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Home , Battle on the Ice, Censorship in Belarus, Dmitry Medvedev, Politics of Belarus, Rurik, Sergey Kiriyenko

Historical chronology of the Russian Federation

862 1195 Arrival of : is summoned to Novgorod. The Signing of first Novgorod treaty with German towns and beginning of ’s statehood. Gotland.

862-1613 1223 The rule of the Rurikov . First Mongol invasion of Russian territories. Russian troops are defeated at the 882 Kalka river. Rurik’s successor Oleg of Novgorod conquers Kiev and moves the capital there. 1237-1242 Mongol conquest of Russia. 907 Oleg’s expedition against . Russia’s first treaty 1240-1480 with the is signed. The Tatar-Mongol yoke.

957 1240 Princess Olga baptised in Constantinople. attempts to conquer north-western territories of Russia. leads and wins the battle against 988 the on the Neva River. Baptism of Prince Vladimir and conversion of Russia to Christianity. Among the Russian people, Christian and pagan 1242 beliefs are combined throughout next centuries. Battle on the Ice: Nevsky’s victory over the Teutonic Knights on . 11th century First birch-bark documents appear, proving literacy of the 1270 Slavs. Novgorod signs treaty with the Hanseatic League.

1030 1326 Prince Yaroslav starts the first school in Novgorod. Establishment of Metropolitan (Bishop) in .

1054 1337 Schism between Eastern and Western Catholicism. The Foundation of Trinity Monastery in Sergiev Posad near Russian clergy is inclined towards orthodoxy with the centre in Moscow. Constantinople, although acknowledges the power of the Pope and treats Catholicism with respect. 1328-1340 Rule of Ivan Kalita, who greatly extends the Moscow principality, 1054-1073 turning Moscow into the most influential Russian city. Russkaia Pravda, the first Russian law, is written. 1359-1389 1095 Rule of Dmitry Donskoi. First election of the prince in Novgorod. 1380 1116 Victory of Dmitry Donskoi over the Tatars at Kulikovo Field. “Primary Chronicle” composed (the oldest manuscript). 1382 1147 Moscow is sacked and burned by the Mongol warrior khan Moscow is founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki. Tokhtamysh.

213 214 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 Russian Federation, Country Profile 1552 The ruleofIvanIVtheTerrible. 1547-1584 Printing ofthefirstbooksinRussianPrague. 1517-1519 Incorporation ofPskovintotheMoscowstate. 1510 Sudebnik 1497 to theMongolyoke. end an putting retreat Mongols The III. Ivan of command the Akmat, khan of the of Golden Horde and the army Russian army under the between River Ugra the on Standoff Great The 1480 Incorporation ofNovgorodintotheMoscowstate. 1478 Emperor. Marriage of Ivan III with Zoe (Sophia), niece of the last Byzantine 1472 of Novgorod. city the of Charter Novgorod the against III Ivan of Campaign 1471 theMongolyoke. around Moscowandthrowsoff principalities Russian separate consolidates He Great. the III Ivan of Rule 1462-1505 Capture ofConstantinoplebytheOttomans. 1453 Church ofRussiadeclaredautocephalous. western 1448 and eastern of Reunion churches. Florence of Council 1439 Disintegration ofGoldenHorde. 1430-1466 of theGoldenHorde. Defeat of the Golden Horde by Tamerlane. Decline of the power 1395 h ct o Akrka i dfae ad nertd no the into integrated Moscow state. and defeated is Asktrakhan of city The 1556 Annexation ofKazantoMoscow. ispromulgated(legalcodeofIvanIII). 1571-1600 Crimean Tartars burnMoscow. 1571 First ZemskiiSoboriselected(ConsultativeLandAssembly). 1566 Ivan theTerrible’s 1565-1572 First bookprintedinMoscow. 1564 patriarchal lifestyle. of Edition 1560s . against and Sweden for domination in the 1558-1583 Mikhail Romanov becomestsar. 1613 in against militia Moscow. popular lead Pozharsky and Minin 1612-1613 The PolesoccupyMoscow. 1610-1612 Mass famine. 1601-1603 TsarevichDmitry killedin 1591 Creation oftheMoscowPatriarchate. 1589 frequent and changes ofrulers. uprisings civil numerous famine, occupation, Polish-Lithuanian Troubles”,suffers of Russia when “Time The 1598-1613 serfdom. and conserves reinforces which abolished, is limited), albeit freedom, of day the masters, their change to permitted were serfs when day Day,George’s St. of Privilege 1584 of . conquest the of beginning the Yermakand of expedition The 1582 Zaporozhia , the of frontier. Beginnings southern the of Fortification Domostroi n , andUralCossacks. oprichnina te aos ok f rnils f the of principles of book famous the , Uglic (masspurgesandreignofterror). h Iur’ev Den’ Iur’ev . , November 26 (the 26 November , 1613-1917 1721 The rule of the Romanov dynasty. Treaty of Nystad: , , , acquired from Sweden. Peter assumes the title of Emperor. 1649 Ulozhenie: Legal Code of Tsar Alexey. 1755 Lomonosov founds Moscow University. 1653 Last full meeting of Zemskii Sobor. Establishment of absolute 1762-1796 monarchy in Russia. The rule of Catherine II the Great.

