DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evolution of the JPL/NASA Iris Cubesat DSN Compatible

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evolution of the JPL/NASA Iris Cubesat DSN Compatible Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Evolution of the JPL/NASA California Institute of Technology Iris CubeSat DSN Compatible Transponder 8th ESA International Workshop on Tracking, Telemetry and Command Systems for Space Darmstadt, Germany September 25th, 2019 Presenter: Mazen Shihabi Contributors: Courtney Duncan, Michael Kobayashi, and Sarah Holmes Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Outline California Institute of Technology • History of Iris – V 1.0 (INSPIRE Version) – V 2.0 (MarCO Version) – V 2.1 (Artemis -1 “formerly EM-1” Version) • Design, Specifications, Modes and Performance – Hardware, Firmware, and Software – Manufacturing and Testing – Modes – Performance: Downlink, Uplink, SSPA and LNA • Missions used/using Iris – INSPIRE, MarCOs & Artemis-1 (formerly EM-1) • Additional Features being Infused and Future Enhancements Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory What is in the name Iris (Iρις) California Institute of Technology • Not an acronym • Iris – a goddess associated with communication, messages, the rainbow and new endeavors • “Little Sister” to Electra – Electra is a JPL SDR UHF Relay Radio. • Cousin of Cassandra (Cassy) The Iris: an Illuminated Souvenir (1852), upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/1852_Iri – Ground Support Equipment (GSE) s_Illuminated_Souvenir.png. Public Domain that is used for testing Iris 3 Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Iris Transponder Evolution History California Institute of Technology • Iris V1.0: To extend CubeSat/SmallSat 10.1 x 10.1 x 4.5 cm deep space capability, JPL introduced the Interplanetary NanoSpacecraft Pathfinder In Relevant Environment (INSPIRE) mission1, coupled with the first-generation of Iris deep-space Iris V1.0 Stack transponder2. 10.1 x 10.1 x 7.5 cm • Iris V2.0: The radio was further developed, matured, and in 2018 successfully flown onboard Mars Cube One (MarCO), to support InSiGht’s Iris V2.0 Stack Mars Entry, Descent, and LandinG 10.1 x 10.1 x 5.6 cm (EDL)3. • Iris V2.1: The latest version of Iris includes design updates that support Iris V2.1 Key Specifications4 4 Artemis-1 CubeSats missions . Iris V2.1 Stack 1 A. Klesh et al., “INSPIRE: Interplanetary NanoSpacecraft Pathfinder In Relevant Environment,” in AIAA SPACE Conf. and Expo., San Diego, CA, 2013. 2 C. B. Duncan et al., “Iris Transponder – Communications and Navigation for Deep Space”, in Small Satellite Conf., Logan, UT, 2014. 3 A. Klesh et al., “MarCO: Early Operations of the First CubeSats to Mars,” in Small Satellite Conf., Logan, UT, 2018. 4 M. M. Kobayashi et al., “Iris Deep-Space Transponder for SLS EM-1 CubeSat Secondary Payloads”, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Volume 34, Issue 9, pp 34-44, September 1, 2019. Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory INSPIRE Iris (V 1.0) California Institute of Technology Stack of Boards – Modular Design • 10.1 x 10.1 x 4.5 cm CubeSat Paradigm = 0.46U DSN – Compatible X-band Transponder • 0.45kg, 13 W DC 10.1 x 10.1 x 4.5 cm (Tx/Rx), 0.2 W RF output • 4 slices: – Digital: Virtex-5 Marina-2 FPGA (no sequential Modem Processor processor) Virtex 5 Power Supply Board – Power Board – X-Band Exciter X-Band Receiver – X-Band Receiver X-Band Exciter 23 dBm – 1 MHz SPI Iris Prototype Stack (~2013) InterFace 5 Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. Jet Propulsion Laboratory MarCO Iris (V 