multidrug resistance (MDR) Ability of a opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a living cell to show resistance to a wide vari- critical imbalance between oxygen supply and ety of structurally and functionally unrelated demand of the myocardium. compounds. Myocardial ischemia An intermediate condi- Muscarinic receptors Are G protein-coupled tion in during which acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved membranes of certain neurons and other cells. of oxygen and other nutrients. Musculotropic Affecting or acting upon mus- Myocardial lipidosis Is the accumulation of cular tissue. fat droplets in myocardial fi bres. Mutagen An agent that induces genetic muta- Myoclonus Brief, involuntary twitching of a tion by causing changes in the DNA. muscle or a group of muscles. Mutagenic Capable of inducing mutation Myogenesis The formation of muscular tissue, (used mainly for extracellular factors such as especially during embryonic development. X-rays or chemical pollution). Myoglobin A red, iron- and oxygen-binding Myalgia Muscle pain. protein which carries and stores oxygen in Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the DNA muscle tissues; this haemoprotein resembles a of other genes and is therefore a transcription single subunit of haemoglobin. facor, found on chromosome 8 in human. Myoglobinuria Is the presence of myoglobin Mycosis An infection or disease caused by a in the urine, usually associated with rhabdo- fungus. myolysis or muscle destruction. Mydriasis Abnormal, excexsive dilation of the Myopathy A muscular disease wherein the pupil caused by disease or drug. muscle fi bres do not function for any one of Myelocyte Is a young cell of the granulocytic many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, Myopia Near- or short-sightedness. but not in circulating blood. Myosarcoma A malignant muscle tumour. Myeloid leukaemia (chronic) A type of can- Myotonia dystrophica An inherited disorder cer that affects the blood and bone marrow, of the muscles and other body systems char- characterised by excessive number of white acterised by progressive muscle weakness, blood cells. prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), Myeloma Cancer that arises in the plasma clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), car- cells, a type of white blood cells. diac abnormalities, balding and infertility. Myelopathy Refers to pathology of the spinal Myotube A developing skeletal muscle fi bre or cord. cell with a tubular appearance and a centrally Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Is a peroxidase located nucleus. enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Myringosclerosis Also known as tympano- granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). sclerosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, It is an infl ammatory enzyme produced by is a condition caused by calcifi cation of col- activated leucocytes that predicts risk of coro- lagen tissues in the tympanic membrane of the nary heart disease. middle ear. 326 Medical Glossary

Mytonia A symptom of certain neuromuscular Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which disorders characterised by the slow relaxation may lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. of the muscles after voluntary contraction or Neoplasm Tumour; any new and abnormal electrical stimulation. growth, specifi cally one in which cell mul- N -Nitrosmorpholine A human carcinogen. tiplication is uncontrolled and progressive. N -Nitrosoproline An indicator for Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. N -nitrosation of amines. Neoplastic transformation Conversion of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate a tissue with a normal growth pattern into a (NADP) A coenzyme comprising nicotin- malignant tumour. amide mononucleotide coupled by pyrophos- Neovascularisation Is the development of tiny, phate linkage to adenosine 2′,5′-bisphosphate; abnormal, leaky blood vessels inside the eye. it acts as an electron carrier in numerous reac- Neovasculature Formation of new blood tions, being alternately oxidised (NADP+) vessels. and reduced (NADPH). Nephrectomised Kidneys surgically removed. NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide Nephrectomy Surgical removal of the kidney. adenine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as Nephric Relating to or connected with a an electron carrier. kidney. NAFLD Non-alcoholic . Nephrin Is a protein necessary for the proper Narcosis A state of stupor, drowsiness or functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. unconsciousness produced by drugs. Nephritic syndrome Is a collection of signs Narcotic An agent that produces narcosis; in (known as a syndrome) associated with dis- moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves orders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it glomerular disorders. causes stupor, coma, convulsions and death. Nephritis Is infl ammation of the kidney. Nasopharynx Upper part of the alimentary Nephrolithiasis Process of forming a kidney continuous with the nasal passages. stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. Natriorexia Excessive intake of sodium Nephropathy A disorder of the kidney. evoked by sodium depletion. adj. natriorexic, Nephrotic syndrome Nonspecifi c disorder natriorexigenic. in which the kidneys are damaged, causing Natriuresis The discharge of excessive them to leak large amounts of protein from the large amount of sodium through urine. adj. blood into the urine. natriuretic. Nephrotoxicity Poisonous effect of some sub- Natural killer cells (NK cells) A type of cyto- stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, toxic lymphocyte that constitutes a major on the kidney. component of the . Nerve growth factor (NGF) A small protein Natural killer T (NKT) cells A heterogeneous that induces the differentiation and survival of group of T cells that share properties of both T particular target neurons (nerve cells). cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Nervine A nerve tonic that acts therapeuti- Nausea Sensation of unease and discomfort in cally upon the nerves, particularly in the the stomach with an urge to vomit. sense of a sedative that serves to calm ruffl ed Necropsy See Autopsy. nerves. Necrosis Morphological changes that follow Neural tube defects (NTDs) Are common cell death, usually involving nuclear and cyto- birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. plasmic changes. NEU 4 sialidase This protein belongs to a fam- Neointima A new or thickened layer of arterial ily of glycohydrolytic enzymes, which remove intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in terminal sialic acid residues from various sialo atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation derivatives, such as glycoproteins, glycolip- of cells from the media. ids, oligosaccharides and gangliosides. Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants Neuralgia Is a sudden, severe painful disorder or an infant. of the nerves. Medical Glossary 327

Neuraminidase Glycoside hydrolase enzymes Neuroradiology Is a subspecialty of that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neur- focusing on the diagnosis and characterisation aminic acids. of abnormalities of the central and peripheral Neuraminidase inhibitors A class of antiviral nervous system. adj. neuroradiologic. drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose Neurotrophic Relating to the nutrition and mode of action consists of blocking the func- maintenance of nervous tissue (neurons). tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- preventing the virus from reproducing. ised by abnormally low levels of . Neurasthenia A condition with symptoms of Neutrophil Type of white blood cell, specifi - fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- cally a form of granulocyte. gia and impotence. Neutrophin Protein that induces the survival, Neurasthenic A substance used to treat nerve pain development and function of neurons. and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, etc). NF -Kappa B ( NF -kB) Nuclear factor kappa- Neurectomy Surgical cutting through or B, is an ubiquitous rapid response transcrip- removal of a nerve or a section of a nerve. tion factor in cells involved in immune and Neurite Refers to any projection from the cell infl ammatory reactions. body of a neuron. Vitamin B3. See Vitamin B3. Neuritis An infl ammation of the nerve char- Niacinamide An amide of niacin, also known acterised by pain, sensory disturbances and as nicotinamide. See Vitamin B3. impairment of refl exes. adj . neuritic. NIH3T3 cells A mouse embryonic fi bro- Neuritogenesis The formation of neuritis. adj . blast cell line used in the cultivation of neuritogenic. keratinocytes. Neuroblastoma A common extracranial can- Nidation Implantation. cer that forms in nerve tissues, common in Niosomes Are novel, vesicular, drug delivery infancy. systems composed of nonionic surfactants Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involv- instead of phospholipids; they are capable ing the interaction between the nervous sys- of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic tem and the hormones of the endocrine glands. drugs. Neurogenesis Process by which neurons are Nitrogen (N) Is an essential building block of generated from neural stem and progenitor amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is cells. essential to all living organisms. Protein-rich Neurogenic Originating from the nerves of the vegetables like legumes are rich food sources nervous system. of nitrogen. Neurolathyrism Is a neurodegenerative dis- NK cells Natural killer cells, a type of cyto- ease that is caused by heavy consumption of toxic lymphocyte that constitutes a major Lathyrus legumes, resulting in weakness and component of the innate immune system. paralysis of the legs. NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells A type of natural killer Neuroleptic Refers to the effects on cogni- T (NKT) cells. See Natural killer T cells. tion and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs that NMDA receptor N-Methyl- D -aspartate recep- reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations tor, the predominant molecular device for and psychomotor agitation in patients with controlling synaptic plasticity and memory psychoses. function. A brain receptor activated by the Neuroma Is a growth or tumour of nerve tissue. amino acid glutamate, which when exces- Neuropathy A collection of disorders that sively stimulated may cause cognitive defects occurs when the peripheral nervous sytems in Alzheimer’s disease. are damaged causing pain and numbness in Nociceptive Causing pain, responding to a the hands and feet. painful stimulus. Neuropharmacological Relating the effects of Nociceptors Specialised peripheral sensory drugs on the neurosystem. neurons that respond to potentially damaging 328 Medical Glossary

stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 cord and brain. (Nrf2) A transcription factor that plays a Non-osteogenic Fibromata of bone, a benign major role in response to oxidative stress by tumour of bone which shows no evidence of binding to antioxidant-responsive elements ossifi cation. that regulate many hepatic phase I and II Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease One cause enzymes as well as hepatic effl ux transporters. of a fatty liver, occurring when fat is depos- Nucleosomes Fundamental repeating subunits ited (steatosis) in the liver not due to excessive of all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a alcohol use DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. Nootropics Are substances which are claimed Nulliparous Term used to describe a woman to boost human cognitive abilities (the func- who has never given birth. tions and capacities of the brain). Also pop- Nyctalopia Night blindness, impaired vision ularly referred to as ‘smart drugs’, ‘smart in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired nutrients’, ‘cognitive enhancers’ and ‘brain function of certain specialised vision cells. enhancers’. Fast, involuntary movements of Noradrenalin See Norepinephrine. the eyes. Norepinephrine A substance, both a hormone Nycturia Excessive urination at night; espe- and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal cially common in older men. medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) A thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- common psychiatric disorder defi ned by the tion and increases in heart rate, blood pressure presence of obsessive thoughts and repetitive and the sugar level of the blood. Also called compulsive actions; self-grooming. levarterenol, noradrenalin. Occludin A novel integral membrane protein Normoglycaemic Having the normal amount localising at tight junctions. cf. tight junction. of glucose in the blood. Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood Normotensive Having normal blood pressure. vessel). Nosebo A harmless substance that when taken Occlusive peripheral arterial disease by a patient is associated with unpleasant or (PAOD) Also known as peripheral vas- harmful effects due to negative expectations cular disease (PVD), or peripheral arterial or the psychological state of the person. disease (PAD), refers to the obstruction of Nosocomial infections Infections which are a large arteries not within the coronary, aortic result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare arch vasculature, or the brain. PVD can result service unit, but secondary to the patient’s from atherosclerosis, infl ammatory processes original condition. leading to stenosis, an embolism, or thrombus NPC1L1 Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 gene that formation. plays a major role in cholesterol homeosta- Oculomotor nerve The third of twelve paired sis. It is critical for the uptake of cholesterol cranial nerves. across the plasma membrane of the intestinal Odds ratio A statistical measure of effect size, enterocyte. describing the strength of association or non- Nrf2 Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2, independence between two binary data values. a transcription factor that activates ARE- Odontalgia Toothache. adj. odontalgic. containing genes. Odontopathy Any disease of the teeth. Nrf2/ARE pathway Plays an important role Oedema See Edema. in inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and Oestrogen Female hormone produced by antioxidant proteins and has been considered the ovaries that play an important role in the a potential target for cancer chemoprevention estrous cycle in women. because it eliminates harmful reactive oxygen Oestrogen receptor (ER) Is a protein found in species or reactive intermediates generated high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, from carcinogens. uterus, hypothalamus and anterior hypophysis Medical Glossary 329

cells; ER levels are measured to determine a play a crucial role in heart and brain func- breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal tion and in normal growth and development. manipulation. Linoleic acid (LA) is the main omega-6 fatty Oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) Means acid in foods, accounting for 85% to 90% of that oestrogen is causing the tumour to grow the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega-6 and that the breast cancer should respond well acids include gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, to hormone suppression treatments. sometimes called gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic Oestrogen receptor negative (ER-) Tumour is acid, arachidonic acid and docosadienoic acid. not driven by oestrogen and needs another test Omega-9 fatty acids Are not essential poly- to determine the most effective treatment. unsaturated fatty acids that have in common Oestrus Sexual excitement or heat of female; a fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n−9 or period of this characterised by changes in position. Some n−9s are common components the sex organs. of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n−9 fatty Oligoarthritis An infl ammation of two, three acids important in industry are: or four joints. Oleic acid (18, 1, n−9), which is a main compo- Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia A combina- nent of olive oil tion of asthenozoospermia (reduced sperm Erucic acid (22, 1, n−9), which is found in rape- motility) and oligozoospermia (low spermato- seed, wallfl ower seed and mustard seed zoon count). Oncogenes Genes carried by tumour viruses Oligonucleosome A series of nucleosomes. that are directly and solely responsible for the Oligospermia or oligozoospermia Refers to neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of host semen with a low concentration of sperm, cells. commonly associated with male infertility. Oncosis Accidental cell death, also referred to Oliguria Decreased production of urine. swelling necrosis. Oligoanuria Insuffi cient urine volume to allow Ophthalmia Severe infl ammation of the eye, for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. or the conjunctiva or deeper structures of the Omega-3 fatty acids Are essential polyunsatu- eye. Also called ophthalmitis. rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Ophthalmia ( sympathetic) Infl ammation of carbon–carbon double bond in the n−3 position. both eyes following trauma to one eye. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids include Ophthalmopathy An auntoimmune disease fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The three where the thyroid gland is overactive leading most nutritionally important omega-3 fatty to ocular manifestations. acids are alpha- linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic Opiate Drug derived from the opium plant. acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Opioid receptors A group of G protein- Research indicates that omega-3 fatty acids are coupled receptors located in the brain and important in health promotion and disease and various organs that bind opiates or opioid can help prevent a wide range of medical prob- substances. lems, including cardiovascular disease, depres- Oppilation Obstruction particularly of the sion, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. lower intestines. Omega-6 fatty acids Are essential polyun- Optic placode An ectodermal placode from saturated fatty acids that have in common a which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n−6 also called lens placode. position. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capac- essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegeta- ity) A method of measuring antioxidant ble oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to capacities in biological samples. human health but cannot be made in the body. Oral submucous fi brosis A chronic debilitat- Omega-6 fatty acids—found in vegetable oils, ing disease of the oral cavity characterised by nuts and seeds—are a benefi cial part of a heart- infl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA submucosa tissues. 330 Medical Glossary

Oral thrush An infection of yeast fungus, bone that is insuffi cient to keep up with the Candida albicans , in the mucous membranes rate of bone destruction. of the mouth. Osteoporosis A disease of bone that leads to an Orchidectomy Surgery to remove one or both increased risk of fracture. testicles. Osteoprotegerin Also called osteoclastogene- Orchidectomised With the testis removed. sis inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which Orchitis An acute painful infl ammatory reac- can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. tion of the testis secondary to infection by dif- Osteosacrcoma A malignant bone tumour. ferent bacteria and viruses. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. Orexigenic Increasing or stimulating the Otalgia Earache, pain in the ear. appetite. Otic placode A thickening of the ectoderm on Orofacial dyskinesia Abnormal involuntary the outer surface of a developing embryo from movements involving muscles of the face, which the ear develops. mouth, tongue, eyes and, occasionally, the Otitis Infl ammation of the inner or outer parts neck—may be unilateral or bilateral and con- of the ear. stant or intermittent. Otitis media Infl ammation of the middle ear. Oropharyngeal Relating to the oropharynx. Otorrhea Running drainage (discharge) exit- Oropharynx Part of the pharynx between the ing the ear. soft palate and the epiglottis. Otopathy Disease of the ear. Osmophobia A fear, aversion or psychological Ovariectomised With one or two ovaries hypersensitivity to odours. removed. Ostalgia, ostealgia Pain in the bones. Also Ovariectomy Surgical removal of one or both called osteodynia. ovaries. Osteoarthritis Is the deterioration of the joints Oxidation The process of adding oxygen to a that becomes more common with age. compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the Osteoarthrosis Chronic noninfl ammatory electro-negative charge. bone disease. Oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of an oxi- Osteoblast A mononucleate cell that is respon- dation–reduction (redox) reaction, a revers- sible for bone formation. ible chemical reaction. One substrate acts as Osteoblastic Relating to osteoblasts. a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes Osteocalcin A noncollagenous protein found oxidised, while the other acts as hydrogen or in bone and dentin, also refers to as bone electron acceptor and becomes reduced. gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing Oxygen radical absorbance capacity protein. (ORAC) A method of measuring antioxi- Osteoclasts A kind of bone cell that removes dant capacities in biological samples. bone tissue by removing its mineralised Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating child- matrix. birth, especially by stimulating contractions Osteoclastogenesis The production of of the uterus. osteoclasts. Oxytocin Is a mammalian hormone that also Osteodynia Pain in the bone. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best Osteogenic Derived from or composed of any known for its roles in female reproduction. It tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. is released in large amounts after distension of Osteomalacia Refers to the softening of the the cervix and vagina during labour and after bones due to defective bone mineralisation. stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth Osteomyelofi brosis A myeloproliferative dis- and breastfeeding, respectively*****. order in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally Oxyuriasis Infestation by pinworms. lead to bone marrow obliteration. Ozoena Discharge of the nostrils caused by Osteopenia Reduction in bone mass, usually chronic infl ammation of the nostrils. caused by a lowered rate of formation of new p.o. Per os, oral administration. Medical Glossary 331

P -Glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) A Parageusia Abnormal sense of taste. cell membrane-associated drug-exporting pro- Paralytic Person affected with paralysis, per- tein that transports a variety of drug substrates taining to paralysis. from cancer cells. Paraoxonase An enzyme that protects against P-Selectin Also known as CD62P, GMP-140, oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and LLECAM-3 and PADGEM, a member of the affects the risk of coronary artery disease. selectin family. It is expressed by activated Paraplegia An impairment in motor or sensory platelets and endothelial cells. function of the lower extremities. P65 transcription factor Is a protein that in Parasitemia Presence of parasites in blood. humans is encoded by the RELA gene. Its adj. parasitemic. alternative name is nuclear factor NF-kappa-B Parasympathetic nervous system Subsystem p65 subunit. of the nervous systems that slows the heart P300/CBP Are transcriptional coactivators rate and increases intestinal and gland activity that play critical roles in integrating multiple and relaxes the sphincter muscles. signal-dependent transcription events and Parasympathomimetic Having an action may have specifi c roles in tumour suppression resembling that caused by stimulation of the pathways. parasympathetic nervous system. p21waf1/cip1 Encodes a cyclin-dependent Parenteral administration Administration by kinase inhibitor that is transcriptionally acti- intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular vated by the p53 tumour suppressor gene, routes. transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta Paresis A condition characterised by partial 1), AP2 and other pathways, all regulating loss of movement, or impaired movement. apoptosis and the cell cycle. Paresthesia A sensation of tingling, burning, Palliative Relieving pain without alleviating pricking or numbness of a person’s skin with the underlying problem. no apparent long-term physical effect. Also Palinosmia Olfactory perservation. known as ‘pains and needles’. Palpebral ptosis The abnormal drooping of Parotitis Infl ammation of salivary glands. the upper lid, caused by partial or total reduc- Paroxysm A sudden outburst of emotion or tion in levator muscle function. action and a sudden attack, recurrence or Palpitation Rapid pulsation or throbbing of the intensifi cation of a disease. heart. Paroxystic Relating to an abnormal event of Paludism State of having symptoms of malaria the body with an abrupt onset and an equally characterised by high fever and chills. sudden return to normal. Pancreatectomised Having undergone a PARP See Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase. pancreatectomy. Pars compacta Is a portion of the substan- Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of all or tia nigra (a brain structure located in the part of the pancreas. midbrain). Infl ammation of the pancreas. Parturition Act of childbirth. Pancytopenia A haematological condition in Pathognomonic Distinctively characteristic of which there is a reduction in the number of a particular disease. red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. PCAF P300/CBP-associated factor, a histone Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5. See Vitamin B5. acetyl transferase (HAT) that plays an impor- Papain A protein-degrading enzyme used tant role in the remodelling of chromatin and medicinally and to tenderise meat. the regulation of gene expression, transcrip- Papilloma A benign epithelial tumour growing tion, cell cycle progression and differentiation. outwardly like in fi ngerlike fronds. PCE/PCN ratio Polychromatic erythrocyte/ Papule A small, solid, usually infl ammatory normochromatic erythrocyte ratio used as a elevation of the skin that does not contain pus. measure of cytotoxic effects. Paradontosis Is the infl ammation of gums and PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an other deeper structures, including the bone. auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta 332 Medical Glossary

involved in modulating eukaryotic DNA Periapical periodontitis Is the infl ammation replication. of the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s pCREB Phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine root. 3 ′ 5 ′ cyclic monophosphate)-response element Perifuse T o fl ush a fresh supply of bathing binding protein. fl uid around all of the outside surfaces of a PDEF Acronym for prostate-derived ETS fac- small piece of tissue immersed in it. tor, an ETS (epithelial-specifi c E26 transform- Perilipins Highly phosphorylated adipocyte ing sequence) family member that has been proteins that are localised at the surface of the identifi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. lipid droplet. PDGR receptor (platelet-derived growth fac- Perimenopause Is the phase before meno- tor receptor) Are cell surface tyrosine pause actually takes place, when ovarian hor- kinase receptors for members of the platelet- mone production is declining and fl uctuating. derived growth factor (PDGF) family. adj . perimenopausal. PDGFs Platelet-derived growth factors consti- Perineum The region between the thighs infe- tute a group of growth factors that play a sig- rior to the pelvic diaphragm. nifi cant role in blood vessel formation and the Perineal Pertaining to the perineum. growth of blood vessels. Periodontal ligament (PDL) Is a group of Pectoral Pertaining to or used for the chest and specialised connective tissue fi bres that essen- respiratory tract. tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. Pectoralagia Pain experienced in the thorax or Periodontitis Is a severe form of gingivitis in chest. which the infl ammation of the gums extends pERK Phosphorylated extracellular signal- to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also regulated kinase, protein kinases involved in called pyorrhea. many cell functions. Perioral paresthesias Are sensations of numb- P53 Also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- ness and tingling around the mouth. tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Is a dis- humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. ease in which plaque builds up in the arter- Peliosis See Purpura. ies that carry blood to your head, organs and Pellagra Is a systemic nutritional wasting dis- limbs. ease caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 Peripheral neuropathy Refers to damage to (niacin). nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Pemphigus Describes a group of autoimmune Peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) Refers disorders in which there is blistering of the to situations where nerve roots or peripheral skin and/or mucosal surfaces. nerve trunks have been damaged by mechani- Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal cal and/or chemical stimuli that exceeded the scalded skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of physical capabilities of the nervous system. infants, characterised by elevated vesicles or Symptoms may include pain, parestesia, dys- blebs on a normal or reddened skin . esthesia, spasm, weakness, hypoesthesia or Peptic ulcer A sore in the lining of the stom- anaesthesia. ach or duodenum, the fi rst part of the small Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) See intestine. Peripheral artery occlusive disease . Peptide YY A short (36-amino acid) pancre- Peristalsis A series of organised, wave-like atic protein released by cells in the ileum and muscle contractions that occur throughout the colon in response to feeding. digestive tract. Percutaneous Pertains to a medical procedure PERK A transmembrane protein kinase of the where access to inner organs or tissues is done PEK family resident in the endoplasmic retic- via needle puncture of the skin. ulum (ER) membrane and is linked to insulin Perfusion To force fl uid through the lymphatic processing. system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. Perlingual Through or by way of the tongue. Medical Glossary 333

