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Extreme Morphological and Ecological Homoplasy in Tropical Salamanders
Extreme morphological and ecological homoplasy in tropical salamanders Gabriela Parra-Olea* and David B. Wake† Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160 Contributed by David B. Wake, April 25, 2001 Fossorial salamanders typically have elongate and attenuated We analyzed sequences of mtDNA of many tropical bolito- heads and bodies, diminutive limbs, hands and feet, and extremely glossines, including all recognized genera, and determined that elongate tails. Batrachoseps from California, Lineatriton from east- Lineatriton and Oedipina are much more closely related to other ern Me´xico, and Oedipina from southern Me´xico to Ecuador, all taxa than to each other (3, 4). Not only was Lineatriton deeply members of the family Plethodontidae, tribe Bolitoglossini, resem- nested within the large, mainly Mexican genus Pseudoeurycea, ble one another in external morphology, which has evolved inde- but populations of Lineatriton from different parts of its geo- pendently. Whereas Oedipina and Batrachoseps are elongate be- graphic range were more closely related to different species of cause there are more trunk vertebrae, a widespread homoplasy Pseudoeurycea than to each other. Here we analyze molecular (parallelism) in salamanders, the genus Lineatriton is unique in data for 1,816 bp of mtDNA derived from three genes, reject the having evolved convergently by an alternate ‘‘giraffe-neck’’ de- monophyly of Lineatriton, and support an extraordinary case of velopmental program. Lineatriton has the same number of trunk homoplasy in a putative species that previously has been con- vertebrae as related, nonelongated taxa, but individual trunk sidered to be extremely specialized, and unique, in both mor- vertebrae are elongated. -
Comparative Osteology and Evolution of the Lungless Salamanders, Family Plethodontidae David B
COMPARATIVE OSTEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS, FAMILY PLETHODONTIDAE DAVID B. WAKE1 ABSTRACT: Lungless salamanders of the family Plethodontidae comprise the largest and most diverse group of tailed amphibians. An evolutionary morphological approach has been employed to elucidate evolutionary rela tionships, patterns and trends within the family. Comparative osteology has been emphasized and skeletons of all twenty-three genera and three-fourths of the one hundred eighty-three species have been studied. A detailed osteological analysis includes consideration of the evolution of each element as well as the functional unit of which it is a part. Functional and developmental aspects are stressed. A new classification is suggested, based on osteological and other char acters. The subfamily Desmognathinae includes the genera Desmognathus, Leurognathus, and Phaeognathus. Members of the subfamily Plethodontinae are placed in three tribes. The tribe Hemidactyliini includes the genera Gyri nophilus, Pseudotriton, Stereochilus, Eurycea, Typhlomolge, and Hemidac tylium. The genera Plethodon, Aneides, and Ensatina comprise the tribe Pleth odontini. The highly diversified tribe Bolitoglossini includes three super genera. The supergenera Hydromantes and Batrachoseps include the nominal genera only. The supergenus Bolitoglossa includes Bolitoglossa, Oedipina, Pseudoeurycea, Chiropterotriton, Parvimolge, Lineatriton, and Thorius. Manculus is considered to be congeneric with Eurycea, and Magnadig ita is congeneric with Bolitoglossa. Two species are assigned to Typhlomolge, which is recognized as a genus distinct from Eurycea. No. new information is available concerning Haptoglossa. Recognition of a family Desmognathidae is rejected. All genera are defined and suprageneric groupings are defined and char acterized. Range maps are presented for all genera. Relationships of all genera are discussed. -
Rediscovery at the Type Locality and Detection of a New Population 1José L
Offcial journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 13(2) [General Section]: 126–132 (e193). Thorius narismagnus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae): rediscovery at the type locality and detection of a new population 1José L. Aguilar-López, 2,*Paulina García-Bañuelos, 3Eduardo Pineda, and 4Sean M. Rovito 1,2,3Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, MEXICO 4Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato CP 36824, MEXICO Abstract.—Of the 42 Critically Endangered species of plethodontid salamanders that occur in Mexico, thirteen have not been reported in more than ten years. Given the lack of reports since 1976, the minute plethodontid salamander Thorius narismagnus is widely considered as missing. However, this report describes the rediscovery of this minute salamander at the type locality (Volcán San Martín), as well as a new locality on Volcán Santa Marta, 28 km southeast of its previously known distribution, both in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, Mexico. The localities where T. narismagnus has been found are mature forests in a community reserve on Volcán San Martín and a private reserve on Volcán Santa Marta. The presence of maxillary teeth, generally absent in Thorius, are reported here in some T. narismagnus females. Two efforts which may contribute to the conservation of Thorius narismagnus are the preservation of the cloud forests where this species persists, as well as the determination of the presence and possible effect of chytrid fungus in these populations. -