2.0) California Institute of Technology • 10.1 x 10.1 x 7.5 cm = 0.77U: • 1.2kg, 35W DC (Tx/Rx), 4W RF output • Five slices: – Digital: Virtex-6 (Industrial-grade) with embedded CPU (LEON3-FT softcore) 10.1 x 10.1 x 7.5 cm – Power – X-Band Exciter – X-Band Receiver – UHF Receiver – 1 MHz SPI Interface • Radiation Tolerance: 15 krads TID – radiation requirement was 2.9 krads for the 9-month cruise to Mars. • 15-month initial development cycle Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 6 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Artemis-1 Iris (V2.1) California Institute of Technology • Radio: 10.1 x 10.1 x 5.6 cm = 0.57 U • 0.86 kg, 34 W DC (Tx/Rx), 4W RF output • Four slices: • Digital: Virtex 6 (Defense-grade) with embedded CPU (SPARC V8: DIGITAL LEON3-FT softcore) running at 50 TRIPLE MHz SSPA POWER • Power Supply Board DUAL 5.6 • Exciter cm EXCITER LNA 10.1 cm • Receiver • 1 MHz SPI Interface RECEIVER • 2-ch LNA: 7 x 4.8 x 1.3 = 44 cc 10.1 cm • 3-ch SSPA: 8.7 x 4.3 x 1.8 = 68 cc • Receiver Noise Figure: 3.5 dB • 62.5 bps to 4 Mbps, CCSDS Deep Space • Doppler, Seq. Ranging, PN Regen, PN Delta DOR • Radiation Tolerance: 23 krads TID • Licensed to Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) for manufacturing and sale (POC: [email protected]) Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 7 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Iris Generational Specification SummaryCalifornia Institute of Technology Iris Specification Units Iris V1.0 Iris V2.0 Iris V2.1 INSPIRE Version MarCO Version Artemis-1 Version Xilinx Virtex-5 Xilinx Virtex-6 Xilinx Virtex-6 Digital Processor (commercial-grade) (Industrial-grade) (defense-grade) SPARC-Based SPARC-Based Embedded CPU N/A Leon3-FT Softcore Leon3-FT Softcore No. Of Slices 4 5 4 Mass (excl. SSPA/LNA) grams 450 1200 860 Volume (excl. SSPA/LNA) U 0.46 0.77 0.56 32 Mbit NOR-Flash 32 Mbit NOR-Flash 32 Mbit NOR-Flash Memory 128 Mbit Phase-Change Memory chip 16 Mbit SRAM 16 Mbit SRAM for the SPI interface 4 Mbit EDAC SRAM 4 Mbit EDAC SRAM S/C Interface 1 MHz SPI± 1 MHz SPI 1 MHz SPI Bus Power Interface Vdc 6.4 - 8.4 10.5 – 12.3 9.0 – 28.0 DC Power W 13.0 30.0 (including 5-W SSPA) 30.0 (including 5-W SSPA) RF Output Power W 1.0§ 5.0 5.0 Receiver Noise Figure dB 5.0 – 6.0 3.5 3.5 Receiver Sensitivity dBm -135 @ 70 Hz LBW -139 @ 70 Hz LBW -151 @ 20 Hz LBW Downlink Frequencies MHz 8400 - 8500 8400 - 8500 8400 - 8500 Uplink Frequencies MHz 7145 - 7235 7145 - 7235 7145 - 7235 Turn-around Ratio 880/749 880/749 880/749 Uplink Date Rates bps 1,000 62.5 & 1,000 62.5 - 8,000 Downlink Data Rates bps 62.5 - 64,000 62.5 & 1,000 & 8,000 62.5 - 256,000 UHF Receive Freq MHz N/A 390 - 405 N/A UHF Rertun Link Rate bps N/A 8,000 N/A PCM/PSK/PM w/ subcarrier PCM/PSK/PM w/ subcarrier PCM/PSK/PM w/ subcarrier Modulations Waveforms PCM/PM w/ biphase-L, BPSK PCM/PM w/ biphase-L, BPSK PCM/PM w/ biphase-L, BPSK Conv & Reed Solomon Telemetry Encoding Conv & Reed Solomon Turbo 1/6 Turbo ½, 1/3, 1/6 Navigational Support Doppler, SR* Doppler, SR, DDOR† Doppler, SR, DDOR Radiation Tolerance krads N/A 15.0 TID‡ 23.0 TID ±SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface bus †DDOR: Delta Differential One-way Ranging § For the INSPIRE mission, the PA was backed off to 0.2 W to save power ‡TID: Total Ionizing Dose * SR: Sequential Ranging Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 8 Jet Propulsion Laboratory High Level Hardware Overview California Institute of Technology Iris LNA Modular MIC assembly Iris Transponder Stack • Reduce noise figure by shortening cable Digital Processor length from antenna Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA • Separate gain cavities Leon3FT Softcore SRAM between LNA and Rx 50MHz Processor TCXO (risk of oscillations) U/L DATA RX PLO Command 50 MHz AGC X-Band LNA Decoder Tracking X-Band Uplink VVA ADC X- Loops D/L DATA 71457145 ––72357235 MHz MHzk Pre-Select Image SAW Filter X-130-130dBmdBm toto -70 -70dBm dBmk Reject X-band Receiver I-DAC Iris SSPA X-Band SSPA X-Band Exciter DDS DDS Telemetry X BandX-X Downlink DAC Generator Modulator 8400 –- -8500 MHz Isolator TX PLO DDS Input 3.8 4 W BOL Filter Modular MIC assembly Q-DAC • Provide superior heat dissipation path to Modular stacked-slice assembly structure/radiator • Chip-and-wire assy to • Superheterodyne receiver with single-downconversion stage to 112.5 MHz IF reduce losses for • Digitally closed tracking loops (carrier, subcarrier, symbol) higher efficiency • Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) reference for downlink carrier Doppler tracking • Baseband telemetry modulated direct at X-band • Embedded softcore processor (Leon3-FT) for configuration and protocol mgmt Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 9 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Iris Hardware Photos California Institute of Technology DiGital Processor (RaDix) Power Supply Board DDS Virtex-6 DAC Flyback FPGA Conv 1V SRAM ReG FLASH Switchers X-band Exciter X-band Receiver Tx-Out IF I/Q Amps Mixer Rx-PLL SAW ImG-Rej Filters Mixer VVAs TCXO Tx-PLL Rx-In Copyright ©2019 California Institute of Technology. Government Sponsorship Acknowledged. 10 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Software Specs / Architecture California Institute of Technology • Single-threaded Internal • SPARC V8 instruction set (same as used on Interrupt UST1) Reset SRAM EDAC Error – UST stands for the Universal Space Transponder Handler which is the next Generation SDR JPL INIT transponder that can support simultaneous CDH Peek multiband operations with data rates up to 37.5 Cmd Handler Mbps RX and 300 Mbps TX. Execute C&DH CMD – This allows a sinGle radio to support all the DMA Complete direct-to-Earth and relay communication Handler DMA requirements for even complex mission N DONE / scenarios, reducinG the total cost, mass, and READ power.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nagy Commentary on Euripides, Herakles
    Informal Commentary on Euripides, Herakles by Gregory Nagy 97 The idea of returning from Hades implies a return from death 109f The mourning swan... Cf. the theme of the swansong. Cf. 692ff. 113 “The phantom of a dream”: cf. skias onar in Pindar Pythian 8. 131f “their father’s spirit flashing from their eyes”: beautiful rendition! 145f Herakles’ hoped-for return from Hades is equated with a return from death, with resurrection; see 297, where this theme becomes even more overt; also 427ff. 150 Herakles as the aristos man: not that he is regularly described in this drama as the best of all humans, not only of the “Greeks” (also at 183, 209). See also the note on 1306. 160 The description of the bow as “a coward’s weapon” is relevant to the Odysseus theme in the Odyssey 203 sôzein to sôma ‘save the body’... This expression seems traditional: if so, it may support the argument of some linguists that sôma ‘body’ is derived from sôzô ‘save’. By metonymy, the process of saving may extend to the organism that is destined to be saved. 270 The use of kleos in the wording of the chorus seems to refer to the name of Herakles; similarly in the wording of Megara at 288 and 290. Compare the notes on 1334 and 1369. 297 See at 145f above. Cf. the theme of Herakles’ wrestling with Thanatos in Euripides Alcestis. 342ff Note the god-hero antagonism as expressed by Amphitryon. His claim that he was superior to Zeus in aretê brings out the meaning of ‘striving’ in aretê (as a nomen actionis derived from arnumai; cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Hesiod Theogony.Pdf
