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→ Report for Mission Selection SP -1324/2 coreh ES A Member States 2 Austria o Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland → R France EPO Germany Greece R T Ireland FO Italy R Luxembourg MISSION Netherlands Norway Portugal SELECTION Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom biomass coreh2o premier → REPORT FOR MISSION SELECTION An Earth Explorer to observe snow and ice E uropean uropean S p ace Agency Agency ace An ESA Communications Production Copyright © 2012 European Space Agency SP-1324/2 May 2012 s biomascoreh 2o premier → REPO RT FOR MISSION SELECTION An Earth Explorer to observe snow and ice This report is based on contributions from the following members of the CoReH2O Mission Advisory Group (MAG): Helmut Rott – MAG Chairman (University of Innsbruck, AT) Claude Duguay (University of Waterloo, Ontario, CA) Pierre Etchevers (Météo-France, FR) Richard Essery (University of Edinburgh, GB) Irena Hajnsek (DLR, DE, and ETH, CH) Giovanni Macelloni (Institute for Applied Physics- CNR, IT) Eirik Malnes (Northern Research Institute, NO) Jouni Pulliainen (Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI) They were supported by two observers: Donald Cline (NOAA, NWS, US) Simon Yueh (JPL, US) The scientific content of the report was compiled by Michael Kern (Scientific Coordinator) with additional contributions, in particular, from Anthony Freeman (JPL, US), Markus Heidinger (ENVEO, AT), Juha Lemmetyinen (FMI, FI), Thomas Nagler (ENVEO, AT), Karl Voglmeier (ENVEO, AT) and from ESA, Nicolas Floury, Andrea Perrera and Dirk Schüttemeyer. The technical content of the report was compiled by Arnaud Lecuyot (Technical Coordinator) with contributions from Antonio Gabriele, Nicolas Gebert, Patrick Grimont, Florence Hélière and David Patterson (all from ESA), based on inputs derived from industrial Phase-A system and technical activities. Recommended citation: ESA (2012). Report for Mission Selection: CoReH2O, ESA SP-1324/2 (3 volume series), European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Cover image: ESA/AOES Medialab An ESA Communications Production Publication Report for Mission Selection: CoReH2O (ESA SP-1324/2, May 2012) P roduction Editor K. Fletcher T gext Editin H. Rider Layout A. Griva P ublisher ESA Communications ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel: +31 71 565 3408 Fax: +31 71 565 5433 www.esa.int ISBN 978-92-9221-422-7 (3 volumes) ISSN 0379-6566 C opyright © 2012 European Space Agency Contents C ontents Executive Summary . 3 1. Introduction. 9 2. Background and Scientific Justification . 13 2.1 Introduction . 13 2.2 Critical Role of Snow and Ice in the Climate System and Water Cycle . 13 2.2.1 Snow and Glaciers: Critical Sources of Water. 14 2.2.2 Terrestrial Snow: Feedbacks to the Climate System, Permafrost and Carbon Cycle . 17 2.2.3 Mass Balance of Glaciers, Ice Caps and Ice Sheets . 18 2.2.4 Lake and River Ice Processes . 19 2.2.5 Sea-ice Thermodynamics and Mass Balance . 20 2.3 The Need for Improved Snow and Ice Observations. 22 2.3.1 Observation Needs: Terrestrial Snow . 22 2.3.2 Observation Needs: Glacier Mass Balance and Runoff . 25 2.3.3 Observation Needs: Lake and River Ice . 26 2.3.4 Observation Needs: Sea Ice . 28 2.4 Scientific Questions . 29 2.5 Overview of the Mission Concept . 31 2.6 Unique Contributions of the Mission – the ‘Delta’ . 32 2.6.1 Science Innovation . 32 2.6.2 Technical Innovation . 32 3. Research Objectives . 35 3.1 Mission Objectives . 35 3.2 Potential Additional Research Contributions of CoReH2O . 37 4 Observational Requirements . 41 4.1 Geophysical Observation Requirements . 41 4.1.1 Geophysical Parameters . 41 4.1.2 Temporal and Spatial Sampling Requirements and Coverage . 43 4.2 Geophysical Products . 45 4.3 Measurement Principle. 45 4.3.1 Radar Interaction with Snow . 45 4.3.2 Effects of Vegetation . 50 4.3.3 Snow Accumulation on Glaciers and Ice Sheets. 51 4.3.4 Radar Interactions with Lake Ice . 51 4.3.5 Radar Interactions with Sea Ice . 52 4.3.6 Atmospheric Effects . 53 4.4 Summary of Observation Requirements . 54 5 System Concept . 59 5.1 Introduction . 59 5.2 Mission Architecture Overview . 59 5.3 Mission Analysis and Orbit Selection . 60 5.3.1 Orbit Selection . 60 5.3.2 Mission Profile . 61 iii SP-1324/2: CoReH2O 5.4 Space Segment. 63 5.4.1 Overview . 63 5.4.2 Satellite Configuration. 64 5.4.3 Payload . 66 5.4.4 Platform. 81 5.4.5 Budgets . 93 5.5 Launcher. 96 5.6 Ground Segment and Data Processing . 97 5.6.1 Overview and External Interfaces . 97 5.6.2 Flight Operation Segment . 98 5.6.3 Payload Data Ground Segment. 99 5.6.4 Level-1 Mission Data Processing . 