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Montréal En Évolution PATRIMOINE Jean-Claude Marsan URBAIN MONTREAL EN EVOLUTION JEAN-CLAUDE MARSAN Quatre siècles d’architecture et d’aménagement MONTRÉAL EN ÉVOLUTION Presses de l’Université du Québec PATRIMOINE URBAIN Collection dirigée par Lucie K. Morisset Bouleversés par l’accroissement des échanges culturels et des migrations, au XXIe siècle, les rapports entre les collectivités et leur environnement bâti restent au cœur des constructions identitaires modernes. Patrimoine urbain, collection de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en patrimoine urbain (UQAM), propose d’explorer les configurations imaginaires et les constitutions maté­ rielles de cet environnement. De l’architecture à la ville et de la création à la commémoration, les ouvrages de la collection auscultent la notion de patri­ moine et les phénomènes de patrimonialisation : l’analyse des idées mais aussi celle des objets y sont mises à contribution, dans une perspective holistique, afin de comprendre les représentations qui forgent le paysage construit et, au bout du compte, dans l’espoir de nourrir une réinvention du patrimoine, comme projection dans l’avenir. Jeunes chercheurs et chercheurs expérimentés y offrent leurs réfle xions en partage à un large public, intéressé par l’histoire, par les cons tructions mythiques ou simplement par le paysage qui nous entoure. Acteurs, déci­ deurs et témoins des scènes architecturales, ubanistiques ou touristiques, citoyens et curieux sont donc conviés au débat. MONTREAL EN EVOLUTION Presses de l’Université du Québec Le Delta I, 2875, boulevard Laurier, bureau 450, Québec (Québec) G1V 2M2 Téléphone : 418 657-4399 Télécopieur : 418 657-2096 Membre de Courriel : [email protected] Internet : www.puq.ca Diffusion / Distribution : Canada Prologue inc., 1650, boulevard Lionel-Bertrand, Boisbriand (Québec) J7H 1N7 Tél. : 450 434-0306 / 1 800 363-2864 France AFPU-D – Association française des Presses d’université Sodis, 128, avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 77403 Lagny, France – Tél. : 01 60 07 82 99 Belgique Patrimoine SPRL, avenue Milcamps 119, 1030 Bruxelles, Belgique – Tél. : 02 7366847 Suisse Servidis SA, Chemin des Chalets 7, 1279 Chavannes-de-Bogis, Suisse – Tél. : 022 960.95.32 La Loi sur le droit d’auteur interdit la reproduction des œuvres sans autorisation des titulaires de droits. Or, la photocopie non autorisée – le « photocopillage » – s’est généralisée, provoquant une baisse des ventes de livres et compromettant la rédaction et la production de nouveaux ouvrages par des profes- sionnels. L’objet du logo apparaissant ci-contre est d’alerter le lecteur sur la menace que représente pour l’avenir de l’écrit le développement massif du « photocopillage ». Jean-Claude Marsan MONTREAL EN EVOLUTION Quatre siècles d’architecture et d’aménagement Catalogage avant publication de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec et Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Marsan, Jean-Claude, 1938- Montréal en évolution : quatre siècles d’architecture et d’aménagement 4e édition. (Patrimoine urbain ; 16) Comprend des références bibliographiques et un index. ISBN 978-2-7605-4422-2 1. Architecture – Québec (Province) – Montréal – Histoire. 2. Urbanisme – Québec (Province) – Montréal – Histoire. I. Titre. II. Collection : Patrimoine urbain ; 16. NA9130.M6M37 2016 720.9714’28 C2015-942608-1 La publication de cet ouvrage a bénéficié de l’apport financier des institutions, programmes et organismes suivants : – Le programme des Chaires de recherche du Canada, grâce à la contribution de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en patrimoine urbain de l’École des sciences de la gestion, à l’Université du Québec à Montréal ; – Le programme des Réseaux stratégiques de connaissance du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), par l’entremise du Forum canadien de recherche publique sur le patrimoine, logé à l’UQAM ; – Le programme de Soutien aux équipes de recherche du Fonds de recherche du Québec sur la société et la culture, qui subventionne le Groupe interuniversitaire de recherche sur les paysages de la représentation, la ville et les identités urbaines (PARVI). Révision linguistique Micheline Giroux-Aubin Correction d’épreuves Gislaine Barrette Conception graphique Richard Hodgson Image de couverture © Mbruxelle | Dreamstime.com – Montreal Downtown Photo Mise en pages Le Graphe Dépôt légal : 4e trimestre 2016 › Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec › Bibliothèque et Archives Canada © 2016 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction et d’adaptation réservés Imprimé au Canada G4422-1 [01] À Marilou, ce portrait de la ville qui l’anime Remerciements CETTE QUATRIÈME ÉDITION EN FRANÇAIS DE MONTRÉAL en évolution a un parrain : Luc Noppen, titulaire de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en patrimoine urbain à l’École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal. C’est grâce à son initiative que cette institution m’a décerné, en avril 2012, le titre de docteur honoris causa. Pour souligner cet évènement, le