DOCSLIB.ORG

Thin Film Cathodes for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thin Film Cathodes for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Thin Film Cathodes for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Author(s): Beckel, Daniel Publication Date: 2007 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005415820 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 17206 Thin Film Cathodes for Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells A dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by Daniel Beckel Dipl. Ing. University of Karlsruhe (TH) born 05.05.1977, citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Ludwig J. Gauckler, examiner Prof. Dr. Paul Muralt, co-examiner Dr. Danick Briand, co-examiner 2007 Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank Prof. Ludwig J. Gauckler for giving me the opportunity to conduct my PhD thesis in his institute. I am especially grateful that he dared to explore really new and exciting topics where a successful outcome was not clear beforehand. I also appreciate that he let us PhD students fly around the globe to present our work at many conferences. This was always a good opportunity to get to know other researchers in the field and to exchange valuable ideas. I would like to thank Prof. Paul Muralt from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, for being co-examiner of this thesis and participating in our OneBat project to build a micro solid oxide fuel cell (µSOFC). I also thank Dr. Danick Briand from University of Neuchâtel, for joint work within the General Olfaction and Sensing Projects on a European Level (GOSPEL), for fabricating excellent high temperature micro-hotplates and for being co-examiner of this thesis. The collaboration of Jérôme Courbat, Dr. Markus Graf and Dr. Anja Bieberle-Hütter within the GOSPEL project is also gratefully acknowledged. Thanks go to all colleagues who participate in the OneBat project, especially Patrik Müller from University of Applied Science Buchs for his expertise on Foturan® processing. I am indebted to the staff of FIRST, especially Dr. Otte Homan, for providing a well organized cleanroom, where it was a pleasure to work. I want to thank Bernd Schöberle and Thomas Helbling for their support of the differential pressure stability measurements of our membranes. Dr. Karl Vollmers and Dr. Karim Alchalabi are gratefully acknowledged for their support during exploration of alternative processes. I thank Dr. Seunghwan Lee very much for help with the atomic force microscopy. I am also indebted to all colleagues at our institute for making it a great place to work. Special thanks go to Dr. André Studart for many ideas that helped to understand the spray pyrolysis process, Dr. A. Nicholas Grundy for helpful discussions and defragmentation of manuscripts and of course to all present and former members of the solid oxide fuel cell group. I also thank Dr. Anna Infortuna for help with the pulsed laser deposition and Dr. Ashley Harvey for proof reading of many manuscripts. Especially I want to thank the members of the µSOFC team, who became my friends. In particular I would like to thank my officemate Ulrich Mücke, for introducing me to 2 the voodoo of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, for never ending knowledge of chemistry and electrochemistry, for endless discussions what is happening during spray pyrolysis, why the µSOFC did not work, why it finally did work and high-end outdoor equipment and for sharing, creating and forcing enthusiasm for jogging, hiking, snowshoeing, airboarding, climbing, and canyoning. The work of my semester students Alban Dubach, Guillaume Florey, Dorothee Grieshaber, Thomas Gyger and Aurèle Mariaux who contributed many experiments and ideas to this thesis is gratefully acknowledged as is the work of the helping assistants that either worked on the cathode or within the µSOFC project: Alban Dubach, Silvio Graf, Thomas Gyger, Knut Makowski, Lukas Schlagenhauf and Julian Schneider. Special thanks go to my family and friends outside the institute for their support throughout the thesis, for many enjoyable bike rides and for lots of fun. Finally I would like to thank Moni for all her support, advice, patience and love. Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................1 Summary..............................................................................................................7 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................9 1. General Introduction.......................................................................................11 1.1 Fuel Cells ........................................................................................................11 1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.....................................................................................12 1.2.1 Design and Function of SOFCs ..............................................................................................12 1.2.2 Miniaturization of SOFCs........................................................................................................14 1.3 Structure of the Thesis....................................................................................14 1.4 References......................................................................................................15 2. State-of-the-Art................................................................................................17 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................17 2.2. Cathodes........................................................................................................19 2.2.1 Oxygen Reduction ..................................................................................................................19 2.2.2 Material Selection ...................................................................................................................21 2.2.3 Geometrically Well-Defined Cathodes....................................................................................31 2.2.4 Cathode Performance: Thin Films vs. Porous Thick Films.....................................................33 2.2.5 Porous Thin Film Cathodes ....................................................................................................34 2.2.6 New Issues Raised by Thin Films...........................................................................................35 2.3 