1654 1765 Church Council adopts Nikon’s reforms, which leads to schism Final secularisation of Church lands. Submission of the Church in the Orthodox Church. to the State.

1660s 1767-1768 Moscow linked with Amsterdam and Berlin by regular postal forbidden to submit complaints against landowners. service. Toughening of serfdom.

1666 1773-1775 Church Council deposes Patriarch Nikon. First partition of Poland: Belorussia annexed to Russia.

1670-1671 1782-1785 Revolt of Stepan (Stenka) Razin against Moscow rule. Full absorption of the into the . Historical chronology of the Russian Federation of chronology Historical 1672 1783 Russian embassies established in all major European states. Incorporation of the .

1682 1801-1825 becomes Tsar of Russia, with Sophia as The rule of Alexander I (of the Romanov dynasty). regent. 1801 1689-1917 Acquisition of eastern . The period of the Russian Empire. 1802 1689-1725 Sale of landless serfs prohibited. First projects for abolishing Rule of Peter the Great. serfdom appear but remain unimplemented.

1695 1806-1815 Beginning of the Russian navy. Conquest of Dagestan and Baku.

1697-1698 1809 Conquest of Kamchatka in the Far East. Annexation of .

1703 1812 with Sweden. August 14 Napoleon attacks Russia. 1703 September 7 Founding of St Petersburg. Battle of Borodino. September 14 1709 Napoleon seizes Moscow. Establishment of the guberniias (provinces). October 19 Napoleon leaves Moscow. 1711 First census (household and tax). 1812-1815 Alexander’s pursuit of Napoleon to Paris. 1716-1717 Transfer of capital to St Petersburg. 1819-1829 University of St Petersburg founded.

215 216 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 Russian Federation, Country Profile Rule ofAlexanderIII. 1881-1894 Assassination ofAlexanderIIbyPeople’s terrorists. Will 1881 anti-monarchist movement). radical revolutionary People’s Will Party and Black Partition established (birth of the 1880 War with Turkey; 1877—1878 Tolstoy’s 1870 Alaska issoldtotheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 1867 Conquest ofCentralAsia. 1866 reform; government. education self- local of development and stimulating of form a as instituted Law Reforms: Great 1864-1885 liberationofserfs. Abolition oftheserfdom; 1862 The conquestofCaucasuscompleted. 1859 Rule ofAlexanderIItheReformer. 1855-1881 . 1854-1855 Selo. Tsarskoe to Petersburg St. from built railroad Russian First 1837 nationality. orthodoxy, autocracy, enunciated: principles three Uvarov’s 1832 Decembrist Uprisin 1825 Rule ofNicholasI(Romanov). 1825-1855 Beginning ofthe Trans-Siberian railway. 1891-1893 reforms. Reactionary 1884 War andPeace Treaty ofSanStefan g . ispublished. o . Zemstvo

General 1905 Russo-Japanese War. 1904-1905 headed byMartov. two into splits party fractions: the Bolsheviks headed by The Lenin, and the Mensheviks (). Congress Party 2nd 1903 Party Democratic Social Russian the (Minsk). of Congress 1st 1898 Rule ofNicholasII. 1894-1917 Forging oftheFranco-Russianalliance(theEntente). 1892 Armistice negotiationsatBrest-Litovsk. December 20 October 25/November7 The Kornilovuprising. August Lvov Prince resigns; Kerenskybecomespremierwithdictatorialpowers. Government. Provisional the against Uprising July the ProvisionalGovernmentjointlyrulecountry. ( diarchy and Deputies Workers’ of of Soviet Petrograd the when begins, period The Lvov. of chairmanship the under Government Provisional to power transfers then who Mikhail brother his of favour in II Nicholas of Abdication March Revolution. The February 23–27 February 1917 World War 1914 The BalkanWars start. 1912 the Triple Alliance(, Austro-Hungary, Italy). of intensification of Formation at aimed Reforms, agricultural productiononthebasisofsmallprivatefarms. Land Stolypin The 1907 First ConstitutionofRussia. The FirstDumaisconvened. Constitutional DemocratsKadets:Programmepublished. 1906 Strike I begins. Triple Entent Triple andBloodySunday. FirstRussianRevolution.

