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Traditional Rural Architecture in Quebec: 1600-1800

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Traditional Rural Architecture in Quebec: 1600-1800 TRADITIONAL RURAL ARCHITECTURE IN QUEBEC: 1600-1800 Sarah M. McKinnon* Major Report No. 9 *Abridged version of a Ph.D. Dissertation presented to the Centre for Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto, entitled, "The Medieval Origins of French Canadian Domestic Architecture", August 1976. ** Dr. McKinnon was a recipient of a Cadillac-Fairview Housing Fellowship for 1975-76. Centre for Urban and Connnunity Studies and Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto April 1977 GLOSSARY Barge boa rd sloping board covering ends of roof timbers at verge brace short timber set obliquely to stiffen frame by introducing triangulation cob primitive concrete composed of mud and chopped straw collar short length of timber tying together pair of rafters near apex cornice crowning member of Classical entab­ la ture, also used as a finish to a wall-top and below internal ceilings dog-leg stair stair formed of two flights joined by half-landing; 'pair of stairs' dormer small window set in roof timbering dressings worked stone or brick surrounding openings, also quoins and other features requiring special care eaves projection of roof over wall-face field-stone see 'rubble' gable end of building showing roof pitch girder beam passing between main posts of building half-timber modern term to describe timber-framed building hip roof-slope carried around angle of building hipped end end of building with roof-slope carried around to cross it joist timber actually carrying floor hoarding or ceiling plaster i king-post central vertical member of roof 'truss' (see diagram) plate horizontal timber set on wall to carry joists of rafters; wall-plate (see diagram) purl in longitudinal timber supported by trusses gable walls etc. and carrying rafters (see diagram) queen-post one of a pair of small posts forming part of a roof-truss quoin angle of a building, or stones, bricks, etc. forming it rafter sloping timbers to which roof covering is attached (see diagram) ridge line of meeting of roof-slopes at apex; small timber carrying this (see diagram) rubble stone gathered from fields or salvaged from old buildings and laid without dress­ ing by tools shingle long wooden tile for roof covering sill horizontal timber carrying vertical ones, foundation timber of framed house, lower timber of door or window frame tie-beam heavy beam tying opposite walls together; foundation member of roof 'truss' (see diagram) truss strongly-framed triangular feature crossing building at bay interval and carrying ridge and purlins of roof verge edge of roof at gable end wall-plate horizontal timber set on top of wall to carry feet of rafters (see diagram) ii wattle woven willow-wands used as foundation for plaster of cob or, later lime weatherboard board used for external sheathing of timber frames and set overlapping; clapboard iii e,, '\'Yi\'\-dp'1( . 'Raf\e\'S a,. \'\} o. ( ( 'P\ a\ fl ~· \'o(e \'(~+e b. \\,e, t3 eciwi ~· "\'"1~G"" c. \{ \~ \'os'r h,'. RiJ~e,~o(e.- \. Co~"" ~~te\'S d $~ruts • -. iv INTRODUCTION This study of rural architecture in Quebec is taken from a larger work which was submitted to the University of Toronto as a Doctor of Philosophy thesis. The thesis compared French and Quebecois rural architecture during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but it has not been possible to publish the whole of the work under this format. However, those sections covering the Quebec evidence and the analysis of that evidence can be seen to form an independent unit. Therefore I have determined to present them here. In addition I have included the compre­ hensive bibliography on Quebecois rural building, not only as an indication of the materials used in the present study but as the starting point for future work in this subject. The study itself needs no introduction. It presents to the reader a selection of houses, physical evidence illuminating the history of rural architecture in Quebec. Too often this history has departed from its evidential basis. Not so with this study which discusses and analyzes the physical remains of a subject that has enduring importance for all those interested in hlllllan habitation. I would like to express my appreciation to several offices of the Ministere des Affaires Culturelles in Quebec City, particularly for photo­ graphic reproductions for the Inventaire des Oeuvres d'Art. Near the end of the task, perceptive criticism was graciously provided by John Leyerle, Director of the Centre for Medieval Studies. I would also like to mention Ava Blitz, Maja Dettbarn, Kris Jarron, Karin Moeller, Tricia Montrose and - 2 - Lise St. Denis, all of whose assistance was invaluable. The work was greatly facilitated by a generous grant from The Cadillac-Fairview Corporation, Ltd., administered through the Centre for Urban and Community Studies of the University of Toronto. Finally, my heartfelt thanks are offered to my Supervisor, the late James H. Acland, Professor, Department of Architecture