Cells................................................................................................................38 2.3.1 Modeling .................................................................................................................................39 2.3.2 Free-Standing Electrolytes......................................................................................................41 2.3.3 Si-Based Cells ........................................................................................................................43 2.3.4 Ni-Based Cells ........................................................................................................................44 2.3.5 Glass-Ceramic Based Cells....................................................................................................44 2.4 Summary and Conclusion ...............................................................................44 2.5 References......................................................................................................46 3 Aim of the Thesis .............................................................................................63 4 Spray Pyrolysis of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3±δ Thin Film Cathodes....................65 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................65 4.2 Experimental ...................................................................................................67 4.2.1 Film Preparation......................................................................................................................67 4.2.2 Film Characterization ..............................................................................................................69 4.3 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................70 4.3.1 Ratio of Deposition Temperature to Solvent Boiling Point......................................................70 4.3.2 Salt Concentration ..................................................................................................................72 4.3.3 Solution Flow Rate..................................................................................................................73 4.3.4 Air Pressure ............................................................................................................................74 4.3.5 Model for Film Formation ........................................................................................................75 4.4 Summary.........................................................................................................78 4.5 References......................................................................................................79 5 Solid-State Dewetting of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3±δ Thin Films during Annealing ..............................................................................................................................85
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Photonic Glass-Ceramics: Consolidated Outcomes and Prospects Brigitte Boulard1, Tran T
    Photonic glass-ceramics: consolidated outcomes and prospects Brigitte Boulard1, Tran T. T. Van2, Anna Łukowiak3, Adel Bouajaj4, Rogéria Rocha Gonçalves5, Andrea Chiappini6, Alessandro Chiasera6, Wilfried Blanc7, Alicia Duran8, Sylvia Turrell9, Francesco Prudenzano10, Francesco Scotognella11, Roberta Ramponi11, Marian Marciniak12, Giancarlo C. Righini13,14, Maurizio Ferrari6,13,* 1 Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283, Equipe Fluorures, Université du Maine, Av. Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 09, France. 2 University of Science Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, Dist.5, HCM Vietnam. 3 Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, ul. Okolna 2, 50-950 Wroclaw, Poland. 4 Laboratory of innovative technologies, LTI, ENSA–Tangier, University Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tangier, Morocco. 5 Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil 6 CNR-IFN, CSMFO Lab., Via alla Cascata 56/c, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy. 7 Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS LPMC, UMR 7336, 06100 Nice, France. 8 Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio (CSIC), C/Kelsen 5, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. 9 LASIR (CNRS, UMR 8516) and CERLA, Université Lille 1, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France. 10 Politecnico di Bari, DEI, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy. 11 IFN-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy 12 National Institute of Telecommunications, 1 Szachowa Street, 04 894 Warsaw, Poland. 13 Centro di Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Piazza del Viminale 2, 00184 Roma, Italy. 14 MipLAB. IFAC - CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • ENTRETIEN: VISIONS Cookware Is Extremely Versatile. It Can Be Taken Straight from the Freezer to the Oven, Microwave, Gas Or El
    ENTRETIEN: VISIONS cookware is extremely versatile. It can be taken straight from the freezer to the oven, microwave, gas or electric stovetop and then to dishwasher or sink – no matter how hot or cold the dish is. • VISIONS cookware is easy to clean and does not stain or retain odours as will metal and plastic cookware. • Stovetop use ~ VISIONS cookware retains heat so well, you can use a lower heat setting than normal and save on energy. This also helps prevent sticking or burning of food. For best results, prepare food which are stirred or have liquid as a cooking medium. VISIONS cookware can be used on gas, electric and ceramic stovetops. • Oven and griller use ~ VISIONS cookware is ideal for all oven types – conventional, convection and toaster ovens. PYREX glass cover must not be placed under the griller or in a toaster oven. • Microwave use ~ VISIONS cookware is perfect for the microwave. Use pot holders as dish may become hot during cooking. • Refrigerator and freezer use ~ VISIONS cookware can go from the refrigerator or freezer directly to the stovetop, oven or microwave. Mark on VISIONS base: The mark sometimes seen on the base of the ware is from the manufacturing process. When the gob of hot glass is cut, the scissors leave a mark or a ‘line’ in the glass. As the glass cools rapidly, the mark hardens in the glass. This mark can be seen with the naked eye and sometimes felt with the finger. This is no way detracts from the performance of the ware, nor will it cause breakage.