Pseudoeurycea Naucampatepetl. the Cofre De Perote Salamander Is Endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Eastern Mexico. This
Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl. The Cofre de Perote salamander is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. This relatively large salamander (reported to attain a total length of 150 mm) is recorded only from, “a narrow ridge extending east from Cofre de Perote and terminating [on] a small peak (Cerro Volcancillo) at the type locality,” in central Veracruz, at elevations from 2,500 to 3,000 m (Amphibian Species of the World website). Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl has been assigned to the P. bellii complex of the P. bellii group (Raffaëlli 2007) and is considered most closely related to P. gigantea, a species endemic to the La specimens and has not been seen for 20 years, despite thorough surveys in 2003 and 2004 (EDGE; www.edgeofexistence.org), and thus it might be extinct. The habitat at the type locality (pine-oak forest with abundant bunch grass) lies within Lower Montane Wet Forest (Wilson and Johnson 2010; IUCN Red List website [accessed 21 April 2013]). The known specimens were “found beneath the surface of roadside banks” (www.edgeofexistence.org) along the road to Las Lajas Microwave Station, 15 kilometers (by road) south of Highway 140 from Las Vigas, Veracruz (Amphibian Species of the World website). This species is terrestrial and presumed to reproduce by direct development. Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl is placed as number 89 in the top 100 Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered amphib- ians (EDGE; www.edgeofexistence.org). We calculated this animal’s EVS as 17, which is in the middle of the high vulnerability category (see text for explanation), and its IUCN status has been assessed as Critically Endangered. -
Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae
AMPHIBIA: CAUDATA: PLETHODONTIDAE Catalogue of American Amphibian and Reptiles. Parra-Olea, G. 1998. Pseudoeutyea nigrornnculntn. Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata Taylor Boliroglossa nigromac~ilnraTaylor 194 1 : 14 1. Type locality, "Cuautlapan, Veracruz [I g052'N, 97'0 1 'W; Mexico]." Holotype, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 110635, adult female. collected January-February 1940 by H.M. Smith (not examined by author). Psa~rcloeu~cennigrornaculntn Taylor 1944:209. CONTENT. No subspecies are recognized. DEFINITION. Adult Pserrrloenpceo nigromnculatn are ro- bust and of moderate size, with mean SVL = 49.2mm (44.9- 55.8). Females tend to be larger than males, but no significant difference in total body length occurs. Tail length is longer than SVL (2-12 mm longer). Costal grooves number 13. The limbs are long and, when adpressed, are separated by a space of 1-2.5 costal grooves. The digits are long and webbed at their bases. Toes are broadly flattened and tips are truncate. Vomerine teeth number 35 (mean) and about 60 maxillary teeth are present. In alcohol a pattern of different intensities of brown is present along the body. The neck is dark brown, the head and dorsum are lighter, and the tail is light brown or beige. Distinct scat- tered black spots are present all along the dorsum, on the flanks, and all around the tail. The density of spots is higher on the head. The underside of the head and the venter are uniformly MAP. Distribution of Pseudoelrrycea nigromocrrlrrrrr. The circle marks medium brown and without spots. Color in life was described the type locality and the dot indicates the only other known locality. -
Functional Morphology and Evolution of Tail Autotomy in Salamanders
Functional Morphology and Evolution of Tail Autotomy in Salamanders DAVID B. WAKE AND IAN G. DRESNER Department of Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, lllinois ABSTRACT Basal tail constriction occurs in about two-thirds of the species of plethodontid salamanders. The constriction, which marks the site of tail autotomy, is a result of a reduction in length and diameter of the first caudal segment. Gross and microscopic anatomical studies reveal that many structural specializations are associated with basal constriction, and these are considered in detail. Areas of weak- ness in the skin at the posterior end of the first caudal segment, at the attachment of the musculature to the intermyotomal septum at the anterior end of the same segment, and between the last caudosacral and first caudal vertebrae precisely define the route of tail breakage. During autotomy the entire tail is shed, and a cylinder of skin one