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Bibliography

This bibliography on the origins of digital covers the period from the first mechanical aids to digital calculation until the first practical stored pro• gram electronic was put into operation in 1949. Particular attention is paid to the period following BABBAGE. and to papers shedding light on the extent to which the various pioneers were influenced by each other. All the items listed have been inspected (sometimes rather cursorily) in their original or reprinted form by the editor. The bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author. anonymous papers and reports being listed last. In order to facilitate use of the index. the name of the author is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Second and further papers by an author appearing in a given year are differentiated by following the year by b. c. ... Although the index is fairly detailed. readers are warned to check the more general works on a given sub• ject. as well as those explicitly indexed under a particular index entry.

A. ADAM (1973). Von Himmlischen Uhrwerk zur Statistischen Fabrik, Verlag O. Munk, Vienna (1973). A Wide-ranging survey, starting with early astronomical instruments, ending with the use in Austria of early Hollerith equipment. Contains extensive dis• cussions of Schickard's calculating . automated draw-looms, includ• ing the little-known "Broselmachine" (1680-1690). and of Schaffler's developments of Hollerith's . R. R. ADLER (1958), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine," Machine Design 30 (3). pp.125-129 (13 Nov. 1958). Brief but well-illustrated account of the Difference Engine and . H. H. AIKEN (1964), "Proposed Automatic Calculating Machine (Pre• viously unpublished memorandum)," IEEE Spectrum, pp.62-69 (Aug. 1964). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Undated memorandum. bearing the notation "Prospectus of Howard Aiken. Nov. 4. 1937," found in his files by Mrs. Jacqueline Sanborn Sill. Surveys the development of calculating machines. from Pascal to 8abbage. and gives a detailed description of a machine to be based on conventional punched card machinery, controlled by a punched paper tape. a machine which later became known as the Harvard I. H. H. AIKEN (1946), "A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled ." Annals of the Computation Labora• tory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 1. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. ( 1946). The first chapter 'Historical Introduction' is a very useful account of the development of calculating machines. difference engines. and 8abbage's

431 work. It includes mention of MOller and Torres. H. H. AIKEN and G. M. HOPPER {1946}, "The Automatic Sequence Con• trolled Calculator," Electrical Engineering 65, pp.384-391,449- 454,522-528 {1946}. {Reprinted in full in Randell {1973} and in the present volume.} Starts with a brief but commendable history of the development of calculat• ing machines. The major sections of the paper give a quite detailed account of the working of the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator and of its programming. A. C. AITKEN {1951}, "Leslie John Comrie," Froc. Phys. Soc. B 64, pp.l090-1091 {1951}. An informative obituary. IBN AL-RAZZAZ AL-JAZZARI (1974), The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, D. Reidel, Dordrecht {1974}. {Trans. and ed. D. R. Hill.} A well-annotated and illustrated translation of a thirteenth century Arabic text, which describes a number' of surprisingly complex mechanical auto• mata, some of which incorporated pegged cylinder sequencing mechanisms. These mechanisms are in general driven by water-wheels, and themselves control the movements of model figures. S. G. AKL (1980), "Professor Jevons and his Logical Machine," Tech. Report 80-95, Dept. of Computing and Information Science, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario (28 Jan. 1980). lOp. Provides a good well-illustrated account of the mechanism and operation of the 'logical machine' built by Jevons in 1869. F. L. ALT (194 7), "Operating Characteristics of the Aberdeen Machines," in File No. 22. Association for Computing Machinery. New York (29 Dec. 1947). (Summary of a paper delivered at the Meeting of the Eastern Association for Computing Machinery. Aberdeen. Md .. December 11-12, 1947.) 2p. Gives interesting statistics about the reliability of ENIAC. the Bell Labs Com• puter and the IBM . the amount of time devoted to setting• up new problems. etc. "The ENIAC. in spite of the high proportion of trouble, is the outstanding performer. Even under very unfavourable conditions it does the work of 500 human computers. The Bell machine has not given a single wrong result in eight months of operations except where operators have interfered with its normal running." F. L. ALT (1948), "A Bell Telephone Laboratories' Computing Machine." MTAC 3, pp.1-13.69-84 (1948). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) General description of. the fifth Bell Labs. Relay Computer - the first one which was a general purpose programmed computer. Contains significant material on the programming (including branching). and on comparisons of "set-up time" on this machine as contrasted with the Harvard series, and ENIAC. F. L. ALT (1972). "Archaeology of Computers - Reminiscences. 1945-1947." Comm. ACM 15 (7). pp.693-694 (1972). Anecdotes concerning the use of ENIAC, including a description of the tech• nique of setting up programs on the function tables.

432 T. ANDERSON (1932), "Forsta Svenska Raknemaskinen," Daedalus, pp.106-109 (1932). An account of how Georg Scheutz learnt of Babbage's Difference Engine in 1833, decided to design an improved machine, built a first model (in perhaps 1840) and with his son designed a difference engine that was built at J. W. Bergstrom's workshop in Stockholm and completed in 1853. T. ANDERSON (1933), "Wibergs Raknemaskin," Daedalus, pp.98-99 ( 1933). A brief account of the life of Martin Wiberg (1826-1905) with quotations from his own writings about his difference engine. E. G. ANDREWS (1951), "The Bell Computer, Model VI," pp. 20-31 in Proc. of a Second Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 26, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1951). Well-illustrated general description of the Model VI. E. G. ANDREWS (1952), "A Review of the Bell Laboratories Digital Computer Developments," pp. 101-105 in Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AlEE-IRE Computer Conf., Dec. 10-12, 1951 , American Insl. of Electrical Engineers, New York (1952). A useful. well-illustrated account of the series of Bell Labs. Calculators. E. G. ANDREWS (1963), "Telephone Switching and the Early Bell Laboratories Computers," Bell System Tech. J. 42, pp.341-353 (1963). An account of the historical development of the Bell Labs. Relay Computers. and of the basic facilities of each model. E. G. ANDREWS and H. W. Box (1950), "Use of Relay Digital Com- puter," Electrical Engineering 69, pp.158-163 (1950). A description of some of the problems solved using the Bell Laboratories Model V computer. including a brief description of how the computer was programmed. I. A. ApOKIN and L. E. MAISTROV (1974), Rasvitie Vyichislitelnyih Mashin. Nauka. Moscow (1974). 