    [Show full text]
  • World Kitchen Continues to Inspire
    Contact: Lisa Winternitz Weber Shandwick 312-988-2146 [email protected] FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE WORLD KITCHEN CONTINUES TO INSPIRE HOME COOKS BY ADDING INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS AND A NEW BRAND TO THE MIX Pyrex® Glassware, Snapware® Storage, Corelle® Dinnerware, CorningWare® Bakeware and Chicago Cutlery® Knives Stir Up New Products to Make Cooking Fun and Easy CHICAGO, March 7, 2011 – Known as one of the nation’s leading housewares companies, World Kitchen, LLC, strives to continuously introduce cutting-edge products that provide practical, smart solutions for the everyday home cook. Today, the company announced its 2011 innovations at the International Home and Housewares Show, from across its five core portfolio of brands: Pyrex® glassware, Snapware® storage, Corelle® dinnerware, CorningWare® bakeware and Chicago Cutlery® knives and cutting boards. From stylish dinnerware and bakeware to leak-proof storage to versatile kitchen tools and gadgets, World Kitchen offers a diversified portfolio of intelligently designed products for the entire kitchen. “World Kitchen is dedicated to developing innovative and practical kitchen tools that not only simplify and make cooking fun and easy, but also inspire a new generation of home cooks,” said Carl Warschuasky, World Kitchen President, North America. “By adding Snapware storage to the World Kitchen family, we’re building on our commitment to provide quality brands that offer useful and smart solutions in the kitchen.” World Kitchen Brand Highlights Recently, the Pyrex® brand teamed up with Sandra Lee, editor-in-chief of Semi-Homemade Magazine and Food Network star to educate consumers on 4 Simple Rules to cook with care when using glass bakeware. The Pyrex brand has launched a new website, located at pyrexware.com/4simplerules, where consumers can watch a demonstration video and download Lee’s savvy cooking tips and recipes.
    [Show full text]
  • V1s1onscookware
    Corning Glass Works , Corning , NY, USA. [Sell sheets dated 12/86 and 1/87] v1s1onsCOOKWARE "YOUR CHOICE" OPEN-STOCK PROMOTION & 4-QUART COVERED ROASTER INTRODUCTION MARKET DYNAMICS RETAIL OPPORTUNITIES • VISIONS - 22% Market Share .* • Continue to merchandise against competition in • America 's #1 selling rangetop cookwar e.* Rangetop Cookware Department s. • Up 16 points versus last year. * • Promote and capture a larger dollar share of the VISIONS business. • VISIONS Sets - #1 in Dollar Share (28%). * • Functional Open-Stock Assortment. • Up 19 points versus last yea r. * • "Your Choice" Price Points . • VISIONS Saucepans- #1 in Doll ar Share (29%). * • VISIONS - Only leading ran getop cookware • Up 15 points versus last year. * with microwave versatility. • VISIONS - Fastest Turning Rangetop Brand .* • 5.8 times annually. * NATIONAL ADVERTISING • #1 Advertiser in Rangetop Category! NEW PRODUCT • Over $8.5MM in National Television and Print • Introducing ovenware versatility to the VISIONS Support. cookware line. • 4-Quart Covered Roaster. TRADE OFFER· • Large, easy to grip handles. • 5-15 % Special Off Invoice Allowance ** • High domed cover for roasting. • Co-op Advertising Allowance (CAAP) ** • Attra ctive fluted design will enhance table **Contact your Corning Sales Represent ative for serving. detail s. *Ind ependent National Audit CORNING NOTES: () ~ h . e Juliette K. and Leonard s r( 1 Rakow Research Library · V-12 ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ V-20-N V-5-N V-21 NEW V11SlonsCOOKWARE ·~1s1ans COOKWARE · 1s1cnsCOOKWARE · Sales UPC Item Units/ Lbs./ Case Number No. Description Case Case Cube 71160- ~ ' ~"--.:::..::- /,< V-5-N-RSP 5-Quart Covered Saucepot - SPECIA L 2 16 1.46 01873 ~ V-12-RSP ~ 9 11 (21/i-Quart) Chicken Fryer With Cover - 2 10 1.17 01883 t:=r SPECIAL V-20-N-RSP 1 Yi-Quart Doubl e Boiler With Cover - SPECIAL 2 14 1.03 01889 ~--- 4-Quart Covered Roaster - SPECIAL 2 17 1.18 01850 NEW V-21-RSP \~~~- CH-83-R Consumer Handout - Available FREE - Contact Your Corning Sales Representative.