and Centre for Medieval Studies, whose idea this topic really was. Sarah M. McKinnon December 30, 1976 Winnipeg, Manitoba - 3 - 1. FRENCH CANADIAN INVENTORY DATA Unfortunately for a study of this type, there exist no com­ prehensive inventories of French Canadian rural housing. As a result this chapter focuses on 12 houses whose descriptions are based on several different sources. These particular examples of early rural building in Quebec were carefully chosen because together they represent a comprehensive sampling of remaining architectural evidence. They are not intended to present a variety of the most typical characteristics of the French Canadian building tradition in the context of specific sites and particular construct­ ional problems. Another major consideration in the selection of houses for this study was that of age: none was chosen which dates from after the middle of the eighteenth century, and several are considerably earl­ ier. Clearly, the oldest Quebecois houses are vital in an evolution­ ary study. Other factors which helped to narrow the field of possible examples include: whether a prospective house exists presently in a relatively unaltered state; whether firsthand examination of the site (at least on the exterior) is possible; whether the building has been documented by previous scholars. Thus, if the answers to the latter questions were "yes" and the prospective house were old enough and provided clear evidence of typical French Canadian plan and con­ structional technique, it was selected for this study. - 4 - In general, dating Quebecois rural houses is relatively easy because written primary evidence pertaining to specific houses is often available. Also in Quebec there is a relatively small geo- graphic area throughout which building materials and techniques were fairly uniform; therefore, a house's date may be estimated based on a comparison with another for which precise historical in- formation is available. In addition, several other scholars have previously treated the problem of chronology in French Canadian d omestic. arc h"itecture. 1 Certainly the investigator of Quebec rural housing faces the difficulties in dating of continuous inhabitation and later remodeling of the physical evidence. However, recent in- terest in the unique architectural heritage of French Canada has en- couraged public programs of preservation and reconstitution involving careful research into questions of chronology in building development. Consequently, fairly precise historical information is available to the researcher; he should be knowledgeable in approachin~ the task of dating. As a result, the margin of error for the dates suggested in this chapter should be extremely small. Despite the lack of a single, comprehensive inventory study of French Canadian housing, there have been numerous small-scale, sel- ective approaches to this methodology. In 1927 the Quebec provincial 1 The clearest statement of the chronology of the French Canadian house may be found in the sketched chart in: Gauthier-Larouche (1974). - 5 - government under the direction of the archivist P.-G. Roy issued a collection comprised of written historical notes and photographs on individual houses, usually those of some architectural signifi- 2 cance. Slightly later, Ramsay Traquair was directing architecture students at McGill University in a project preparing measured draw- ings of historic architecture located primarily in the Montreal area. This material later became the basis for almost all of Traquair's publications. In the 40's, SO's and 60's, a photographic inventory of art and architecture, Inventaire des Oeuvres d'Art, under the direction of G~rard Morisset for the provincial government, expanded and updated Roy's work. However, it does not contain any written analysis of the material surveyed and only occasional documentary evidence. In the 60's and ?O's, C. Ross Anderson of the architecture department of Laval University organized several projects aimed at surveying and drawing the historic buildings of the province, pri­ 3 marily in the region around Quebec City. This material is unlike Traquair's because its drawings are not complemented by written physi- cal or historical analysis. Finally the federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development's National Historic Sites Service has 2 Pierre-Georges Roy, Vieux manoirs, vielles maisons, (Qu~bec, 1927). 3 C. Ross Anderson, Recherches architecturales et historiques, ete 1971 (Quebec, 1971). - 6 - Qu(BEC VALLEY of the, St LAWR_ENCE N 6. Beaupovt i. 13a.tiscatv 1 Z. Caf Sa.~te 7. 5ea.u mont 3. C'i.ar(es bc«Y')- Ouesf- B. C n; t eau ft~er 4~ 5\(fet--'j £>. 5 a.ittie "'F~i <<e, I .. o. 5. SaitLf e ~To"\ J.O. · Bet'1C~c,Y- en -- -e ~5 ' - ' - .:. - .. - '~ - : _- ~~-- -- - - - - - - -- ...:- ~ - ... ~ - - -- - -_- - .. - ~- - ~ - - -- - - - -_ =-- -~ - :- - 7 - produced the Canadian Inventory of Historic Building. It is a national inventory of all buildings of architectural merit designed to aid in their preservation by providing a central file of physical, historic and photographic documentation.
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