Perniosis An abnormal reaction to cold that eral reference work for pharmaceutical drug occurs most frequently in women, children specifi cations. and the elderly. Also called chilblains. Pharyngitis, pharyngolaryngi- Per os (P.O.) Oral administration. tis Infl ammation of the pharynx and the Peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- larynx. tors (PPARs) A family of nuclear recep- Pharyngolaryngeal Pertaining to the pharynx tors that are involved in lipid metabolism, and larynx. differentiation, proliferation, cell death and Pharyngopathy Disease of the pharynx. infl ammation. Phase II drug metabolising enzymes Play Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor an important role in biotransformation of alpha ( PPAR-alpha ) A nuclear receptor endogenous compounds and xenobiotics to protein, transcription factor and a major regu- more easily excretable forms as well as in the lator of lipid metabolism in the liver. metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor active compounds. Phase II drug metabolising gamma (PPAR-γ) A type II nuclear recep- enzymes are mainly transferases. tor protein that regulates fatty acid storage and Phenolics Class of chemical compounds glucose metabolism. consisting of a hydroxyl group (−OH) Pertussis Whooping cough, sever cough. bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon Peyers patches Patches of lymphoid tissue or group. lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- Pheochromocytoma Is a rare neuroendo- small intestine. crine tumour that usually originates from PGE-2 , a hormone-like sub- the adrenal glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing stance that is released by blood vessel walls in overproduction of catecholamines, powerful response to infection or infl ammation that acts hormones that induce high blood pressure and on the brain to induce fever. other symptoms. Phagocytes Are the white blood cells that pro- Phlebitis Is an infl ammation of a vein, usually tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) in the legs. harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or Phlegm Abnormally viscid mucus secreted by dying cells. adj. phagocytic. the mucosa of the respiratory passages during Phagocytosis Is a process the human body uses certain infectious processes. to destroy dead or foreign cells. Phlegmon A spreading, diffuse infl ammation Phantosmia A form of olfactory . of the soft or connective tissue due to infec- Pharmacognosis The branch of pharmacology tion by streptococci bacteria. that studies the composition, use and history Phonophobia Fear of loud sound. of drugs. Phoroglucinol A white, crystalline compound Pharmacodynamics Branch of pharmacol- used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent ogy dealing with the effects of drugs and the and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- mechanism of their action. scopic examination. Pharmacokinetics Branch of pharmacology Phosphatidylglycerol Is a glycerophospholipid concerned with the movement of drugs within found in pulmonary active surface lipoprotein the body including processes of absorption, and consists of an L -glycerol 3-phosphate distribution, metabolism and excretion in the backbone ester bonded to either saturated or body. unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. Pharmacopoeia Authoritative treatise contain- Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases ing directions for the identifi cation of drug or PI3Ks) A group of enzymes involved in samples and the preparation of compound cellular functions such as cell growth, prolif- , published by the authority of a eration, differentiation, motility, survival and government or a medical or pharmaceuti- intracellular traffi cking, which in turn are cal society and in a broader sense is a gen- involved in cancer. 334 Medical Glossary

Phosphatidylserine A phosphoglyceride phos- Photodermatoses Skin disorders caused by pholipid that is one of the key building blocks exposure to sunlight. of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- Photophobia Abnormal visual intolerance to vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin. light. Phosphaturia A urinary tract condition of Photopsia An affection of the eye, in which the excessive urine phosphorus, causing urine to patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- appear cloudy or murky colour; also called uscations, etc. hypophosphatemia. Photosensitivity Sensitivity towards light. Phosphodiesterases A diverse family of Phthisis An archaic name for tuberculosis. enzymes that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and Phytohemagglutinin A lectin found in plant thus play a key role in regulating intracellular that is involved in the stimulation of lympho- levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cyte proliferation. cGMP, and hence cell function. Phytonutrients Certain organic components Phosphoenolpyruvate C kinase (PEPCK) An of plants that are thought to promote human enzyme in the lyase family used in the meta- health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, bolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- Phospholipase An enzyme that hydrolyses ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipo- Also called phytochemicals. philic substances. Phytosterols A group of steroid alcohols, cho- Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) A small lipolytic lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- legumes. tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and Pica The persistent eating of substances with leukotrienes. no nutrition, such as dirt, chalk, sand, ice, clay Phospholipase C Enzymes that cleaves or paint. phospholipase. Piebaldism Rare autosomal dominant disorder Phospholipase C gamma (PLC of melanocyte development characterised by gamma) Enzymes that cleaves phospholi- distinct patches of skin and hair that contain pase in cellular proliferation and differentia- no pigment. tion, and its enzymatic activity is upregulated Piles See Haemorrhoids. by a variety of growth factors and hormones. PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Phosphorus (P) Is an essential mineral that PI13K/AKT signalling pathways Are involved makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight in the modulation of cell survival, cell cycle and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays progression and cellular growth in cancer. an important role in the body’s utilisation of Pityriasis lichenoides Is a rare skin disorder of carbohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of pro- unknown aetiology characterised by multiple tein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of papules and plaques. cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- Pityriasis versicolor Common fungal infec- duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to tion of the skin; the fungus interferes with the store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; normal pigmentation of the skin, resulting in fruits and vegetables provide small amounts. small, discoloured patches. Photoaging Is the term that describes dam- PKC Protein kinase C, a membrane-bound age to the skin caused by intense and chronic enzyme that phosphorylates different intra- exposure to sunlight resulting in premature cellular proteins and raised intracellular Ca aging of the skin. levels. Photocarcinogenesis Represents the sum of a PKC delta inhibitors Protein kinase C delta complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haemato- chemical events that ultimately lead to the poietic cell lines. occurrence of skin cancer caused by exposure Placebo A sham or simulated medical to the sun. intervention. Medical Glossary 335

Placode A platelike epithelial thickening in the Pollakiuria Extraordinary daytime urinary embryo where some organ or structure later frequency. develops. Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) A Plantar verruca Wart occurring on the sole of protein involved in a number of cellular the foot. processes, especially DNA repair and pro- Plasma The yellow-coloured liquid component grammed cell death. of blood, in which blood cells are suspended. Polyarthritis Is any type of arthritis which Plasma kallikrien A serine protease, synthe- involves fi ve or more joints. sised in the liver and circulated in the plasma. Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) An imma- Plasmalemma Plasma membrane. ture red blood cell containing RNA that can Plasmin A proteinase enzyme that is respon- be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- sible for digesting fi brin in blood clots. niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte Plasminogen The proenzyme of plasmin, (NCE), which lacks RNA. whose primary role is the degradation of fi brin Polycystic kidney disease Is a kidney disorder in the vasculature. passed down through families in which mul- Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI- tiple form on the kidneys, causing them 1) Also known as endothelial plasminogen to become enlarged. activator inhibitor or serpin E1, is a serine Polycystic ovary syndrome Imbalance of protease inhibitor (serpin) that functions as woman’s sex hormone; this imbalance may the principal inhibitor of tissue plasmino- cause changes in menstrual cycle, excessive gen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the hair growth, acne, obesity, reduced fertility activators of plasminogen and hence fi brino- and an increased risk of diabetes. The ovaries lysis (the physiological breakdown of blood are larger and have many cysts or follicles that clots). rarely grow to maturity or produce eggs capa- Plaster Poultice. ble of being fertilised. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) Is an acety- Polycythaemia A type of blood disorder char- lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, acterised by the production of too many red released by basophils and mast cells in imme- blood cells. diate hypersensitive reactions and macro- Polymorphnuclear Having a lobed nucleus. phages and neutrophils in other infl ammatory Used especially of neutrophilic white blood reactions. One of its main effects is to induce cells. platelet aggregation. Polyneuritis Widespread infl ammation of the Platelet - derived growth factor (PDGF) Is nerves. one of the numerous growth factors or pro- Polyneuritis gallinarum A nervous disorder teins that regulate cell growth and division. in birds and poultry. PLC gamma Phospholipase C gamma plays a Polyneuropathy Simultaneous malfunction of central role in signal transduction. many peripheral nerves throughout the body. Pleurisy Is an infl ammation of the pleura, the A growth that protrudes from a mucous lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the membrane. lungs, which can cause painful respiration and Polyphagia Medical term for excessive hunger other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. or eating. Pneumonia An infl ammatory illness of the Polyposis Describes a condition where there lung caused by bacteria or viruses. are a lot of polyps. Pneumotoxicity Damage to lung tissues. PolyQ disease Polyglutamine repeat diseases Poliomyelitis Is a highly infectious viral dis- are neurodegenerative ailments elicited by ease that may attack the central nervous sys- glutamine-encoding CAG nucleotide expan- tem and is characterised by symptoms that sions within endogenous human genes. range from a mild non-paralytic infection to Polyuria A condition characterised by the pas- total paralysis in a matter of hours; also called sage of large volumes of urine with an increase polio or infantile paralysis. in urinary frequency. 336 Medical Glossary

Pomade A thick oily dressing. the colon, and thus improve host health. cf. A disorder wherein the body cannot probiotics. convert naturally occurring compounds (pro- Pre-eclampsia Toxic condition of pregnancy phyrins) into haem which contains iron. characterised by high blood pressure, abnor- Porphyrin Any of a class of water-soluble, mal weight gain, proteinuria and oedema. nitrogenous biological pigments, derivatives Prenidatory phase Preimplantation phase. of which include the haemoproteins. Prepubertal Before puberty; pertaining to Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuralgia the period of accelerated growth preceding (pain in the nerves) caused by the varicella gonadal maturity. herpes zoster virus. The pain may last for Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a more than a month or more after a shingles ligand-activated transcription factor that infection occurred. plays a role not only in drug metabolism and Postpartum depression Depression after transport but also in various other biological pregnancy; also called postnatal depression. processes. Postprandial After mealtime. Pregnenolone A steroid hormone produced by Postural hypotension Also called orthostatic the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- hypotension—a condition of low blood pres- genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- sure that can cause dizziness. terone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Potassium (K) Is an element that is essential androgens and oestrogens. for the body’s growth and maintenance. It Prenidatory Referring to the time period is necessary to keep a normal water balance between fertilisation and implantation. between the cells and body fl uids, for cellular Prenylated fl avones Flavones with an isopre- enzyme activities, and plays an essential role nyl group in the 8 position, has been reported in the response of nerves to stimulation and to have good anti-infl ammatory properties. in the contraction of muscles. Potassium is Presyncopal sensation State consisting of found in many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, hali- light-headedness, muscular weakness, blurred but): chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, vision and feeling faint. mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, Primiparous Relating to a woman who has caulifl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, given birth once. cantaloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell Proangiogenic Promote angiogenesis (forma- pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- tion and development of new blood vessels). berries, avocado and banana. Probiotication Enhancement with benefi cial Poultice Is a soft moist mass, often heated and probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spe- medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin cies that can prevent the growth of intestinal to treat an aching, infl amed or painful part of pathogenic microfl ora. the body. Also called cataplasm. Probiotics Are dietary supplements and live PPARs Peroxisome proliferator-activated microorganisms containing potentially benefi - receptors—a group of nuclear receptor pro- cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the teins that function as transcription factors alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- regulating the expression of genes. tions. cf. prebiotics. PR interval Is the time (in seconds) from An infl ammation of the rectum that the beginning of the P wave (onset of atrial causes discomfort, bleeding and, occasionally, depolarisation) to the beginning of the QRS a discharge of mucus or pus. complex. Procyanidin Also known as proathocyanidin, Prebiotics A category of functional food, oligomeric proathocyanidin, leukocyanidin defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients and leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols that benefi cially affect the host by selec- found in many plants. It has antioxidant activ- tively stimulating the growth and/or activ- ity and plays a role in the stabilisation of col- ity of one or a limited number of bacteria in lagen and maintenance of elastin. Medical Glossary 337

Progestational Of or relating to the phase with muscular contraction and the infl amma- of the menstrual cycle immediately follow- tion response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, ing ovulation, characterised by secretion of redness and warmth. progesterone. Prostaglandin E2 (PEG-2) One of the prosta- Proglottid One of the segments of a tapeworm. glandins, a group of hormone-like substances Prognosis Medical term to describe the likely that participate in a wide range of body func- outcome of an illness. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Prokinetic Or gastroprokinetic, substance that smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction enhances gastrointestinal motility by increas- of blood vessels, control of blood pressure and ing the frequency of contractions in the small modulation of infl ammation. intestine or making them stronger. Prostaglandin E synthase An enzyme that Prolactin A hormone produced by the pituitary in humans is encoded by the glutathione- gland; it stimulates the breasts to produce milk dependent PTGES gene. in pregnant women. It is also present in males, Prostanoids Term used to describe a subclass but its role is not well understood. of eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) Prolapse A common condition where the blad- consisting of the prostaglandins (mediators of der, uterus and/or bowel protrudes into the infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the vagina. thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) Prolapsus To fall or slip out of place. and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution Prolapus ani Eversion of the lower portion of phase of infl ammation.) the rectum and protruding through the anus, Prostanoid EP 4 A prostaglandin receptor that common in infancy and old age. may be involved in the neonatal adaptation of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) A circulatory system, osteoporosis as well as ini- new marker to study human colonic cell tiation of skin immune responses. proliferation. Prostate A gland that surrounds the urethra at Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) Is a the bladder in the male. blinding retinal condition. It involves the for- Prostate cancer A disease in which cancer mation of pathological membranes, which dis- develops in the prostate, a gland in the male lodges the retina and thereby compromises an reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, individual’s ability to see. diffi culty in urinating, erectile dysfunction Prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) Key enzyme in and other symptoms. collagen synthesis. Prostate-specifi c antigen (PSA) A protein Promastigote The fl agellate stage in the devel- produced by the cells of the prostate gland. opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- Protein kinase C (PKC) A family of enzymes terised by a free anterior fl agellum. involved in controlling the function of other Promyelocytic leukaemia A subtype of acute proteins through the phosphorylation of myelogenous leukaemia (AML), a cancer of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine the blood and bone marrow. amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC Pro-oxidants Chemicals that induce oxidative enzymes play important roles in several signal stress, either through creating reactive oxygen transduction cascades. species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) A group Prophylaxis Prevention or protection against of enzymes that remove phosphate groups disease. from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on Proptosis See Exophthalmos. proteins. A prostaglandin that is a metabo- Proteinase A protease (enzyme) involved in lite of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggre- the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually gation and dilates blood vessels. by splitting them into polypeptide chains. Prostaglandins A family of C 20 lipid com- Proteinuria Means the presence of an excess pounds found in various tissues, associated of serum proteins in the urine. 338 Medical Glossary

Proteolysis Cleavage of the peptide bonds in Psychotropic Capable of affecting the mind, protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. emotions and behaviour. proteolytic. PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog, a Proteomics The large-scale study of proteins, tumour suppressor gene. particularly their structures and functions. Ptosis Also known as drooping eyelid; caused Prothrombin Blood-clotting protein that is by weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage converted to the active form, factor IIa, or to the nerves that control the muscles or loose- , by cleavage. ness of the skin of the upper eyelid. Prothyroid Good for thyroid function. P13-K Is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the Protheolithic Proteolytic. See Proteolysis. regulation of a number of cellular functions Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when such as cell growth, proliferation, differentia- altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene tion, motility, survival and intracellular traf- that can contribute to cancer. fi cking, which in turn are involved in cancer. Prurigo A general term used to describe itchy P13-K/AKT signalling pathway Shown to be eruptions of the skin. important for an extremely diverse array of Pruritis Defi ned as an unpleasant sensation on the cellular activities—most notably cellular pro- skin that provokes the desire to rub or scratch the liferation and survival. area to obtain relief; itch, itching. adj . pruritic. Pthysis Silicosis with tuberculosis. PSA Prostate-specifi c antigen, a protein which Ptosis Drooping of the upper eye lid. is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy PTP Protein tyrosine phosphatase. prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm PTPIB Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. movement. P21 Also known as cyclin-dependent kinase Pseudoaldosteronism Is a medical condition inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a characterised by hypertension, reduced aldo- potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. sterone secretion, hypokalemia and metabolic Puerperal Pertaining to childbirth. acidosis and associated with low plasma renin Puerperium Postpartum period. activity. Pulmonary embolism A blockage (blood clot) Pseudohyperaldosteronism (also pseudoal- of the main artery of the lung. dosteronism ) Is a medical condition that Purgative A substance used to cleanse or mimics hyperaldosteronism. Like hyperaldo- purge, especially causing the immediate evac- steronism, it produces hypertension associated uation of the bowel. with low and metabolic Purpura Is the appearance of red or purple dis- alkalosis associated with hypokalemia. colourations on the skin that do not blanch on Pseudohypoaldosteronism A hereditary disor- applying pressure. Also called peliosis. der of infancy characterised by severe salt and Purulent Containing pus discharge. water depletion and other signs of aldosterone Purulent sputum Sputum containing, or con- defi ciency, although aldosterone secretion is sisting of, pus. normal or increased; causes include aldoste- Pustule Small, infl amed, pus-fi lled lesions. rone receptor defects and renal dysfunction. Pyelitis Acute infl ammation of the pelvis of the A common chronic, non-contagious kidney caused by bacterial infection. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Pyelonephritis An ascending urinary tract and joints. infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) Psychoactive Having effects on the mind or of the kidney. behaviour. Pyoderma Bacterial skin infection. Psychonautics Exploration of the psyche by Pyodermatitis Refers to infl ammation of the means of approaches such as meditation, skin. prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- Pyorrhea See Periodontitis. ment, etc. Pyretic Referring to fever. Psychotomimetic Hallucinogenic. Pyrexia Fever of unknown origin. Medical Glossary 339

Pyridoxal A chemical form of vitamin B6. See Rash A temporary eruption on the skin; see Vitamin B6. Uticaria. Pyridoxamine A chemical form of vitamin Reactive oxygen species Species such as B6. See Vitamin B6. superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl Pyridoxine A chemical form of vitamin B6. radical. At low levels, these species may func- See Vitamin B6. tion in cell signalling processes. At higher Pyrolysis Decomposition or transformation of levels, these species may damage cellular a compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. macromolecules (such as DNA and RNA) PYY peptide A 36-amino acid peptide and participate in apoptosis (programmed cell secreted by L cells of the distal small intestine death). and colon that inhibits gastric and pancreatic Rec A Is a 38-kDa Escherichia coli protein secretion. essential for the repair and maintenance of QSR complex Series of defl ections in an elec- DNA. trocardiogram that represent electrical activity Receptor for advanced glycation end prod- generated by ventricular depolarisation prior ucts (RAGE) Is a member of the immu- to contraction of the ventricle. noglobulin superfamily of cell surface QT interval Is a measure of the time between molecules; mediates neurite outgrowth and the start of the Q wave and the end of the cell migration upon stimulation with its T wave in the heart’s electrical cycle. A ligand, amphoterin. prolonged QT interval is a biomarker for Recticulocyte Non-nucleated stage in the ventricular tachyarrhythmias and a risk factor development of the red blood cell. for sudden death. Recticulocyte lysate Cell lysate produced Quorum sensing (QS) The control of gene from reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro transla- expression in response to cell density, is used tion system. by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive Recticuloendothelial system Part of the bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological immune system, consists of the phagocytic functions. cells located in reticular connective tissue, Radiculitis Infl ammation of the radicle of a primarily monocytes and macrophages. nerve. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS Is a Radiodermatitis A skin disease associated common, painful condition in which recurring with prolonged exposure to ionising radiation. ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. Radiolysis The dissociation of molecules by Redox homeostasis Is considered as the cumu- radiation. lative action of all free radical reactions and Radioprotective Serving to protect or aiding antioxidant defences in different tissues. in protecting against the injurious effect of Refrigerant A medicine or an application for radiations. allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. RAD23B UV excision repair protein RAD23 Renal calculi Kidney stones. homolog B Renal interstitial fi brosis Damage sustained RAGE Is the receptor for advanced glycation by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial end products, a multiligand receptor that prop- capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- agates cellular dysfunction in several infl am- lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and matory disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. arterioles. RANKL Receptor activator of nuclear factor Renal resistive index (RRI) Measures the kappa-B ligand, a type II membrane protein resistance of renal arterial fl ow to the kidney. and a member of the tumour necrosis factor Renin Also known as an angiotensinogenase, (TNF) superfamily. is an enzyme that participates in the body’s RAS See Renin–angiotensin system or recur- renin–angiotensin system (RAS). It regulates rent aphthous stomatitis. the body’s mean arterial blood pressure. 340 Medical Glossary

Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) Also called and occurs commonly in children after a viral the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system infection. (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates Rhabdomyolysis Breakdown of muscle fi bres blood pressure and water (fl uid) balance. leading to the release of muscle fi bre content Reperfusion The restoration of blood fl ow to (myoglobin) into the bloodstream. an organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rheumatic Pertaining to rheumatism or to cut off, after a heart attack. abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. Reporter gene A transfected gene that pro- Rheumatism, rheumatic disorder, rheumatic duces a signal, such as green fl uorescence, diseases Refers to various painful medical when it is expressed. conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles Resistin A cysteine-rich protein secreted by and tendons. Rheumatic diseases are charac- adipose tissue of mice and rats. terised by the signs of infl ammation—redness, Resolutive A substance that induces subsid- heat, swelling and pain. ence of infl ammation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Is a chronic, sys- Resolvent Reduce infl ammation or swelling. temic autoimmune disorder that most com- Respiratory burst Is the rapid release of monly causes infl ammation and tissue damage reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, together and hydrogen peroxide) from different with anaemia. cells. Rhinitis Irritation and infl ammation of some Resorb To absorb or assimilate a product of the internal areas of the nose and the primary body such as an exudate or cellular growth. symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. Restenosis Is the reoccurrence of stenosis, Rhinopathy Disease or malformation of the a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to nose. restricted blood fl ow. Rhinoplasty Is surgery to repair or reshape the Is a phytoalexin produced natu- nose. rally by several plants when under attack Rhinorrhea Commonly known as a runny by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. It is nose, characterised by an unusually signifi cant a potent antioxidant found in red grapes and amount of nasal discharge. other plants. Rhinosinusitis Infl ammation of the nasal cav- Reticuloendothelial system Part of the ity and sinuses. immune system that consists of the phagocytic Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate cells located in reticular connective tissue. hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches Also called macrophage system or mononu- that regulate many essential cellular processes, clear system. including actin dynamics, gene transcription, Retinal ischemia Is a common cause of visual cell cycle progression and cell adhesion. impairment and blindness. Ribosome-inactivating proteins Proteins that Retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) An inherited, are capable of inactivating ribosomes. degenerative eye disease that causes severe Rickets Is a softening of the bones in children vision impairment and may lead to blindness. potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Retinol A form of vitamin A; see Vitamin A. Ringworm Dermatophytosis, a skin infection Retinoblastoma protein A tumour suppressor caused by fungus. protein that is dysfunctional in several major Roborant Restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. cancers. Rotavirus The most common cause of infec- Retinopathy A general term that refers to tious diarrhoea (gastroenteritis) in young chil- some form of noninfl ammatory damage to the dren and infants, one of several viruses that retina of the eye. causes infections called stomach fl u. Revulsive Counterirritant, used for swellings. Rubefacient A substance for external appli- Reye’s syndrome A potentially fatal disease cation that produces redness of the skin, e.g. that has numerous detrimental effects to by causing dilation of the capillaries and an many organs, especially the brain and liver, increase in blood. Medical Glossary 341

Ryanodine receptor Intracellular Ca ++ A disease of the body’s connec- channels in animal tissues like muscles and tive tissue. The most common symptom is a neurons. thickening and hardening of the skin, particu- S.C. Abbreviation for subcutaneous, beneath larly of the hands and face. the layer of skin. Scrofula A tuberculous infection of the S-T segment The portion of an electrocardio- skin on the neck caused by the bacterium gram between the end of the QRS complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis . and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Scrophulosis See Scrofula. depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Scurf Abnormal skin condition in which small teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and fl akes or sales become detached. coronary artery disease. Scurvy A state of dietary defi ciency of vitamin Salve Medical ointment used to soothe the C (ascorbic acid) which is required for the head or body surface. synthesis of collagen in humans. Sapraemia See Septicaemia. Sebotropic Having an affi nity for or a stimulat- Sarcoma Cancer of the connective or support- ing effect on sebaceous glands; promoting the ive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood excretion of sebum. vessels) and soft tissues. Sebum Oily secretion of the sebaceous glands. Sarcopenia Degenerative loss of skeletal mus- Secretagogue A substance that causes another cle mass and strength associated with aging. substance to be secreted. Sarcoplasmic reticulum A special type of Sedative Having a soothing, calming or tran- smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in quilising effect; reducing or relieving stress, smooth and striated muscle. irritability or excitement. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the The physical fi ndings or changes in name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- behaviour that occur after an episode of abnor- ease in humans which is caused by the SARS mal electrical activity in the brain. coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Are a family of cell adhesion mole- Satiety State of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed cules, e.g. selectin E, selectin L and selectin P. (appetite or desire). Selenium (Se) A trace mineral that is essen- Scabies A transmissible ectoparasite skin tial to good health but required only in tiny infection characterised by superfi cial bur- amounts; it is incorporated into proteins to rows, intense pruritus (itching) and secondary make selenoproteins, which are important infection. antioxidant enzymes. It is found in avocado, Scarlatina Scarlet fever, an acute, contagious brazil nut, lentils, sunfl ower seeds, tomato, disease caused by infection with group A whole grain cereals, seaweed, seafood and streptococcal bacteria. meat. Schwann cells Or neurolemmocytes, are the Sensorineural bradyacuasia Hearing impair- principal supporting cells of the peripheral ment of the inner ear resulting from damage nervous system; they form the myelin sheath to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that of a nerve fi bre. supply the inner ear. Schistosomiasis Is a parasitic disease caused Sepsis Potentially fatal whole-body infl amma- by several species of fl uke of the genus tion caused by severe infection. Schistosoma. Also known as bilharzia, bilhar- Sequela An abnormal pathological condition ziasis or snail fever. resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. Schizophrenia A psychotic disorder (or a Serine proteinase Peptide hydrolases which group of disorders) marked by severely have an active centre histidine and serine impaired thinking, emotions and behaviours. involved in the catalytic process. Sciatica A condition characterised by pain Serotonergic Liberating, activated by, or deep in the buttock often radiating down the involving serotonin in the transmission of back of the leg along the sciatic nerve. nerve impulses. 342 Medical Glossary