professeur Noppen m’a proposé de publier cette quatrième édition dans la collection Patrimoine urbain dont est responsable Lucie K. Morrisset. Sa proposition m’a profondé ment touché pour la bonne raison que Montréal en évolution fut, à l’origine, le sujet de ma thèse de doctorat à l’Université d’Édimbourg, diplôme que j’ai obtenu en 1975. C’est en découvrant cette capitale écossaise avec ses paysages fascinants que je me suis rendu compte, au fond, que je ne connaissais rien de l’histoire de l’architecture et de l’environnement urbain de ma ville natale ; en faire le sujet MONTRÉAL EN ÉVOLUTION de ma thèse de doctorat me fournissait une occasion unique de remédier à cette ignorance. Et voici qu’après quatre décennies, cette thèse est toujours jugée pertinente et, comme son sujet, l’agglomération de Montréal, elle s’avère toujours en évolu­ tion ! Donc un merci très personnel à Luc Noppen et à Lucie K. Morrisset pour avoir apprécié cet héritage et pris l’initiative de le mettre à jour et de le transmettre. Comme les éditions précédentes, cette quatrième édition de Montréal en évolution a largement profité des échanges avec des étudiants, des collègues, des camarades d’associations et des professionnels de la pratique publique et privée. Je ne peux, malheureusement, remercier nommément toutes ces per­ sonnes, car le risque d’en oublier plusieurs demeure inévitable. Je tiens par contre à témoigner ma profonde reconnaissance à mon épouse, Annick Germain, qui, sociologue de formation et passionnée par les études urbaines, a contribué presque au quotidien à développer et à préciser ma pensée sur les divers aspects de Montréal traités dans cet ouvrage. J’ai grandement profité, dans la préparation du manuscrit pour l’impression, des révisions minutieuses, des suggestions et des conseils judicieux de Micheline Giroux­Aubin chargée d’assurer la qualité de l’écriture et la rigueur des références bibliographiques. Je la remercie pour son labeur soutenu ainsi que pour sa patience. Par leur travail persévérant, Marianne Charland et Jean­ François Cloutier­Deraiche, jeunes chercheurs de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en patrimoine urbain, ont largement souscrit à l’adage selon lequel une image vaut mille mots. Comme une quinzaine d’illustrations des éditions précé­ dentes n’ont pu être retracées, elles ont dû être remplacées et une quarantaine d’autres ont été ajoutées pour rendre plus intelligible le chapitre 15, lequel constitue l’apport princi­ pal de cette nouvelle édition. Jean­François a veillé à ce que chacune de ces illustrations fasse l’objet d’une recherche de pertinence et de qualité tandis que Marianne a mis à contri­ bution, avec beaucoup de flair, ses talents de photographe. Un chaleureux merci à vous deux, Marianne et Jean­François, pour votre contribution capitale à cette quatrième édition de Montréal en évolution. X Table des matières Remerciements IX Liste des figures XIII Introduction à la première édition 1 Introduction à la quatrième édition 11 LA RENCONTRE DE L’ANCIEN P1 ET DU NOUVEAU MONDE 15 1 La clé de l’Ouest 17 2 L’île colonie 37 MONTRÉAL EN ÉVOLUTION LA VILLE FRONTIÈRE P2 (1642 – ENVIRON 1840) 69 La société de l’Ancien Régime 71 3 La ville frontière 95 4 Architecture et environnement de la ville frontière 125 5 Les années de transition 157 6 MONTRÉAL VICTORIEN P3 (ENVIRON 1840 – ENVIRON 1950) 201 Les forces nouvelles 203 7 Entre le bon et le médiocre : 8 l’architecture publique et l’architecture religieuse 233 Espoirs et déceptions : 9 l’architecture commerciale 279 Du délire à l’indigence : 10 l’architecture domestique 313 L’héritage victorien 349 11 MONTRÉAL AU XXe P4 ET AU DÉBUT DU XXIe SIÈCLE 383 La métropole 385 12 Les années de rattrapage 419 13 Les années de réappropriation 483 14 Le tango 549 15 Conclusion 663 Bibliographie 671 Index 717 XII Liste des figures 001 Situation géographique de l’île de Montréal 20 002 Topographie de la plaine de Montréal 25 003 Topographie et principaux cours d’eau anciens de l’île de Montréal 31 004 Reproduction du plan du fort de Ville-Marie, daté de 1647 et attribué à Jean Bourdon 34 005 Carte de l’île de Montréal et de ses environs par Nicolas Bellin 1744 47 006 Carte de l’île de Montréal, faite en 1834 par André Jobin, montrant les paroisses et les côtes 56 007 Transcription du plan terrier de 1702 de l’île de Montréal 59 008 Évolution de la côte Notre-Dame-des-Neiges 63 009 Carte de l’île de Montréal par J. Rielle, 1904 66 010 Détail d’une carte de l’île de Montréal, établie en 1890 par J. Rielle 67 011 Plan de la ville de Louisbourg, tracé en 1764 par Nicolas Bellin 80 012 Transcription du plan du rez-de-chaussée du château de Vaudreuil et de la façade du côté de la rue Saint-Paul 82 MONTRÉAL EN ÉVOLUTION 013 L’intérieur de l’église de Visitation de la Bienheureuse-Vierge-Marie, Sault-au-Récollet, 2003 87 014 Transcription du Plan de Ville-Marie en 1672 97 015 Plan de Ville-Marie dans l’île de Montréal, daté de 1685 101 016 Plan de la ville de Montréal en 1704, attribué à Jacques Levasseur de Néré 104 017 Plan de la ville de Montréal en Canada.
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