400p. An account of the history of digital computing from the earliest aids to cal• culation to the modern computer. Chapter 1 includes discussion of the abacus in China. Europe and Russia. while Chapter 2. on mechanical calcula• tors. discusses the work of Jakobson. Tchebichef and Odhner. as well as Schickard. Pascal and Leibniz. Chapter 3 covers tabulating machines and electromechanical desk calculators. The next chapter 'The Birth of Elec• tronic Computing,' names M. A. Bonch-Bruevitch as having invented an elec• tronic trigger circuit in 1918. describes such projects as the Harvard Mark I. the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. ENIAC . EDVAC. etc. Chapter 5 describes early stored program computers. The final four chapters discuss transistorized and integrated circuit computers. computer applications. and the future of computer technology. A large number of references are listed. to both Rus• sian and English language sources. N. APRAXINE (1932), " Machine d Calculer mue Electriquement." Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 195. pp.857-858 (Nov. 1932). Brief general account of an accumulator. with multiple decimal digits. com• posed of electromechanical relays. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1935). "Bibliographia de Mathemalicis X: Charles

433 Babbage (1792-1871}." Scripta Mathematica 3 . pp.266-267 (1935). A brief bibliography. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1947). "P. G. Scheutz. Publicist. Author. Scientific Mechanician. and Edvard Scheutz. Engineer. - Biography and Bibliogra• phy." MTAC 2. pp.238-245 (1947). Brief biography of George Scheutz and his son. and a very good annotated bibliography. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1947b). " Martin Wiberg. his Tables and his Difference Engine." MTAC 2. pp.371-373 (1947). Brief biography of Wiberg. and discussion of the mathematical tables he pro• duced using his difference engine. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1948). Mathematical Table Makers. Scripta Mathematica. Yeshiva IJniv .. New York (1948). Bio-bibliographical notes on 53 compilers of mathematical tables. including Babbage. Burgi. Comrie. and Napier. H. ARKIN (1935). "Development and Principles of the Punched Card Method." pp. 1-20 in Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities. (ed. G. W. Baehne). Columbia Univ. Press. New York (1935). Very brief account of the development of punched card machinery. Includes an illustrated survey of then-current Hollerith equipment. W. F. ASPRAY (1980). From Mathematical Constructivity to Com• puter Science: Alan Turing. John v on Neumann. and the origins of in mathematical logic. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. of Wiscon• sin. Madison (1980). 443p. "This dissertation examines the origins of computer science in that I;>ranch of mathematical logic known as recursive function theory ... In fact. two of the more important researchers in logic. Alan Turing and John von Neu• mann. used their experience with the mathematical theory of recursive functions in the design of physical computing machinery and in the develop• ment of theoretical computer science. The dissertation traces this move• ment from mathematics to computer science and focuses in particular on the work of Turing and von Neumann." M. M. ASTRAHAN. See R. Serre!' J. V. ATANASOFF (1940). Computing Machine for the Solution of Large Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations. Unpublished memoran• dum. Iowa State College. Ames. Iowa (Aug. 1940). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.} An illustrated detailed description of the machine, in which it is stated that a prototype consisting of a binary register, an addition/subtraction mechanism, and a decimal-binary converter had been operated successfully. J. V. ATANASOFF and A. E. BRANDT (1936). "Application of Punched Card Equipment to the Analysis of Complex Spectra." J. Optical Soc. of America 26 (2). pp.83-88 (Feb. 1936). Detailed description of the use of a tabulator, to which a home-made 'cross• connecting board' was attached, on which numerical values could be set up. I. L. AUERBACH . J . P . ECKERT. R. F. SHAW. and C. B. SHEPPARD (1949). "Mercury Delay Line Memory using a Pulse Rate of Several Megacycles," Proc. IRE 37 (8), pp.855-861 (Aug. 1949). 434 Detailed description of a delay line memory believed to be the one being developed for BINAC. A. A. AUERBACH, J. P. ECKERT, JR ., R . F.SHAW , J. R. WEINER, and L. D. WIL- SON (1952), "The BINAC ," Proc. IRE 40 (1), pp.12-29 (1952). A detailed description, with many circuit diagrams, of the BINAC, which is described as "the first computer of its type to be completed successfully in the United States." It is stated that the BINAC was built to solve an (unidentified) specific probl~m , for which a small amount of input/output was required relative to the amount of computation, but that it contained all the necessary elements for solving a great variety of problems. Asample program is given, but no mention is made of the status of the system, or when it became operational. W. R. AUL (1972), "Herman Hollerith: Data Processing Pioneer," Think, pp.22-24 (Nov. 1972). A brief popular account. B. H. BABBAGE (1872), Babbage's Calculating Machine; or Difference Engine, Science and Art Department, South Kensington Museum, Lon• don (1872). A description of the Difference Engine constructed by Babbage in 1833, now on exhibition in the Science Museum. C. BABBAGE (1822), "A note respecting the Application of Machinery to the Calculation of Astronomical Tables," Mem. Astronomical Soc. I, p .309 (June 1822). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889).) The first publication on the difference engine. Very brief, ending: "from the experiments I have already made, I feel great confidence in the complete success of the plans I have proposed." C. BABBAGE (1822b), A Letter to Sir Humphry Davy, Bart .. President of the Royal Society. on the Application of Machinery to the Purpose of Calculating and Printing Mathematical Tables. J. Booth; Baldwin. Cra• dock and Joy, London (1822). (Reprinted in Babbage. H.P. (1889).) Description of the merits of difference engines. of the small model he had constructed. and of the problems of producing mathematical tables. C. BABBAGE (1823). "On the Theoretical Principles of Machinery for Calculating Tables." Brewster's J. of Science 8. pp.122-128 (1823). (Reprinted in Babbage. H.P. (1889) and in Morrison and Morrison (1961).) A letter. dated Nov . 6. 1822. discussing his ideas for extending the range of applicability of a difference engine. C. BABBAGE (1825). " Observations on the Application of Machinery to the Computation of Mathematical Tables." Mem. Astronomical Soc. 1 (2). pp.311-314 (1825). (Reprinted in Babbage. H.P. (1889) and in Morrison and Morrison (1961).) A paper. which was read on 13 Dec. 1822. speculating on the value of remov• ing the restrictions of the Difference Engine to functions with some order of difference being constant. C. BABBAGE (1826). "On a Method of Expressing by Signs the Action of Machinery," Phil. Trans. 116 (3). pp.250-265 (1826). (Reprinted in Babbage. H.P. (1889) and in Morrison and Morrison (1961).)