Serotonin A monoamine neurotransmitter syn- Sialyation Reaction with sialic acid or its deriv- thesised in serotonergic neurons in the central atives; used especially with oligosaccharides. nervous system. Sialyltransferases Enzymes that transfer sialic Sepsis Is a potentially fatal medical condition acid to nascent oligosaccharide. characterised by a whole-body infl ammatory Sickle cell disease Is an inherited blood dis- response (called a systemic infl ammatory order that affects red blood cells. People with response syndrome or SIRS) that is triggered sickle cell disease have red blood cells that by an infection. contain mostly haemoglobin S, an abnormal Septicaemia A systemic disease associated type of haemoglobin. Sometimes these red with the presence and persistence of patho- blood cells become sickle shaped (crescent genic microorganisms or their toxins in the shaped) and have diffi culty passing through blood. small blood vessels. Sequelae A pathological condition resulting Side stitch Is an intense stabbing pain under from a prior disease, injury or attack. the lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while Sexual potentiator Increases sexual activity exercising. and potency and enhances sexual performance Signal transduction cascade Refers to a due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient series of sequential events that transfer a sig- metabolism. nal through a series of intermediate molecules Sexually transmitted diseases until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- (STD) Infections that are transmitted scription factors, and is modifi ed in response through sexual activity. to the signal. SGOT , serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- Silicon (Si) Is required in minute amounts by nase An enzyme that is normally present in the body and is important for the development liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of called aspartate transaminase (AST). silicon. SGPT , serum glutamic pyruvic transami- Sinapism Signifi es an external application, in nase An enzyme normally present in serum the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. and body tissues, especially in the liver; it is Sinusitis Infl ammation of the nasal sinuses. released into the serum as a result of tissue SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea injury, also called alanine transaminase (ALT). (SIRC) cell line. Shiga-like toxin A toxin produced by the bacte- SIRT 1 Stands for sirtuin (silent mating type rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. enzyme that deacetylates proteins that contrib- Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli ute to cellular regulation. (STEC) Comprises a diverse group of Sirtuin Also called Sir2 proteins, a class of organisms capable of causing severe gastroin- proteins that possess either histone deacety- testinal disease in humans. lase or mono-ribosyltransferase activity. Shiga toxin A toxin produced by the bacterium 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha A physiologically active Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- and stable hydrolysis product of epoprostenol, tion of ribosomes. found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Shingles Skin rash caused by the zoster virus Sjögren’s syndrome An autoimmune dis- (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is ease that mainly affects the eyes and sali- medically termed herpes zoster. vary glands, but can affect different parts of Sialogogue Salivation promoter, a substance the body. Symptoms include dry and itchy used to increase or promote the excretion of eyes, a dry mouth, thirst and swallowing saliva. diffi culties. Sialoproteins Glycoproteins that contain sialic Skp1 (S-Phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a acid as one of their carbohydrates. core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and Sialorrhea Excessive production of saliva. mediates protein degradation. Medical Glossary 343

Smads A family of intracellular proteins Spermatorrhoea Medically an involuntary that mediate signalling by members of the ejaculation/drooling of semen usually noctur- TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta) nal emissions. superfamily. Spermidine An important polyamine in DNA Smad2/3 A key signalling molecule for synthesis and gene expression. TGF-beta. Spina bifi da A congenital birth defect caused Smad7 A TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. by the incomplete closing of the embryonic Smallpox Is an acute, contagious and devastat- neural tube. ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus Sphingolipid A member of a class of lipids and has resulted in high mortality over the derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, centuries. sphingosine. Snuff Powder inhaled through the nose. Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progres- SOCE (store - operated Ca 2 + Is a receptor- sive, degenerative, genetic disease with mul- regulated Ca2 + entry pathway. tiple types. SOD Superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that Spleen Organ that fi lters blood and prevents repairs cells and reduces the damage done to infection. them by superoxide, the most common free Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) Is an enigmatic radical in the body. protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number Sodium (Na) Is an essential nutrient required of diverse cellular processes such as the regu- for health. Sodium cations are important in lation of immune and infl ammatory responses. neuron (brain and nerve) function and in infl u- Splenitis Infl ammation of the spleen. encing osmotic balance between cells and the Splenocyte Is a monocyte, one of the fi ve interstitial fl uid and in maintenance of total major types of white blood cell, and is charac- body fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may teristically found in the splenic tissue. cause a harmful effect on health. Sodium is Splenomegaly Is an enlargement of the spleen. naturally supplied by salt intake with food. Spongiosis Abnormal accumulation of fl uid in Soleus muscle Smaller calf muscle lower down the epidermis. the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. Sprain To twist a ligament or muscle of a joint Somites Mesodermal structures formed during without dislocating the bone. embryonic development that give rise to seg- Sprue Is a chronic disorder of the small mented body parts such as the muscles of the intestine caused by sensitivity to gluten, body wall. a protein found in wheat and rye and to a Soporifi c A sleep-inducing drug. lesser extent oats and barley. It causes poor SOS response A global response to DNA dam- absorption by the intestine of fat, protein, age in which the cell cycle is arrested and carbohydrates, iron, water and vitamins A, DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. D, E and K. Soyasapogenins Triterpenoid products Sputum Matter coughed up and usually obtained from the acid hydrolysis of soyasa- ejected from the mouth, including saliva, for- ponins, designated soyasapogenols A,B, C, D eign material and substances such as mucus or and E. phlegm, from the respiratory tract. Soyasaponins Bioactive saponin compounds SREBP-1 See Sterol regulatory element- found in many legumes. binding protein-1. Spasmogenic Inducing spasm. Stanch To stop or check the fl ow of a bodily Spasmolytic Checking spasms; see fl uid like blood from a wound. Antispasmodic. A type of lipid-lowering drug. Spastic paraparesis A disorder that causes STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of tran- gradual weakness with muscle spasms (spas- scription 3, a transcription factor, plays a key tic weakness) in the legs. role in many cellular processes such as cell Spermatogenic Giving rise to sperms. growth and apoptosis. 344 Medical Glossary

Status epilepticus Refers to a life- threatening expression of a range of enzymes required for condition in which the brain is in a state of endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- persistent seizure. lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. STD Sexually transmitted disease. Stria terminalis A structure in the brain con- Is the presence of excess fat in sisting of a band of fi bres running along the faeces which appear frothy, foul smelling and lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the fl oats because of the high fat content. thalamus. Liver disease, characterised by Striae gravidarum A cutaneous condition infl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- characterised by stretch marks on the abdo- tion in the liver. men during and following pregnancy. Steatosis Refer to the deposition of fat in the Stricture An abnormal constriction of the interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, internal passageway within a tubular structure fatty liver disease. such as a vessel or duct Stereotypy Excessive repetitive or ritualistic Strongyloidiasis An intestinal parasitic infec- movement, posture or utterance. tion in humans caused by two species of the Sterility Inability to produce offspring, also parasitic nematode Strongyloides. The nema- called asepsis. tode or round worms are also called thread Sternutatory Causing or tending to cause worms. sneezing. Styptic A short stick of medication, usually Steroidogenic Relating to steroidogenisis. anhydrous aluminium sulphate (a type of Steroidogenisis The production of steroids, as alum) or titanium dioxide, which is used for by the adrenal glands. stanching blood by causing blood vessels to Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 contract at the site of the wound. Also called (SREBP1) Is a key regulator of the tran- haemostatic pencil. See Antihaemorrhagic. scription of numerous genes that function in Subarachnoid haemorrhage Is bleeding in the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. the area between the brain and the thin tissues Stimulant A substance that promotes the activ- that cover the brain. ity of a body system or function. Substance P A neuropeptide that functions as Stomachic (Digestive stimulant) an agent that a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and is stimulates or strengthens the activity of the associated with the sensation of pain. stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- Substantia nigra Is a dark coloured brain struc- tite and digestive processes. ture located in the midbrain that plays an impor- Stomatitis Oral infl ammation and ulcers, may tant role in reward, addiction and movement. be mild and localised or severe, widespread Sudatory Medicine that causes or increases and painful. sweating. Also see Sudorifi c. Stomatology Medical study of the mouth and Sudorifi c A substance that causes sweating. its diseases. Sulphur Sulphur is an essential component of Stool Faeces. all living cells. Sulphur is important for the Strangury Is the painful passage of small synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids, quantities of urine which are expelled slowly all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes such by straining with severe urgency; it is usually as glutathione, an important sulphur-con- accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of taining tripeptide which plays a role in cells a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass as a source of chemical reduction potential. something that will not pass. Sulphur is also important for hair formation. Straub tail Condition in which an animal car- Good plant sources are garlic, onion, leeks ries its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly verti- and other alliaceous vegetables and brassica- cal) position. ceous vegetables like caulifl ower, cabbages, STREPs Sterol regulatory element-binding Brussels sprout, kale; legumes, beans, green proteins, a family of transcription factors that and red gram and soybeans; horse radish; regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the water cress; and wheat germ. Medical Glossary 345

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Arises Synoviocyte Located in the synovial mem- from the anterior surface of the abdominal brane; there are two types. Type A cells are , just inferior to the origin of the celiac more numerous, have phagocytic characteris- trunk, and supplies the intestine from the tics and produce degradative enzymes. Type B lower part of the duodenum to the left colic cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates fl exure and the pancreas. the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage. Superoxidae mutase (SOD) Antioxidant Syphilis Is perhaps the best known of all the enzyme. STDs. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- Suppuration The formation of pus, the act of tact with infection sores, called chancres, becoming converted into and discharging pus. syphilitic skin rashes or mucous patches on Supraorbital Located above the orbit of the the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, eye. petting or sexual intercourse. It can also be Sural nerve Sensory nerve comprising col- transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus lateral branches off of the common tibial and after the fourth month of pregnancy. common fi bular nerve. System lupus erythematosus A long-term SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase Is a human autoimmune disorder that may affect the protein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in skin, joints, kidneys, brain and other organs. transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- Symptoms may include chest pain, fatigue, face receptors including CD74, fever, hair loss, mailasie, mouth sores, sensi- and integrins. tivity to sunlight, skin rash (butterfl y rash). Sympathetic nervous system The part of the Systolic The blood pressure when the heart is autonomic nervous system originating in the contracting. It is specifi cally the maximum thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord arterial pressure during contraction of the left that in general inhibits or opposes the physi- ventricle of the heart. ological effects of the parasympathetic ner- T cells Or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood vous system, as in tending to reduce digestive cell that plays a key role in the immune system secretions or speed up the heart. and attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells Sympathomimetic Mimicking the effects of and cancer cells. impulses conveyed by adrenergic postgangli- Tachyarrhythmia Any disturbance of the onic fi bres of the sympathetic nervous system. heart rhythm in which the heart rate is abnor- Synaptic plasticity The ability of neurons mally increased. to change the number and strength of their Tachycardia A false heart rate applied to synapses. adults to rates over 100 beats per minute. Synaptogenesis The formation of synapses. Tachykinins Neuropeptide transmitters that Synaptoneurosomes Purifi ed synapses con- are widely distributed and active in the central taining the pre- and postsynaptic termini. nervous system and periphery, rapidly acting Synaptosomes Isolated terminal of a neuron. secretagogues, and cause smooth muscle con- Syncope Fainting, sudden loss of conscious- traction and vasodilation (hypotension). ness followed by the return of wakefulness. Tachyphylaxia A decreased response to a Syndactyly Webbed toes, a condition where medicine given over a period of time so that two or more digits are fused together. larger doses are required to produce the same Syneresis Expulsion of liquid from a gel, as response. contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of Tachypnea Abnormally fast breathing. liquid. Taenia A parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of Syngeneic Genetically identical or closely the genus Taenia. related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- Taeniacide An agent that kills tapeworms. nologically compatible. Tardive dyskinesia A disorder characterised Synovial Lubricating fl uid secreted by syno- by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless move- vial membranes, as those of the joints. ments in the body such as grimacing, tongue 346 Medical Glossary

protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and purs- Tetter Any of a number of skin diseases. ing of the lips and rapid eye blinking. Rapid, TGF-beta Transforming growth factor beta is involuntary movements of the limbs, torso and a protein that controls proliferation, cellular fi ngers may also occur. differentiation and other functions in most Tau Is a class of microtubule-associated pro- cells. tein (MAP) in neuronal and glial cells. Th cells or T helper cells A subgroup of lym- Tau-1 (Ser198/199/202), pS396 (Ser396) and phocytes that helps other white blood cells in pS214 (Ser214) epitopes Serine phosphor- immunologic processes. ylation sites of tau-1. Th 1 cells Helper cells that play an important Tau phosphorylation Plays an important role role in the immune system. in neurodegenerative diseases and regulated Th 17 cells A subset of T helper cells produc- by protein kinases and phosphatases. ing . TBARS See thiobarbituric acid reactive Thalassemia major Is a genetic blood disorder substances. that causes the body to manufacture an abnor- TCA cycle See Tricarboxylic acid cycle. mal form of haemoglobin. TCID50 Median tissue culture infective dose; Thelarche The beginning of secondary (post- that amount of a pathogenic agent that will natal) breast development, usually occurring produce pathological change in 50% of cell at the beginning of puberty in girls. cultures. Thermogenic Tending to produce heat, applied Telencephalon The cerebral hemispheres, the to drugs or food (fat burning food). largest divisions of the human brain. Thermogenesis Is the process of heat produc- Teletherapy A noninvasive procedure using tion in organisms. external beam radiotherapy treatments. Thermonociceptors Or thermal nociceptors, Telomerase Enzyme that acts on parts of chro- sensory receptors that are stimulated by nox- mosomes known as telomeres. ius heat or cold at various temperatures. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TMD syndrome) A disorder characterised (TBARS) A well-established method for by acute or chronic infl ammation of the tem- screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. poromandibular joint that connects the man- Thixotropy The property exhibited by certain dible to the skull. gels of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken Tendonitis Is infl ammation of a tendon. and returning to the semisolid state upon Tenesmus A strong desire to defaecate. standing. Teras (Medicine) a grossly malformed and Thoracodynia Pain in the chest. usually nonviable fetus. plural terata. 3 - β-HSD (Or 3-β-hydroxysteroid Teratogen Is an agent that can cause malforma- dehydrogenase/δ-5-4 isomerase) is an enzyme tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. that catalyses the synthesis of progesterone Testicular torsion Twisting of the spermatic from pregnenolone. cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) protein Used as a testicle and surrounding structures within the marker for oxidative damage or nitrosative scrotum. stress. Tetanus An acute, potentially fatal disease Thrombocythaemia A blood condition char- caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the acterised by a high number of platelets in the site of an injury and producing an exotoxin blood. that reaches the central nervous system pro- Thrombocytopenia A condition when the ducing prolonged contraction of skeletal mus- bone marrow does not produce enough plate- cle fi bres. Also called lockjaw. lets (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. Tete Acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial Thromboembolism Formation in a blood ves- and fungal infections. sel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and Tetraparesis Weakness of muscles of all four is carried by the blood stream to plug another limbs. vessel. cf. thrombosis. Medical Glossary 347

Thrombogenesis Formation of a thrombus or Tisane An herbal infusion used as tea or for blood clot. medicinal purposes. Thrombophlebitis Occurs when there is Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) A serine infl ammation and clot in a surface vein. protease involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Thromboplastin An enzyme liberated from TNF alpha Cachexin or cachectin and for- blood platelets that converts prothrombin into mally known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called a cytokine involved in systemic infl ammation. thrombokinase. Primary role of TNF is in the regulation of Thrombosis The formation or presence of a immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- thrombus (clot). totic cell death, to induce infl ammation and to Thromboxanes Any of several compounds, inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. originally derived from prostaglandin precur- Tocolytics Medications used to suppress pre- sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of mature labour. platelets and constriction of blood vessels. Tocopherol Fat-soluble organic compounds Thromboxane B2 The inactive product of belonging to vitamin E group. See Vitamin E. thromboxane. Tocotrienol Fat-soluble organic compounds Thrombus A fi brinous clot formed in a blood belonging to vitamin E group. See Vitamin E. vessel or in a chamber of the heart. Tolerogenic Producing immunological Thrush A common mycotic infection caused tolerance. by yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive Toll-like receptors (TLRs) A class of pro- tract or vagina. In children it is characterised teins that play a key role in the innate immune by white spots on the tongue. system. Thymocytes Are T cell precursors which Tonic Substance that acts to restore, balance, develop in the thymus. tone, strengthen or invigorate a body system Thyrotoxicosis Or hyperthyroidism—an over- without overt stimulation or depression active thyroid gland, producing excessive Tonic–clonic seizure A type of generalised circulating free thyroxine and free triiodothy- seizure that affects the entire brain. ronine, or both. Tonsillitis An infl ammatory condition of the Tight junction Associated areas of two cells tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory whose membranes join together forming a problems. virtually impermeable barrier to fl uid. TOP2A Topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. TIMP-3 A human gene belongs to the tissue Topoisomerases A class of enzymes involved inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the regulation of DNA supercoiling. gene family. See MMP. Topoiosmerase inhibitors A new class of Tincture Solution of a drug in alcohol. anticancer agents with a mechanism of action Tinea Ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. aimed at interrupting DNA replication in can- Tinea favosa See Favus. cer cells. Tinea cruris Ringworm of the groin. Torsade de Pointes An uncommon condition Tinea imbricata (Also called Tokelau) an of the heart. It is a polymorphic ventricular eruption characterised by concentric rings of tachycardia occurring in the context of QT overlapping scales forming papulosquamous prolongation. patches scattered over the body; it occurs in Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Is a method tropical climates especially prevalent in south- of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal west Polynesia and is caused by the fungus tract. Trichophyton concentricum . Toxaemia Is the presence of abnormal sub- Tinea pedis Fungal infection of the foot, also stances in the blood, but the term is also used called atheletes’ foot. for a serious condition in pregnancy that Tinnitus A noise in the ears, as ringing, buzz- involves hypertension and proteinuria. Also ing, roaring, clicking, etc. called pre-eclampsia. 348 Medical Glossary

Tracheitis Is a bacterial infection of the tra- Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 chea; also known as bacterial tracheitis or (TRPA1) Is a Ca(2+)-permeant, non-selec- acute bacterial tracheitis. tive cationic channel that may play a role in Trachoma A contagious disease of the con- nociception. junctiva and cornea of the eye, producing Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 painful sensitivity to strong light and exces- (TRPV1) Receptor also known as capsaicin sive tearing. receptor and vanilloid receptor, is a Ca 2+-per- TRAIL Acronym for tumour necrosis factor- meable non-selective cation channel localised related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cyto- on a subset of primary sensory neurons and kine that preferentially induces apoptosis in can be activated by physical and chemical tumour cells. stimuli. Tranquiliser A substance drug used in calm- TRAP 6 Thrombin receptor-activating peptide ing person suffering from nervous tension or with 6 amino acids. anxiety. Tremorine A chemical that produces a tremor Transaminase Also called aminotransferase, resembling Parkinsonian tremor. is an enzyme that catalyses a type of reaction Tremulous Marked by trembling, quivering or between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. shaking. Transaminitis Increase in alanine aminotrans- Triacylglycerols Or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with ferase (AST) to > 5 times the upper limit of three fatty acids. normal. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) A series Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms ( TACE ) Is an pro- involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units cedure involving percutaneous access to the and producing high-energy phosphate com- hepatic artery and passing a catheter through pounds, which serve as the main source of the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- cellular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, ology. It is used extensively in the palliative Krebs cycle. treatment of unresectable hepatocellular car- Trichophytosis Infection by fungi of the genus cinoma (HCC). Trichophyto n. Transcriptional activators Are proteins that Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) Is a neuropathic bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal nearby genes. nerves, also known as prosopalgia. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 A potent Triglycerides A type of fat (lipids) found in the transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- blood stream. dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. Trismus Continuous contraction of the mus- Transcriptome Is a set of all RNA molecules, cles of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and other tetanus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth non-coding RNA transcribed in one cell or a fully. population of cells. TrKB receptor Also known as TrKB tyrosine Transcriptome profi ling To identify genes kinase, a protein in humans that acts as a cata- involved in peroxisome assembly and lytic receptor for several neutrophils. function. Trolox equivalent Measures the antioxidant Transoesophageal echocardiogram Uses capacity of a given substance, as compared to sound wave (ultrasound) technology to exam- the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC ine heart function. (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) A Trypanocidal Destructive to trypanosomes. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- Trypanosomes Protozoan of the genus ferentiation and other functions in most cells. Trypanosoma. Medical Glossary 349

Trypanosomiasis Human disease or an infec- Ulitis Infl ammation of the gums. tion caused by a trypanosome. Unguent Ointment. Trypsin An enzyme of pancreatic juice that Unilateral ureteral obstruction Unilateral hydrolyses proteins into smaller polypeptide blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of units. one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, Trypsin inhibitor Small protein synthesised in distension of the renal pelvis and calyces and the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- hydronephrosis. sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting Uraemia An excess in the blood of urea, cre- itself against trypsin digestion. atinine and other nitrogenous end products of TRPV1 See Transient receptor potential vanil- protein and amino acid metabolism, more cor- loid 1. rectly referred to as azotaemia. Tuberculosis (TB) Is a bacterial infection Urethra Tube conveying urine from the blad- of the lungs caused by a bacterium called der to the external urethral orifi ce. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterised by Urethritis Is an infl ammation of the urethra the formation of lesions (tubercles) and necro- caused by infection. sis in the lung tissues and other organs. Uricaemia An excess of uric acid or urates in Tubulopathy Any disease of the renal tubules the blood. of the . Uricosuric Promoting the excretion of uric Tumorigenesis Formation or production of acid in the urine. tumours. Urinary Pertaining to the passage of urine. Tumour An abnormal swelling of the body Urinary incontinence Sudden and strong need other than those caused by direct injury. to urinate because of poor bladder control. Tussis A cough. Urinogenital Relating to the genital and uri- Tympanic membrane Ear drum. nary organs or functions. Tympanitis Infection or infl ammation of the Urodynia Pain on urination. inner ear. Urokinase Also called urokinase-type plas- Tympanophonia Increased resonance of one’s minogen (u-PA), is a serine protease enzyme own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, in human urine that catalyses the conversion etc., noted especially in disease of the middle of plasminogen to plasmin. It is used clini- ear. cally as a thrombolytic agent. Tympanosclerosis See Myringosclerosis. Urokinase-type plasminogen (u-PA) Plays a Tyrosinas e A copper containing enzyme found key role in tumour invasion and metastasis; in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- also see Urokinase. tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Urolithiasis Formation of stone in the urinary duction of melanin and other pigments from tract (kidney bladder or urethra). tyrosine by oxidation. Urticant A substance that causes wheals to form. Ubiquitin ligase Also called an E3 ubiquitin Urticaria (Or hives) is a skin condition, com- ligase, is a protein that targets other proteins monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is to be broken down (degraded) within cells. characterised by raised red skin welts. UCP1 An uncoupling protein found in the Uterine Relating to the uterus. mitochondria of brown adipose tissue used to Uterine myomas Also called fi broids, tumours generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. that grown from the uterine wall. UCP: 2 enzyme Uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, a Uterine prolapse Occurs when weakened or mitochondrial protein expressed in adipocytes. damaged muscles and ligaments allow the Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal uterus to slip into the vagina. body surface usually accompanied by disinte- Uterine relaxant An agent that relaxes the gration of tissue and pus. muscles in the uterus. Is one of two types of Uterine stimulant An agent that stimulates infl ammatory bowel disease—a condition that the uterus (and often employed during active causes the bowel to become infl amed and red. childbirth). Ulemorrhagia Bleeding of the gums. Uterotonic Giving muscular tone to the uterus. 350 Medical Glossary