    Hesiod (8th or 7th c. BC, composed in Greek) The Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are probably slightly earlier than Hesiod’s two surviving poems, the Works and Days and the Theogony. Yet in many ways Hesiod is the more important author for the study of Greek mythology. While Homer treats cer- tain aspects of the saga of the Trojan War, he makes no attempt at treating myth more generally. He often includes short digressions and tantalizes us with hints of a broader tra- dition, but much of this remains obscure. Hesiod, by contrast, sought in his Theogony to give a connected account of the creation of the universe. For the study of myth he is im- portant precisely because his is the oldest surviving attempt to treat systematically the mythical tradition from the first gods down to the great heroes. Also unlike the legendary Homer, Hesiod is for us an historical figure and a real per- sonality. His Works and Days contains a great deal of autobiographical information, in- cluding his birthplace (Ascra in Boiotia), where his father had come from (Cyme in Asia Minor), and the name of his brother (Perses), with whom he had a dispute that was the inspiration for composing the Works and Days. His exact date cannot be determined with precision, but there is general agreement that he lived in the 8th century or perhaps the early 7th century BC. His life, therefore, was approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of alphabetic writing in the Greek world. Although we do not know whether Hesiod himself employed this new invention in composing his poems, we can be certain that it was soon used to record and pass them on.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Divine Intervention and Disguise in Homer's Iliad Senior Thesis
    Divine Intervention and Disguise in Homer’s Iliad Senior Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Undergraduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Undergraduate Program in Classical Studies Professor Joel Christensen, Advisor In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts By Joana Jankulla May 2018 Copyright by Joana Jankulla 1 Copyright by Joana Jankulla © 2018 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Joel Christensen. Thank you, Professor Christensen for guiding me through this process, expressing confidence in me, and being available whenever I had any questions or concerns. I would not have been able to complete this work without you. Secondly, I would like to thank Professor Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow and Professor Cheryl Walker for reading my thesis and providing me with feedback. The Classics Department at Brandeis University has been an instrumental part of my growth in my four years as an undergraduate, and I am eternally thankful to all the professors and staff members in the department. Thank you to my friends, specifically Erica Theroux, Sarah Jousset, Anna Craven, Rachel Goldstein, Taylor McKinnon and Georgie Contreras for providing me with a lot of emotional support this year. I hope you all know how grateful I am for you as friends and how much I have appreciated your love this year. Thank you to my mom for FaceTiming me every time I was stressed about completing my thesis and encouraging me every step of the way. Finally, thank you to Ian Leeds for dropping everything and coming to me each time I needed it.