    [Show full text]
  • The Next 100 Years of Creativity in Glass Art and Design
    DATESTHE ANDNEXT ADDRESSES 100 YEARS Workshop: 12-14th September 2011 Nuutajärvi Glass Factory / Nuutajärven lasitehdas Pruukinraitti, 31160 Nuutajärvi, Finland Conference: 15-16th September 2011 Aalto University, School of Art and Design Hämeentie 135c, 00560 Helsinki, Finland Kazushi Nakada / RCA MA Tuija Aalto-Setälä Senior lecturer Head of PR Aalto University Iittala School of Art and Design Design dept - part of WWW.NEXT100YEARS.FI Design Dept Fiskars Corporation THEFUTURE NEXT OF GLASS 100 ART ANDYEARS DESIGN 12th-16th SEPTEMBER 2011 Iittala and Aalto University, Design Department, are organizing a work- shop and conference, from 12th to 16th September, 2011. Totally 12 prominent speakers from around the globe are invited to discuss the next 100 years of creativity in glass art and design. GLOBAL COMPETITION FinlandFINNISH DESIGN has produced HERITAGE prominent designers beginning with Alvar Aalto in the Since the 90s tableware industries have been facing severe global compe- 30s, Tapio Wirkkala, Kaj Franck and Timo Sarpaneva in the 40s and 50s. They tition. Design and marketing have been incorporated into the core strategy were wayfarers into Modernism design and have influenced many genera- of the companies in order to achieve economical success. In tableware a tions not only in the field of design but widely in the whole creative society. designer’s idea is usually more clearly present in the product, opposed to A significant number of their creations are characterized as timeless design industries more depending on technological solutions. objects and are still in the market today. As Kaj Franck has said: “When we say beautiful, in a sense other that the logic of function and the perfection of style, we sometimes use the word TheDIVERSITY diversity OF TODAY’S of creation WORLD surrounding us today is astounding, symbolizing timeless to express our highest appreciation of the concept beauty.” the flow of time and, as some see it, has reached saturation level.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrex® Brand Partners with Food Network Chef Sandra
    Contact: Erin Conn, Weber Shandwick 312.988.2345 [email protected] PYREX® BRAND PARTNERS WITH FOOD NETWORK CHEF SANDRA LEE TO HELP CONSUMERS COOK WITH CARE Simple Rules for the Kitchen Help Maintain Ease of Cooking With Glass Bakeware ROSEMONT, Ill., February 22, 2011 – The Pyrex® brand and Food Network Chef and Editor in Chief of Semi-Homemade Magazine, Sandra Lee, have teamed up to educate consumers on 4 Simple Rules to cook with care when using glass bakeware. “I’m pleased to work with the Pyrex brand to share these 4 Simple Rules. I’ve been a fan of Pyrex products for many years – using them in my own kitchen,” said Sandra Lee, Food Network chef and editor in chief of Semi-Homemade Magazine. “The 4 Simple Rules are easy to follow and incorporate into your everyday cooking lifestyle.” Pyrex glass bakeware is a staple in American households and has been reliably used by generations of cooks. All glass bakeware can experience thermal breakage if exposed to sudden or uneven temperature changes. Consumers can help avoid the most common causes of thermal breakage by following 4 Simple Rules. Cook with Care – Follow the 4 Simple Rules 1. Always place hot glass bakeware on a dry, cloth potholder or towel. Never place hot glass bakeware on top of the stove, on a metal trivet, on a damp towel, directly on a counter or in a sink. 2. Never put glass bakeware directly on a burner or under a broiler. 3. Always allow the oven to fully preheat before placing glass bakeware in the oven.