Uterotrophic Causing an effect on the uterus. VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mole- Uterus Womb. cule-1) Also known as CD106, contains Vaginal dystrophy A condition in which the six or seven immunoglobulin domains and outer part of the vagina becomes dry and the is expressed on both large and small vessels skin thickens or thins. only after the endothelial cells are stimulated Vaginitis Infectious or non-infectious infl am- by cytokines. mation of the vaginal mucosa. VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Vaginopathy Any disease of the vagina. Venereal disease (VD) Term given to the dis- Vagotomy The surgical cutting of the vagus eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. A small vein, especially one joining Vagus nerve A cranial nerve, that is, a nerve capillaries to larger veins. connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has Vermifuge A substance used to expel worms branches to most of the major organs in the from the intestines. body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, Verotoxin S Shiga-like toxin produced by lungs, heart and most of the digestive system. Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function Variola Or smallpox, a contagious disease of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. unique to humans, caused by either of two Verruca A contagious and painful wart on the virus variants, Variola major and Variola sole of the foot. minor. The disease is characterised by fever, Verruca plana Is a reddish-brown or fl esh- weakness and skin eruption with pustules that coloured, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- form scabs that leave scars. demarcated papule on the hand and face, also Varicose veins Are veins that have become called fl at wart. enlarged and twisted. Verruca vulgaris Small painless warts on the Is a network of small blood ves- skin caused by the human papillomavirus. sels that supply large blood vessels. pl. vasa Vertigo An illusory, sensory perception that vasori. the surroundings or one’s own body is revolv- Vascular (VCAM) A ing; dizziness. part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Very low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) A type They are important in infl ammation, immune of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is one responses and intracellular signalling events. of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins (chy- Vascular endothelial growth factor lomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipo- (VEGF) A polypeptide chemical produced protein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density by cells that stimulates the growth of new lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats and cho- blood vessels. lesterol to move within the water-based solu- Group of disorders that destroy tion of the bloodstream. VLDL is converted blood vessels by infl ammation. in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein Vasculogenesis The process of blood vessel (LDL). formation occurring by a de novo production Vesical calculus Calculi (stones) in the urinary of endothelial cells. bladder Vasoconstrictor Drug that causes constriction Vesicant A substance that causes tissue of blood vessels. blistering. Vasodilator Drug that causes dilation or relax- Vestibular Relating to the sense of balance. ation of blood vessels. Vestibular disorders Includes symptoms of Vasodilatory Causing the widening of the dizziness, vertigo and imbalance; it can be lumen of blood vessels. result from or worsened by genetic or envi- Vasomotor symptoms Menopausal symptoms ronmental conditions. characterised by hot fl ushes and night sweats. Vestibular schwannoma Also called acoustic Refers to a condition in which neuroma is a benign tumour that may develop blood vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstric- from an overproduction of Schwann cells that tion and subsequently to tissue ischemia and press on the hearing and balance nerves in the death (necrosis). inner ear. Medical Glossary 351

Vestibular system Includes parts of the inner zyme in . Defi ciency ear and brain that process sensory informa- causes paresthesia. tion involved with controlling balance and eye Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in movement. three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyri- Vibrissa Stiff hairs that are located especially doxal and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is needed about the nostrils. in enzymes involved in protein metabolism, Vimentin A type III intermediate fi lament pro- red blood cell metabolism, effi cient func- tein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. tioning of nervous and immune systems and Viremia A medical condition where viruses haemoglobin formation. Defi ciency causes enter the bloodstream and hence have access anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. to the rest of the body. Vitamin B 7 Also called biotin or vitamin H, Visceral fat Intra-abdominal fat, is located an essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between in the synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids and internal organs and torso. glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin pro- Visual entopia Visual disturbances motes normal health of sweat glands, bone Vitamin Any complex, organic compound, marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve tis- found in various food or sometimes synthe- sue, skin and hair. Defi ciency causes dermati- sised in the body, required in tiny amounts and tis and enteritis. are essential for the regulation of metabolism, Vitamin B9 Also called folic acid, an essen- normal growth and function of the body. tial water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially Vitamin A Retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that important during periods of rapid cell division play an important role in vision, bone growth, and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. reproduction, cell division and cell differentia- Defi ciency during pregnancy is associated tion, and help regulate the immune system in with birth defects such as neural tube defects. preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin Folate is also important for production of red A that is found in colourful fruits and veg- blood cells and prevents anaemia. Folate is etables is called provitamin A carotenoid. needed to make DNA and RNA, the building They can be made into retinol in the body. blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes Defi ciency of vitamin A results in night blind- to DNA that may lead to cancer. ness and keratomalacia. Vitamin B12 A water-soluble vitamin, also Vitamin B1 Also called thiamine, water-soluble called cobalamin as it contains the metal vitamins, dissolve easily in water and, in gen- cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells eral, are readily excreted from the body they and red blood cells and DNA production. are not readily stored; consistent daily intake Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. is important. It functions as coenzyme in the Defi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. metabolism of carbohydrates and branched Vitamin C Also known as ascorbic acid is an chain amino acids and other cellular processes. essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as Defi ciency results in beriberi disease. for reactions requiring reduced cop- Vitamin B2 Also called ribofl avin, an essential per or iron metalloenzyme and as a protective water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- antioxidant. Defi ciency of vitamin C causes zyme in redox reactions. Defi ciency causes scurvy. aribofl avinosis. Vitamin D A group of fat-soluble, prohormone Vitamin B3 Comprises niacin and niacina- vitamin, the two major forms of which are mide, water-soluble vitamin that functions vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 as coenzyme or co-substrate for many redox (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from reactions and is required for energy metabo- sun exposure, food and supplements is biolog- lism. Defi ciency causes pellagra. ically inert and must undergo two hydroxyl- Vitamin B5 Also called pantothenic acid, a ations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- essential for promoting calcium absorption in 352 Medical Glossary

the gut and maintaining adequate serum cal- Vomitive Substance that causes vomiting. cium and phosphate concentrations to enable Vulnerary (Wound healer) a substance used to normal growth and mineralisation of bone heal wounds and promote tissue formation. and prevent hypocalcaemic tetany. Defi ciency Vulva-vaginal erythema Abnormal redness causes rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D and infl ammation of the skin in the vagina. has other roles in human health, including Wart An infectious skin tumour caused by a modulation of neuromuscular and immune viral infection. function, reduction of infl ammation and mod- Welt See Wheal. ulation of many genes encoding proteins that Wheal A fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and Also called a weal or welt. apoptosis. White fat White adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- Vitamin E Is the collective name for a group mals, store of energy. cf. brown fat. of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight Whitlow Painful infection of the hand involv- chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and ing one or more fi ngers that typically affects delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma- the terminal phalanx. and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced Whooping cough Acute infectious disease antioxidant activities stopping the formation usually in children caused by a Bacillus bac- of reactive oxygen species when fat under- terium and accompanied by catarrh of the goes oxidation and helps prevent or delay the respiratory passages and repeated bouts of chronic diseases associated with free radicals. coughing. Besides its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is Wnt proteins Are a diverse family of secreted involved in immune function, cell signalling, lipid-modifi ed signalling glycoproteins that regulation of gene expression and other meta- are 350–400 amino acids in length bolic processes. Defi ciency is very rare but Wnt signalling pathway Is a network of pro- can cause mild haemolytic anaemia in new- teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer born infants. and also in normal physiological processes. Vitamin K A group of fat-soluble vitamin and X-Linked agammaglobulinemia Also known

consists of vitamin K 1 which is also known as as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton

phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, syndrome or sex-linked agammaglobulin- menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important emia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare affects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. but can cause bleeding diathesis. Xanthine oxidase A fl avoprotein enzyme con- Vitamin P A substance or mixture of taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and

substances obtained from various plant (Fe 2 S2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo- sources, identified as citrin or a mixture of lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- bioflavonoids, thought to but not proven dase reduces the production of uric acid and to be useful in reducing the extent of prevents hyperuricaemia and gout. haemorrhage. Xanthones Unique class of biologically Vitiligo A chronic skin disease that causes loss active phenol compounds with the molecular of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches formula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells properties, discovered in the mangosteen responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are fruit. unable to function. Also called leucoderma. Xenobiotics A chemical (as a drug, pesti- Vitreoretinopathy See Proliferative cide or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living vitreoretinopathy. organism. VLA-4 Very late antigen-4, expressed by most Xenograft A surgical graft of tissue from one leucocytes, but it is observed on neutrophils species to an unlike species. under special conditions. Xerophthalmia A medical condition in which VLDL See Very low-density lipoproteins. the eye fails to produce tears. Medical Glossary 353

Xerostomia Dryness in the mouth due to lack for good vision and is one of the two carot- of saliva production. enoids contained within the retina of the eye. Yaws An infectious tropical infection of the Within the central macula, zeaxanthin pre- skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete dominates, whereas in the peripheral retina, bacterium Treponema pertenue , characterised lutein predominates. by papules and papilloma with subsequent Zinc (Zn) Is an essential mineral for health. deformation of the skins, bone and joints; also It is involved in numerous aspects of cellular called framboesia. metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, yGCN5 A histone acetyl transferase (HAT) immune function, protein synthesis, wound that plays a role in regulation of transition, cell healing, DNA synthesis and cell division. It cycle progression and differentiation. also supports normal growth and development Yellow fever Is a viral disease that is transmit- during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence ted to humans through the bite of infected and is required for proper sense of taste and mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, infl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis and pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat haemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) bread and animal sources. is maintained in nature by mosquito-borne ZK1 Kruppel-type zinc fi nger protein — binds transmission between nonhuman primates. DNA and, through this binding, regulates Zeaxanthin A common carotenoid, found nat- gene transcription. urally as coloured pigments in many fruit veg- ZO1 protein A high molecular weight tight etables and leafy vegetables. It is important junction-associated protein. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial Facing away from the axis, as of the leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the axils surface of an organ. of leaves. Abortive Imperfectly formed. Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- Abscission Shedding of leaves, fl owers or lished in a new habitat or environment; locally fruits following the formation of the abscis- or temporarily naturalised, e.g. an adventive sion zone. weed. Acaulescen t Lacking a stem, or stem very Aestivation Refers to positional arrangement much reduced. of the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. Accrescent Increasing in size after fl owering Akinete A thick-walled dormant cell derived or with age. from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It Achene A dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent serves as a survival structure. fruit formed from a superior ovary of one car- Alfisols Soil with a clay-enriched subsoil pel as in sunfl ower. and relatively high native fertility, having Acid soi l Soil that maintains a pH of less than undergone only moderate leaching, con- 7.0. taining aluminium, iron and with at least Acidulous Acid or sour in taste. 35% base saturation, meaning that calcium, Actinomorphic Having radial symmetry, capa- magnesium and potassium are relatively ble of being divided into symmetrical halves abundant. by any plane, referring to a fl ower, calyx or Alkaline soil Soil that maintains a pH above corolla. 7.0, usually containing large amounts of cal- Aculeate Having sharp prickles. cium, sodium and magnesium, and is less Acuminate Tapering gradually to a sharp point. soluble than acidic soils. Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less Alkaloids Naturally occurring bitter, com- than 90° before terminating in a point as of plex organic-chemical compounds containing leaf apex and base. basic nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having Adaxia l Side closest to the stem axis. various pharmacological effects on humans Adelphous Having stamens united together by and other animals. their fi laments. Alternate Leaves or buds that are spaced along Adherent Touching without organic fusion as opposite sides of stem at different levels. of fl oral parts of different whorls. Allomorphic With a shape or form different Adnate United with another unlike part as of from the typical. stamens attached to petals. Alluvial soil A fi ne-grained fertile soil depos- Adpressed Lying close to another organ but ited by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in not fused to it. river beds. Adventitious Arising in abnormal positions, Alluvium Soil or sediments deposited by a e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or river or other running water.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 354 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 Scientifi c Glossary 355

Amplexicaul Clasping the stem as base of cer- Apically Towards the apex or tip of a structure. tain leaves. Apiculate Ending abruptly in a short, sharp, Anatomising Interconnecting network as small point. applied to leaf veins. Apiculum A short, pointed, fl exible tip. Andisols Are soils formed in volcanic ash Apocarpous Carpels separate in single indi- and containing high proportions of glass and vidual pistils. amorphous colloidal materials. Apopetalous With separate petals, not united Androdioecious With male fl owers and bisex- to other petals. ual fl owers on separate plants. Aposepalous With separate sepals, not united Androecium Male parts of a fl ower; compris- to other sepals. ing the stamens of one fl ower. Appendiculate Having small appendages Androgynophore A stalk bearing both the Appressed Pressed closely to another structure androecium and gynoecium above the peri- but not fused or united. anth of the fl ower. Aquatic A plant living in or on water for all or Androgynous With male and female fl owers in a considerable part of its life span. distinct parts of the same infl orescence. Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered Andromonoecious Having male fl owers and with long, delicate hairs or fi bres. bisexual fl owers on the same plant. Arborescent Resembling a tree; applied to Angiosperm A division of seed plants with the nonwoody plants attaining tree height and to ovules borne in an ovary. shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. Annual A plant which completes its life cycle Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) A type of within a year. mycorrhiza in which the fungus (of the phy- Annular Shaped like or forming a ring. lum Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical Annulus Circle or ringlike structure or mark- cells of the roots of a vascular plant and forms ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a unique structures such as arbuscules and vesi- fl eshy, raised ring. cles. These fungi help plants to capture nutri- Anthelate An open, paniculate cyme. ents such as phosphorus and micronutrients Anther The part of the stamen containing pol- from the soil. len sac which produces the pollen. Archegonium A fl ask-shaped female repro- Antheriferous Containing anthers. ductive organ in mosses, ferns and other Anthesis The period between the opening of related plants. the bud and the onset of fl ower withering. Areolate With areolae. Anthocarp A false fruit consisting of the true Areole (Botany) a small, specialised, cushion- fruit and the base of the perianth. like area on a cactus from which hairs, glo- Anthocyanidins Are common plant pig- chids, spines, branches or fl owers may arise; ments. They are the sugar-free counterparts of an irregular angular specs marked out on a anthocyanins. surface, e.g. fruit surface. pl. areolae. Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl a- Aril Specialised outgrowth from the funiculus vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. arillate. ments that may appear red, purple or blue Arillode A false aril; an aril originating from according to pH in plants. the micropyle instead of from the funicle or Antipetala Situated opposite petals. chalaza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. Antisepala Situated opposite sepals. Aristate Bristlelike part or appendage, e.g. Antrorse Directed forward and upward. awns of grains and grasses. Apetalous Lacking petals as of fl owers with no Aristulate Having a small, stiff, bristlelike part corolla. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate Apical meristem Active growing point. A zone Articulate Jointed; usually breaking eas- of cell division at the tip of the stem or the ily at the nodes or point of articulation into root. segments. 356 Scientifi c Glossary

Ascending Arched upwards in the lower part B i fi d Forked, divided into two parts. and becoming erect in the upper part. Bifoliolate Having two leafl ets. Ascospore Spore produced in the ascus in Bilabiate Having two lips as of a corolla or ascomycete fungi. calyx with segments fused into an upper and Ascus Is the sexual spore-bearing cell pro- lower lip. duced in ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. Bipinnate Twice pinnate; the primary leafl ets Asperulous Refers to a rough surface with being again divided into secondary leafl ets. short, hard projections. Bipinnatisect Refers to a pinnately compound Attenuate Tapered or tapering gradually to a leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into point. pinnae. Auricle An ear-like appendage that occurs at Biserrate Doubly serrate; with smaller, regu- the base of some leaves or corolla. lar, asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger Auriculate Having auricles. teeth. Awn A hair-like or bristlelike appendage on a Bisexual Having both sexes, as in a fl ower larger structure. bearing both stamens and pistil, hermaphro- Axil Upper angle between a lateral organ, such dite or perfect. as a leaf petiole, and the stem that bears it. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae Axile Situated along the central axis of an each divided into three pinnules. ovary having two or more locules, as in axile Blade Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath placentation. or petiole. Axillary Arising or growing in an axil. Blotched See Variegated. Baccate Beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. Bole Main trunk of tree from the base to the Barbate Bearded, having tufts of hairs. fi rst branch. Barbellae Short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. Brachyblast A short, axillary, densely crowded barbellate. branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which Bark Is the outermost layers of stems and roots the internodes elongate little or not at all. of woody plants. Bracket fungus Shelf fungus. Basal Relating to, situated at, arising from or Bract A leafl ike structure, different in form forming the base. from the foliage leaves, associated with an Basaltic soil Soil derived from basalt, a com- infl orescence or fl ower. adj. bracteate. mon extrusive volcanic rock. Bracteate Possessing bracts. Basidiospore A reproductive spore produced Bracteolate Having bracteoles. by basidiomycete fungi. Bracteole A small, secondary, bract-like struc- Basidium A microscopic, spore-producing ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- calyx of a fl ower. adj. bracteolate. ing bodies of basidiomycete fungi. Bran Hard outer layer of grain and comprises Basifi xed Attached by the base, as certain the aleurone and pericarp. It contains impor- anthers are to their fi laments. tant antioxidant, vitamins and fi bre. Basionym The synonym of a scientifi c name Bristle A stiff hair. that supplies the epithet for the correct name. Bulb A modifi ed underground axis that is short Beak A prominent apical projection, especially and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. imbricate scales. adj. bulbous. Bearded Having a tuft of hairs. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, espe- Berry A fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from cially one borne in the leaf axil or an infl orescence a single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in and usually produced for asexual reproduction. the fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. Bullate Puckered, blistered. Biconvex Convex on both sides. Burr Type of seed or fruit with short, stiff Biennial Completing the full cycle from ger- bristles or hooks or may refer to a deformed mination to fruiting in more than one, but not type of wood in which the grain has been more than two years. misformed. Scientifi c Glossary 357

Bush Low, dense shrub without a pronounced Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from trunk. two or more united carpels and dehiscing at Buttress Supporting, projecting out- maturity by sections called valves to release growth from base of a tree trunk as in some the seeds. adj. capsular. Rhizophoraceae and Moraceae. Carinate Keeled. Caducous Shedding or falling early before Carpel A simple pistil consisting of ovary, maturity refers to sepals and petals. ovules, style and stigma. adj. carpellary. Caespitose Growing densely in tufts or clumps; Carpogonium Female reproductive organ in having short, closely packed stems. red algae. pl. carpogonia. Calcareous Composed of or containing lime or Carpophore Part of the receptacle which is limestone. lengthened between the carpels as a central Calcrete A hardpan consisting gravel and sand axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of cemented by calcium. a fungus. Callus A condition of thickened raised mass of Cartilaginous Sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). often formed after an injury but sometimes a Caruncle (Bot) fl eshy structure attached to the normal feature. A callus also can refer to an seed of certain plants. undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a Caryopsis A simple dry, indehiscent fruit culture medium. n. callosity. pl. calli, callosi- formed from a single ovary with the seed coat ties. adj. callose. united with the ovary wall as in grasses and Calyptra The protective cap or hood cov- cereals. ering the spore case of a moss or related Cataphyll A reduced or scarcely developed plant. leaf at the start of a plant’s life (i.e. cotyledons) Calyptrate Operculate, having a calyptra. or in the early stages of leaf development. Calyx Outer fl oral whorl usually consisting Catkin A slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower of free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and spike usually with unisexual fl owers. calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is Caudate Having a narrow, tail-like appendage. still a bud. adj. calycine. Caudex Thickened, usually underground base Calyx lobe One of the free upper parts of the of the stem. calyx which may be present when the lower Caulescent Having a well-developed aerial part is united into a tube. stem. Calyx tube The tubular fused part of the calyx, Caulifl ory Botanical term referring to plants often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is which fl ower and fruit from their main stems free from the corolla. or woody trunks. adj. caulifl orus. Campanulate Shaped like a bell refers to calyx Cauline Borne on the aerial part of a stem. or corolla. Chaffy Having thin, membranous scales in the Canaliculate Having groove or grooves. infl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the sun- Candelabriform Having the shape of a tall fl ower family. branched candle stick. Chalaza The basal region of the ovule where Canescent Covered with short, fi ne whitish or the stalk is attached. greyish hairs or down. Chamaephyte A low-growing perennial plant Canopy Uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. whose dormant overwintering buds are borne Cap See Pileus. at or just above the surface of the ground. Capitate Growing together in a head. Also Chartaceous Papery, of paper-like texture. means enlarged and globular at the tip. Chasmogamous Describing fl owers in which Capitulum A fl ower head or infl orescence hav- pollination takes place while the fl ower is ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, open. fl owers or fl orets. Chatoyant Having a velvety sheen or lustre. 358 Scientifi c Glossary

Chloroplast A chlorophyll-containing organ- Cleistogamous Refers to a fl ower in which fer- elle (plastid) that gives the green colour to tilisation occurs within the bud, i.e. without leaves and stems. Plastids harness light energy the fl ower opening. cf. chasmogamous. that is used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process Climber Growing more or less upwards by called photosynthesis. leaning or twining around another structure. Chromoplast Plastid containing coloured pig- Clone All the plants reproduced, vegetatively, ments apart from chlorophyll. from a single parent, thus having the same Chromosomes Thread-shaped structures that genetic make-up as the parent. occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, con- Coccus One of the sections of a distinctly taining the genetic information of living lobed fruit which becomes separate at matu- organisms. rity; sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. Cilia Hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla Coenocarpium A fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp lobe. formed from an infl orescence rather than a Ciliate With a fringe of hairs on the margin as single fl ower. of the corolla lobes or leaf. Coherent Touching without organic fusion, Ciliolate Minutely ciliate. referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral Cilium A straight, usually erect hair on a mar- parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, gin or ridge. pl. cilia. connate. Cincinnus A monochasial cyme in which the Collar Boundary between the above- and lateral branches arise alternately on opposite below-ground parts of the plant axis. sides of the false axis. Colliculate Having small elevations. Circinnate Spirally coiled, with the tip Column A structure formed by the united style, innermost. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae Circumscissile Opening by a transverse line and Orchidaceae. around the circumference as of a fruit. Comose Tufted with hairs at the ends as of Cladode The modifi ed photosynthetic stem of seeds. a plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Composite Having two types of fl orets as of the or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. fl owers in the sunfl ower family, Asteraceae. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion Compost Organic matter (like leaves, mulch, of a stem that resembles and functions as a manure, etc.) that breaks down in soil releas- leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, phyllode. ing its nutrients. Clamp connection In the basidiomycetes Compound Describe a leaf that is further fungi, a lateral connection or outgrowth divided into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with formed between two adjoining cells of a hypha more than a single fl oret. and arching over the septum between them. Compressed Flattened in one plane. Clavate Club shaped thickened at one end Conceptacles Specialised cavities of marine referring to fruit or other organs. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Claw The conspicuously narrowed basal part Concolorous Uniformly coloured, as in upper of a fl at structure. and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous Clay A naturally occurring material composed Conduplicate Folded together lengthwise. primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- Cone A reproductive structure composed of ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which an axis (branch) bearing sterile bract- like exhibit plasticity through a variable range organs and seed- or pollen-bearing structures. of water content and which can be hardened Applied to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, when dried and/or fi red. Casuarinaceae and also in some members of Clayey Resembling or containing a large pro- Proteaceae. portion of clay. Conic Cone shaped, attached at the broader Cleft Incised halfway down. end. Scientifi c Glossary 359

