Mediterranean Marine Science Vol. 9, 2008 Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites ZENETOS A. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Agios Kosmas, P.C. 16610, Elliniko, Athens MERIC E. Moda, Huseyin Bey Sokak, 15/4, 34710 Kad koy, Istanbul VERLAQUE M. UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée F13288 Marseille GALLI P. Wet Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano BOUDOURESQUE C.F. UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Universite de la Mediterranee, F13288 Marseille GIANGRANDE A. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Lecce, Complesso Ecotekne, Via Prov. le Lecce- Monteroni, 73100 Lecce CINAR M.E. Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir BILECENOGLU M. Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.146 Copyright © 2008 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/12/2018 03:15:30 | To cite this article: ZENETOS, A., MERIC, E., VERLAQUE, M., GALLI, P., BOUDOURESQUE, C., GIANGRANDE, A., CINAR, M., & BILECENOGLU, M. (2008). Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites. Mediterranean Marine Science, 9(1), 119-166. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.146 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/12/2018 03:15:30 | Review Article Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 9/1, 2008, 119-165 Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites A. ZENETOS1, E. MER 2, M. VERLAQUE3, P. GALLI4, C.-F. BOUDOURESQUE3, A. GIANGRANDE5, M. E. INAR6 and M. BILECENO LU7 1 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, P.O. Box 712, 19013, Anavissos, Attica, Hellas 2 Moda, Hüseyin Bey Sokak, 15/4, 34710 Kad köy, stanbul, Turkey 3UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, F13288 Marseille France 4 Wet Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy 5Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Lecce, Complesso Ecotekne, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy 6Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 7Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The present work is an update of the annotated list (ZENETOS et al., 2006) based on literature up to April 2008. Emphasis is given to ecofunctional/taxonomic groups poorly addressed in the annotated list, such as the foraminiferan and parasites, while macrophytes are critically reviewed following the CIESM Atlas (VERLAQUE et al., in press). Moreover, in this update the bio-geographic area addressed includes the Sea of Marmara. The update yields a further 175 alien species in the Mediterranean bringing the total to 903. As evi- denced by recent findings, more and more previously known ‘casual’ aliens, are becoming established. Approximately 100 more species have become well established in the region, raising the number of estab- lished species to 496 versus 385 until 2005. In the period from January 2006 to April 2008 more than 80 published papers have resulted in the recording of 94 new aliens, which is interpreted as a new introduc- tion every 9 days, a rate beyond the worst scenario. Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165 119 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/12/2018 03:15:31 | Introduction species presumably omitted in ZENETOS et al. (2006) and on the new species Biological invasions have become a recorded in the 2006-2008 period and pos- hot issue in recent decades. An increasing sible changes in their establishment suc- trend towards aquatic invasions has been cess. Emphasis is put on foraminiferan and documented for all European Large parasites, through collaboration with Marine Ecosystems but is most pro- regional experts. nounced in the Mediterranean Sea (STREFTARIS et al., 2005; EEA, 2007a). Methodology A compilation of the available infor- mation on the alien marine biota in the The basis for the present work is the Mediterranean resulted in an annotated annotated list of marine alien species in list that includes 745 alien species the Mediterranean (ZENETOS et al., (ZENETOS et al., 2006). This covered the 2006), called here after ‘annotated list’. groups: fish, zoobenthos (Polychaeta, The list has been updated to incorporate Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, species recorded up to April 2008. The Sipuncula, Bryozoa and Ascidiacea) com- species updates are presented in 10 units, paratively fully, and less so phytobenthos, which are ecofunctional/taxonomic phytoplankton and zooplankton. Little groups, namely: 1: Phytoplankton, 2: Zoo- information was provided for taxa such as plankton, 3: Phytobenthos, 4: Zooben- Foraminifera and Isopoda that have not thos/Polychaeta, 5: Zoobenthos/Crusta- been well studied in the Mediterranean. A cea, 6: Zoobenthos/Mollusca, 7: Zooben- gap in information was also noticeable as thos/Foraminifera, 8: Zoobenthos /Miscel- regards parasites. lanea, 9: Parasites and 10: Fish. Since then, new publications have: a) Data have been mostly extracted from confirmed the establishment and further a simple information system, structured in geographic expansion of rare species; b) ACCESS, which has been developed at the reported on the occurrence of new alien Hellenic Centre for Marine Research species; c) enlightened on the introduction (internal use only). The database is updat- of little studied groups such as parasites, ed on a monthly basis and results are foraminiferans and d) critically reviewed reported to UNEP/MAP and the Euro- higher taxa such as macrophytes. In paral- pean Environment Agency (EEA) lel, publications based on molecular stud- (UNEP/MAP, 2004; EEA, 2006). One of ies reconsider the status of species exclud- the main uses of the aforementioned sys- ed in the annotated list, while publications tem is the development of a trend indica- on taxonomy have significantly changed tor for marine and estuarine species in the nomenclature of certain species. Europe for the SEBI20101 program (EEA, The aim of the present work is to 2007a, b) and the Mediterranean update the annotated list by reporting on (UNEP/MAP, 2007). 1SEBI2010 Streamlining European Biodiverity Indicators: Framework of biodiversity indicators to assess progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target). Expert group on ‘trends in invasive alien species’: http://biodiversity-chm.eea.eu.int/ information/indicator/F1090245995 120 Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/12/2018 03:15:31 | A major difference with the ‘annotat- poorly addressed in the ‘annotated list’, yet ed list’ is the geographic coverage of the with many representatives among aliens. A Mediterranean. The alien biota of the Sea full list of the experts per taxonomic group of Marmara (KAMINSKI et al., 2002; who contributed in various ways is provid- INAR et al., 2006a), which were omitted ed in the acknowledgements. in the first compilation of data, are includ- ed in this work. Results Concerning their establishment suc- cess, alien species are grouped into six 1. Phytoplankton broad categories, namely established, casual, questionable, cryptogenic, exclud- The validity of categorizing the ed and invasive, as defined in the ‘annotat- diatoms and dinoflagellates reported in ed list’, For foraminifera a finer distinction STREFTARIS et al. (2005) as alien phyto- of the established category includes the plankton in the European Seas was inves- rare species (those observed more than tigated by GOMEZ (2008) who concluded twice in several different localities but that the number of alien phytoplankton always few in number: one or two individ- species in European Seas has been exces- uals) and the frequent ones (those species sively inflated. Most of the discrepancies recorded many times in large quantities noted in GOMEZ (2008) had already and showing a wide range of distribution been rectified in the ‘annotated list’. patterns). Exceptions were the cosmopolitan Proto- Besides the presentation of new ceratium reticulatum reported as species (i.e. species missing in ZENETOS Gonyaulax grindleyi, and Gyrodinium falca- et al., 2006 and those recorded in the tum also reported as Gymnodinium 2006-2008 period) with notes on the fusus/Pseliodinium vaubanii which are now country of their occurrence, special atten- excluded from the Mediterranean aliens. tion is given to those species whose estab- In addition, the benthic/epiphytic dinofla- lishment success has altered compared to gellates that were included among phyto- the ‘annotated list’. For example, in the plankton in the ‘annotated list’ are now light of molecular and/or detailed taxo- moved to phytobenthos. nomic studies, some previously assumed Warm-water species expand their geo- questionable or excluded species have graphical ranges or increase their abun- been now moved to the cryptogenic or dances to detectable levels during warming established category. periods. Alexandrium tamarense, Chaeto- Nomenclature changes are presented ceros coarctatus,