435 The first paper on his notation for expressing "all the contemporaneous and successive movements of a complicated machine." C. BABBAGE (1835), "Letter to M. Quetelet," Bulletins de l'Acad~mie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 2 (5), pp.124-125 (May 1835). Indicates that 8abbage had been working for six months on a new machine, and implies that the machine had the ability to execute sequences of arith• metic operations. C. BABBAGE (1837), The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A fragment, John Murray, London (1837). Makes numerous references to his work on calulating engines. and includes a short appendix describing the history of his efforts to produce first a difference and then an analytical engine. C. BABBAGE (1837b). On the Mathematical Powers of the Calculating Engine, Unpublished manuscript (Dec. 1837). (In the Buxton Collection at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University. Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) As far as is known this is the most complete description of the plans for the Analytical Engine that 8abbage ever wrote. C. BABBAGE (1851), The Exposition of 1851; or, Views of the Indus• try, the Science and the Government of , John Murray, London (1851). Contains one chapter 'Calculating Engines' (reprinted in H. P. 8abbage: 1889. and P. and E. Morrison: 1961). describing the then-current state of development of the analytical engine. and including a description of the method used for parallel assimilation of carries in the . and a chapter 'Intrigues of Science' which includes material on his dealings with the government regarding the calculating machines. C. BABBAGE ( 1851 b), Laws of Mechanical Notation, Privately printed, London (1851). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889) and in Morrison and Morrison (1961).) A brief account. printed for distribution at the Great Exhibition. C. BABBAGE (1855). " Note sur la Machine Suedoise de MM . Scheutz pour Calculer les Tables Mathematiques par la Methode des Differences et en Imprimer les Resultats sur les Planches Stereotypes." Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 41. pp.557-560 (8 Oct. 1855). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889).) A description by Charles 8abbage of the drawings made by his son. using the 'Mechanical Notation. of the Scheutz Engine. Vol. 42 (28 Apr. 1856) pp.798- 780, contains further correspondence regarding the engine. C. BABBAGE (1856), Observations Addressed at the Last Anniversary to the President and Fellows of the Royal Society after the Delivery of the Medals, John Murray, London (1856). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P . (1889).) On the Scheutz difference engine. C. BABBAGE (1864), Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Long• man, Green. Longman, Roberts and Green. London (1864). (Reprinted by Augustus M. Kelley, New York (1969).) Contains several chapters relating to the difference engines and the 436 analytical engine (which have been reprinted in H. P. Babbage (1889) and Morrison and Morrison (1961}). A fascinating book, which throws much light on the strange character of . C. BABBAGE (1899), How to Invent Machinery, Vulcan, Manchester (1899). (Ed. and suppl. byW. H. Atherton.) 16p. From the preface: "The following remarks on contriving machinery were written by the late Mr. Babbage, of calculating-machine fame, 70 years ago, in a treatise on 'The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures.' Though so old, the whole forms a thoughtful and suggestive contribution, by a very able man, to the. literature of a most important subject; and it may be read with interest and profit even by the advanced mechanician of today." C. BABBAGE , See also H. P. Babbage. H. P. BABBAGE (1855), "On Mechanical Notation, as exemplified in the Swedish Calculating Machine of Messrs Scheutz," Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, pp.203-205 (1855). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889).) Describes the mechanical notation, but does not include the charts that it states were made of the Scheutz difference engine by Babbage using the notation. H. P. BABBAGE (1888), "On the Mechanical Arrangements of the Analytical Engine of the late Charles Babbage FRS," Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, pp.616-617 (1888). Abstract of a paper given by Major General H. P. Babbage, which described Babbage's anticipating carriage, counting apparatus, and mechanical nota• tion. H. P. BABBAGE (1889), Babbage's Calculating Engines: Being a col• lection of papers relating to them, their history, and construction, E. and F. N. Spon, London (1889). A reprinting of the writings of Babbage and others, on both the Difference and the Analytical Engine, edited by his son. Much of the material has been reprinted again in Morrison and Morrison (1961). H. P . BABBAGE (1910), "Babbage's Analytical Engine," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Soc. 70, pp.517-526,645 (1910). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Brief description of the work done by H. P. Babbage after his father's death, including the construction of the mill and printing mechanism of the analytical engine. H. P. BABBAGE (1910b). Memoirs and Correspondence of Major- General H. P. Babbage, Privately printed, London (1910). 342p. In the section dealing with his childhood, H. P. Babbage describes visits to his father's workshop where he learnt to handle tools and draw machinery, and got to know the workmen there including Jarvis, the draughtsman responsible for the drawings of the Analytical Engine. Most of the book is devoted to his military career in India. It states that during a visit to Britain in 1854-55 he studied mathematics, met Scheutz and his son, documented their difference engine using the Mechanical Notation, and worked with his father on cryptanalysis and on assembling a small model of the Difference Engine. He was back in London in 1871 when his father died, and retired to England permanently in 1874. A brief summary is given in the book of his work on the Analytical Engine after his father's death. 437 H. P. BABBAGE and C. BABBAGE (1856), "Scheutz's Difference Engine and Babbage's Mechanical Notation," Minutes of Proc. Civil Eng. 15, pp.497-514 (15 May 1856). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889}.) Brief explanation of lhe Mechanical Nolation and ils use for describing lhe Scheulz difference engine. H. P. BABBAGE, See also C. Babbage. R. H. BABBAGE (1948), "The Work of Charles Babbage," pp. 13-22 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 16, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Consisls almosl entirely of quolations from Babbage's writings (including 'The Ninlh Bridgewaler Treatise,' and 'The Exposition of 1851') and from Lardner's article. Some of lhe quolations concern lhe difference engine, bul mosl concern lhe analytical engine. Il includes, from lhe 'Exposition,' a description of lhe carry mechanism lhal Babbage invenled. F. BAILY (1824), "On Mr. Babbage's New Machine for Calculati~ and Printing Mathematical and Astronomical Tables," Phil. Mag . 63, pp.355-367 (May 1824). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889}.) Mainly concerned wilh surveying lhe various lypes of malhematical lables for which lhe difference engine would be useful. Al lhe end il includes lhe commenl "It would not be very complicated to place three such machines by the side of each olher, and cause them lo transfer their results to a com• mon axis, with which the printing apparatus might be connected." C. BAu,oT (1923), L'Introduction du Machinisme dans l'Industrie Francaise. O. Marquandl, Lille (1923). Contains a very detailed historical account of the developments by Bouchon, Falcon. de Vaucanson, and Jacquard of the punched card controlled loom. A. BARLOW (1878), History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and Power, S. Low. London (1878). Includes a discussion of the work of Bouchon, Falcon, Vaucanson and Jac• quard. and of Bonelli. Bolmida. and Vicenzia. who during the 1850's worked on the use of electro-magnetic techniques for reading the patterns, and controlling the loom. F. A. P. BARNARD (1869). Report on the Machinery and Processes of the Industrial Arts and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences. Paris Univer• sal Exposition 1867. van Noslrand, New York (1869). 669p. This report on the 1867 Paris Exposition contains a very interesting section on Mechanical Calculation (pp.629-648), mainly on the two calculating machines actually exhibited, a small pocket adding machine by Musina, and the Thomas , but which also includes an account of the his• tory of mechanical calculation. F. L. BAUER (1980). "Between Zuse and Rulishauser - The early development of digilal computing in Cenlral Europe." pp. 505-524 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Melropolis. J. Howlett and G.