    [Show full text]
  • World Kitchen World Kitchen, LLC 847.233.8800 5500 N Pearl Street 847.233.0961 Suite 400 Rosemont, Illinois 60018
    World Kitchen World Kitchen, LLC 847.233.8800 5500 N Pearl Street 847.233.0961 Suite 400 Rosemont, Illinois 60018 Joseph T. Mallof President and CEO Septelber 8, 2011 Dear Consumer Reports: We at lorld Kitchen are deeply concerned that Consumer Reports published its October 2011 frticle, online report and video broadcast about glass products, without • ackno~dedging and informing your readers about the important inaccuracies, errors, Baker's Secret and miFleading statements contained in your original January 2011 article, despite our reasonable requests that you do so. Instead, in its October 2011 article Consumer ~~~~:j.,~as continued to communicate its false message that soda lime glassware is Chicago Cutlery I In World Kitchen's December 2010, January 2011 and August 2011 correspondence to Corelle consu1er Reports, we identified significant errors in your reporting, including, most importantly, that Consumer Reports' suggestion that American-made soda lime glassware, including Pyrex", is inferior or less "safe" than foreign-made borosilicate CorningWare glassw1re. This simply is untrue. EKCO As YOUI know, while the number of breakage incidents of soda lime glassware is extremely small, the most common cause of breakage is impact. Consumer Reports has not made clear to its readers and consumers that the federal injury data you have cited Magnalite shows ~hat in the rare instances when injuries are reported, they are more often caused by implact breakage than breakage related to abrupt temperature changes. Your October 2011 article misleadingly and unfairly suggests that this important safety fact is OLFA supported only by self-serving statements from the manufacturers, when, in fact, it is a I scientific fact, supported by the data collected by the CPSCand cited in your articles.
    [Show full text]
  • 24Th International Enamellers Congress 80Th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum Copyright 2018
    24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum A Collection of Papers Presented at the 24th International Enamellers Congress and 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum May 28-June 1, 2018 Chicago, IL Program Chair Charles Baldwin Program Vice Chair Monica Sawicki Program Committee Chair Joe Melaro Editor Renee Pershinsky Publisher Cullen Hackler 24th International Enamellers Congress 80th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum Copyright 2018 Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................... ix 2018 PEI Officers ............................................................................................................. xi 2018 Technical Forum Committee ................................................................................. xiii Past PEI Technical Forum Committee Chairs ..................................................................xv 2018 Proceedings Session A A.I. Andrews Memorial Lecture Can We Escape Trade Disaster in 2018? ............................................................................1 Dr. Phil Levy (The Chicago Council) Novel Inkjet Inks and Porcelain Enamels for Digital Decoration ......................................7 Carlos Concepcion, Jaime Guillen, Paul Toth, Oscar Ruiz (Torrecid) Mobile Application of Porcelain Enamel .........................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your in Vitro Diagnostic
    Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your In Vitro Diagnostic Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your In Vitro Diagnostic Balancing Performance and Cost with Glass “In vitro diagnostics” is a term for a broad industry encompassing everything from benchtop or larger bioanalytical instrumentation A Production applications such as protein analysis and next generation sequencing to Mindset point of care devices. As if in vitro diagnostic (IVD) development wasn’t difficult enough just from the biology itself, the instrumentation and When examining a platform development add layers of complexity. material for IVD Examined here are the advantages and challenges of using a products, one microfluidic flow cell approach for automating and miniaturizing IVDs should also from the standpoint of selecting the best material for the microfluidic consider the component. The materials' strengths and weaknesses are reviewed in production the context of general biological assay applications. In this context, recommendations for applications where glass can aid in achieving the manufacturing scale desired IVD performance while still maintaining a favorable production options for cost are made. General guidelines for choosing materials for fabrication that will microfluidics-based IVDs are also provided. ultimately influence design, cost, and quality. INTRODUCTION Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip technology, is a powerful tool that sits at the intersection of biotechnology, automation, and functional integration. By using photolithography
    [Show full text]