segment long closes over the wound at the end of the body. It is suggested that specializations described in this paper have evolved jndepend- ently in three different groups of salamanders. Experiments and field observations reveal that, contrary to expectations, frequency of tail breakage is less in species with apparent provisions for tail autotomy than in less specialized species. The tail is a very important, highly functional organ in salamanders and it is suggested that selection has been for behavioral and structural adaptations for control of tail loss, rather than for tail loss per se. Tail loss and subsequent regeneration is sent facts concerning anatomical details a well documented phenomenon among of the basal tail region, a functional inter- the lower vertebrates. -
I Online Supplementary Data – Sexual Size Dimorphism in Salamanders
Online Supplementary data – Sexual size dimorphism in salamanders Supplementary data S1. Species data used in this study and references list. Males Females SSD Significant test Ref Species n SVL±SD n SVL±SD Andrias davidianus 2 532.5 8 383.0 -0.280 12 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 53 277.4±5.2 52 300.9±3.4 0.084 Yes 61 Batrachuperus karlschmidti 10 80.0 10 84.8 0.060 26 Batrachuperus londongensis 20 98.6 10 96.7 -0.019 12 Batrachuperus pinchonii 5 69.6 5 74.6 0.070 26 Batrachuperus taibaiensis 11 92.9±12.1 9 102.1±7.1 0.099 Yes 27 Batrachuperus tibetanus 10 94.5 10 92.8 -0.017 12 Batrachuperus yenyuadensis 10 82.8 10 74.8 -0.096 26 Hynobius abei 24 57.8±2.1 34 55.0±1.2 -0.048 Yes 92 Hynobius amakusaensis 22 75.4±4.8 12 76.5±3.6 0.014 No 93 Hynobius arisanensis 72 54.3±4.8 40 55.2±4.8 0.016 No 94 Hynobius boulengeri 37 83.0±5.4 15 91.5±3.8 0.102 Yes 95 Hynobius formosanus 15 53.0±4.4 8 52.4±3.9 -0.011 No 94 Hynobius fuca 4 50.9±2.8 3 52.8±2.0 0.037 No 94 Hynobius glacialis 12 63.1±4.7 11 58.9±5.2 -0.066 No 94 Hynobius hidamontanus 39 47.7±1.0 15 51.3±1.2 0.075 Yes 96 Hynobius katoi 12 58.4±3.3 10 62.7±1.6 0.073 Yes 97 Hynobius kimurae 20 63.0±1.5 15 72.7±2.0 0.153 Yes 98 Hynobius leechii 70 61.6±4.5 18 66.5±5.9 0.079 Yes 99 Hynobius lichenatus 37 58.5±1.9 2 53.8 -0.080 100 Hynobius maoershanensis 4 86.1 2 80.1 -0.069 101 Hynobius naevius 72.1 76.7 0.063 102 Hynobius nebulosus 14 48.3±2.9 12 50.4±2.1 0.043 Yes 96 Hynobius osumiensis 9 68.4±3.1 15 70.2±3.0 0.026 No 103 Hynobius quelpaertensis 41 52.5±3.8 4 61.3±4.1 0.167 Yes 104 Hynobius -
Hanken and Wake 1998 Copeia.Pdf
Copeia, 1998(2), pp. 312-345 Biology of Tiny Animals: Systematics of the Minute Salamanders (Thorius: Plethodontidae) from Veracruz and Puebla, Mexico, with Descriptions of Five New Species JAMES HANKEN AND DAVID B. WAKE Minute plethodontid salamanders, genus Thorius, are far more diverse taxonom- ically than has been recognized previously. Populations of these salamanders from the Mexican states of Veracruz and Puebla are assigned to 10 species, five of which are described as new. Combinations of morphological and allozymic characters are used to sort the species and to make initial assessments of relationships. Valid ex- isting names include Thorius pennatulus, T. troglodytes, T. dubitus, and T. schmidti. Thorius narismagnus, from the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, which previously was consid- ered to be a disjunct subspecies of T. pennatulus, is elevated to species rank. Thorius maxillabrochusis treated as a subjective junior synonym of the sympatric T. schmidti. New taxa include Thorius lunaris, T. magnipes, T. minydemus, T. munificus, and T. spilogaster. All 10 species can be distinguished by morphological characters, but the distinctiveness of the taxa is bolstered by allozymic characters and by extensive sympatry. As many as three, and possibly four, species occur in sympatry, with some evidence of segregation by microhabitat (arboreal vs terrestrial). Adult body sizes span the range known for the genus, from very small in T. pennatulus (maturing at < 16 mm standard length) to large in T. lunaris (adults reaching > 31 mm). Collec- tively these species display a wide elevational distribution, from less than 1000 m (T. pennatulus, T. narismagnus) to more than 3000 m (T lunaris, T. -
Rampant Tooth Loss Across 200 Million Years of Frog Evolution
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429809; this version posted February 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution 2 3 4 Daniel J. Paluh1,2, Karina Riddell1, Catherine M. Early1,3, Maggie M. Hantak1, Gregory F.M. 5 Jongsma1,2, Rachel M. Keeffe1,2, Fernanda Magalhães Silva1,4, Stuart V. Nielsen1, María Camila 6 Vallejo-Pareja1,2, Edward L. Stanley1, David C. Blackburn1 7 8 1Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 9 Gainesville, Florida USA 32611 10 2Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA 32611 11 3Biology Department, Science Museum of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota USA 55102 12 4Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense 13 Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará Brazil 14 15 *Corresponding author: Daniel J. Paluh, [email protected], +1 814-602-3764 16 17 Key words: Anura; teeth; edentulism; toothlessness; trait lability; comparative methods 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429809; this version posted February 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. -