-C. Rola). Academic Press. New York (1980). A very interesting and well-illustrated paper. covering both computer hardware and programming languages and techniques. The relationship between Zuse's work on computers and his ideas for the Plankalkiil is explored, and the influence of his work on such people as Rutishauser is dis• cussed. 438 F. L. BAUER and H. WOSSNER (1972), "The "Plankalkiil" of Konrad Zuse: A forerunner of today's programming languages," Comm. ACM 15 (7), pp.678-685 (1972). A fairly detailed account of the language, and an analysis of it compared to modern programming languages. D. BAXANDAlL (1926), "Calculating Machines and Instruments," Catalogue of the Collections in the Science Museum, HMSO (1926). A valuable descriptive catalogue of the extensive collections in the Science Museum, including many examples of early calculating machines, Babbage's and Scheutz's difference engines, and portions of Babbage's analytical engine. D. BAXANDAlL (1929), "Calculating Machines," pp. 545-553 in Ency• clopaedia Britannica (14th Edition) (1929). Partly abridged from Baxandall (1926). Covers, inter alia, Napier, Pascal, Leibniz, Thomas, Odhner, Felt, Boll~e, Hollerith, Babbage, and Scheutz. A. BAXTER, See J. Todd. T. BECK (1900), Beitrage zur Geschichte des Maschinenbaues, Springer, Berlin (1900). An extensively illustrated history of machinery, from Heron of Alexandria to James Watt. It contains drawings and descriptions of Vitruvius' Hodometer, a device for recording the distance travelled by the controlled release of counting balls into a container, and of a similar device and also of a set of geared counting wheels, by Leonardo da Vinci. J. BECKMAN (1798), History of Inventions and Discoveries, J. Bell, London (1798). (Trans. W. Johnston.) Pages 9-19 provide a detailed account of the history of the hodometer. Numerous 16th and 17th century hodometers are mentioned, including one which recorded on paper the distance travelled. S. A. BEDINI (1964), "The Role of Automata in the History of Tech- nology," Technology and Culture 5 (I), pp.24-42 (1964). An important survey, with many bibliographic references. It covers hydraulic and pneumatic devices, mechanical clockwork automata, pegged cylinders, etc., and gives special emphasis to the life and work of Vaucanson. Well illus• trated. C. A. BEEVERS (1939), "A Machine for the Rapid Summation of Fourier Series," Proc. Physical Soc. (London) 51 (4), pp.660-663 (1939). Describes a small special purpose calculator incorporating sixteen electro• mechanical counting mechanisms. M. BElKA (1975). The History of Japanese Management Mechaniza• tion - from punched card machines to electronic data processing. K. K. Nihonkeicishuppanskai (1975). (In Japanese.) 325p. Includes photographs of punched card machines by Kawaguchi and by Takahashi and Shoji (of the Electrotechnical Laboratory). E. BEITUCH (1938). Buromaschinenkunde: Maschinenrechnen. Maschinenbuchhaltung. Vervielfaltigungsgerate. Verlag von Carl Meyer. Hanover (1938). 112p. An illustrated account of the features and usage of a variety of current cal• culating and book-keeping machines. 439 M. R. BELDEN, See T. G. Belden. T. G. BELDEN and M. R. BELDEN (1962), The Lengthening Shadow: The life of Thomas J. Watson, Little, Brown and Co., Boston (1962). An official biography of Watson, useful for its information about the growth of IBM, but with comparatively few technical details. W. L. BEll. (1975), Charles Babbage, Philospher, Reformer, Inven• tor: A history of his contributions to science, Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State Univ. (,June 1975). 407p. "This history concerns the scientific contributions of Charles Babbage to mathematics, to the invention of calculating machines, and machine tools, to the development of scientific ideas through a wide variety of scientific investigations and his involvement in several different scientific reforms." A careful and detailed account based primarily on published material. the Buxton Collection of Babbage papers. and the Babbage Correspondence in the British Library. BEll. LABORATORIES STAFF (1976), "Bell Labs," pp. 196-229 in Encyclo• pedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 3, (ed. J. Belzer, A. G. Holzman and A. Kent), Marcel Dekker, New York (1976). Contains brief details of w.ork at Bell Labs on relay switching systems. and the various relay computers. R. BERGER (1928), "Die Lochkartenmaschine," Z. VDI 72, pp.1799- 1807 (1928). Includes a brief account of the development of punched card machinery. and illustrated descriptions of various items of Hollerith and Powers punched card equipment, including Powers and Hollerith card punches cou• pled to typewriters. and a Hollerith hand punch connected to a calculating machine. E. C. BERKELEY (1949), Ciant Brains or Machines that Think. John Wiley, New York (1949). A popular book on the design of computers. which includes descriptions of the Harvard Mark I and ENIAC. Extensive references. K. J. BERKUNG, See W. H. Desmonde. J. BERNSTEIN (1963), The Analytical Engine. Random House, New York (1963). 113p. A popular introduction to computers. and discussion of the work of Bab• bage. Aiken. Stibitz, Eckert. Mauchly. von Neumann and others. C. E. BERRY (1941), Design of Electrical Data Recording and Read- ing Mechanism, M.Sc. Thesis, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa (1941). Description of the card reading and punching mechanisms. which perforated and sensed holes in cards by electrical discharges. designed " in conjunction with the development of a high-speed computing machine" - the Atanasoff• Berry machine. J. BERTIll.ON (1894), "La Stalistique a la Machine," La Nature, pp.218-222 (1 Sept. 1894). A well-illustrated detailed descripton of the machines invented by Hollerith and used in the 1890 U.S. Census. States that the system was also being used in Canada, Austria. and being tried out in , France and Germany. J. BIGELOW (1980), "Computer Development at the Institute of Advanced Study," pp. 291-310 in A History of Computing in the 440 Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). Detailed personal reminiscences. and discussion of various hardware issues tackled in the development of the lAS Computer. J. S. BIWNGS (1887), "On Some Forms of Tables of Vital Statistics, With Special Reference to the Needs of the Health Department of a City," Public Health Papers and Reports, American Public Health Assoc. 13, pp.203-221 (1887). Describes form and punch card layout conventions. Includes the comment "I have watched with great interest the progress in developing and perfecting this machine. because seven years ago I became satisfied that some such system was possible and desirable, and advised Mr. Hollerith, who was then engaged on census work, to take the matter up and devise such a machine ... " J. S. BIWNGS (1892), "Mechanical Methods Used in Compiling Data of the Eleventh U.S. Census, with Exhibition of a Machine," pp. 407-409 in Proc. Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 40th Meeting, Washington 1891, Salem (1892). "That the data ... might be recorded on a single card or slip by punching small holes in different parts of it, and that these cards might then be assorted and counted by mechanical means according to any selected grouping of these perforations. was first suggested by Dr. Billings in 1880. This suggestion was taken up by Mr. Herman Hollerith ... " M. BISHOP (1937), Pascal: The life of genius, Bell & Sons, London (1937). 398p. A very readable biography. The section dealing with Pascal's calculating machine, though brief. gives a reasonably clear description of the machine and its functioning, and of the circumstances surrounding its invention. C. BLAIR (1957), "Passing of a Great Mind," Life Magazine, pp.89- 90,93-94,96,101-102 and 104 (25 Feb. 1957). A very readable and evocative portrait of . R. M. BLOCK (1948), "Mark I Calculator," pp. 23-30 in Proe. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol . 16, Har• vard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Brief description of the Harvard Mark I and of some of its applications. and of the subsidiary sequencing unit that had been added. J. H. BLODGE'IT (1966), Hollerith: The first breakthrough, Term Paper, Drexel Inst. of Technology, Philadelphia, Pa. (Dec. 1966). An account, based on primary sources. of Hollerith and his development of electrical tabulating machines. J. H. BLODGE'IT (1967), Herman Hollerith: Data Processing Pioneer, M. Sc. Thesis, Graduate School of Library Science, Drexel Inst. of Tech• nology (1967). 266p. A very detailed account based on primary material. covering Hollerith's home life. his invention of the tabulating system. the growth of his company and his association with T. J. Watson. Copies of numerous contemporary documents are included as illustrations or in the appendices.