  • Stookey and a Short Statistical Overview of Photosensitive Glass & Glass-Ceramics Science and Technol- Ogy
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Recent Patents on Materials Science 2016, 9, 000-000 1 Centenary of a Serendipitous Inventor: Stookey and a Short Statistical Overview of Photosensitive Glass & Glass-Ceramics Science and Technol- ogy Marcio L.F. Nascimento1,2,* 1Vitreous Materials Lab, Institute of Humanities, Arts and Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Idioms Center Pavilion (PAF IV), Ondina University Campus, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; 2PROTEC / PEI - Postgraduate Program in Industrial Engineering, Depart- ment of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Aristides Novis 2, Federação, 40210-630 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Received: August 13, 2015; Accepted: March 22, 2016; Revised: March 23, 2016 Abstract: In this short statistical report, we compile and analyze statistics on past and current scien- tific and technological research on photosensitive glass (PG) as well as glass-ceramics (GC). Their Marcio L.F. Nascimento developments have traced remarkable histories since their first commercial discoveries in the 1940s and 1950s, both the work of Don Stookey. These products and processes have transformed modern life and are two of the most widely reported methods for special glass manufacturing. They provide security, are of high quality mass produc- tion. The U.S., Japan and China have been leaders in PG glass development, the second place going to China in terms of GC research communities. We have observed very significant progress in recent decades with an exponential growth in the number of scientific publications and patents for PGs and GCs due to new publications, author keywords, affiliations and primary characterization techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your in Vitro Diagnostic
    Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your In Vitro Diagnostic Selecting the Best Microfluidics Device Material for Your In Vitro Diagnostic Balancing Performance and Cost with Glass “In vitro diagnostics” is a term for a broad industry encompassing everything from benchtop or larger bioanalytical instrumentation A Production applications such as protein analysis and next generation sequencing to Mindset point of care devices. As if in vitro diagnostic (IVD) development wasn’t difficult enough just from the biology itself, the instrumentation and When examining a platform development add layers of complexity. material for IVD Examined here are the advantages and challenges of using a products, one microfluidic flow cell approach for automating and miniaturizing IVDs should also from the standpoint of selecting the best material for the microfluidic consider the component. The materials' strengths and weaknesses are reviewed in production the context of general biological assay applications. In this context, recommendations for applications where glass can aid in achieving the manufacturing scale desired IVD performance while still maintaining a favorable production options for cost are made. General guidelines for choosing materials for fabrication that will microfluidics-based IVDs are also provided. ultimately influence design, cost, and quality. INTRODUCTION Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip technology, is a powerful tool that sits at the intersection of biotechnology, automation, and functional integration. By using photolithography
    [Show full text]
  • BUILDING WALLS of LIGHT: the DEVELOPMENT of GLASS BLOCK and ITS INFLUENCE on AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE in the 1930S Elizabeth Fagan
    BUILDING WALLS OF LIGHT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLASS BLOCK AND ITS INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE 1930s Elizabeth Fagan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Historic Preservation Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation Columbia University May 2015 Arthur Brammer, Direct Oil Service Station, Minneapolis, MN, 1937 (photo from Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………….iv Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Glass, Glass Block Precedents, and Early European Hollow Glass Blocks ……………………………………………………………………………………………...3 A Very Short History of Glass……………………………………………………………....…3 Precedents of Hollow Glass Block…………………………………………………………….…5 The Beginnings of Hollow Glass Block……………………………………...…………………..10 A Desire for Light…………………………………………………………………………...16 Chapter 2: The Development and Early Use of Hollow Glass Block in America………………….23 The Early American Glass Block Buildings…………………………………………………….23 The Early American Manufacture of Glass Blocks………………………………………………34 The Rise of the Modern Glass Block…………………………………………………….....…...36 The Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition…………………………………………………….42 The William Lescaze House and Office………………………………………………………...46 Chapter 3: The Beginning of the Age of Glass Block……………………………………………...54 Technological Developments and the Introduction of a New Manufacturer………………………........54 More Early
    [Show full text]