Evolutionarystudies of Salamanders
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO EVOLUTIONARYSTUDIES OF SALAMANDERS DAVIDB. WAKE* CONTENTS der Caudata. Studying organisms from one Introduction ...................................................... 163 perspective can inform and direct investiga- Phylogenetics .................................................... 163 tions that have other goals, and an integra- Hierarchical Approaches .................................. 166 tive approach to organismal evolution can Ontogeny and Phylogeny ................................. 168 result. As evolutionary biologists, our ultimate Recognition of Species ...................................... 170 goal is to understand how biological diversifi- Species Diversity .............................................. 172 cation occurs, and as herpetologists our pri- A Plea for Conservation .................................... 174 mary focus is the whole organism, as exempli- Acknowledgments ............................................ 175 fied by amphibians and reptiles. The examples Literature Cited ............................................... 175 I use are mainly from my own laboratory, be- cause I can see most clearly in these cases how Abstract: This essay is an examination of the ways integration can be achieved. Although this in which seemingly disparate studies focused on a paper is topical in nature, I attempt to provide single, rather small taxon, the Order Caudata, can connections between topics. provide a foundation for development of programs in evolutionary biology. Topics addressed include Any -
A Statistical Assessment of Population Trends for Data Deficient Mexican Amphibians
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 16 December 2014. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/703), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Quintero E, Thessen AE, Arias-Caballero P, Ayala-Orozco B. 2014. A statistical assessment of population trends for data deficient Mexican amphibians. PeerJ 2:e703 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.703 A statistical assessment of population trends for data deficient Mexican amphibians Esther Quintero, Anne E. Thessen, Paulina Arias-Caballero, Bárbara Ayala-Orozco Background: Mexico is the fourth richest country in amphibians and the second country with the highest quantity of threatened amphibian species, and this number could be higher as many species are too poorly known to be accurately assigned to a risk category. The absence of a risk status or an unknown population trend can slow or halt conservation action, so it is vital to develop tools that in the absence of specific demographic data can assess a species’ risk of extinction, population trend, and to better understand which variables increase their vulnerability. Recent studies have demonstrated that the risk of species decline depends on extrinsic and intrinsic trait, thus including both of them for PrePrints assessing extinction might render more accurate assessment of threat. Methods: In this study harvested data from the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) and the published literature for Mexican amphibians and used these data to assess the population trend of some of the Mexican species that have been assigned to the Data Deficient category of the IUCN using Random Forests, a Machine Learning method that gives a prediction of complex processes and identifies the most important variables that account for the predictions. -
Herpetologists' League
Herpetologists' League An Aquatic Plethodontid Salamander from Oaxaca, Mexico Author(s): David B. Wake and Jonathan A. Campbell Source: Herpetologica, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 2001), pp. 509-514 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of the Herpetologists' League Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3893057 Accessed: 03-02-2016 23:26 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Herpetologists' League and Allen Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Herpetologica. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 136.152.142.101 on Wed, 03 Feb 2016 23:26:36 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Herpetologica,57(4), 2001, 509-514 (? 2001 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc. AN AQUATIC PLETHODONTID SALAMANDER FROM OAXACA, MEXICO DAVID B. WAKE' AND JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL2 'Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA 2Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0498, USA ABSTRACT: We describe a new species of Pseudoeurycea from the northern versant of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. This is the only aquatic species of bolitoglossine salamander known.