441 J. H. BLODGETT and C. K. SCHULTZ (1969), "Herman Hollerith: Data processing pioneer," American Documentation 20 (3), pp.221-226 (July 1969). This article is in the main taken from an M.Sc. Thesis on Hollerith by the first author. It contains few technical details of Hollerith's tabulating machines, but instead concentrates on the progress of his career, incor• porating hitherto unpublished information obtained from Hollerith's family. L. BOuEE (1889), "Sur une Nouvelle Machine a Calculer," Comptes RendusAcad. Sci. Paris 109, pp.737-739 (1889). Brief written description of the Boll~e machine. in particular of the method of direct multiplication. A. D. BOOTH (1947). "Two Calculating Machines for X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis," J. Appl. Phys. 18, pp.664-666 (July 1947). The first of these wartime machines appears to be based on a planimeter mechanism. and is entirely analogue in operation. The second machine, the "cosine adding machine." incorporates a digital . A. D. BOOTH (1950), " Relay Computers." pp. 17-21 in Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines. 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge, England (Jan. 1950). A survey. covering the Bell Labs. Modell and Model V. the Harvard Mark I and Mark II . and Booth's own Automatic Relay Computer. A. D. BOOTH (1962). " Review of 'Charles Babbage and his Calculat• ing Engines (Eds. P. and E. Morrison}'," J. Royal Statistical Soc., Series A 125 (3), pp.491-492 (1962). Contains the comment "Charles Babbage is nowadays recognised as the pioneer of modern automatic digital computing machines. It came as a suprise to many of the early workers in electronic computing to find that the structure which they had built up on purely logical grounds for a digital computer was in fact precisely what had been derived by Babbage over a century before." A. D. BOOTH (1975). "Computers in the University of London. 1945- 1962," Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (7), pp.341-345 (July 1975). A well-illustrated description of the sequence of calculating devices and computers developed by the author. starting in the early 1940·s. originally for the analysis of X-ray diffraction data. It covers his work on a relay struc• ture factor calculator (1945) and on magnetic storage devices. ARC and SEC (1947 onwards). A. D. BOOTH (1980). "Computers in the University of London, 1945- 1962," pp. 551-561 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Cen• tury. (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota). Academic Press. New York (1980). Slightly modified version of Booth (1975). A. D. BOOTH and K. H. V. BOOTH (1956), Automatic Digital Calculators (2nd edition), Butterworths. London (1956). Contains a brief but interesting account of the origins of computers. On arithmetical machines. mentions Pascal. Leibniz. Moreland. Stanhope, de Colmar. Odhner. Roth and Baldwin. (States these latter two predated Odhner's variable toothed wheel.) A. D. BOOTH and K. H. V. BRITTEN (1949), " Principles and Progress in

442 the Construction of High Speed Digital Computers," Quart. Jour. Mech. and Applied Maths 2, pp.182-197 (1949). General discussion of the basic components of computers, and a survey of then- current American developments. K. H. V. BOOTH, See A. D. Booth. B. V. BOWDEN (1953). Faster Than Thought, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London (1953). Contains much material on Babbage, including a reprint of the Lady Lovelace translation of Menabrea's article. The major part of the book con• sists of chapters on the then-current British computing machine projects. B. V. BOWDEN (1960), "He Invented the Computer - Before Its Time," Think, pp.28-32 (July 1960). An account of the author's search for information about Lady Lovelace, and a biographical sketch of Charles Babbage. B. V. BOWDEN {1961}, "Charles Babbage, Father of the Mechanical Brain," Science Digest 49, pp.82-88 (1961). Condensation of Bowden (1960). H. W. Box, See E. G. Andrews. C. V. Boys (1886), "Calculating Machines," J. Soc. Arts 34, pp.376- 389 (5 Mar. 1886). A lecture describing the calculating machines exhibited at the International Inventions Exhibition, and also other current or earlier machines . Only half of the paper concerns digital devices, but it nevertheless provides a very valuable account of the then-current state of the art, as well as interesting descriptions of machines by Morland, Stanhope, Thomas de Colmar and Bab• bage. The main part of the account concerns a machine by Tate which is described as an improved version of the Thomas Arithmometer, and a circu• lar machine by Edmondson. C. V. BOYS (1901), "The ," Nature 64, pp.265-268 (1901). A detailed description of the operation of the Felt and Tarrant comptome• ter, with a fascinating account of its use, even for operations such as multi• plication and , and comparison of its merits as against those of arithmometers and slide rules. C. V. BOYS (1909), " A New Analytical Engine," Nature Bl (2070), pp.14-15 (1 July 1909). Review of Ludga te (1909). J . G. BRAINERD (1946), "Project PX - The ENIAC, " Pennsylv ania Gazette (Alumni Magazine of the Univ. of Pennsylvania) 44 (7), pp.16-17, 32 (Mar. 1946). A popular account of the development of ENIAC, and of its Significance. J. G. BRAINERD {1965}, "Review of 'Charles Babbage {1792-1871}'," Compo Reviews 6 (5), p.284 (1965). Brainerd was in charge of the ENIAC development. In this review he states that development of ENIAC took place in ignorance of Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. J. G. BRAINERD {1976}, "Genesis of the ENIAC ," Technology and Cul• ture 17 (3), pp.482-488 (July 1976).

443 An important account of the technical and organisational background to the starting of the ENIAC project at the Moore School. It describes "ten different developments which prepared the Moore School to undertake the first large-scale electronic digital general purpose computer." These include the construction, by 1934, of a differential analyzer, work in 1938 by Travis on "the possibility of the ganging of desk calculators to create a large mechanical digital calculator," and several military research contracts. The respective roles of the various people involved are described, including Burks, Chedaker, Eckert, Mauchly and Sharpless. (See also Mauchly (1975).) J. G. BRAINERD, See also J. P. Eckert. J. G. BRAINERD and T. K. SHARPLESS (1948), " The ENIAC ," Electrical Engineering 67 (2), pp.163-172 (Feb. 1948). An account of the history and the development of ENIAC. and of its princi• ples of operation. A. E. BRANDT, See J. V. Atanasotr. L. BRAUNER (1926), "Wichtige Abschnitte der Rechenmaschinen- Entwicklung," Beitr. Cesch. Techn. Ind. 16, pp.248-260 (1926). A detailed chronology, mentioning dates of the invention or first manufac• ture of a very large number of different calculating machines. Illustrations include portraits of Pascal and Hahn, and a picture of a machine by Ger• sten. J. F. BRENNAN (1971), The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A history, IBM Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. (1971). 