Conic–capitate A cone-shaped head of Cover crop Crop grown in between trees or in fl owers. fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- Connate Fused to another structure of the same sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off kind . cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. weeds. Connective The tissue separating two lobes of Crenate Round toothed or scalloped as of leaf an anther. margins. Connivent Converging. Crenulate Minutely crenate, very strongly Conspecifi c Within or belonging to the same scalloped. species. Crested Frilled and ruffl ed edge. Contorted Twisted. Crispate Weakly undulating edge. Convolute Refers to an arrangement of petals Crisped With a curled or twisted edge. in a bud where each has one side overlapping Cristate Having or forming a crest or crista. the adjacent petal. Crozier Shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Cordate Heart shaped as of leaves. Crustaceous Like a crust; having a hard crust Core Central part. or shell. Coriaceous Leathery texture as of leaves. Cucullate Having the shape of a cowl or hood, Corm A short, swollen, fl eshy, underground hooded. plant stem that serves as a food storage organ Culm The main aerial stem of the Graminae used by some plants to survive winter or other (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). adverse conditions Culm sheath The plant casing (similar to a Cormel A miniature, new corm produced on a leaf) that protects the young bamboo shoot mature corm. during growth, attached at each node of culm. Corn silk The long, fi lamentous styles that Cultigen Plant species or race known only in grow as a silky tuft or tassel at the tip of an cultivation. ear of corn. Cultivar Cultivated variety; an assemblage of Corolla The inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- cultivated individuals distinguished by any char- ally consisting of free petals or petals fused acters signifi cant for the purposes of agriculture, forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. forestry or horticulture and which, when repro- corolline. duced, retains its distinguishing features. Corona A crown-like section of the staminal Cuneate Wedge-shaped, obtriangular. column, usually with the inner and outer lobes Cupular Cup shaped, having a cupule. as in the Stapelieae . Cupule A small cup-shaped structure or organ, Coroniform Crown shaped, as in the pappus of like the cup at the base of an acorn. Asteraceae. Cusp An elongated, usually rigid, acute point. Cortex The outer of the stem or root of a plant, cf. mucro. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cuspidate Terminating in or tipped with a on the inside by the endodermis containing sharp fi rm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. undifferentiated cells. Cuspidulate Constricted into a minute cusp. Corymb A fl at-topped, short, broad infl ores- cf. cuspidate. cence, in which the fl owers, through unequal Cyathiform In the form of a cup, a little wid- pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and the ened at the top. youngest in the centre. adj. corymbose Cyathium A specialised type of infl ores- Costa A thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of cence of plants in the genera Euphorbia and the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. Chamaesyce in which the unisexual fl owers Costapalmate Having defi nite costa (midrib) are clustered together within a bract-like enve- unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets lope. pl. cyathia. are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. Cylindric Tubular or rod shaped. Cotyledon The primary seed leaf within the Cylindric–acuminate Elongated and tapering embryo of a seed. to a point. 360 Scientifi c Glossary

Cymbiform Boat shaped and elongated and Dichasium A cymose infl orescence in which having the upper surface decidedly concave. the branches are opposite and approximately Cyme An infl orescence in which the lateral equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. axis grows more strongly than the main axis Dichotomous Divided into two parts. with the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the Dicotyledon Angiosperm with two cotyledons. ends. adj. cymose Didymous Arranged or occurring in pairs as of Cymule A small cyme or one or a few fl owers. anthers, having two lobes. Cystidium A relatively large cell found on the Digitate Having digits or fi ngerlike projections. hymenium of a basidiomycete, for example, Dikaryophyses Or dendrophydia, irregularly, on the surface of a mushroom. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Cystocarp Fruitlike structure (sporocarp) hymenomycetes (class of basidiomycetes) developed after fertilisation in the red algae. fungi. Deciduous Falling off or shedding at maturity Dimorphic Having or occurring in two forms, or a specifi c season or stage of growth. as of stamens of two different lengths or a Decorticate To remove the bark, rind or husk plant, having two kinds of leaves. from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off Dioecious With male and female unisexual as a skin. fl owers on separate plants. cf. monoecious. Decompound As of a compound leaf; consist- Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes ing of divisions that are themselves compound. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Decumbent Prostrate, laying or growing on the being derived from the female parent and the ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, other from the male. procumbent. Diplobiontic life cycle Life cycle that exhib- Decurrent Having the leaf base tapering down its alternation of generations, which features to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Decussate Having paired organs with succes- and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- sive pairs at right angles to give four rows as of phytes. Mitoses occur in both the diploid and leaves. haploid phases. D e fl exed Bent downwards. Diplontic life cycle Or gametic meiosis, Degumming Removal of gum deposits (phos- wherein instead of immediately dividing mei- phatides, entrained oil and meal particles) otically to produce haploid cells, the zygote from crude edible oils traditionally done divides mitotically to produce a multicellular with water. Water degumming process also diploid individual or a group of more diploid removes hydrophilic substances such as sug- cells. ars from the oil. Diplochory Seed dispersal involving two or Dehisce To split open at maturity, as in a more modes. capsule. Dipterocarpous Trees of the family Dehiscent Splitting open at maturity to release Dipterocarpaceae, with two-winged fruit the contents. cf. indehiscent. found mainly in tropical lowland rainforest. Deltate Triangular shape. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc- Deltoid Shaped like an equilateral triangle. shaped receptacle of the fl ower head in Dendritic Branching from a main stem or axis Asteraceae; also the fl eshy nectariferous like the branches of a tree. organ usually between the stamens and Dentate With sharp, rather coarse teeth per- ovary; also used for the enlarged style end pendicular to the margin. in Proteaceae. Denticulate Finely toothed. Disc floret The central, tubular four- or Diageotropic The tendency of growing parts, five-toothed or lobed floret on the disc such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line of an inflorescence, as of flower head of of gravity. Asteraceae. Diadelphous Having stamens in two bundles Disciform Flat and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- as in Papilionaceae fl owers. coid, radiate. Scientifi c Glossary 361

Discoid Resembling a disc; having a fl at, cir- Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant cular form; disc shaped. cf. disciform, radiate. contained within a seed or an archegonium, Discolorous Having two colours, as of a leaf composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end which has different colours on the two sur- and root end). faces. cf. concolorous. Endemic Prevalent in or peculiar to a particu- Disomic Having one or more chromosomes lar geographical locality or region. present twice but without the entire genome Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the doubled. pericarp of many fruits. Dispersal Dissemination of seeds. Endosperm Tissue that surrounds and nour- Distal Site of any structure farthest from the ishes the embryo in the angiosperm seed. It point of attachment. cf. proximal. contains starchy carbohydrates, proteins and Distichous Referring to two rows of upright small amounts of vitamins and minerals. leaves in the same plane. Endospermous Refers to seeds having an Dithecous Having two thecae. endosperm. Divaricate Diverging at a wide angle. Ensiform Shaped like the blade of a sword, Domatium A part of a plant (e.g. a leaf) that long and narrow with sharp edges and a has been modifi ed to provide protection for pointed tip. other organisms. pl. domatia. Endotrophic As of mycorrhiza obtaining Dormancy A resting period in the life of a nutrients from inside. plant during which growth slows or appears Ensilage The process of preserving green food to stop. for livestock in an undried condition in airtight Dorsal Referring to the back surface. conditions. Also called silaging. Dorsifi xed Attached to the back as of anthers. Entire Having a smooth, continuous margin Drupaceous Resembling a drupe. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Drupe A fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed Entisols Soils that do not show any profi le in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue development other than an A horizon. embedded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) sur- Ephemeral Transitory, short lived. rounded by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. Epicalyx A whorl of bracts, subtending and drupaceous. resembling a calyx. Drupelet A small drupe. Epicarp Outermost layer of the pericarp of a fruit. Ebracteate Without bracts. Epicormic Attached to the corm. Echinate Bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly Epicotyl The upper portion of the embryonic hairs. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Edaphic Refers to plant communities that are true leaves. distinguished by soil conditions rather than by Epigeal Above grounds with cotyledons raised the climate. above ground. Eglandular Without glands. cf. glandular. Epiparasite An organism parasitic on another Elaioplasts A type of leucoplast that is special- that parasitizes a third. ised for the storage of lipids in plants. Epipetalous Borne on the petals, as of stamens. Elaiosome Fleshy lipid-rich structures that are Epiphyte A plant growing on, but not para- attached to the seeds of many plant species. sitic on, another plant, deriving its moisture Ellipsoid A three-dimensional shape; elliptic and nutrients from the air and rain, e.g. some in outline. Orchidaceae. adj. epiphytic. Elliptic Having a two-dimensional shape of an Epithet Name. ellipse or fl attened circle. Equitant In a loose fan pattern. Elongate Extended, stretched out. Erect Upright, vertical. Emarginate Refers to leaf with a broad, shal- Essential oils Volatile products obtained from low notch at the apex. cf. retuse. a natural source; refers to volatile products 362 Scientifi c Glossary

obtained by steam or water distillation in a Floret One of the small individual fl owers of strict sense. sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the Etiolation To cause (a plant) to develop with- grasses, including the lemma and palea. out chlorophyll by preventing exposure to Flower The sexual reproductive organ of fl ow- sunlight. ering plants, typically consisting of gynoe- Eutrophic Having waters rich in mineral and cium, androecium and perianth or calyx and/ organic nutrients that promote a proliferation or corolla and the axis bearing these parts. of plant life, especially algae, which reduces Fluted As of a trunk with grooves and folds. the dissolved oxygen content and often causes Fodder Plant material, fresh or dried fed to the extinction of other organisms. animals. Excentric Off the true centre. Foliaceous Leafl ike. Excrescence Abnormal outgrowth. Foliage Leaves of the plant. Excurrent Projecting beyond the tip, as the Foliar Pertaining to a leaf. midrib of a leaf or bract. Foliolate Pertaining to leafl ets, used with a Exserted Sticking out, protruding beyond number prefi x to denote the number of leafl ets. some enclosing organ, as of stamens which Foliose Leafl ike. project beyond the corolla or perianth. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from Exstipulate Without stipules. cf. stipulate. a single carpel and dehiscing along one Extra-fl oral Outside the fl ower. suture. Extrose Turned outwards or away from the Forb Any herb that is not grass or grass-like. axis as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. Foveolate Surface pitted with shallow Falcate Sickle shaped, crescent shaped. depressions. Fascicle A cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers Free central placentation The arrangement and stamens. adj. fasciculate. of ovules on a central column that is not con- Fasciclode Staminode bundles. nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the Fastigiate A tree in which the branches grow ovaries of the carnation and primrose. almost vertically. Frond The leaf of a fern or cycad. Ferrosols Soils with an iron oxide content of Fruit Ripened ovary with adnate parts. greater than 5%. Frutescent Shrubby. Ferruginous Rust coloured, reddish-brown. Fugacious Shedding off early. Fertile Having functional sexual parts which Fulvous Yellow, tawny. are capable of fertilisation and seed produc- Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches tion. cf. sterile. the ovule to the ovary wall. Filament The stalk of a stamen supporting and Fuscescent Dusky. subtending the anther. Fusiform A three-dimensional shape; spindle Filiform Having the form of or resembling a shaped, i.e. broad in the centre, but tapering at thread or fi lament. both thick ends. Fimbriate Fringed. Galea A part of the calyx or corolla having the Fixed oils Non-volatile oils, triglycerides of form of a helmet. fatty acids. Gall fl ower Short-styled fl ower that does not Flaccid Limp and weak. develop into a fruit but is adapted for the Flag leaf The uppermost leaf on the stem. development of a specifi c wasp within the Flaky In the shape of fl akes or scales. fruit, e.g. in the fi g. Flexuous Zigzagging, sinuous, bending, as of Gamete A reproductive cell that fuses with a stem. another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are Floccose Covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. haploid (they contain half the normal (diploid) Floral tube A flower tube usually formed by number of chromosomes); thus when two the basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. fuse, the diploid number is restored. Scientifi c Glossary 363

Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase Groats Hulled, whole grains of various cere- in a plant characterised by alternation of als, such as oats, wheat, barley or buckwheat; generations. it includes the cereal germ, fi bre-rich bran por- Gamosepalous With sepals united or partially tion and endosperm of the grain. united. Guttation The appearance of drops of xylem Genome Complete set of genetic material of an sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vas- organism. cular plants, such as grasses and bamboos. Geniculate Bent like a knee, refer to awns and Guttule Small droplet. fi laments. Gymnosperm A group of spermatophyte Geocarpic Where the fruit is pushed into the seed-bearing plants with ovules on scales, soil by the gynophore and matures. which are usually arranged in cone-like Geophyte A plant that stores food in an under- structures and not borne in an ovary. cf. ground storage organ, e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- angiosperm. zome, and has subterranean buds which form Gynoecium The female organ of a fl ower; aerial growth. a collective term for the pistil, carpel or Geotextile Are permeable fabrics which, when carpels. used in association with soil, have the ability Gynomonoecious Having female fl owers to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect or drain. and bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf. Germ Of cereal is the embryo of the seed or andromonoecious. kernel. It contains vitamins B and E, folic Gynophore Stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. acid, some protein, minerals and polyunsatu- Habit The general growth form of a plant, rated fats. comprising its size, shape, texture and stem Glabrescent Becoming glabrous. orientation, the locality in which the plant Glabrous Smooth, hairless without grows.. pubescence. Halophyte A plant adapted to living in highly Gland A secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. wartlike organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. halophytic. Glaucous Pale blue-green in colour, covered Hapaxanthic Refer to palms which fl ower with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. only once and then die. c.f. pleonanthic. Gley soils A hydric soil which exhibits a Haploid Condition where nucleus or cell has a greenish-blue-grey soil colour due to wetland single set of unpaired chromosomes; the hap- conditions. loid number is designated as n. Globose Spherical in shape. Haplontic life cycle Or zygotic meiosis Globular A three-dimensional shape; spherical wherein meiosis of a zygote, immediately or orbicular; circular in outline. after karyogamy, produces haploid cells Glochids Tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines which produces more or larger haploid cells found on the areoles of some cacti and other ending its diploid phase. plants. Hastate Having the shape of an arrowhead but Glochidiate Having glochids. with the basal lobes pointing outwards at right Glochidote Plant having glochids . angles as of a leaf. Glume One of the two small, sterile bracts at Hastula A piece of plant material at the junc- the base of the grass spikelet, called the lower tion of the petiole and the leaf blade; the has- and upper glumes, due to their position on the tula can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae or the bottom, abaxial or both sides. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Heartwood Wood from the inner portion of a which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral tree. glume. adj. glumaceous. Heliophilous Sun loving, tolerates high level Grits Consist of coarsely ground corn, or of sunlight. sometimes alkali-treated corn. Heliotropic Growing towards sunlight. 364 Scientifi c Glossary

Herb A plant which is nonwoody or woody at Homogamous Bearing fl owers or fl orets that the base only, the above-ground stems usually do not differ sexually. cf. heterogamous. being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. Homogeneous endosperm Endosperm with Herbaceous Resembling a herb, having a habit even surface that lacks invaginations or infold- of a herb. ings of the surrounding tissue. Hermaphrodite Bisexual, bearing fl owers Homomorphous Uniform, with only one with both androecium and gynoecium in the form. cf. heteromorphous. same fl ower. adj. hermaphroditic. Homosporous Producing one kind of Heterocyst A differentiated cyanobacterial cell spores. Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. that carries out nitrogen fi xation. heterosporous. Heterogamous Bearing separate male and Hormogonium A part of a fi lament of a cya- female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl ow- nobacterium that detaches and grows by cell ers, or fl orets in an infl orescence or fl ower division into a new fi lament. pl. hormogonia. head, e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray Hurd fi bre Long pith fi bre of the stem. fl orets may be neuter or unisexual and the disc Hyaline Colourless, almost transparent. fl orets may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. Hybrid The fi rst-generation progeny of the Heteromorphous Having two or more distinct sexual union of plants belonging to different forms. cf. homomorphous. taxa. Heterophyllous Having leaves of different Hybridisation The crossing of individuals forms. from different species or taxa. Heterosporous Producing spores of two sizes, Hydathode A type of secretory tissue in leaves, the larger giving rise to megagametophytes usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water (female) and the smaller giving rise to micro- through pores in the epidermis or margin of gametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and the leaf. fern allies. cf. homosporous. Hydrophilous Water loving; requiring water Heterostylous Having styles of two different in order to be fertilised, referring to many lengths or forms. aquatic plants. Heterostyly The condition in which fl owers on Hygrochastic Applied to plants in which the polymorphous plants have styles of different opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. tion of water. Hilar Of or relating to a hilum. Hygrophilous Living in water or moist places. Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point Hymenial cystidia The cells of the hymenium of attachment to the funiculus. develop into basidia or asci, while in others Hirsute Bearing long coarse hairs. some cells develop into sterile cells called Hispid Bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or cystidia. bristles. Hymenium Spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- Hispidulous Minutely hispid. tain fungi containing asci (ascomycetes) or Histosol Soil comprising primarily of organic basidia (basidiomycetes). materials, having 40 cm or more of organic Hypanthium Cup-like receptacles of some soil material in the upper 80 cm. dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion Hoary Covered with a greyish layer of very of the calyx, corolla and androecium that sur- short, closely interwoven hairs. rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, petals Holdfast An organ or structure of attachment, and stamens. adj. relating to or of the nature of especially the basal, root-like formation by a hypanthium. which certain seaweeds or other algae are Hypha Is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of attached to a substrate. a fungus and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Holocarpic Having the entire thallus devel- pl. hyphae. oped into a fruiting body or sporangium. Hypocotyl The portion of the stem below the Homochromous Having all the fl orets of cotyledons. the same colour in the same fl ower head cf. Hypodermis The cell layer beneath the epider- heterochromous. mis of the pericarp. Scientifi c Glossary 365

Hypogeal Below ground as of germination of Integuments Two distinct tissue layers that seed. surround the nucellus of the ovule, forming Hysteresis Refers to systems that may exhibit the testa or seed coat when mature. path dependence. Intercalary Of growth, between the apex and Imbricate Closely packed and overlapping. cf. the base; of cells, spores, etc., between two valvate. cells. Imparipinnate Pinnately compound with a Interfoliar Inter-leaf. single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd Internode Portion of the stem, culm, branch number of leafl ets. cf. paripinnate. or rhizome between two nodes or points of Inceptisols Old soils that have no accumulation attachment of the leaves. of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. Interpetiolar As of stipules positioned Incised Cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. between petioles of opposite leaves. Included Referring to stamens which do not Intrastaminal Within the stamens. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Intricate Entangled, complex. do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular Introduced Not indigenous; not native to the fruit. cf. exserted. area in which it now occurs. Incurved Curved inwards; curved towards the Introrse Turned inwards or towards the axis or base or apex. pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. Indefi nite Numerous and variable in number. Involucre A whorl of bracts or leaves that Indehiscent Not opening or splitting to surround one to many fl owers or an entire release the contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. infl orescence. dehiscent. Involute Having the margins rolled inwards, Indumentum covering of fi ne hairs or bristles referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. commonly found on external parts of plants. Jugate Of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in Indurate To become hard, often the hardening pairs. developed only at maturity. Juvenile Young or immature, used here for leaves Indusium An enclosing membrane, covering formed on a young plant which are different in the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed morphology from those formed on an older plant. style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae Keel A longitudinal ridge, at the back of the leaf. (including Brunoniaceae). adj. indusiate. Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ fl ower Inferior Said of an ovary or fruit that has in the Papilionaceae, which form a boat-like sepals, petals and stamens above the ovary. cf. structure around the stamens and styles, also superior. called carina. adj. keeled. cf. standard, wing. I n fl ated Enlarged and hollow except in the Labellum The modifi ed lowest of the three case of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. petals forming the corolla of an orchid, usu- swollen. ally larger than the other two petals, and often I n fl exed Bent or curved inwards or down- spurred. wards, as petals or sepals. Lacerate Irregularly cleft. I n fl orescence A fl ower cluster or the arrange- Laciniate Fringed; having a fringe of slender, ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. each other on a plant. Lamella A gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of Infrafoliar Located below the leaves. material held adjacent to one another. Infraspecifi c Referring to any taxon below the Lamina The blade of the leaf or frond. species rank. Lanate Woolly, covered with long hairs which Infructescence The fruiting stage of an are loosely curled together like wool. infl orescence. Lanceolate Lance shaped in outline, tapering Infundibulum Funnel-shaped cavity or from a broad base to the apex. structure. Landrace: landrace Plants adapted to the nat- Inrolled Curved inwards. ural environment in which they grow, devel- 366 Scientifi c Glossary

oping naturally with minimal assistance or Limb The expanded portion of the calyx tube guidance from humans and usually possess or the corolla tube, or the large branch of a more diverse phenotypes and genotypes. They tree. have not been improved by formal breeding Linear A two-dimensional shape, narrow with programmes. nearly parallel sides. Laterite Reddish-coloured soils rich in iron Linguiform Tongue shaped. cf. ligulate. oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under Lipotubuloids Are cytoplasmic domains con- oxidising and leaching conditions, commonly taining aggregates of lipid bodies surrounded found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj. by a network of microtubules, which join one lateritic. lipid body with the others. Latex A milky, clear or sometimes coloured Lithosol A kind of shallow soils lacking well- sap of diverse composition exuded by some defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly plants. weathered fragments of rock. Latrorse Turned sideways, i.e. not towards or Littoral Of or on a shore, especially seashore. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Loam A type of soil made up of sand, silt and gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introrse. clay in relative concentration of 40–40–20% Lax Loose or limp, not densely arranged or respectively. crowded. Lobed Divided but not to the base. Leafl et One of the ultimate segments of a com- Loculicidal Opening into the cells, when a ripe pound leaf. capsule splits along the back. Lectotype A specimen chosen after the origi- Loculus Cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. nal description to be the type. loculi. Lemma The lower of two bracts (scales) of a Lodicules Two small structures below the grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- ovary which, at fl owering, swell up and force cules, stamens and ovary. open the enclosing bracts, exposing the sta- Lenticel Is a lens shaped opening that allows mens and carpel. gases to be exchanged between air and the Lorate Strap shaped with obtuse tip. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Lyrate Pinnately lobed, with a large terminal young bark, or the surface of the fruit. lobe and smaller lateral ones which become Lenticellate Dotted with lenticels. progressively smaller towards the base. Lenticular Shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. Macronutrients Chemical elements which lentiform. are needed in large quantities for growth and Lentiform Shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. development by plants and include nitrogen, lenticular. phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Leptomorphic Temperate, running bam- Maculate Spotted. boo rhizome; usually thinner than the culms Mallee A growth habit in which several to they support and the internodes are long and many woody stems arise separately from a hollow. lignotuber; usually applied to certain low- Liane A woody climbing or twining plant. growing species of Eucalyptus. Ligneous Woody. Mangrove A distinctive vegetation type of Lignotuber A woody, usually underground, trees and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- viviparous, occupying the saline coastal ous aerial stems. habitats that are subject to periodic tidal Ligulate Small and tongue shaped or with a inundation. little tongue-shaped appendage or ligule, star Marcescent Withering or to decay without shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. falling off. Ligule A strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers Margin The edge of the leaf blade. of Asteraceae; also a thin membranous out- Medulla The pith in the stems or roots of cer- growth from the inner junction of the grass tain plants; or the central portion of a thallus leaf sheath and blade. cf. ligulate. in certain lichens. Scientifi c Glossary 367

Megasporangium The sporangium contain- Mollisols Soils with deep, high organic mat- ing megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf. ter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (a horizon), microsporangium. typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. Megaspore The large spore which may develop Monadelphous Applied to stamens united by into the female gametophyte in heterosporous their fi laments into a single bundle. ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. Monocarpic Refer to plants that fl ower, set Megasporophyll A leafl ike structure that bears seeds and then die. megasporangia. Monochasial A cyme having a single fl ower on Megastrobilus Female cone, seed cone or each axis. ovulate cone and contains ovules within Monocotyledon Angiosperm having one which, when fertilised by pollen, become cotyledon. seeds. The female cone structure varies Monoecious Having both male and female uni- more markedly between the different conifer sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. families. cf. dioecious. Meiosis The process of cell division that results Monoembryonic seed The seed contains only in the formation of haploid cells from diploid one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. cells to produce gametes. Polyembryonic seed. Mericarp A one-seeded portion of an initially Monolete A spore that has a simple linear scar. syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits Monopodial With a main terminal growing apart at maturity. cf. coccus. point producing many lateral branches pro- Meristem The region of active cell division gressively. cf. sympodial. in plants, from which permanent tissue is Monostichous Forming one row. derived. adj. meristematic Monotypic Of a genus with one species or a -merous Used with a number prefi x to denote family with one genus; in general, applied to the basic number of the three outer fl oral any taxon with only one immediately subor- whorls, e.g. a fi ve-merous fl ower may have 5 dinate taxon. sepals, 10 petals and 15 stamens. Montane Refers to highland areas located Mesic Moderately wet. below the subalpine zone. Mesocarp The middle layer of the fruit wall Mucilage A soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- derived from the middle layer of the carpel tion. adj. mucilaginous. wall. cf. endocarp, exocarp and pericarp. Mucous (Botany) slimy. Mesophytes Terrestrial plants which are Mucro A sharp, pointed part or organ, espe- adapted to neither a particularly dry nor par- cially a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. ticularly wet environment. Mucronate Ending with a short, sharp tip or Micropyle The small opening in a plant ovule mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, through which the pollen tube passes in order muticous. to effect fertilisation. Mucronulate With a very small mucro; a Microsporangium The sporangium con- diminutive of mucronate. taining microspores in pteridophytes. cf. Mulch Protective cover of plant (organic) or megasporangium. non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- Microspore A small spore which gives rise marily to modify and improve the effects of to the male gametophyte in heterosporous the local microclimate and to control weeds. pteridophytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. Multiple fruit A fruit that is formed from a megaspore. cluster of fl owers. Midvein The main vascular supply of a Muricate Covered with numerous short hard simple leaf blade or lamina. Also called outgrowths. cf . papillose. midrib. Muriculate With numerous minute hard out- Mitosis Is a process of cell division which growths; a diminutive of muricate. results in the production of two daughter cells Muticous Blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . from a single parent cell. mucronate. 368 Scientifi c Glossary