102 5.7 Operations and Utilisation Concept . 104 5.7.1 Overview . 104 5.7.2 LEOP and Commissioning . 104 5.7.3 End-of-life and Emergency Operations . 105 5.7.4 Routine Operations . 106 6. Scientific Data Processing and Validation Concept . 111 6.1 Level-0 and Level-1 data . 111 6.2 Level-2 Processing . 111 6.2.1 Auxiliary Data . 115 6.3 Validation . 116 6.3.1 Additional Validation Sources . 117 6.4 Assimilation of Snow Cover Products. 118 7. Performance Estimation . 123 7.1 Coverage, Data Latency, and Availability . 123 7.2 Observing Mission Performance at Level-1b . 124 7.2.1 Imaging Geometry . 124 7.2.2 Impulse Response Function – Geometric Resolution . 126 7.2.3 Effective Number of Looks . 127 7.2.4 Sensitivity – Noise Equivalent Sigma Zero . 128 7.2.5 Ambiguity Suppression . 130 7.2.6 Radiometric Budgets . 131 7.2.7 Geometric Budgets . 132 7.2.8 Performance Summary . 132 7.3 End-to-end Mission Performance Simulator . 133 7.3.1 End-to-end Architecture . 133 7.3.2 End-to-end Performance Results . 134 7.4 Mission Performance at Level-2 . 136 7.4.1 Performance Estimation Based on Simulated Data. 137 7.4.2 Performance Analysis based on Experimental Data . 143 7.4.3 Summary on Retrieval Performance . 145 8 Mission Context . 151 8.1 User Community Readiness . 151 8.1.1 Hydrological Modelling and Forecasting . 152 8.1.2 Climate Modelling and Numerical Weather Prediction . 152 8.2 Global Context . 153 8.2.1 Complementarity of CoReH2O. 153 iv Contents 8.2.2 Contribution to International Programmes . 154 8.3 Application Potential . 154 9 Programmatics. 159 9.1 Introduction . 159 9.2 Scientific Maturity, Critical Areas and Risks . 159 9.2.1 Previous ESAC Recommendations . 159 9.2.2 Maturity . 160 9.2.3 Critical Areas . 161 9.2.4 Risks . 161 9.3 Technical maturity, Critical Areas and Risks . 161 9.3.1 Satellite and Platform . 161 9.3.2 Dual-frequency, Dual-polarisation SAR Payload . 162 9.3.3 PDGS Ground Segment Development . 163 9.4 Development Approach and Schedule . 163 9.4.1 Overall Design and Development Approach . 163 9.4.2 Assembly, Integration and Testing . 164 9.4.3 Schedule . 165 9.5 Conclusion . 165 References. 169 Acronyms . 179 v → EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary Executive Summary The Earth Explorer Cold Regions Hydrology high-resolution Observatory (CoReH2O) will be the first satellite mission dedicated to making global measurements of freshwater stored in snow on land surfaces and snow accumulated on glaciers and ice caps. It will provide repeated observations of snow and ice properties at fine spatial scales for modelling and validating surface–atmosphere exchange processes, climate research and hydrological applications. This measurement dataset cannot be obtained adequately from ground-based or airborne sensors, nor is it delivered by any other existing or planned spaceborne sensor. Snow and glaciers are vital resources of freshwater in high-latitude regions and many densely populated areas in mid and low latitudes. Covering up to 50 million km2 of Earth’s land surface, snow is a key component in the global water cycle, influencing atmospheric circulation and the climate from regional to global scales. As climate change threatens access to freshwater resources, there is a call for immediate action to quantify the amount and variability of water stored as snow, reduce uncertainties in these terms, and improve the prediction of climatic effects on the water cycle and associated feedbacks. There is also the need to address the effects of snow distribution on the carbon cycle and greenhouse-gas exchange, the effects of lake ice on heat exchange between the surface and the atmosphere, and the role of snow in ice formation for sea-ice thermodynamics and mass balance. The importance of improved snow and ice observations for climate research and modelling, for numerical weather prediction, for water management and ecology, and for supporting the adaptation to climate change has been highlighted in several reports such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report on Climate Change and the Integrated Global Observing Strategy Cryosphere Theme Report. The hydrological modelling and forecasting community requests high-resolution snow information, particularly over areas of moderate to complex topography where the snowpack can be very heterogeneous. The climate modelling and numerical weather prediction user community is well-prepared to handle the observations and to exploit the unique dataset that CoReH2O will provide. The mission objectives are directly linked to specific challenges in ESA’s Living Planet Programme and address four of the five components of the.
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