68p. An account of the work of the Watson Laboratory, based on the laboratory's archives, and on tape-recorded interviews. Includes material on the early punched card installation, on the device for controlling groups of punched card machines, and on the small electronic computer built by John Lentz in 1948, which became the prototype of the IBM 610 Autopoint Computer eight years later. D. BREWSTER (1824), "History of Mechanical Inventions and Processes in the Useful Arts, " Edin. Journ. Sci. 1 (1), pp.141-151 (1824). Contains a two page account of Babbage's Difference Engine. based on an account by Baily. Starts "the extraordinary machinery invented by Mr. Bab• bage, and now constructing under the patronage of Government, has excited so much interest in every part of Europe, that we have been anxious to gratify the curiosity of our readers by any details respecting the nature and progress of the machine." D. BREWSTER (1868), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine," pp. 340- 345 in Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott, Bart. (New Ed.), William Tegg, London (1868). A brief account, first published in 1832, of Babbage's Difference Engine, stat• ing "the greater part of the calculating machine is already constructed, and exhibits workmanship of such extraordinary skill and beauty that nothing approaching it has been witnessed." A demonstration by Babbage of the speed and accuracy of a small trial difference engine is also described. A. BRIEUX (n.d.) , Malassis-Chauvin Collection (Typescript Catalo• gue), Alain Brieux, rue Jacob, Paris (n.d.). 97p. A detailed sales catalogue of a very important collection of abaci. adding machines. adding and subtracting machines, arithmetical machines. 444 arithmometers, multiplication tables, Napierian rods and cylinders, Genaille's rods, slide rules, typewriters, etc. Most items are catalogued indi• vidually, and 41 are illustrated, there also being 15 photographs giving gen• eral views of parts of the collection. L. BRIGUGUO and L. BULFERE'M'I (1971), Luigi Federico Menabrea. Memorie, Giun ti, Florence (1971). (Centro per la Storia della Tecnica in Italia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pubblicazioni di Storia della Tecnica, Sezione III: Documenti, Vol. 2.) Menabrea's memoirs, written in French, contain several pages (pp.36-38) discussing his meeting with Babbage, the writing of his paper on the Analyti• cal Engine, and the translation and annotation of this paper by Lady Lovelace. L. BRIlLOUIN, See J. P~rE!s. K. H. V. BRI'M'EN, See A. D. Booth. D. J. BRYDEN (1972), "George Brown, Author of the Rotula," Ann. of Science 28, pp. I-29 (1972). Scholarly account of the life of George Brown, and of his Rotula, which was a simple aid to addition, involving a single carry wheel. A. BUCHNER (1950), Mechanical Musical Instruments, Batchworth Press, London (1950). Contains illustrated descriptions of the mechanisms used in "automato• phonic" instruments, such as barrel organs, pianolas, and musical boxes. L. BULFERE'M'I (1968), "I Corrispondenti Italiani di Charles Bab• bage," Le Machine: Bollettino dell'Istituto Italiano per la Storia della Tecnica 1 (2-3), pp.119-126 (1967-1968). An account of Babbage's correspondence (now held in the British Library) with various Italian scientists, which includes copies of several letters from Menabrea concerning the Analytical Engine. One particularly interesting letter, dated 27 January 1842, describes the machine as having its own language, and discusses speeding up the operation of the machine by having it obey a number of identical operations simUltaneously. L. BULFERE'M'I (1968b). "Un Amico di Charles Babbage: Fortunato Prandi," Memorie dell'Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Let• terie. Classe di lettere, scienze morali e storiche 30 (2), pp.83-116 ( 1968). A scholarly biographical sketch of Prandi. who became friendly with Babbage in London, and accompanied him to the scientific congress h~ld in Turin in 1840. Copies of the secret police files describing the surveillance of Prandi during this visit are included. L. BULFERE'M'I, See also L. Briguglio. A. W. BURKS (1946), "Super Electronic Computing Machine," Elec- tronicsIndustry, pp.62-67,96 (July 1946). This article provides very useful detailed description of the programing of a demonstration calculation on ENIAC. Well illustrated with diagrams and pho• tographs, including several of the plugged programming facilities. A. W. BURKS (1947), "Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC," Proc. IRE 35, pp.756-767 (1947). Detailed account of the electronic design of ENIAC.

445 A. W. BURKS (1980). "From ENIAC to the Stored Program Computer: Two revolutions in computers." pp. 311-344 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Metropolis. J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota). Academic Press. New York (1980). An important first hand account. with much detail concerning the design and programming of ENIAC and EDVAC. as well as personal reminiscences. A. W. BURKS. H. H. GOLDSTINE . and J. VON NEUMANN (1946). Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instru• ment Part 1. Vol 1. Institute for Advanced Study. Princeton (28 June 1946). (2nd edition 2 Sept. 1947. Reprinted in "John von Neumann: Collected Works. Vo1.5" (Ed. A. H. Taub) Pergamon. Oxford (1963) pp.34- 79. Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) The famous report. on the design of what is now known as the "von Neumann"-style machine. Gives a detailed description of the plans for the parallel binary lAS computer. including great detail on the unit. V. BUSH (1936). "Instrumental Analysis." Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 42. pp.649-669 (1936). A survey of calculating machines. both digital and analogue. Proposes a mechanical control device joined to standard punched card machinery which "would be a close approximation to Babbage's large conception." V. BUSH (1940). Arithmetical Machine. Papers. Con• tainer 18. Folder: Caldwell. Samuel. 1939-1940. Library of Congress. Washington. D.C. (1940). 15p. (Reprinted in full in the present volume.) A memorandum sketching the main characteristics of an electronic com• puting machine. based on "recent advances in the experimental develop• ment program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. especially the work of Overbeck which has resulted in improved tubes and circuits for the pur• pose." V. BUSH (1970). Pieces of the Action. William Morrow. New York (1970}.366p. A series of somewhat autobiographical essays in which Bush states that he had little to do with the invention of the digital computer. and does not mention his prewar work in digital electronic calculating devices. though a description is given of the Rapid Selector project. M. BUTLER (1968). "A Historical Background." Nuclear News. pp.26-30 (Apr. 1968). A popular account of the development of digital computing and computers containing a useful list of references and summaries of the logical design of ENIAC and the lAS computer. H. W. BUXTON (n.d.). Memoir of the Life and Labours of the late Charles Babbage Esq .. FRS. formerly Lucasian Professor of Mathemat• ics in the University of Cambridge: Comprising a descriptive and his• torical account of his Analytical and Difference Engines derived prin• cipally from his posthumous MSS and papers. Unpublished manuscript (n.d.). 2 vols. (In the Buxton Collection at the Museum of the History of Science. Oxford University.) Extremely valuable for the very extensive quotations from Babbage's unpublished writings on his calculating engines and Mechanical Notation. L. H. D. BUXTON (1934). "Charles Babbage and his Difference

446 Engine," Trans. Newcomen Soc. 14, pp.43-65 (1934). Fairly extensive discussion of the Difference Engine - virtually no mention of the Analytical Engine. Includes much biographical material from the unpub• lished biography of Babbage by H. W. Buxton. In the discussion, Comrie describes difference techniques using then current machines, including the National, and using punched card machinery.