MYB proteins Are a superfamily of transcrip- to which it was applied already has a name, or tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- because the name has already been applied to opmental processes and defence responses in another plant. plants. Nom. invalid. Nomen invalidum (Latin) Mycorrhiza The mutualistic symbiosis (non- invalid name according to International Code pathogenic association) between soilborne of Botanical Nomenclature. fungi with the roots of higher plants. Nom. nud. Nomen nudum (Latin) the name Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscu- of a taxon which has never been validated by lar ) Endomycorrhiza living in the roots of a description. higher plants producing inter- and intracellu- Nom. rej. Nomen rejiciendum (Latin) name lar fungal growth in root cortex and forming rejected in International Code of Botanical specifi c fungal structures, referred to as vesi- Nomenclature. cles and arbuscules. abbrev. VAM. Notho- (Subsp. or var.) prefi x to the rank of a Myrmecochory Seed dispersal by ants. hybrid taxon below the rank of species. N a t i v e A plant indigenous to the locality or Nucellus Central portion of an ovule in which region. the embryo sac develops. Naviculate Boat shaped. Nucellar embryony A form of seed repro- Necrotic Applied to dead tissue. duction in which the nucellar tissue which Nectariferous Having one or more nectaries. surrounds the embryo sac can produce addi- Nectary A nectar secretory gland; commonly tional embryos (polyembryony) which are in a fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or genetically identical to the parent plant. This stems. is found in many citrus species and in mango. Nervation Venation, a pattern of veins or Nut A dry indehiscent one-celled fruit with a nerves as of leaf. hard pericarp. Nixtamalisation Refers to a process for the Nutlet A small, one-seeded, indehiscent lobe preparation of maize (corn), or other grains, in of a divided fruit. which the grains are soaked and cooked in an Ob- Prefi x meaning inversely or opposite to. alkaline solution, usually limewater, and hulled. Obconic A three-dimensional shape; inversely Node The joint between segments of a culm, conic; cone shaped, conic with the vertex stem, branch or rhizome; the point of the stem pointing downwards. that gives rise to the leaf and bud. Obcordate Inversely cordate, broad and Nodule A small knoblike outgrowth, as those notched at the tip; heart shaped but attached at found on the roots of many leguminous, con- the pointed end. taining Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes nitro- Obdeltate Inversely deltate; deltate with the gen in the soil. broadest part at the apex. Nom. ambig. Nomen ambiguum (Latin) ambig- Oblanceolate Inversely lanceolate, lance uous name used in different senses which has shaped but broadest above the middle and become a long-persistent source of error. tapering towards the base as of leaf. Nom. cons. Nomen nonservandum (Latin) Oblate Having the shape of a spheroid with name conserved in International Code of the equatorial diameter greater than the polar Botanical Nomenclature. diameter; being fl attened at the poles. Nom. dub. Nomen dubium (Latin) an invalid Oblong Longer than broad with sides nearly proposed taxonomic name because it is not parallel to each other. accompanied by a defi nition or description of Obovate Inversely ovate, broadest above the the taxon to which it applies. middle. Nom. illeg. Nomen illegitimum (Latin) ille- Obpyramidal Resembling a four-sided pyra- gitimate taxon deemed as superfl uous at its mid attached at the apex with the square base time of publication either because the taxon facing away from the attachment. Scientifi c Glossary 369

Obpyriform Inversely pyriform, resembling a Ovule The young, immature seed in the ovary pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. which becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. pyriform. ovular. Obspathulate Inversely spathulate; resem- Ovulode A sterile reduced ovule borne on the bling a spoon but attached at the broadest end. placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. cf. spathulate. Oxisols Refer to ferralsols. Obtriangular Inversely triangular; triangular Pachymorphic Describes the short, thick rhi- but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick Obtrullate Inversely trullate; resembling a and solid internode (except the bud-bearing trowel blade with the broadest axis above the internodes, which are more elongated). cf. middle. cf. trullate. sympodial. Obtuse With a blunt or rounded tip, the con- Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the verging edges separated by an angle greater lower lip of a corolla which partially or com- than 90°. pletely closes the throat. -oid Suffi x denoting a three-dimensional shape, Palea The upper of the two membraneous e.g. spheroid. bracts of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the Ochraceous A dull yellow colour. lodicules, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. Ocreate Having a tube-like covering around paleal. cf . lemma. some stems, formed of the united stipules; Paleate Having glumes. sheathed. Palm heart Refers to soft, tender inner core Oleaginous Oily. and growing bud of certain palm trees which Oligotrophic Lacking in plant nutrients and are eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of having a large amount of dissolved oxygen palm, palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or throughout. swamp cabbage. Operculum A lid or cover that becomes Palmate Describing a leaf which is divided detached at maturity by abscission, e.g. in into several lobes or leafl ets which arise from Eucalyptus, also a cap or lid covering the bud the same point. adv. palmately. and formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals Palmito See Palm heart. and/or petals. adj. operculate. Palustrial Paludal, swampy, marshy. Opposite Describing leaves or other organs Palustrine Marshy, swampy. which are borne at the same level but on oppo- Palustrine herb Vegetation that is rooted site sides of the stem. cf. alternate. below water but grows above the surface in Orbicular Of circular outline, disc-like. wetland system. Order A taxonomic rank between class and Panduriform Fiddle shaped, usually with ref- family used in the classifi cation of organisms, erence to two dimensions. i.e. a group of families believed to be closely Panicle A compound, indeterminate, racemose related. infl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- Orifi ce An opening or aperture. eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. Organosols Soils not regularly inundated by Pantropical Distributed throughout the tropics. marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- Papilionaceous Butterfl y-like, said of the pea ness of organic materials within the upper part fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers of the profi le. which are zygomorphic with imbricate pet- Orth. var . Orthographic variant, i.e. an incor- als, one broad upper one, two narrower lateral rect alternate spelling of a name. ones and two narrower lower ones. Ovary The female part of the pistil of a fl ower Papilla A small, superfi cial protuberance on which contains the ovules (immature seeds). the surface of an organ being an outgrowth Ovate Egg shaped, usually with reference to of one epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. two dimensions. papillose. Ovoid Egg shaped, usually with reference to Papillate Having papillae. three dimensions. Papillose Covered with papillae. 370 Scientifi c Glossary

Pappus A tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or Perianth The two outer fl oral whorls of the scales borne above the ovary and outside the angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when the corolla as in Asteraceae often persisting as a calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- tuft of hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose, pappous. guishable (as in monocotyledons). Papyraceous Resembling parchment of paper. Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened Parenchyma Undifferentiated plant tissue ovary; fruit wall composed of the exocarp, composed of more or less uniform cells. mesocarp and endocarp. Parietal Describes the attachment of ovules to Persistent Remaining attached; not falling off. the outer walls of the ovaries. cf. caduceus. Paripinnate Pinnate with an even number Petal Free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. of leafl ets and without a terminal leafl et. cf. cf. lobe. imparipinnate. Petiolar Relating to the petiole. - partite Divided almost to the base into seg- Petiolate Having petiole. ments, the number of segments written as a Petiole Leaf stalk. adj. petiolate. prefi x. Petiolulate Supported by its own petiolule. Patelliform Shaped like a limpet shell; cap Petiolule The stalk of a leafl et in a compound shaped and without whorls. leaf. adj. petiolulate. Patent Diverging from the axis almost at right pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a angles. solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the Peat Is an accumulation of partially decayed activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). vegetation matter. Phenology The study of periodic plant life Pectin A group of water-soluble colloidal car- cycle events as infl uenced by seasonal and bohydrates of high molecular weight found in interannual variations in climate. certain ripe fruits. Phyllary A bract of the involucre of a compos- Pectinate Pinnatifi d with narrow segments ite plant, term for one of the scalelike bracts resembling the teeth of a comb. beneath the fl ower head in Asteraceae. Pedicel The stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a Phylloclade A fl attened, photosynthetic branch spikelet in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. or stem that resembles or performs the func- Pedicellate Having pedicel. tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Peduncle A stalk supporting an infl orescence. by scales. adj. pedunculate Phyllode A petiole that functions as a leaf. adj. Pellucid Allowing the passage of light; trans- phyllodineous. cf. cladode. parent or translucent. Phyllopodia Refer to the reduced, scalelike Pellucid dotted Copiously dotted with leaves found on the outermost portion of the immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. corm where they seem to persist longer than Peltate With the petiole attached to the lower typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes . surface of the leaf blade. Phytoremediation Describes the treatment Pendant Hanging down. of environmental problems (bioremediation) Pendulous Drooping, as of ovules. through the use of plants which mitigate the Penniveined or penninerved Pinnately environmental problem without the need to veined. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Pentamerous In fi ve parts. of it elsewhere. Perennial A plant that completes its life cycle Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. or lives for more than two years. cf. annual, Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, biennial. as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- Perfoliate A leaf with the basal lobes united like extensions. around—and apparently pierced by—the Pilose Covered with fi ne soft hairs. stem. Pinna A primary division of the blade of a Pergamentaceous Parchment-like. compound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. Scientifi c Glossary 371

Pinnate Bearing leafl ets on each side of a Polygamous With unisexual and bisexual fl ow- central axis of a compound leaf; divided into ers on the same or on different individuals of pinnae. the same species. Pinnatifi d, pinnatilobed A pinnate leaf parted Polymorphic With different morphological approximately halfway to midrib; when variants. divided to almost to the midrib described as Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- deeply pinnatifi d or pinnatisect. posed of distinct, separable petals. Pinnatisect Lobed or divided almost to the Pome A fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues midrib. are developed from the receptacle. Pinnule A leafl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. P o r e A tiny opening. Pistil Female part of the fl ower comprising the Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten ovary, style and stigma. or broken off as of a leaf. Pistillate Having one or more pistils; having Procumbent Trailing or spreading along the pistils but no stamens. ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring Placenta The region within the ovary to which to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Pro hyb. (Latin) as a hybrid. Placentation The arrangement of the placentae Pro parte (Latin) in part and ovules in the ovary. Pro parte majore (Latin) for the greater part. Plano- A prefi x meaning level or fl at. Pro parte minore (Latin) for a small part. Pleonanthic Refer to palms in which the stem Pro sp. (Latin) as a species. does not die after fl owering. Pro subsp. (Latin) as a subspecies. Plicate Folded like a fan. Pro syn. (Latin) as a synonym. Plumose Feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising Prophyll A plant structure that resembles a laterally from a central axis; feathery. leaf. Pneumatophore Modifi ed root which allows Prostrate Lying fl at on the ground. gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, Protandrous Relating to a fl ower in which the e.g. mangroves. anthers release their pollen before the stigma Pod A dry one- to many-seeded dehiscent of the same fl ower becomes receptive. fruit, as applied to the fruit of Fabaceae, Proximal End of any structure closest to the i.e. Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and point of attachment. cf. distal. Papilionaceae. Pruinose Having a thick, waxy, powdery coat- Podzol, podsolic soil Any of a group of acidic, ing or bloom. zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, Pseudocarp A false fruit, largely made up of tis- grey and ashy appearance. Also called sue that is not derived from the ovary but from spodosol. fl oral parts such as the receptacle and calyx. Pollen cone Male cone or microstrobilus or Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a pollen cone is structurally similar across all banana plant composed of overlapping leaf bases. conifers; extending out from a central axis are Pteridophyte A vascular plant which repro- microsporophylls (modifi ed leaves). Under duces by spores; the ferns and fern allies. each microsporophyll is one or several micro- Puberulent Covered with minute hairs or very sporangia (pollen sacs). fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Pollinia The paired, waxy pollen masses of Puberulous Covered with a minute down. fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. Pubescent Covered with short, soft hairs. Polyandrous (Botany) having an indefi nite Pulvinate Having a swell, pulvinus at the base number of stamens. as a leaf stalk. Polyembryonic seed Seeds contain many Pulvinus Swelling at the base of leaf stalk. embryos, most of which are asexual (nucel- Pulviniform Swelling or bulging. lar) in origin and genetically identical to the Punctate Marked with translucent dots or maternal parent. glands. 372 Scientifi c Glossary

Punctiform Marked by or composed of points Retuse With a very blunt and slightly notched or dots. apex. cf. emarginated. Punctulate Marked with minute dots; a dimin- Revolute With the margins inrolled on the utive of punctate. lower (abaxial) surface. Purpurascent Purple or becoming purple. Rhizine A root-like fi lament or hair growing Pusticulate Characterised by small pustules. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Pyrene The stone or pit of a drupe, consisting Rhizoid Root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, fun- of the hardened endocarp and seed. gus, etc., that attach the plant to the substratum. Pyriform Pear shaped, a three-dimensional Rhizome A prostrate or underground stem con- shape; attached at the broader end. cf. sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with obpyriform. adventitious roots and which generally grows Pyxidium Seed capsule having a circular lid horizontally. (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. Rhizophore A stilt-like outgrowth of the stem Raceme An indeterminate infl orescence with a which branches into roots on contact with the simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, substrate. youngest at the top. adj. racemose. Rhombic Shaped like a rhombus. Rachilla The main axis of a grass spikelet. Rhomboid Shaped like a rhombus. Rachis The main axis of the spike or other Rib A distinct vein or linear marking, often infl orescence of grasses or a compound leaf. raised as a linear ridge. Radiate Arranged around a common centre; as Riparian Along the river margins, interface of an infl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- between land and a stream. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray fl orets and Rosette A tuft of leaves or other organs central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, arranged spirally like petals in a rose, rang- disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. ing in form from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at Radical Arising from the root or its crown, or the whorl. adj. rosetted, rosulate. part of a plant embryo that develops into a root. Rostrate Beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- Ray The marginal portion of the infl orescence der, usually obtuse point. of Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct Rostrum A beak-like extension. from the disc. Also, the spreading branches of Rosulate Having a rosette. a compound umbel. Rotate Wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with Receptacle The region at the end of a pedicel a very short tube and a broad upper part or on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. which is fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf. adj. receptacular. salverform . Recurved Curved downwards or backwards. Rotundate Rounded; especially at the end or R e fl exed Bent or turned downward. ends. Regosol Soil that is young and undeveloped, Rugae Refers to a series of ridges produced by characterised by medium to fi ne-textured folding of the wall of an organ. unconsolidated parent material that maybe Rugose Deeply wrinkled. alluvial in origin and lacks a signifi cant hori- Rugulose Finely wrinkled. zon layer formation. Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an Reniform Kidney shaped in outline. extended period. Repand With slightly undulate margin. Ruminate endosperm Uneven endosperm sur- Replicate Folded back, as in some corolla face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths lobes. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. Resinous Producing sticky resin. homogeneous endosperm. Resupinate Twisted through 180°. Rz value Is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Reticulate Having the appearance of a network. emulsion equalisation on the screen. Retrorse Bent or directed downwards or back- Saccate Pouched. wards. cf. antrorse. Sagittate Shaped like an arrow head. Scientifi c Glossary 373

Saline soils Soils that contain excessive levels Secund With the fl owers all turned in the same of salts that reduce plant growth and vigour by direction. altering water uptake and causing ion- specifi c Sedge A plant of the family Apiaceae, toxicities or imbalances. Cyperaceae. Salinity Is characterised by high electrical con- Segmented Constricted into divisions. ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations Seminal root Or seed root originates from the compared to calcium and magnesium scutellar node located within the seed embryo Salverform Applies to a gamopetalous and is composed of the radicle and lateral corolla having a slender tube and an abruptly seminal roots. expanded limb. Senescence Refers to the biological changes Samara An indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. which take place in plants as they age. Sand A naturally occurring granular material Sepal Free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral Septum A partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. particles range in diameter from 0.0625μm to septate. 2 mm. adj. sandy Seriate Arranged in rows. Saponins Are plant glycosides with a distinc- Sericeous Silky; covered with close-pressed, tive foaming characteristic. They are found in fi ne, straight silky hairs. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Serrate Tooth like a saw; with regular, asym- wort plant ( Saponaria) . metric teeth pointing forward. Saprophytic Living on and deriving nourish- Serrated Toothed margin. ment from dead organic matter. Serratures Serrated margin. Sapwood Outer woody layer of the tree just Serrulate With minute teeth on the margin. adjacent to and below the bark. Sessile Without a stalk. Sarcotesta Outermost fl eshy covering of Seta A bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, Cycad seeds below which is the sclerotesta. setaceous. Scabrid Scurfy, covered with surface abra- Setaceous Bristlelike. sions, irregular projections or delicate scales. Setate With bristles. Scabrous Rough to the touch because of scat- Setiform Bristle shaped. tered rough hairs. Setulose With minute bristles. Scale Dry bract or leaf. Sheathing Clasping or enveloping the stem. Scandent Refer to plants, climbing. Shrub A woody plant usually less than 5 m Scape Erect fl owering stem, usually leafl ess, rising high and with many branches without a dis- from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. scapose. tinct main stem except at ground level. Scapigerous With a scape. Silicula A broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit Scarious Dry, thin and membranous. derived from two or more carpels which Schizocarp A dry fruit which splits into lon- usually dehisce along two sutures. cf. gitudinally multiple parts called mericarps or siliqua. cocci. adj. schizocarpous. Siliqua A silicula which is at least twice as Sclerotesta The innermost fl eshy coating of long as broad. cycad seeds, usually located directly below Silt Is soil- or rock-derived granular material the sarcotesta. of a grain size between sand and clay, grain Scorpoid Refers to a cymose infl orescence in particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in which the main axis appears to coil. diameter. adj. silty. Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts Simple Refer to a leaf or other structure that is shaped like a shield. not divided into parts. cf. compound. Scutiform Shaped like a shield. Sinuate With deep wavy margin. Secondary venation Arrangement of the lat- Sinuous Wavy. eral veins arising from the midrib in the leaf Sinus An opening or groove, as occurs between lamina. the bases of two petals. 374 Scientifi c Glossary

Sodicity Is characterised by low electrical con- Sporangium A spore bearing structure found ductivities and high sodium ion concentra- in ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl. spo- tions compared to calcium and magnesium. rangia. adj. sporangial. Sodic soils Contains high levels of sodium salts Sporocarp A stalked specialised fruiting struc- that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- ture formed from modifi ed sporophylls, con- ment and causes poor germination and crop taining sporangia or spores as found in ferns establishment and plant toxicity. and fern allies. Soil pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity Sporophore A spore-bearing structure, espe- of the soil. See pH. cially in fungi. Solitary Usually refer to fl owers which are Sporophyll A leaf or bract which bears or sub- borne singly and not grouped into an infl ores- tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and cence or clustered. gymnosperms. Sorocarp Fruiting body formed by some cellu- Sporophyte The spore-producing phase in the lar slime moulds and has both stalk and spore life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of mass. generations. Sorophore Stalk bearing the sorocarp. Spreading Bending or spreading outwards and Sorosis Fleshy multiple fruit formed from horizontally. fl owers that are crowded together on a fl eshy Spur A tubular or saclike extension of the stem, e.g. pineapple and mulberry. corolla or calyx of a fl ower. Sorus A discrete aggregate of sporangia in Squama Structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl. ferns. pl. sori squamae. Spadix Fleshy spikelike infl orescence with an Squamous Covered in scales. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Squarrose Having rough or spreading scale- embedded fl owers often surrounded by a like processes. spathe. pl. spadices. Stamen The male part of a fl ower, consisting Spathe A large bract ensheathing an infl ores- typically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen- cence or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. bearing portion (anther). adj. staminal, stami- Spatheate Like or with a spathe. nate . Spathulate Spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Staminate Unisexual fl ower bearing stamens the tip and narrowed towards the base. but no functional pistils. Spicate Borne in or forming a spike. Staminode A sterile or abortive stamen, Spiculate Spikelet bearing. often reduced in size and lacked anther. adj. Spike An unbranched, indeterminate infl ores- staminodial. cence with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj. spi- Standard Refers to the adaxial petal in the cate, spiciform. fl ower of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. Spikelet A small or secondary spike character- Starch A polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- istics of the grasses and sedges and, generally, ing of a large number of glucose units joined composed of two glumes and one or more fl o- together by glycosidic bonds α-1-4 linkages. rets. Also applied to the small spikelike infl o- Stellate Star shaped, applies to hairs. rescence or infl orescence units commonly Stem The main axis of a plant, developed from found in Apiaceae. the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- Spine A stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed ing leaves. by modifi cation of a plant organ. adj. spinose. Sterile Lacking any functional sexual parts Spinescent Ending in a spine; modifi ed to form which are capable of fertilisation and seed a spine production. Spinulate Covered with small spines. Stigma The sticky receptive tip of an ovary with Spinulose With small spines over the surface. or without a style which is receptive to pollen. Spodosol See Podzol. Stilt root A supporting root arising from the Sporidia Asexual spores of smut fungi. stem some distance above the ground as in Scientifi c Glossary 375

some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Subtend Attached below of something. prop root. Subulate Narrow and tapering gradually to a Stipe A stalk that supports some other struc- fi ne-point, awl shaped. tures like the frond, ovary or fruit. Succulent Fleshy, juicy, soft in texture and Stipel Secondary stipule at the base of a leafl et. usually thickened. pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. Suckers Young plants sprouting from the Stipitate Having a stalk or stipe, usually of an underground roots of a parent plant and ovary or fruit. appearing around the base of the parent Stipulated Having stipules. plant. Stipule Small leafl ike, scalelike or bristlelike Suffrutescent stem Stem woody at the base. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Sulcate Grooved longitudinally with deep petiole. adj. stipulate. furrows. Stolon A horizontal, creeping stem rooting at Sulcus A groove or depression running along the nodes and giving rise to another plant at the internodes of culms or branches. its tip. Superior Refers to the ovary that is free and Stoloniferous Bearing stolon or stolons. mostly above the level of insertion of the Stoma A pore in the epidermis of the leaf or sepals and petals. cf. inferior. stem for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. Suture Line of dehiscence. Stone The hard endocarp of a drupe, contain- Swidden Slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. ing the seed or seeds. Syconium A type of pseudocarp formed from a Stramineous Chaffy; straw-like. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Striae Parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. to the inner wall. After fertilisation the ovaries striate. of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded Striate Marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel achenes, e.g. fi g. lines or ridges. Symbiosis Describes close and often long- Strigose Bearing stiff, straight, closely term mutualistic and benefi cial interactions appressed hair; often the hairs have swollen between different organisms. bases. Sympetalous Having petals united. Strobilus A cone-like structure formed from Sympodial Refers to a specialised lateral sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili. growth pattern in the apical meristem. cf Strophile An appendage at the hilum of certain monopodial. plant seeds. Synangium An organ composed of united spo- Strophiolate Furnished with a strophile or rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- caruncle. taining spores. pl. synangia. Style The part of the pistil between the stigma Syncarp An aggregate or multiple fruit formed and ovary. from two or more united carpels with a single Sub- A prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in style. adj. syncarpous. subglobose or subequal. Syncarpous Carpels fused forming a com- Subcarnose Nearly fl eshy. pound pistil. Subfamily Taxonomic rank between the fam- Synteny Presence of two or more genetic loci ily and tribe. on the same chromosome. Subglobose Nearly spherical in shape. Tannins Group of plant-derived phenolic Subretuse Faintly notched at the apex. compounds. Subsessile Nearly stalkless or sessile. Taxon The taxonomic group of plants of any Subshrub Intermediate between a herb and rank, e.g. a family, genus, species or any infra- shrub. specifi c category. pl. taxa. Subspecies A taxonomic rank subordinate to Tendril A slender, thread-like organ formed species. from a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, Substrate Surface on which a plant or organ- by coiling around objects, supports a climb- ism grows or attached to. ing plant. 376 Scientifi c Glossary