e (France, Britain, Russia) against Russia) Britain, (France, dvoevlastie)

1918 1928 March 3 First Five-Year Plan adopted. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. March-August 1929 The foreign intervention begins. British troops land Collectivisation and industrialisation begins. at Murmansk; Japanese at Vladivostok; Americans in Archangelsk; and French at Odessa. The Entente supports 1932 former Provisional Government members and tries to prevent Soviet - French non-aggression pact. the Bolsheviks from gaining control of Russia. May 14 1933 beginning of Civil War in Russia (between Bolshevik Red Army USA recognizes USSR. and White Army, the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces). July 1934 The RFSFR Constitution ratified. joins the League of Nations. The Bolsheviks murder Tsar Nicholas II and his family in 1937-1941 November The Stalin Terror. Mass purges and creation of labour Soviets repudiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. camps.

1919 1939 March August 23 Kolchak launches drive against Bolsheviks Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. June September 17

Treaty of Versailles. invade Poland. World War II starts. the Russian Federation of chronology Historical April-August November Allies withdraw from the territory of Russia. Soviet attacks on Finland.

1920 1940 Civil War ends in Russia; the White Army forces are defeated June and broken up. End of Russia’s war with Finland: are annexed.

1921 1941 The New Economic Policy (NEP) is launched. June 22 Germans attack USSR. 1922 April 3 1943 Stalin becomes Secretary General. German surrender at Stalingrad. April 22 Treaty of Rapallo with Germany. 1945 December 28 February The USSR is officially formed. Yalta Conference on post-war settlement. April-May 1924 and Berlin taken by Soviet troops. USSR recognised by Great Britain, France, Italy. Communist government in installed. January 21 Lenin’s death. 1948 January 31 Czechoslovakia joins Soviet bloc. The blockade of Berlin. USSR Constitution ratified at the 13th Party Congress. 1949 1927 USSR tests the atomic bomb. Trotsky, Zinoviev and followers are expelled from the Communist Party. Iósif Stalin comes to power. 1953 Khrushchev becomes the Secretary General in the Kremlin 1927-1953 after the death of Stalin. The rule of Stalin. 1955 Geneva Summit (the USA, Great Britain, France and USSR) Warsaw Pact established.

217 218 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 Russian Federation, Country Profile 1972 Nuclear Non-ProliferationTreaty. 1970 US-Soviet SALT talks. 1970-1971 roundofSALTPreliminary talks. 1969 The “PragueSpring”andtheSovietinvasionofCzechoslovakia. January-August Dissident 1968 Outer SpaceTreaty. 1967 First Secretary. becomes Brezhnev Kremlin, the from expelled is Khrushchev 1964 USSR, USAandBritainsignnucleartestbantreaty. August 5 US-USSR “hotline”established. August 1963 Cuban MissileCrisi October 1962 The BerlinWall isbuilt. October Yurii August 1961 Khrushchev deliversaspeechatUNAssemblyinNewYork. 1960 Khrushchev visitsUSA. 1959 First Sputniklaunched. 1957 Stalin’s bodywasremovedfromtheLeninMausoleum) CPSU condemns “cult of personality” (it was only in 1961 that The Congress. Party 20th at Speech” “Secret Khrushchev’s 1956 SALT Treaty signed. May 26 Nixon inMoscowforUS-USSRsummit. Gagari inakomyshlyashchii n isthe s first ma . n movementbegins. inspace. 1986 anti- economic reforms(). Secretary; General CPSU alcoholism programme law’) (‘dry initiated; Gorbachev calls for the becomes Gorbachev 1985 in countries 64 protest againsttheSovietinvasionof by boycotted Olympics Summer Moscow 1980 Soviets invade 1979 Apollo- spacemission. 1975 Russia’s admissiontotheWTO. In 2007 this amendment still remains one of the obstacles to The Jackson-Vanik amendment approved by the US Congress. 1974 The November Soviet-Chinese summitinBeijing. May Deputies. and Yeltsin of Sakharov overwhelmingly win seats supporters in the Congress of People’s elections; multi-candidate First March 1989 in cuts significant strength Soviet military announcing UN at speech Gorbachev’s December and therightsofSovietvotersarestrengthened. parliamentary-style limited is apparatus of party the by held power introduction The elements. the towards reforms political begins USSR the of Deputies Peoples of Congress I June-July The US-SovietsummitinMoscow. May 29 Soviets beginpulloutfromAfghanistan. May the “freedomtochoose”itsownsocialsystem. have to land socialist every for right the proclaims Gorbachev February Anti-communist unrestintheBalticrepublics. 1988 Europe. in weapons nuclear intermediate-range all eliminate Treatyto INF the of signing the Washington; in summit US-Soviet The 1987 The US-SovietsummitinReykjavik(ReaganandGorbachev). October Chernobyl disaste April 26 Berli n