    [Show full text]
  • Divine Madness in Euripides' Herakles
    Child of Night: Divine Madness in Euripides’ Herakles The sudden appearance of Iris and Lyssa in Eurpides’ Herakles has been described by contemporary scholars as a divine epiphany (Bond 1981, Papadopoulou 2005). But how to interpret the shocking and disjunctive action of the scene remains problematic. Some readers find seeds of madness in Herakles’ behavior before the sudden peripaty brought on by Iris and Lyssa. In fact, Lyssa’s account of the initial stages of her effect on Herakles has itself been interpreted as a clinical description of such mental infirmities as epilepsy, manic depression, and even megalomania, a reading which dismisses a divine, external explanation of madness in favor of an internal, natural cause. Others, accepting the play’s basic presumption of divinely-inspired madness, interpret Lyssa’s rhesis in defense of Herakles as part of an extra-dramatic espousal of anti- Olympian rationalism. While the issue of theodicy is an integral aspect of the Iris/Lyssa epiphany, a reading based on the Iris/Lyssa agon as the sole purpose of the goddesses’ presence is too narrow, since it centers only on their argument, while treating the possession of Herakles as if perpetrated directly by Hera herself. Beyond the scene’s overt rhetorical value for assessing the justness of Hera’s will, there remains a complex and compelling portrayal of divine power and intervention, from which Hera is decidedly absent. This paper focuses on the importance of Lyssa who, in addition to being a rarely depicted yet potent divine character, most directly influences the events of the play, though her role has been largely overlooked.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulfinch's Mythology
    Bulfinch's Mythology Thomas Bulfinch Bulfinch's Mythology Table of Contents Bulfinch's Mythology..........................................................................................................................................1 Thomas Bulfinch......................................................................................................................................1 PUBLISHERS' PREFACE......................................................................................................................3 AUTHOR'S PREFACE...........................................................................................................................4 STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES..................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................7 CHAPTER II. PROMETHEUS AND PANDORA...............................................................................13 CHAPTER III. APOLLO AND DAPHNEPYRAMUS AND THISBE CEPHALUS AND PROCRIS7 CHAPTER IV. JUNO AND HER RIVALS, IO AND CALLISTODIANA AND ACTAEONLATONA2 AND THE RUSTICS CHAPTER V. PHAETON.....................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER VI. MIDASBAUCIS AND PHILEMON........................................................................31 CHAPTER VII. PROSERPINEGLAUCUS AND SCYLLA............................................................34
    [Show full text]
  • MB Zeus and MB Hermes MB Iris and MB Poseidon
    LABINO LED LAMPS MB Series MB Zeus and MB Hermes MB Iris and MB Poseidon Certified with an ingress protection marking of IP68 Waterproof, this light and compact lamp has been designed for heavy industries with a very difficult operating environment. FOUR UV LEDS WITH WHITE ON/OFF SWITCH LIGHT BLOCK FILTERS On/Off switch at the Four high quality UV LEDs back prevents accidental with respective high quality activation. white light block filters that do not suffer from solarization. BATTERY INDICATOR Four colors: green, yellow, orange and red – signal the user when the batteries are over 75%, 50-75%, 25-50% and below 25% charged respectively. With less than 10% left the red signal starts flashing. OPERATE THE LAMP AS MAINS WHILE CHARGING BATTERIES MB MAINS ON A FLEXIBLE ARM BATTERY OR MAINS POWERED The battery version can operate The mains version can be Powered with your choice of either two rechargeable like mains while charging the mounted on a flexible arm. The batteries for ease of use in field inspections and batteries via a connector at flexible arm can be supplied by tight work spaces or via Mains. The cable length is the back of the head. Labino. customizable. The mains version has a squared pin hole that can mount on a flexible arm. MB Series LABINO LED LAMPS MB Series products Zeus, Hermes and Iris are lights with UV output. They are compact and weigh less than many comparable products but are extremely robust in nature, MB BATTERY MODELS WITH SPRAY CAN HOLDER ATHENA designed for heavy industries with very difficult operating An innovative accessory that can be mounted on any environments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pharmacy of Euripides: Asclepius and the Theater of Dionysus