P. S. C. (1835), "Mr. Babbage and his Rivals," Mechanics Magazine 23 (614), p.119 (16 May 1835). See S. Y. (1835). D. H. N. CALEY (1929), "Electricity and the 'Tote'," The Electrician 103 (3.4), pp.71-73,108-109 (July, 1929). Surveys the various rival automatic totalisator systems being developed for use at race-courses in the U.K. Three basic systems, in which merely the total bets on each horse are calculated, are described. An advanced system, in which the changing odds on each horse are continuously recalculated is also described. P. CALVOCORESSI (1974), "The Ultra Secrets of Station X," Sunday Times, pp.33-34 (24 Nov. 1974). A detailed personal account of wartime work at Bletchley Park on the analysis of information obtained by decoding German radio messages, which considerably supplements the information given by Winterbotham (1974). P. CALVOCORESSI (1977), "The Secrets of Enigma," The Listener 97 (2492-2494), pp.70-71,112-114,135-137 (Jan.-Feb. 1977). This excellent account of the Enigma cipher machine. and the breaking of messages enciphered using it, contains only brief references to cryptana• lytic devices. H. CAMPAIGNE (1974). AFIPS Oral History Interview, Unpublished transcript of interview (21 May 1974). 58p. The transcript indicates that the interview was by W. F. Luebbert, at West Point, New York, in preparation for a telelecture by Dr. Campaigne on the "Impact of Cryptography upon the Evolution of the Modern Computer." It contains a number of guarded statements about cryptanalytic devices built in the U.S. during the War, including specially adapted tabulating machines, a very large relay machine nicknamed "Madam X" that was built by S. B. Wil• liams. some part-electronic part-optical devices built by Vannevar Bush and various colleagues, and a magnetic drum machine called Goldberg. D. CAMPBELL (1977), "Why is Britain's Wartime Code-Breaking Still Secret?," New Scientist 73 (1039), p.402 (17 Feb. 1977). Contains brief mentions of cryptanalytic machines. It is stated that Alan Turing was responsible for the development of an " analytical elec• tromechanical device - code named " used for the Enigma cipher. and that the Heath Robinson machines and Colossus computers were used for the Siemens Geheimschreiber cipher machine, known to the cryptanalysts as the "Fish" machine. R. V. D. CAMPBELL (1948), "Mark II Calculator," pp. 13-22 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ. Vol. 16., Har• vard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Describes the Mark II Calculator, which was a paper tape controlled calcula• tor - it had four tape readers and could be switched automatically from one 447 tape controller to another. The store could hold about 100 ten decimal digit floating point numbers. M. CAMPBEll-KEllY (1980). "Programming the EDSAC." Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (1). pp.7-36 (Jan. 1980). A very detailed account of the programming techniques developed at Cam• bridge. F. P. CAMPOS (1944). Applications Mecano-Comptables des Machines d Totalisateurs Multiples.. Etienne Chiron. Paris (1944). Detailed description of 18 examples of the use of the Logabax book-keeping machine. The examples are in general from accountancy and banking. but examples are given of the use of the Logabax for harmonic analysis and the solution of simultaneous linear equations. B. E. CARPENTER and R. W. DORAN (1977). "The Other Turing Machine." Computer J. 20 (3). pp.269-279 (Aug. 1977). Provides an excellent analysis in modern terms of the original design for ACE given by Turing in his 1945 report. and a comparison of this report with the slightly earlier EDVAC report by von Neumann. A. CAVE BROWN (1975). Bodyguard of Lies. Harper and Row. New York (1975). 947p. A popular account of the "cover and deception" operations used by the Allies in World War II. which contains an account of Turing's wartime work on the design of a cryptanalytic machine used for breaking the Enigma cipher. P. E. CERUZZI (1980). The Prehistory of the Digital Computer. 1935-1945: A cross cultural study. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Kansas (1980}.387p. A readable account. concentrating on Aiken. Stibitz. ENIAC and. in particu• lar. Zuse. Much of the material on Zuse has not previously been available in English. O. CESAREO (1946). "The Relay Interpolator." Bell Laboratories Record 23. pp.457-460 (Dec. 1946). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.} Brief description of what was later to be known as the Model II computer. Concentrates on the design of the adder (biquinary). The computer was designed to aid development of test equipment for the M-9 gun director. "It was initially supposed that the interpolator would be used for this one pur• pose only and then junked. But before the first job was done others were at hand. and as it turned out the interpolator was kept busy for several years." W. W. CHANDLER. See A. W. M. Coombs. N. CHAPIN (1955). An Introduction to Automatic Computers. Van Nostrand. Princeton. N. J. (1955). Contains a chapter 'Computer Fundamentals' which covers the development of calculators. and. in considerable detail. American computer develop• ments during the late 1940's and early 1950·s. S. CHAPMAN (1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623-1662): Tercentenary of the calculating machine." Nature 150. pp.508-509 (31 Oct. 1942). Gives a fairly detailed biography of Pascal. A. CHAPUIS and E. DROZ (1949). Les Automates, Figures Artificielles d'Hommes et d'Animaux; Histoire et technique. Griffon. Neuchatel (1949). 448 Describes and illustrates many mechanical automata, mostly controlled by a rotating pegged cylinder. The earliest such automaton described was con• structed by de Caus (1576-1626). The last chapter describes the workings of the chess-player built by Torres y Quevedo, who is described as the first to build an automaton which could accept inputs from its environment, and alter its further behaviour accordingly. A. CHAPUIS and E. DROZ (1958), Automata: A historical and techno• logical study, V. T. Batsford, London (1958). 407p. Translation of Chapuis and Droz (1949). G. C. CHASE (1952), "History of Mechanical Computing Machinery," pp. 1-28 in Proc. ACM, Pittsburg (2-3 May 1952). Transcript, together with reproduction of some 60 slides, of a lecture, giving a very valuable survey of calculating machinery from the abacus, to the Harvard Mark I. Contains much material not readily available elsewhere on American pioneers such as Baldwin, Monroe, Avery, Friden, Hopkins, Grant, Burroughs, Dalton, Sundstrand, Ellis and Fell. Also discusses the relation• ship of the Baldwin and Odhner developments, Selling's machine, the Rechnitzer Autarith, Torres y Quevedo, partial product multiplying machines by Barbour, Verea and Boll~e, Steiger, Hamann, Babbage, Scheutz, Hollerith, and Aiken. G. C. CHASE (1980), "History of Mechanical Computing Machinery," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (3), pp.198-226 (July 1980). Reprint of Chase( 1932), with a foreword by I. B. Cohen containing interesting comments on Chase and his interactions with Aiken. J. CHEVAUER (1942), L'Invention du Calcul M~canique . Conf~rence donn~e au Conservatoire des Arts et M~tiers le 19 Mai 1942, Outhier, Paris (1942). 48p. A well-illustrated popular account, including chapters on Gerbert, Jetons and Logarithms, Pascal's arithmometer, and the Campos book-keeping machine that Logabax were manufacturing. Several illustrations of the Cam• pos machine and its mechanisms are included. E. CHEYSSON (1892), "La Machine Eleclrique a Recensement," Jour. de La Soc. de Statistique de Paris, pp.87-96 (Mar. 1892). An account of the use of Hollerith-style tabulating machines, built by Schaffier, for the Austrian census. It is stated that this tabulation involved 24 million cards. Contains a brief account of the origins of the Hollerith sys• tem, but few details of the machines themselves. G. CHROUST (1974), Bibliography for the History Wall Data Process- ing, IBM Laboratory, Vienna (1974). Bibliography listing the artefacts, photographs, books and articles displayed in the exhibition 'The History of Data Processing' cit the Museum of Industry and Technology, Vienna. R. CHURCH (1951), "Review of Sadovskii, L. E. : Topics from the his• tory of the development of mechanical mathematics in Russia," Math. Reviews 12 (2), p.69 (1951). According to this review Sadovskii's paper deals mainly with the work of Tchebichef on a machine with automatic multiplication and division (1881) and with Odhner's machine (1878), as well as various analogue devices. R. CLARK (1975), "Barbara Froena Domi Promittunt Foedera Mala," pp. 96-102 in Somerset Anthology, (ed. P . Lovell), Sessions, York (1975). 