Wal l Afghanista falls. r . n . Afghanista n . 1990 September awarded Nobel Peace Prize. The President dissolves the Congress of People’s Deputies and March 11 of Russian Federation and calls for election of becomes the first Soviet to declare Federal Assembly. independence. October March 15 Storming of the by the Yeltsin forces; Parliamentary Gorbachev becomes the President of USSR. forces attack Ostankino TV and the Mayor’s office. June 12 December I Congress of Peoples Deputies of RSFSR passes “Declaration The Supreme Soviet is dissolved; elections to the Federal of State Sovereignty of Russia”. Assembly, the newly established parliament, are held. July 28th Party Congress: announces resignation 1994 from Communist Party membership. He becomes first January democratically elected Russian President. Supreme Soviet Referendum to ratify the new Russian Constitution. The passes law to lift from the press. Constitution significantly expands presidential powers. November October Law on Farms allows kolkhozniks to own private Rouble crashes. farms. November November 10 Russian Security Council votes to send troops to the breakaway CFE Treaty signed in Paris. republic of Chechnya. December 1991 Russian troops invade Chechnya. August

The coup attempt in Moscow. 1995 the Russian Federation of chronology Historical September CPRF under prevails in parliamentary Gorbachev resigns as head of CPSU; Yeltsin closes the elections. communist Pravda newspaper and temporarily disbands CPSU. 1996 December 25 March Presidents of , Russia and Ukraine sign treaty to abolish Kozyrev resigns as Foreign Minister; replaced by Primakov. USSR and form Commonwealth of Independent States. April Gorbachev announces his resignation and USSR ceases to Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and sign integration exist. accords in Moscow. July 1992 Yeltsin is re-elected for second presidential term. April August Government liberalises prices, a major step in moving from the Chechen rebels re-take Grozny. Full-scale combat operations centralised Soviet economy to a market economy. The rouble end in Chechnya. plummets; prices sky-rocket; economic crisis starts. November Western nations announce $24 billion aid package for and sign peace accord in Russia. Chechnya. Russian troops begin withdrawal from Chechnya. May Treaty on Collective Security (Russia, , Kazakhstan, 1997 Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan). April Yeltsin and Clinton meet in Helsinki to discuss expansion of 1993 NATO. Escalation of conflict between the President and the Congress June of People’s Deputies. Presidents Yeltsin and Clinton sign “Founding Act on Mutual March Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Congress of People’s Deputies passes resolution limiting Russian Federation”. powers of government to implement reforms. Yeltsin introduces ‘special presidential rule’. 1998 April August 17 The Speaker of Congress Khasbulatov calls for impeachment Massive sell-off of Russian bonds, securities and roubles. of Yeltsin. The eruption of the Russian financial crisis. Prime Minister August announces devaluation of the rouble; market Referendum supports the president and the reforms. is paralysed by liquidity shortages; share prices plunge, and Russia defaults on foreign loans.