    Robin Mitchell-Boyask - April 6th, 1996 The Pharmacy of Euripides: Asclepius and the Theater of Dionysus If this road, before it opens into the grove of the Muses, leads us over by the temple of Asclepius, so is this for acquaintances of Aristotle only further proof that we are moving in the right footsteps. -- Jacob Bernays[1] Jacob Bernays, the first great proponent of the medical interpretation of Aristotelian catharsis (and the uncle of Sigmund Freud's wife), was closer to a truth about tragedy than he realized, because the Muses indeed are quite close to the temple of Asclepius. For if Aristotle ever did visit the Theater of Dionysus in Athens to witness dramatic performances, an activity he subordinated to reading, a few steps, even a brief glance over his shoulder, would have taken him into the Athenian City Asklepieion. In the following investigate the interplay the imagery of disease in drama with the development of the cult of the healing hero/god Asclepius in fifth-century Athens. Asclepius, a son of Apollo, invented the art of healing, and became so good at it that he attempted to resurrect mortals, for Zeus destroyed him. But the Greeks couldn't make up their mind about him, so in cultic practice he was a god. Recognizing in this study the link between medicine and poetry that the Athenians drew, we shall see the placement of the god of physical healing near the Theater turns it into a locus of therapy for the polis. Indeed, I shall further suggest in turn that it was the earlier associations among poetry, healing and immortality that might have led to the installation of Asclepius' shrine above the theater.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus”
    “THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus” Carla Ionescu A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO May 2016 © Carla Ionescu, 2016 ii Abstract: Tradition states that the most popular Olympian deities are Apollo, Athena, Zeus and Dionysius. These divinities played key roles in the communal, political and ritual development of the Greco-Roman world. This work suggests that this deeply entrenched scholarly tradition is fissured with misunderstandings of Greek and Ephesian popular culture, and provides evidence that clearly suggests Artemis is the most prevalent and influential goddess of the Mediterranean, with roots embedded in the community and culture of this area that can be traced further back in time than even the arrival of the Greeks. In fact, Artemis’ reign is so fundamental to the cultural identity of her worshippers that even when facing the onslaught of early Christianity, she could not be deposed. Instead, she survived the conquering of this new religion under the guise of Mary, Mother of Jesus. Using methods of narrative analysis, as well as review of archeological findings, this work demonstrates that the customs devoted to the worship of Artemis were fundamental to the civic identity of her followers, particularly in the city of Ephesus in which Artemis reigned not only as Queen of Heaven, but also as Mother, Healer and Saviour. Reverence for her was as so deeply entrenched in the community of this city, that after her temple was destroyed, and Christian churches were built on top of her sacred places, her citizens brought forward the only female character in the new ruling religion of Christianity, the Virgin Mary, and re-named her Theotokos, Mother of God, within its city walls.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Course of Time in Margaret Atwood's the Blind Assassin
    ‘True Stories’ in the Course of Time in Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin ANDREA STROLZ ARGARET ATWOOD is not only Canada’s most eminent and versatile contemporary author, but “the most written about Cana- M dian writer ever”;1 she has long been an international celebrity and is at present translated into more than thirty languages. Like all of At- wood’s novels, The Blind Assassin offers guidelines to disentangle fiction from reality and, like all of Atwood’s female artist-protagonists, its heroine is trapped in the fictional space she has created for herself and, at the same time, haunted by the actual past. The Blind Assassin is a work of historiographic metafiction: it reflects on history and/as intertext and in the process stresses the role of the reader as the ultimate editor and re-creator of the Past. As will be shown, the female protagonist-narrator engages the reader in a continuous (re)modification of the past as she advances from protective silence to “text- ual assassination” in order to communicate her story (herstory) and share her private space of seclusion and self-imposed imprisonment with the reader. The analysis of Atwood’s multilayered novel focuses on the relation be- tween public and private events and collective and individual memory, re- spectively; this leads to a discussion of the interrelatedness between past, present, and future time. This essay will identify two of the various blind assassins in the novel and elucidate how the concept of space–time as expres- sed in The Blind Assassin is related to the saying ‘only the blind are free’.
    [Show full text]
  • IRIS the Goddess of the Rainbow…
    Janidu Kulage IRIS the goddess of the rainbow… ris is a goddess in Mount Olympus to humans with her beauful wings which are rarely Greek mythology. found in Greek gods. She served She was a Hera, one of the powerful goddesses I in Greek mythology. In fact, she was goddess of sea and sky, oen painted in ancient Greek colorful and poery serving vine to Hera and Zeus overwhelming with wings from her clay vessel she carries in her and beauty. As she is the hand. goddess of the rainbow, In appearance Iris is a the voice between mortals beauful young woman with golden and immortals, the wings and carries a rod with two wings and two serpents wrapped messenger of the around known as the herald's rod Olympian gods and the (kerykeion), and somemes a water- handmaiden of Hera, in pitcher (oinochoe) in the other hand dressed in white long robes. She is name she is called Iris. believed to be a virgin goddess. With such beauty, Iris travels with the As menoned in the Greek speed of wind from one end of the epic Hesiod, "Now Thaumas married world to the other and into the a daughter of deep-running Okeanos d e p t h s o f t h e s e a a n d t h e (Oceanus), Elektra (Electra), and she underworld. bore him swi-footed Iris, the rainbow." (Hesiod, Theogony 265, Her name and appearance trans. Evelyn-White, Greek epic C8th are symbolic of her character in many or C7th B.C.) w ay s .