Tepal A segment of the perianth in a fl ower in Triveined Main laterals arising at the base of which all the perianth segments are similar lamina. in appearance and are not differentiated into Triquetrous Three edged; acutely three angled. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Trullate With the widest axis below the middle Tetrasporangium A sporangium containing and with straight margins; ovate but margins four haploid spores as found in some algae. straight and angled below middle, trowel, Terete Having a circular shape when cross- angular, ovate shaped. sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at Truncate With an abruptly transverse end as if each end. cut off. Terminal At the apex or distal end. Tuber A stem, usually underground, enlarged Ternate In threes as of leaf with three leafl ets. as a storage organ and with minute scalelike Testa A seed coat, outer integument of a seed. leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. Thallus Plant body of algae, fungi and other Tubercle A wartlike protuberance. adj. lower organisms. tuberculate. Thyrse A dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as Tuberculate Bearing tubercles; covered with of the lilac, in which the lateral branches ter- warty lumps. minate in cymes. Tuberisation Formation of tubers in the soil. Tomentose Refers to plant hairs that are bent Tuft A densely packed cluster arising from an and matted forming a woolly coating. axis. adj. tufted. Tomentellose Mildly tomentose. Turbinate Having the shape of a top; cone shaped, Torus Receptacle of a fl ower. with the apex downwards, inversely conic. Transpiration Evaporation of water from the Turgid Distended by water or other liquid. plant through leaf and stem pores. Turion The tender young, scaly shoot such as Tree That has many secondary branches sup- asparagus, developed from an underground ported clear of the ground on a single main bud without branches or leaves. stem or trunk. Turnery Articles made by the process of Triangular Shaped like a triangle, three angled turning. and three sided. Twining Winding spirally. Tribe A category intermediate in rank between Ultisols Mineral soils with no calcareous mate- subfamily and genus. rial, having less than 10% weatherable miner- Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the als in the extreme top layer of soil and with epidermis. less the 35% base saturation throughout the Trichotomous Divided almost equally into soil. three parts or elements. Umbel An infl orescence of pedicellate fl owers Tridentate Three toothed or three pronged. of almost equal length arising from one point T r i fi d Divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. on top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. Trifoliate Having three leaves. Umbellet A secondary umbel of a compound Trifoliolate A leaf having three leafl ets. umbel. cf. umbellule. Trifurcate Having three forks or branches. Umbellule A secondary umbel of a compound Trigonous Obtusely three angled; triangular in umbel. cf. umbellet. cross section with plane faces. Uncinate Bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Tripartite Consisting of three parts. Undershrub Subshrub; a small, usually Tripinnate Relating to leaves, pinnately sparsely branched woody shrub less than 1 m divided three times with pinnate pinnules. high. cf . shrub. Tripliveined Main laterals arising above base Undulate With an edge/margin or edges wavy of lamina. in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Triploid Describing a nucleus or cell that has strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of Unifoliolate A compound leaf which has been chromosomes. reduced to a single, usually terminal leafl et. Scientifi c Glossary 377

Uniform With one form, e.g. having stamens Vertosols Soils that both contain more than of a similar length or having one kind of leaf. 35% clay and possess deep cracks wider than cf. dimorphic. 5mm during most years. Uniseriate Arranged in one row or at one level. Vesicle A small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled Unisexual With one sex only, either bear- with air or fl uid. adj. vesicular. ing the anthers with pollen, or an ovary with Vestigial The remaining trace or remnant of ovules, referring to a fl ower, infl orescence or an organ which seemingly lost all or most individual plant. cf. bisexual. of its original function in a species through Urceolate Shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. evolution. Utricle A small bladdery pericarp. Vestiture Covering; the type of hairiness, scali- Vaginate Forming or enclosed in a sheath. ness or other covering commonly found on the Valvate Meeting without overlapping, as of external parts of plants. cf. indumentums . sepals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. Vibratile Capable of to and fro motion. Valve One of the sections or portions into Villose Covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner which a capsule separates when ripe. than in pilose. Variant Any defi nable individual or group Villous Covered with soft, shaggy unmatted of individuals which may or may not be hairs. regarded as representing a formal taxon after Vine A climbing or trailing plant. examination. Violaxanthin Is a natural xanthophyll pigment Variegate, variegated Diverse in colour or with an orange colour found in a variety of marked with irregular patches of different plants like pansies. colours, blotched. Viscid Sticky, being of a consistency that Variety A taxonomic rank below that of resists fl ow. subspecies. Viviparous Describes seeds or fruit which Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle sprout before they fall from the parent tissue. plant. Veinlets Small veins. Whorl A ringlike arrangement of leaves, Velum A fl ap of tissue covering the sporan- sepals, stamens or other organs around an gium in the fern, Isoetes . axis. Velutinous Having the surface covered with a Winged Having a fl at, often membranous fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne expansion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous one of the two lateral petals of a papiliona- Venation Distribution or arrangement of veins ceous fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of in a leaf. Polygalaceae. cf. keel, standard. Veneer Thin sheet of wood. Xanthophylls Are yellow, carotenoid pigments Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, found in plants. They are oxidised derivatives opposed to dorsal. of carotenes. Vernation The arrangement of young leaves or Xeromorphic Plant with special modifi ed fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. circinnate. structure to help the plant to adapt to dry Verrucose Warty. conditions. Verticil A circular arrangement, as of fl owers, Xerophyte A plant which naturally grows in leaves or hairs, growing about a central point; dry regions and is often structurally modifi ed a whorl. to withstand dry conditions. Verticillaster False whorl composed of a pair Zygomorphic Having only one plane of of opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. symmetry, usually the vertical plane, Verticillate Whorled, arranged in one or more referring to a flower, calyx or corolla. cf. whorls. actinomorphic. Vertisol A soil with a high content of expansive Zygote The fi st cell formed by the union of montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks two gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. in drier seasons or years. zygotic. Common Name Index

A T24 , 154 A-549 , 257 TCCSUP , 154 Abrupt Greenhood , 17 UMUC3 , 154 Abu Suwaif , 21 Blady Grass , 22 A549 cancer cell lines , 258 Blotched Hyacinth Orchid , 11 African Potato , 4 Blue Caladenia , 9 Ahipa , 2 Blue Fairy Orchid , 9 Akar Wangi (Malay) , 22 Blue Lotus Of Egypt , 7 Alang-Alang , 22 Blue Lotus Of India , 7 Ali’s umbrella , 249 Blue Water Lily , 7 Ali’s walking stick , 249 Blunt Greenhood , 18 Alliums , 2 Bodmon Sok , 4 Alpen Greenhood , 18 Boga Bhet, Seluk (Assamese) , 8 Amazon Water Lily , 123 Bonmala (Assamese) , 3 Amazon Water Platter , 123 Bonnet Orchid , 10 American Lotus , 6 Boorman’s Greenhood , 18 American White , 113 Breadroot , 2 Ant Orchid , 9 Breast cancer cell lines , 157 Añu , 2 Bristly Helmut Orchid , 10 A2780 ovarian tumour , 154 Broad-Lip Bird Orchid , 10 Arrow Head , 1, 48 Broad-Lipped Leek Orchid , 17 Arrowroot , 2, 5, 48, 49, 51 Brown Bird Orchid , 10 Artichoke , 2 Bullgrass , 227 Artichoke Betony , 40 Burdock , 2 Assamese , 4 Burnt-Tip Orchid , 17 Awa , 21, 146, 183 Bush potato , 2 Butterfl y Orchid , 9

B Barnyardgrass , 183 C Baur’s Disa, Ntetemera , 12 Calcutta Cane , 21 Bearded Iris , 3, 26 Cancer cell lines , 256, 258 Beaver Root , 113 Cancerous cells (CaOv-3) , 258 Bee Orchid , 15 Cao Shi Can (Chinese) , 5 Beet , 2 CaOV-3 cancer cell lines , 256 Ben Lomond Leek Orchid , 17 Carrot , 2 Bermuda , 48 CaSki cervical cancer cells , 208 BGC-823 , 258 Cassava , 2 Birds’s Mouth Orchid , 17 Cassia , 217 Black salsify , 2 Cedarwood , 217 Black Vetiver grass , 22 Celeriac , 2 Bladder cancer cell lines , 154 Cell lines , 257 5637 , 154 CEM-SS human cancer cell line , 231 HT1197 , 154 Cervical cancer HeLa , 34 HT1376 , 154 Chago , 2, 6

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 378 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 Common Name Index 379

Chago, Mauka , 109 Dark Hyacinth Orchid , 11 Channelled Cymbidium , 10 Dense-Flowered Orchid , 14 Chhasakrungai , 13 Dense Midge Orchid , 13 Chicken Head , 6 Desert yam , 2 Chikanda , 14 Di Can Zi (Chinese) , 5 Chikanda, Kikande , 19, 20 Dieng Jowat (Meghalaya) , 23 Chikanda Jike Rukwa , 19 Dochamua , 19 Chikanda Makete , 12 Dog Grass , 227 Chikanda Mbeya , 12, 14 Dokando , 20 Chikanda Mbozi , 11 Dong Nam (Vietnam) , 5 Chikande , 19 Donkey Orchid , 12, 127 Chikande Ligos , 19 Drooping Greenhood , 17 Chilli , 182 DU-145 cancer cell line , 155, 256, 257 Chinaman Greenhood , 19 Dusky Fingers , 9 Chinese Artichoke , 2, 5, 40, 41 Dwarf crested Iris , 3 Chinese Herbal Morinda , 23, 236 Dwarf Lily , 117 Chinese Potato , 5 Dwarf napier grass , 213 Chinese water chestnut, 1 Dwarf Wood Sorrel , 20 Chinkanda, Vinying’inya , 13 Choria , 184 Chou Mo Li , 4 E Chou Mu Dan (Chinese) , 4 Early Marsh Orchid , 10, 16 Chufa , 2 Early Purple Orchid , 16 Chukande Kijike , 12 Early Spider Orchid , 15 Cinnamon Bells , 13 Earthnut pea , 2 Clove , 217 Egyptian Lotus , 7 Clubbed Ant Orchid , 10 Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma , 34 Club Carrying Platanthera , 17 Elbow Orchid , 9 Cocoyam , 1 Elder-Flowered Orchid , 11 Coleus Potato , 5 Endometrial adenocarcinoma (ECC-1) cells , 156 Common Ant Orchid , 9 English Couch , 21 Common Orrisroot , 26 Epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell lines , 257 Common Reed Grass , 22 European White Waterlily , 7 Common Spatterdock , 6 Eurycoma longifolia , 255, 256 Common tiger fl ower , 3 Constricted Peristylus , 17 Copper Plant , 14 F Couch Grass , 22 Fingerroot , 2 Country Potato , 4 Flag , 3, 26 Cow Lily , 7 Fleecefl ower , 97 Cowslip Orchid , 10 Florentine Iris , 3, 26 Crabgrass , 227 Florentine Orris , 26 Crane Fly Orchid , 20 Fodder Cane , 22 Crippled Cranefl y Orchid , 20 Formosan , 217 Crosne , 2, 5, 40, 42 Fos Nut , 6 Crowfootgrass , 21, 227, 233 Foul Foot , 227 Crow’s Foot , 227 Four Angled Water Lily , 8 Crowsfoot Grass , 227 Fowl Foot Grass , 227 Cus-Cus , 196 Fra-Fra Potato , 5 Cuscus Grass , 196 Fragrant Glorybower , 4 Cylindric Raceme , 14 Fragrant Orchid , 15 Frgarny Water Lily , 8, 113 Fringed Helmut Orchid , 10 D Fringed Midge Orchid , 13 Daddy longlegs , 9 Daikon , 2 Daju , 4 G Dalmation Iris , 3 Galla Potato , 5 Dambi (Kanuri) , 7 Garden Iris , 26 Dark Bee-Orchid , 15 Garlic , 2 380 Common Name Index

Georgian Orchid , 11 Human endometrium fi broblast-like Geranium , 217 (T-HESC) cell lines , 156 German Iris , 3, 26 Human hepatoma cells , 174 German Orrisroot , 26 Human HT-1080 fi brosarcoma cells , 257 Giant Amazon Water Lily , 123 Human KB cancer cells , 257 Giant Orchid , 9 Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 , 257 Giant Water Lily , 7, 123 Human lung cancer (A-549) , 257 Ginger , 2, 237 Human osteosarcoma cell lines 143B and Saos-2 , 156 Gnat Orchid , 8 Human tumour cell lines: A2780 and K562 , 34 Goat Orchid , 13 Hyacinth , 2 Golden Moths , 12 Hyssopleaf Hedgenettle , 5 Goosegrass , 227 Gopura Esing (Mishing) , 3 Gotu kola , 263 I Grassland Wood Sorrel , 20 India Goosegrass , 227 Greater galangal, 2 Indian Coleus , 4 Green combed Spider , 9 Indian Couch Grass , 196 Green Snail Orchid , 18 Indian Goose Grass , 227 Green-Veined Orchid , 8, 16 Indian Goosegrass , 21, 227 Green-winged Orchid , 8 Ingingi , 19 Groundnut , 2 Inland Tree Orchid , 10 Gua Er Miao (Chinese) , 4 Intermediate Habenaria , 14 Guinea Arrowroot , 5 Iris , 26, 33 Gypsywort , 4 Iron Grass , 227 Italian Orchid , 15 Izibo (Zulu) , 8 H Hair-Lip Ruddyhood , 18 Hausa Potato , 5 J HCT15 (colon cancer) , 78 Jacob’s Coat , 4 Heath Spotted Orchid , 16 Japanese Artichoke , 5, 40 HeLa and A549 , 258 Jati Bah (Assamese) , 21 HeLa and SW480 cells , 34 Jelantir (Javanese) , 5 Hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B , 79 Jema (Huasa) , 22 HepG2 , 174, 258 Jerusalem , 2 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) , 79 Jicama , 2 Hiogi-ayame , 3 Jike , 19 HIV , 79 Jockey cap , 3 HL-60 carcinoma cell line , 78 Jug-Lip Greenhood , 18 HM3KO , 258 Jug Orchid , 18 Hnathel , 5, 6 Hog potato , 2 Hog Weed , 6 K Horned Orchid , 17 Kaffi r Potato , 5 Hornet Orchid , 13, 129 Kaloba, Masekel , 19 Horny goat weed , 263 Kao , 138 Horse Purslane , 6 Kava , 21, 146, 147, 156, 158, 160, 162–166, 170–173, Hpogimbai (Assamese) , 5, 6 175, 178, 180–184 HRPC cell lines , 155 Kava Kava , 21, 146, 165, 169, 173, 174 HS-SY-II , 156 Kava Pepper , 21, 146 HT-29 , 258 Kava Shrub , 146 HT-1080 human fi brosarcoma cell line , 258 Kawa , 146, 169 Huang Xi Xin (Chinese) , 6 KB , 256 Huasa Potato , 5 Kencur , 2 Hubei Artichoke , 5 Khagori (Assamese) , 22 Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines , 257 Khaita Alu (Boro) , 5 Human cancer A549 (non-small cell lung Khas-Kahs , 21 adenocarcinoma), 78 Khas-Khas Grass , 22 Common Name Index 381

K562 human leukaemia cancer cell lines , 154 M Khus , 199, 213 Maca , 2 Khus Grass , 21, 199 Madagascar Spur Flower , 5 Khus-Khus Grass , 196 Madala , 19 Kidume , 19 Magosi , 19 Kikande , 19, 20 Mai Phiu , 21 Kikuyu , 214 Maize , 217 Killifi sh , 36 Makaha Ga Mlutu , 11, 12 Knotgrass , 184 Makete , 19 Knotroot , 40 Malaysian ginseng , 249 Komper’s Orchid , 10, 14 Mamkumungu , 14 Koteka, Kalharamu (Telugu) , 7 Manioc , 2 Kuskus , 196 Man Orchid , 8, 15 Manotes asiatica , 249 Manseke , 12, 14 L Mansekemakubwa , 14 Lalang Wooly Grass , 22 Maranta , 48 Large Cinnamon Bells , 13 Maroonhood , 18 Large Parson’s-Bands , 13 Marsh Leek Orchid , 17 Large Potato Orchid , 13 Masehelesehele , 20 Large Tongue Orchid , 10 Masekele , 12 Large Waxlip Orchid , 13 Masekele, Masekeni , 11 Late Leopard Orchid , 12, 127 Masekelesekele Njombe , 12 Late Spider Orchid , 15 Masekendi, Mbozi , 11 Leafl ess Tongue Orchid , 10 Masekeni , 12 Leek , 2, 237 Masekenidume , 19 Lemon Doubletail , 12 Masekenimadala , 19 Lemongrass , 213, 217 Masekeni magosi , 19 Leren , 5 Masekeni Makaha Ga Mlutu , 12 Lesser Butterefl y Orchid , 17 Mashua , 2, 141 Lesser galangal, 2 Mauka , 2, 6 Lettuce , 184 Mauka roots , 110 Lewis lung carcinoma LLC , 257 Mbozi , 17 Lidala , 19 MCF-7 breast cancer cells , 79, 157, 208, 256, 258 Ligosi , 19 MDA-MB231 , 157 Liisek , 12 Medicinal Indian Mulberry , 23, 236 Likos, Ligosi , 9 Mexican shellfl ower , 3 Likose , 12, 14 MGC-803 , 258 Likosi , 19 Mian Shen (Chinese) , 4 Liseke , 14 Midget Greenhood , 18 Lisekedochamua , 19 Military Orchid , 16 Lisekedume , 19 Mini Water Lily , 117 Lisekejike , 19 Mohtra Reed , 6 Lisekekiume , 19 Mojora (Mishing) , 22 Lisekeni , 19 Mokal Bah (Assamese) , 21 Lisekenilidala , 19 Mokua, Seluk (Assamese) , 8 Liseki, Liseku , 11 Moloney murine leukaemia virus , 79 Little Dumpies , 19 Monkey Orchid , 16 cells HepG2 , 79 Morinda Root , 23, 236 Livinstone Potato , 5 Mosquito Orchid , 8 Long Jack , 249 Mountain Gnat Orchid , 8 Longjack , 249 Mouse lymphoma L5178Y , 34 Long-Tailed Greenhood , 19 Mt Maroon Helmut Orchid , 10 L’orchis De Spitzel , 16 Murine B16–BL6 melanoma , 257 Lotus , 6, 55, 57, 59–64, 66–69, 72–74, 76, 77, 79–84, Murine colon carcinoma colon 26-L5 , 257 86–88, 90–95, 97, 98 Murine lymphocytic leukaemia P388 , 257 Lotus Root , 2, 6 Musky Caladenia , 9 LOVO , 258 Musky Finger Orchid , 9 Lycopos Bugleweed ; Di, 4 Mviringo , 14 382 Common Name Index

N LAPC-4 , 155 Naked Man Orchid , 15, 16 LNCaP , 155 Naked Sun Orchid , 20 PC-3 , 155 Nang Guo Long Chuan Hua (Chinese) , 23 22Rv1 , 155 Napier grass , 217 Protozoa , 217 Ndulamo, Lisesa , 13 Provence Orchid , 16 Nepal Satyrium , 19 Pumpkin , 237 New Zealand Yam , 2, 138 Purple Donkey Orchid , 12 Nginti Ali (Mishing) , 5 Purple Flag , 26 Nodding Greenhood , 18 Purple Hyacinth Orchid , 11 Northern Bugleweed , 4 Pyramidal Orchid , 9, 16 Novel , 178 Numbunumbu , 19 Q Queen Elizabeth Root , 26 O Quiba Yam , 138 Obedience plant, St. Vincent , 48 Quick Grass , 21, 22 Oca , 2, 21, 138, 140, 141, 144 Quitch Grass , 22 Oka , 138 Onions , 2 Orach, Deppei Wood Sorrel , 20 R Orange , 182 Radish , 2, 184 Orchid , 23 Rainforest Greenhood , 18 Orchid, Fringed spider Orchid , 9 RD , 256 Orchis De Provence , 16 Red beans , 60 Orkida kbira , 9 Red Lily of the Nile , 117 Ornate Ant Orchid , 10 Red Midge Orchid , 13 Orris , 3, 26 Red Tongue Orchid , 10 Orrisroot , 26, 27 Red Water Lily , 7, 117, 120 The Ottoman Dactylorhiza , 10 Rekang Nemthu , 23 Oval Coelogyne , 10 Rhodes grass , 214 Rizuka , 4 Rock Lily, King Orchid , 11 P Roman Dactylorhiza , 11 Packing Leaf , 6 Ronga Bhet , 8 Painted Nettle , 4 Root , 3 Papa Roja , 138 Rose , 213 Parsley , 2 Royal Water Lily , 123 Parsnips , 2 Rutabaga , 2 Patat (Sundanese) , 5 Peacock fl ower , 3 Pelvic cancer (RD) , 257 S Persian Marsh-Orchid , 11 Sack-Carrying Dactylorhiza , 11 Phai Song Kham (Thai) , 21 Saffron , 3 Phelang Riho , 4 Salsify , 2 Picroxylon Siamese , 249 Sand ginger , 2 Ping Peng Cao (Chinese) , 7 Sasauge Greenhood , 19 Pink Fairies , 9 Sawfl y Orchid , 15 Pink Fringe Orchid , 9 Sayabana , 4 Pink Hyacinth Orchid , 11 Scented Leek Orchid , 17 Pink Shamrock , 20 Scented Sun Orchid , 20 Pink Sun Orchid , 20 Screw-pine , 182 Pink Water Lily , 6 Shea butter , 233 Plain Sun Orchid , 20 Short-Lipped Leek Orchid , 17 Pond Collard , 7 Shui Lian (Chinese) , 8 Potato Orchid , 13 Shunguneer Pushpum (Tamil) , 7 Prairie turnip , 2 Siberian Motherwort, 4 Prostate cancer cell lines , 155 Sidala , 19 C4-2B , 155 SiHa , 208 DU145 , 155 Silver Crabgrass , 227 Common Name Index 383

Simbegi , 19 Tongkat Ali , 2, 249, 260, 263, 266–268 Sisekeni sigosi , 19 Tongkat’ Ali , 250 Sitalpati Plant , 6 Tongkat Ali (Malay) , 23 Skirret , 2 Toothed Orchid , 16 SK-MEL-2 (skin melanoma) , 78 Tora Alu , 5 SK-OV-3 (ovarian cancer) , 78 Tricolor Donkey Orchid , 13 Slender sun Orchid , 20 Tuberous Jerusalem Sage , 4 Small Snake Orchid, 12 Tuberous Waterlily , 8 Small Tongue Orchid , 10 Tuberous water lily , 113 Smooth-Leaf Parson’s Bands , 13 Tulips , 2 Snails , 35 Tumuku , 5 Snake Orchid , 12 Turban Orchid , 10 Soap bush , 182 Turmeric , 2 Sombre Bee-Orchid , 15 Turnip , 2 Songea , 13, 20 Twitch , 22 Southern Wild Rice , 22 Two-Colour Greenhood , 17 Spatterdock , 7 Sphagnum Helmut Orchid , 10 Spider Orchid , 9 U Spineless Indian Bamboo , 21 Uintjie , 3 Spotted Doubletail Orchid , 12, 127 Ulluco , 2, 141 Spotted Hyacinth Orchid , 11 Umbrella sedge , 216 Starry Leek Orchid , 17 Ung adenoma , 156 Stem borer , 217 Uterine leiomyosarcoma Subterranean , 217 (SK-LMS-1), 156 Summer Greenhood , 18 Summer Leek Orchid , 17 Sunchoke , 2 V Sweet Corn Tuber , 5 Veined Donkey Orchid , 13 Sweet Iris , 3 Veined Doubletail , 13 Sweet Leek Orchid , 17 Veined Sun Orchid , 20 Sweet potato , 2 Vetiver Grass , 21, 22, 196, 198, 199, 201, 202, Sweet-Scented , 113 204–208, 211–219 Synovial sarcoma cell lines , 156 Victoria Lily , 123 SYO-I , 156 Vijike , 19 Vikan , 20 Violet Wood Sorrel , 21 T Visekenividala, 19 Tablelands Leek Orchid , 17 Visekenivigosi , 19 Tall Bearded German Iris , 26 Visekenivikhosi , 19 Tall Bearded Iris , 26 Volkens ‘Satyrium , 20 Tall Greenhood , 18 Vriable Midge Orchid , 13 Tall Leek Orchid, Piano Orchid , 17 Tamaka , 5 Tannia , 1 W Taro , 1 Wapato , 1 Tartan Tongue Orchid , 10 Water Chinquapin , 6 Tar Vine , 6 Water Horehound , 4 Termites , 217 Water hyacinth , 213 Tha Lairu , 6 Waterlilies , 8 Tha Lairusa , 5 Water Lily , 113 Three-Toothed Orchid , 16, 17 Water Maize , 123 Tigernut , 2 Water Millet , 22 Tiger Orchid , 10, 13, 129 Western Donkey orchid , 12 Tiny Greenhood , 18 West Indian Arrowroot , 48 Tiny Midge Orchid , 13 White Donkey Orchid , 12 Tiny Sun Orchid , 20 White Lotus , 7 Tipsin , 2 White Lotus; Bado (Hausa) , 7 Titisigosi , 19 White Paedaria , 23 384 Common Name Index