219 220 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 Russian Federation, Country Profile The head of the oil company YUKOS is Khodorkovsky Mikhail YUKOS company oil the of head The October 25 2003 assault. killed duringcounter-terrorist are people 129 terrorists; Chechen by captured is theatre TerroristMoscow.in theatre musical “Nord-Ost” in attack The October 23 2002 their parcelsofland. privatise people lets and sector construction the Code stimulates in business Land New The defined. clearly are land of ownership of forms where Code, Land new a approves Putin October 25 authoritarian trendsinPutin’s presidency. in the ballot is cancelled. All this gives grounds for speaking of candidates” all “Against option the abolished; for is turnout voter threshold the 7%; to for 5% from qualify raised is to seats parties party-list for necessary vote the the of changed: proportion is legislation participating electoral 2004 from By them elections. in preventing and barriers setting parties passed, small is for parties” political “On law New July 11 television. on speech of freedom over victory Putin’s of symbol a were changes these and country the in channel opposition last the was NTV Arguably, jobs. their quit journalists of majority the and replaced are top-managers crisis, suffers channel NTV April Flat scaleofincometax,13%,isintroduced. 1 January 2001 Sea. Allhands,118seamen,dietrappedinside. Barents in exercises during sinks “Kursk” submarine Russian August 12 new systemofterritorialgovernance. a as regions”) (“large districts federal seven introduces Putin May 13 Vladimir Putiniselectedpresident. 26 March 2000 preferred his Putin successor asRussia’s newpresident. Vladimir declares and resigns Yeltsin December 31 Vladimir Putinisappointedprimeminister. September Yeltsin sackscabinet. May 1999 is believedtobeapoliticalprisoner. and imprisonment years’ eight to sentenced is Khodorkovsky corporation. state “” the to over handed gradually is YUKOS of property The evasion. tax of charges on arrested 2006 the of Russian government. Minister Prime Deputy First appointed is Medvedev November plans, andthereformsweresloweddown. initialgovernmentthereviewthe reforms made againstthese protests Numerous citizens. these to payments state higher theordisabled. Welfare benefits are cancelled exchangein for of benefits to privileged categories of citizens, monetisation with suchstarting launched, reforms social Large-scale as pensioners 2005 President. the by appointed are henceforth, who, governors regional elections of popular direct of cancellation the through power” “vertical strengthening of policy a announces Putin attack this terrorists.people,mostlyschoolchildren,330 killed.Afterare by captured is , Ossetia, North Beslan, in school A September 1 2004 . No country follows suit except for and and Nicaragua for Nauru. except and suit follows Ossetia country South No Abkhazia. of independence the recognizes Russia August 26 breakaway ofSouthOssetiaandAbkhazia. Georgian over conflict armed Russian-Georgian August 8-12 Soon Russia. of PutinisappointedasPrimeMinister.afterwards President as elected is Medvedev Dmitry 2 March 2008 Russia declaresamoratoriumontheCFETreaty. passed, are Code Land facilitating the transfer of the land from private to to state ownership. amendments of number A 2014. Olympics Winter the for city host as selected is July political regimeinRussia. of change a demanding team, his and Putin against protests of series a opposition The cities. Russian off other many in marches similar sets Petersburg St in dissidents of March March international relationssystem. the destabilises which action unilateral of speech USA the a accusing makes Putin Conference Security Munich the At 10 February 2007 of winesfromMoldovaisbanned. transportation and mail blockade of abroad: Georgia is near imposed; export in allies its loses steadily Russia Belarus. with 2007 January in repeated was of situation terms The the contract. contests new but price new the at gas for pay to afford can which Ukraine, to delivered gas for prices market Gas conflict with Ukraine. Russia switches from “privileged” to January September 2010 Russia is hit by financial crisis. Oil prices plummet by 2.5 January 19 times, shrinking the national income dramatically and As a result of deteriorating security in the south of Russia, rapidly. a new federal district is formed by the Presidential . 2009 March 29 March 6 Violent terrorist attacks in Moscow underground; 40 people The US Secretary of State visits Russia with the are killed. Chechen separatists are considered to be behind offer to “reset” relationships between the two countries. the attack; world mass media blame Putin for failure of his April Caucasus policy. The regime of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya is abolished. May The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation is approved by Medvedev. April-September The legal framework of allied relations with Abkhazia and is drawn up. Agreements on the protection of state borders (April) and in the military field are signed. June The first BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) summit is held in Yekaterinburg. July

Barack Obama visits Moscow. Intergovernmental agreement the Russian Federation of chronology Historical on the transit of American military equipment, arms, military equipment and personnel through the territory of Russia to Afghanistan is signed. Negotiations on the Treaty on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms begin (to replace the START Treaty expiring in December, 2009). August 17 Anthropogenic disaster with Sayano–Shushenskaya hydro- electric power station. 75 people killed. September International conference “Modern State and Global Security” takes place in . Initiated by the Russian President, the conference is attended by Prime Ministers of France, Spain and other high-ranking officials. The problems of post- crisis development, the social responsibility of the state, the variety of democratic experience, the effectiveness of global institutions, the fight against , separatism and xenophobia are discussed. November Medvedev sends the Russian project of the European Security Treaty to the heads of foreign states and international organisations. November 27 Terrorist attack on the “Nevsky express” train, 28 people are killed, 95 injured. Chechen terrorists (under the command of Doku Umarov) claim responsibility for this attack. December Plenary ministerial meeting of the NATO-Russia Council (the first after the 2008 Caucasus crisis) decides to hold throughout 2010 a joint review of the common challenges and threats to security in the XXI century.

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