    [Show full text]
  • Hvg Merrill 1S:Layout 1.Qxd
    The Iliad Homer; Translated by Rodney Merrill http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=270260 The University of Michigan Press Contents Singing the Iliad 1 Bibliography 23 Map 26 THE ILIAD OF HOMER Book 129 Forced by Apollo’s punishment to return Chryses’ daughter, Agamemnon takes Achilles’ prize-girl; Achilles has his mother ask Zeus to favor the Trojans; Hera finds out and quarrels with Zeus. Book 245 After telling a deceptive dream, Agamemnon orders withdrawal; Odysseus halts it, then scourges Thersítes for abusing Agamemnon; the lords rouse the army. Catalog of Achaians and Trojans. Book 368 Paris avoids Meneláos’ response to his challenge, then agrees to fight; from the wall Helen identifies the Achaian lords; Priam goes and oaths are sworn; Paris loses, but Aphrodítè takes him away. Book 480 The gods confirm Troy’s ruin; Athena makes Pándaros violate the oaths by wounding Meneláos, whom Macháon treats; Agamemnon urges the lords; roused by gods, the armies battle. Book 594 Athena grants Diomédes glory; he kills Pándaros and wounds Aineías and Aphrodítè; the Achaian and Trojan lords battle, joined by Athena, Hera, and Ares, whom Diomédes wounds. Book 6 117 Without any gods the battle continues; Agamemnon kills Adréstos; Diomédes and Glaukos talk and exchange armor; in Troy Hektor encounters Hékabè, Helen, Paris, and Andrómachè. Book 7 131 Hektor challenges the Achaian lords; Agamemnon restrains Meneláos, Ajax is chosen, the fight is halted; Paris will not return Helen; the dead are buried, the Achaians build defenses. Book 8 144 Zeus keeps the gods away; the Achaians flee the Trojans’ attack but defend the wall; Hera and Athena plan to aid them, but Zeus forbids it; at night the Trojans build watchfires.
    [Show full text]
  • The Male Olympians
    The Male Olympians Chris Mackie The Male Olympians The three brothers The younger generation • Zeus • Apollo • Poseidon • Hermes • Hades • Dionysus Chris Mackie The Olympian Family TRee IMAGE: http://www.buzzle.com/images/zeus-family-tree.jpg Chris Mackie Zeus (Jupiter) • Birth • Relationships with the other Olympians as brother or father • The division of the world Zeus with his lightning bolt and eagle. Attic Red Figure amphora attributed to the Berlin Painter, c.470 - 460 BCE Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K1.1Zeus.jpg Zeus • Zeus as god of the sky and mountains • Zeus in the story of Troy in the Iliad on Mount Olympus and Mount Ida • Interaction with the world of humans via intermediaries or in theriomorphic (ie wild animal) form • Note especially Hermes and Iris Zeus and Hera feasting on Olympos, served by Hebe or Iris. Attic Red Figure Amphora Attributed to the Nikoxenos Painter, c.500 BCE: Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K18.2Hebe.jpg Zeus • The sexual encounters of Zeus with mortal women are incredibly numerous. They include: • Danae (Perseus) • Alcmene (Heracles) • The unnamed mother of Dardanus, the founder of Troy • Leda (Helen). Note the Zeus asumes the form of a shower of gold to famous poem by W.B. impregnate Danae. (Lucanian?) Red Figure Krater, c 450 - 425 BCE: Yeats http://www.theoi.com/image/K1.14Zeus.jpg Chris Mackie Zeus • Note also Zeus’s homosexual relationship with Ganymede, the young Trojan boy. Zeus comes down from Mount Ida as an eagle and takes the boy up Above: Ganymede serves ambrosia to Zeus.
    [Show full text]