White Water Lily , 8, 113 Yardgrass , 227 Wild Cane , 22 Yarpo Esing (Mishing) , 4 Wild Sugarcane , 22 Yellow Donkey Orchid , 12 Wire Grass , 227 Yellow Hyacinth Orchid , 11 Woodcock Bee-Orchid , 15 Yellow leek Orchid , 17 Woodcock Orchid , 15 Yellow Pond Lily , 7 Wood Sorrel , 20 Yellow Sand Verbena , 6 Yellow Tiger Orchid , 13, 129 Yellow Water Lily , 7 Y Yellow Wood Sorrel , 20 Yacón , 2 Yuca , 2 Yams , 2 Yangona pepper , 146 Yaqona , 183 Z Yard Grass , 227 Zhu Er Yan , 6 Scientifi c Name Index

A Anatherum Abelmochu s spp , 2 A. muricatum , 196 Abronia latifolia , 6 A. zizanioides , 196 Acanthamoebae castellanii , 174 Andrographis paniculata , 262, 266 Aceras antropophorum , 8 Andropogon Acetosella A. aromaticus , 196 A. crenata , 138 A. muricatum , 196 A.tuberosa , 138 A. muricatus , 196 Achromobacter xylosoxidans , 215 A. nardus , 196 Acianthus A. odoratus , 196 A. apprimus , 8 A. zizanioides , 196 A. collinus , 8 Anisakis simplex , 95 A. exsertus , 8 Anopheles A. pusillus , 8 A. stephensi , 95, 211 Acinetobacter baumannii , 266–267 A. subpictus , 95 Aegle marmelos , 208 Apios americana , 2 Aframomum melegueta , 233 Arthrochilus huntianus , 9 Africana , 229 Aspergillus Agrobacterium A. fl avus , 34, 209 A. radiobacter , 111, 144 A. fumigatus , 94, 169 A. rhizogenes , 143 A. niger , 34, 94, 169 A. tumefaciens , 111 A. nige r , 209 A. tume faciens , 143–144 Astragalus membranaceus , 243, 245 Agropyron Aureus , 94 A.geminatum , 227 Azadirachta indica , 35 A. repens , 21 Agrostis verticillata , 196 Akebia quinata , 80 B Allionia expansa , 109 Bacillus Allium sativum , 2 B. cereus , 43, 266 Alpinia galanga , 2 B.pumilus , 94 Alternaria B.subtilis , 34, 94, 209, 231, 266 A. alternata , 34 Bambusa A. solani , 111 B.pallida , 21 Amorphallus spp. , 1 B.tulda , 21 Anacamptis , 23 Barlia robertiana , 9 A. coriophora , 8, 15 Beta vulgaris , 2 A. morio , 8, 16 Bifi dobacterium adolescentis , 95 A. morio subsp. picta , 9 Biomphalaria alexandrina , 35 A. palustris , 9, 16 Boerhavia A. papilionacea , 9 B.coccinea , 6 A. pyramidalis , 9, 16 B.diffusa , 6

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 385 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 386 Scientifi c Name Index

Boerhavia spp. , 6 C. dazo , 4 Boesenbergia rotunda , 2 C. parvifl orus , 4 Brachycorythis pleistophylla , 9 C. tuberosus , 4 Brucea javanica , 269 Colocasia esculenta , 1 Butyrospermum paradoxum , 233 Colubrina asiatica , 182 Commelina benghalensis , 233 Comperia comperiana , 10 C Conopodium majus , 2 Calathea allouia , 5 Coptotermes formosanus , 217 Calendenia Coracana , 229, 230 C. caerula , 9 Coriandrum sativum , 208 C. carnea , 9 Corybas C. fi lamentosa , 9 C. fi mbriatus , 10 C. fuscata , 9 C. hispidus , 10 C. gracilis , 9 C. montanus , 10 C. quadrifaria , 9 species A , 10 C. tentaculata , 9 Crocus sativus , 3 Callicarpa Cryptococcus neoformans , 169 C. rubella , 3 Cryptostylis C. vestita , 4 C. erecta , 10 Calyxhymenia expansa , 109 C. humteriana , 10 Candida C. leptochila , 10 C. albicans , 34, 94, 169, 209, 267 C. subulata , 10 C. glabrata , 267 Cucurma longa , 2 C. guilliermondii , 211 Culex quinquefasciatus , 95 C. krusei , 267 Cunninghamella elegans , 172 Capsicum annuum , 182 Cuscuta chinensis , 245 Castalia Cymbidium canaliculatum , 2, 10 C. minor , 113 Cymbopogon fl exuosus , 213 C. rubra , 117 Cynodon Centella asiatica , 263 C. dactylon , 233 Cerevisiae , 213 C. indicus , 227 Chamaeraphis muricata , 196 Cynosurus Chiloglottis C. ara , 227 C. diphylla , 9 C. indicus , 227 C. formicifera , 9 C. pectinatus , 227 C. palachila , 10 Cyperus , 2 C. platyptera , 10 C. alternifolius , 98, 214, 216 C. pluricallata , 10 C. esculentus , 2 C. sphyrnoides , 10 C. rotundus , 208, 233 C. trapeziformis , 10 C. trilabra , 10 Chilo partellus , 217 D Chloris Dactylorhiza , 23 C. gayana , 214 C. incarnata , 10, 16 C. repens , 227 C. maculata , 16 Chrysopogon C. osmanica , 10 C. nigritanus , 22 C. osmanica var. , 10 C. zizanioides , 21, 22, 196–219 C. romana , 11 Cinnamomum cassia , 243 C. saccifera , 11, 16 Cleome viscosa , 233 C. sambucina , 11 Clerodendrum C. umbrosa , 11 C. chinense , 4 Dendrobium tarberi , 2, 11 C. fragrans , 4 Dichotomus , 6 C. serratum , 4 Dioscorea spp. , 2 Coelogyne ovalis , 10 Dipodium Coix lacryma-jobi , 216 C. atropurpureum , 11 Coleus C. hamiltonianum , 11 C. blumei , 4 C. pulchellum , 11 Scientifi c Name Index 387

C. punctatum , 11 E. macrosperma , 227 C. roseum , 11 E. marginata , 227 C. variegatum , 11 E. multifl ora , 229 Disa , 23 E. polydactyla , 227 D. aequiloba , 11 E. rigidifolia , 227 D. baurii , 12 E. scabra , 227 D. engleriana , 11 E. textilis , 227 D. erubescens , 11 E. tristachya , 229 D. fragrans , 11 Elymus repens , 21, 22 D. Habenaria , 23 Enterococcus D. hamatopetala , 12 E. faecalis , 266 D. ochrostachya , 12 E. faecium , 266 D. robusta , 12 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 169 D. tanganyikensis , 12 Epimedium D. ukingensis , 12 E. brevicornum , 245 D. walleri , 12 E. grandifl orum , 263 D. zombica , 12 Epipactis royleana , 13 Diuris Equisetum ramosissimum , 233, 236–246 D. abbreviata , 12 Eragrostis cilianensi s , 233 D. alba , 12 Eriochilus cucullatus , 13 D. chrysantha , 12 Eriophyton wallichii , 4 D. dendrobioides , 12 Escherichia coli , 34, 52, 94, 174, 208, 209, 266 D. goonooensis , 12 Eucalyptus D. lanceolata , 12 E. citriodora , 213, 217 D. latifolia , 129 E. globulus , 217 D. oculata , 129 Eulophia schweinfurthii , 13 D. pedunculata , 12 Euryale D. punctata , 12 E. amazonica , 123 D. semilunata , 12 E. ferox , 6 D. semilunulata , 127 Eurycoma D. striata , 12 E. latifolia , 249 D. sulphurea , 13, 129 E. longifolia , 2, 23, 249–270 D. sulphurea f. immaculata sulphurea , 129 E. longifolia var. cochinchinensis , 249 D. sulphurea f. tasmanica , 129 E. merguensis , 249 D. tricolor , 13 E. tavoyana , 249 D. venosa , 13 Dolichos lablab , 114 F Fusarium , 169 E E. oxysporum solani , 111 Echinochloa crus-galli , 183 E. solani , 34, 184 Eleocharis dulcis , 1 F. oxysporum , 143, 184, 209 Eleusine E. compressa , 229 E. coracana , 229 G E. distachya , 227 Garcinia atroviridis , 266 E. distans , 227 Gastrodia E. domingensis , 227 G. procera , 13 E. fl occifolia , 229 G. sesamoides , 13 E. glabra , 227 Genoplesium E. gonantha , 227 G. archeri , 13 E. gouinii , 227 G. fi liforme , 13 E. inaequalis , 227 G. fi mbriata , 13 E. indica , 21, 227–233 G. nudiscapum , 13 E. indica subsp. indica , 227 G. nudum , 13 E. indica var. major , 227 G. pedersonii , 13 E. indica var. monostachya , 227 G. rufum , 13 E. indica var. oligostachya , 227 Glossodia major , 13 E. japonica , 227 Glycyrrhiza glabra , 93 388 Scientifi c Name Index

Gymnadenia conopsea , 15 I. germanica var. sivas , 26 Gynochthodes offi cinalis , 236 I. humei , 26 I. laciniata , 26 I. latifolia , 26 H I. lurida , 26 Habenaria I. macrantha , 26 H. adolphii , 13 I. mesopotamica , 26 H. clavata , 14 I. murorum , 26 H. humilior , 14 I. neglecta , 26 H. intermedia , 14 I. nepalensis , 26 H. keayi , 14 I. nostras , 26 H. praestans , 14 I. nothovar . Florentina , 36 H. xanthochlora , 14 I. nyaradyana , 26 H. zambesina , 14 I. offi cinalis , 26 Haemaphysalis bispinos a , 95 I. pallida , 3, 26, 27, 31–33 Halopegia blumei , 5 I. pallida dalmatica , 32 Harbenaria cornuta , 14 I. pallida subsp. australis , 26 Helianthus tuberosus , 2 I. piatrae , 26 Himantoglossum , 23 I. redouteana , 26 H. affi ne , 14 I. repanda , 26 H. comperianum , 10, 14 I. rothschildii , 26 Hippobosca maculata , 95 I. sambucina , 26 Holcus zizanioides , 196 I. setosa , 3 Hordeum bulbosum , 21 I. spectabilis , 26 HT-29 , 231 I. squalens , 26 Hymenolepis nan a , 95 I. squalens var. bifl ora , 26 I. squalens var. rosea , 26 I. superba , 26 I I. tardifl ora , 26 Imperata cylindrica , 22 I. trojana , 26 Ipomoea I. varbossania , 26 I. batatas , 2 I. variegata , 27 I. costata , 2 I. variegata var. lurida , 26 Iris I. venusta , 26 I. alba , 26 I. violacea , 26 I. amoena , 26 I. vulgaris , 26 I. atroviolacea , 26 Ixora ubsessilis , 23 I. australis , 26 I. belouinii , 26 I. biliottii , 26 J I. buiana var. virescens , 26 Juncus loureiroana , 227 I. cristatation , 3 I. croatica , 26 I. cypriana , 26 K I. defl exa , 26 Kampferia galanga , 2 I. fl orentina , 26, 31 Klebsiella pneumoniae , 209, 266 I. fl orentina var. pallida , 26 Klebsiella sp. , 94 I. fl orentinoides , 26 I. germanica , 3, 26–36 I. germanica var. alba , 26 L I. germanica var. amas , 26 Lathyrus tuberosus , 2 I. germanica var. askabadensis , 26 Lemna aequinoctialis , 34 I. germanica var. australis , 26 Leonurus sibiricus , 4 I. germanica var. fl orentina , 26 Lepidium meyenni , 2 I. germanica var. fontarabie , 26 Leptochloa pectinata , 227 I. germanica var. gypsea Rodigas , 26 Ligustrum lucidum , 245 I. germanica var. kharput , 26 Lilium lancifolium , 33 I. germanica var. lurida , 26 Lipaphis erysmi , 217 I. germanica var. nepalensis , 26 Listeria monocytogenes , 43, 52 Scientifi c Name Index 389

Lonicera japonica , 80 N. javanicum , 54 Lycium barbarum , 243 N. marginatum , 54 Lycopus N. nelumbo , 54 L. lucidus , 4 N. nuciferum , 54 L. reuropaeus , 4 N. rheedii , 54 L. unifl orus , 4 N. speciosum , 6, 54 N. tamara , 54 N. transversum , 54 M N. turbinatum , 54 Macrophomina phaseolina , 209 N. venosum , 54 Malassezia furfur , 94 Nelumbo Malaxix cylindrostachy , 14 N. caspica , 54 Manihot esculenta , 2 N. indica , 54 Maranta N. komarovii , 54 M. arundinacea , 2, 5, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54–98 N. lutea , 6 M. arundinacea .f. sylvestris , 48 N. nelumbo , 54 M. arundinacea var. arundinacea , 48 N. nucifera , 2, 6, 61, 64, 65, 69 M. arundinacea var. indica , 48 N. nucifer a , 70 M. arundinacea var. variegata , 48 N. nucifera , 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90, M. citrifolia , 245 92, 96, 98 M. dichotoma , 6 N. nucifera’s , 87 M. indica , 48 N. nucifera var. macrorhizomata , 54 M. ramosissima , 48 N. speciosa , 54 M. silvatica , 48 N. speciosa var. alba , 54 M. sylvatica , 48 Neotinea M. tessellata var. kegeljanii , 48 N. maculata , 14 Mauritianus , 216 N. tridentata , 17 MCF-7 , 231 N. ustulata , 17 Mentagrophytes , 94 Nuphar Methysticum methysticum , 146 N. advena , 6 Micrococcus luteus , 209, 266 N. lutea , 7 Microcystis aeruginosa , 98 N. luteum , 7 Microsporum canis , 34, 169 N. pumilum , 7 Mimosa pudic a , 97 Nuphar lutea subsp. polysepala , 7 Mirabilis Nymphaea M. expansa , 2, 6, 109–111 N. alba , 7 M. jalapa , 111 N. caerulea , 7 Miscanthus sinensis , 213 N. edulis , 7 Monascus purpureus , 94 N. gigantea , 7 Monochoria vaginalis , 184 N. lotus , 7, 118 Morea fugax , 3 N. lotus var. pubescens , 7 Morinda N. nelumbo , 54 M. offi cinalis , 23, 237–245 N. nouchali , 7, 8 M. offi cinalis var. hirsuta , 236 N. nouchali var. caerulea , 7 M. offi cinalis var. offi cinalis , 236 N. odorata , 8, 113–115 Mycobacterium N. odorata f odorata , 113 M. smegmatis , 208, 209 N. odorata subsp. odorata , 113 M. tuberculosis , 209 N. odorata subsp. tuberosa , 8 N. odorata var. minor , 113 N. odorata var. odorata , 113 N N. odorata var. rosea , 113 Nectria haematococcus , 143 N. parkeriana , 113 Nelumbium N. pubescens , 7, 118 N. album , 54 N. rubra , 8, 117–120 N. asiaticum , 54 N. stellata , 8 N. caspicum , 54 N. tetragona , 8 N. caspium , 54 N. tuberosa , 8 N. discolor , 54 N. victoria , 123 N. indicum , 54 Nymphaea spp. , 8 390 Scientifi c Name Index

O P Odorata var. stenopetala , 113 Pachyrhizus spp. , 2 Olax subscorpioidea , 233 Paederia Ondinea purpurea , 8 P. foetida , 23 Ophrys , 23 P. stenobotrya , 23 O. climacis , 14 Panax quinquefolius , 263 O. fusca , 15 Pandanus tectorius , 182 O. holosericea , 15 Pantoea agglomeran s , 33 O. isaura Renz , 15 Paspalum O. lycia Renz , 15 P. dissectum , 227 O. mammosa , 15 P. distichum , 184 O. phaseliana , 15 Pasteurella multocida , 34 O. scolopax , 15 Penicillium digitatum , 169 O. sphegodes , 15 Pennisetem purpureum , 217 Oplismenus abortivus , 196 Pennisetum clandestinum , 214 Orchis , 23 Peristylus constrictus , 17 O. adenocheila , 15 Phalaris zizanioides , 196 O. anatolica , 15 Pheretima posthuma , 120 O. anthropophora , 8, 15 Phlomis tuberosa , 4 O. conopea , 15 Phragmites , 215 O. coriophora , 15 P. australis , 22 O. italica , 15 Phragmites mauritianus , 216 O. latifolia , 16 Phrynium O. longicruris , 16 P. capitatum , 6 O. maculata , 16 P. pubinerve , 6 O. mascula , 16 P. variegatum , 48 O. militaris , 16 Phytophthora cinnamomi , 143 O. morio , 16 Pichia stipitis , 213 O. palustris , 16 Pimedium grandifl orum , 263 O. provincialis , 16 Piper O. pyramidalis , 16 P. methysticum , 21, 146, 147, 152, 159, 169, 170, 175 O. saccifera Brong , 16 P. wichmanii , 147 O. simia , 16 Plasmodium O. spitzelii , 16 P. berghei , 232 O. tridentata , 17 P. falciparum , 35, 93, 258, 259 O. ustulata , 17 P. yoelii , 263 Orientalis Grueter , 20 P. yoelii - , 263 Orthoceras strictum , 17 Platanthera Oryzias latipes , 36 P. bifolia , 17 Osmanica , 10 P. calvigera , 17 Oxalis Plectranthus , 4 O. arracacha , 138 P. barbatus , 4 O. chicligastensis , 138 P. edulis , 5 O. corymbosa , 20 P. esculenta , 2 O. crassicaulis , 138 P. esculentus , 4, 5 O. crenata , 138 P. madagascariensis , 5 O. debilis var. corymbosa , 20, 21 P. rotundifolius , 4, 5 O. deppei , 20 Poa spicata , 227 O. melilotoides var. argentina , 138 Polygonum minus , 259, 260 O. perennans , 20 Porrifolius , 2 O. picchensis , 139 Prasophyllum , 17 O. radicosa , 20 P. brevilabre , 17 O. stricta , 20 P. campestre , 17 O. tuberosa , 2, 21, 138, 139, 143 P. dossenum , 17 O. violacea , 21 P. elatum , 17 Oxalis sp. , 20 P. fl avum , 17 Oxybaphus expansa , 109 P. odoratum , 17 Scientifi c Name Index 391

P. patens , 17 Rosa P. rogersii , 17 R. damascena , 213 P. solstitium , 17 R. laevigata , 245 Proteus vulgaris , 266 Rotundifolius , 4 Pseudomonas Rubus chingii , 245 P. aereofaciens , 144 P. aeruginosa , 43, 209, 231, 266 P. syringae , 111 S Pseudotrichonympha grassii , 217 Saccharomyces , 213 Psoralea S. cerevisiae , 209 P. corylifolia , 245 Saccharomyces pastorianus , 169 P. esculenta , 2 Saccharum spontaneum , 22 Pteroglossaspis eustachya , 17 Sagittaria spp. , 1 Pterostylis , 18 Salmonella , 34, 268 P. abrupta , 17 S. choleraesuis , 231 P. alata , 17 S. enteritidis , 52, 266 P. bicolor , 17 S. typhi , 209, 267 P. boormanii , 18 S. typhimurium , 94, 96, 174 P. chaetophora , 18 Salmonella sp. , 94 P. coccina , 18 Satyrium , 23 P. curta , 18, 133 S. acutirostrum , 19 P. cycnocephala , 18 S. amblyosaccos , 19 P. daintreana , 18 S. atherstonei , 19 P. decurva , 18 S. breve , 19 P. fi schii , 18 S. buchananii , 19 P. hamata , 18 S. carsonii , 19 P. hildae , 18 S. chlorocorys , 19 P. laxa , 18 S. crassicaule , 19 P. longicurva , 18 S. nepalense , 19 P. longifolia , 18 S. robustum , 19 P. longipetala , 18 S. sacculatum , 20 P. mutica , 18 S. volkensii , 20 P. nutans , 18 Scenedesmus quadricauda , 98 P. obtusa , 18 Schisandra chinensis , 245 P. parvifl ora , 18 Schumannianthus , 6 P. pedunculata , 18, 135, 136 Scorzonera hispanica , 2 P. praetermissa , 18 Scutellarioides , 4 P. re fl ex a , 18 Serapias orientalis , 20 P. setifera , 18 Serapias vomeracea ssp. , 20 P. species , 19 Serrata , 4 P. truncate , 19 Serratia marcescens , 34, 144, 266 P. woollsii , 19 Shigella sp. , 94 Pueraria , 237 Sium sisarum , 2 Pyricularia grisea , 184 Smallanthus sonchifolius , 2 Pythium irregulare , 111 Solenostemon rotundifolia , 5 Sorghum zizanioides , 196 Stachys R S. affi nis , 2, 5, 40–45 Rhaphis muricata , 196 S. chinensis , 5 Rhaphis zizanioides , 196 S. geobombycis var. alba , 40 Rhizoctonia solani , 143 S. paucifl ora , 40 Rhizophora , 198 S. sieboldii , 5, 40, 41, 43, 44 Rhizopus S. sieboldii var. alba , 40 R. nigricans , 169 S. sieboldii var. glabrescens , 40 R. stolonifer , 184 S. sieboldii var. malacotricha , 40 Roeperocharis wentzeliana , 19 S. tuberifera , 40 Romulea bulbocodium , 3 Stachys adulterina , 5 392 Scientifi c Name Index

Staphylococcus , 94 Triticum S. aureus , 34, 35, 43, 52, 209, 231, 266 T. geminatum , 227 Steveniella satyrioides , 20 T. repens , 22 Streptococcus faecalis , 209 Tropaeolum tuberosum , 2 Subspecies africana , 230 Trypanosoma brucei brucei , 169 Typha spp , 2 Typhimurium , 34 T Tamara T. alba , 54 U T. hemisphaerica , 54 Ullucus tuberosus , 2 T. rubra , 54 Taphrina deformans , 184 Taraxacum mongolicum , 243 V Tetracera alnifoli a , 233 Vetiveria Thalia geniculata , 6 V. muricata , 196 Thanatephorus cucumeris , 184 V. nemoralis , 215 Thelymitra V. nigritana , 22 T. carnea , 20 V. odorata , 196 T. circumsepta , 20 V. zizanioides , 22, 196, 201, 207, 208, T. cyanea , 20 210, 212–216 T. fragrans , 20 V. zizanioides var. tonkinensis , 196 T. megacalyptra , 20 Victoria T. nuda , 20 V. amazonica , 123, 124, 125 T. paucifl ora , 20 V. regia , 123 Tigrida pavonia , 3 V. regia var. randii , 123 Tipularia discolour , 20 V. regina , 123 Torulopsis petrophilum , 172 Vigna lanceolata , 2 Toxoplasma gondii , 264, 265 Trachyspermum ammi. , 95 Tragopogon , 2 X Trichoderma Xanthosoma spp. , 1 T. harzianum , 111 Xanthoxalis T. reesei , 111 X. crassicaulis , 138 T. viride , 184 X. tuberosa , 138 Trichophyton , 94 Xenopus , 85 T. ferrugineum , 169 T. longifusus , 34 T. mentagrophytes , 169, 209 Z T. rubrum , 94, 169 Zingibe r spp. , 2 T. tonsurans , 169 Zizaniopsis miliacea , 2 2