449 An article, written in 1951, about a machine for composing Latin Hexameter verses and its inventor John Clark (1785-1852). The title of the article is one of the verses produced by the machine, which had recently been restored. It describes how the machine was exhibited in London in 1845 as 'The Eureka' and quotes a letter from a visitor to the exhibition as stating "Clarke is a strange simple looking old man; 8abbage said the other day that he was as great a curiosity as his Machine'" A photograph of the machine, showing one of its pegged cylinders, accompanies the article. S. L. H. CLARKE (1975), "The Elliott 400 Series and Before," Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (8), pp.415-421 (Aug. 1975). "At the end of the war Elliotts [were] developing an electronic digital com• puter intended to be the centre of the most sophisticated fire-control sys• tem of its day." This was the 152, which had a fixed program store, and 100 microsecond multiplier. The paper goes on to describe the later Elliott machines, including the 152, Nicholas, 401, 402, 403, and 405. A. A. COHEN. J. COHEN (1966), Human Robots in Myth and Science, Allen and Unwin, London (1966). A careful account of man's fascination, through the ages, with automata. Just one chapter is on "the fabrication of actual automata." H. T. COLEBROOK (1825), " Address of Henry Thomas Colebrook, President of the Astronomical Society of London ... On Presenting the Honorary Gold Medal to Charles Babbage, Esq. FRS," Mem. Astronomical Soc. 1 (2), pp.509-512 (1825). "The invention is as novel. as the ingenuity manifested by it is extraordinary ... It substitutes mechanical performance for an intellectual process: and that performance is effected with clarity and exactness unattainable in ordinary methods, even by incessant practice and un diverted attention." J. S. COLEMAN (1949), The Business Machine - with mention of Wil• liam Seward Burroughs, Joseph Boyer and others - since 1880, Pub. No. 625, Newcomen Soc. in America (20 Dec. 1949). 24p. A rather florid account, concentrating on the impact of the Burroughs adding machine, and the early growth of the company. B. COWER (1970), The Little Machines that Could've: The calculat• ing machines of Charles Babbage, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard Univ. , Cam• bridge, Mass. (Aug. 1970). A valuable detailed study of Babbage's machines, and of the circumstances surrounding their development. Based on the Babbage Correspondence in the British Museum, the Babbage sketchbooks and drawings in the Science Museum, and the Buxton collection of Babbage manuscripts in the Museum of the History of Science at Oxford University. L. J. COMRIE (1925), "The Application of Calculating Machines to Astronomical Computing," Popular Astronomy 33 (4), pp.1-4 (Apr. 1925). A paper read before the American Astronomical SOCiety at Washington, which discusses the advantages of the direct use of calculating machines over logarithm-based calculations, and proposes a series of studies in the performance of astronomical calculations by machines. L. J. COMRIE (1927), "Computing by Calculating Machines," Accoun• tants J. 45, pp.42-51 (1927). 450 An account ot various calculating techniques. such as "shortcutting." and a lengthy "Consumers Association-style" report on all the calculating machines then available on the British markel. L. J. COMRIE (1928). "On the Application of the Brunsviga-Dupla Cal• culating Machine to Double Summation with Finite Differences." Monthly Notices. Royal Astronomical Soc. 88 (5). pp.447-459 (Mar. 1928). Starts with a description ot the technique ot using finite differences. and with a briet survey of the history of developments of difference engines (Babbage. Scheutz. Wiberg. Hamann and the Burroughs-built H.M. Nautical Almanac Office Anti-Differencing Machine). and then gives a detailed account ot the features ot the Brunsviga-Dupla manual calculating machine and its use for differencing. L. J. COMRIE (1928b). "(Untitled Article}." The Observatory 51 . pp.l05-108 (Apr. 1928). Record of presentation by Comrie of a paper 'The Application of the Brunsviga-Dupla Calculating Machine to Double Summation with Finite Differences,' and the ensuing discussion. which includes the comment "I should like to congratUlate Comrie not only on this considerable advance towards the practical solution of the Babbage problem. but also on the vigi• lance which enabled him to discover in the Dupla a latent and unsuspected capability. " L. J. COMRIE (1929). "German Calculating Machine Enterprise." Trans. Office Machinery Users Assoc. (1928-1929). 4p. An account of a visit to various German calculating machine manufacturers. which provides a very useful analysis of the relative merits of the various machines then available. particularly the various Brunsviga. Mercedes and Triumphator machines. Brief mention is also made of systems involving the electrical coupling of a card punch to a Mercedes book-keeping machine. to an Astra adding machine. and to a Rheinmetall calculating machine. L. J. COMRIE (1930). "The Hollerith and Powers Tabulating Machines." Trans. Office Machinery Users Assoc. (June 1930). An excellent well-illustrated account of the method of operation. internal mechanism. speed and cost of all the then-current Hollerith and Powers punched card equipment. including manual and automatic punches, sorters, tabulators, verifiers, combined sorters and tabulators, and the Hollerith multiplying punch. Describes the use of a Hollerith tabulator as a difference engine. L. J. COMRIE (1932), "The Application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon," Monthly Notices. Royal Astro• nomical Soc. 92 (7). pp.694-707 (1932). Describes the facilities and operation of then current punches, tabulators and sorters, and the use of these for calculating Brown's Tables of the Moon. States that Hollerith equipment was first used at the Nautical Almanac Office in 1929. L. J. COMRIE (1932b), "Modern Babbage Machines." Bulletin, Office Machinery Users Assoc. Ltd. (1932). 29p. An article on difference engines and techniques. The first part of the article discusses the history of purpose-built difference engines. The major part of the article discusses the use of various standard calculating machines as difference engines. 451 L. J. COMRIE (1933), "Computing the Nautical Almanac," Nautical Almanac (July 1933). Starts with a brief history of the Nautical Almanac, and then explains how, starting in 1926, various calculating machines, the National Accounting Machine, the Burroughs machine, and Hollerith tabulating equipment had been used. An interesting, well-illustrated account. L. J. COMRIE (1934), "Mechanical Computing," pp. 284-294 in Plane and Geodetic Surveying Valli (2nd Edition), (ed. D. Clark), Constable, London (1934). Brief account of the use of Odhner-wheel type calculating machines. L. J. COMRIE (1936), "Inverse Interpolation and Scientific Applica• tions of the National Accounting Machine," Suppl. to the J. Roy. Sta• tist. Soc. 3 (2), pp.87-114 (1936). Comrie's introduction to the section dealing with the use of the National accounting machine surveys the history of special-purpose difference engines, and indicates his preference for using standard commerciaHy• available equipment. L. J. COMRIE (1938), "Calculating Machines," pp. 349-371 in Statis• tics in Theory and Practice (3rd Edition) by L. R. Connor, Pitman, Lon• don (1938). An account of the main calculating devices then in current use - adding and listing machines, desk calculating machines, and punched card sorting and tabulating machines. Concentrates on the facilities provided, and opera• tional characteristics, rather than the workings of the various mechanisms. L. J. COMRIE (1944), "Recent Progress in Scientific Computing," J. Sci. Instruments 21, pp.129-135 (Aug. 1944). A survey of calculating instruments and their use for scientific calculations, including differential analysers, the National accounting machine, electrical and manual desk calculators, and punched card machinery. L. J. COMRIE (1946), "The Application of Commercial Calculating Machines to Scientific Computing," MTAC 2, pp.149-159 (1946). Extended survey of the use of desk calculators, adding machines and punched card machinery, for scientific calculations. L. J. COMRIE (1946b), "Babbage's Dream Comes True," Nature 158, pp.567-568 (1946). Review of 'A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Cal• culator'. L. J. COMRIE, G. B. HAY, and H. G. HUDSON (1937), "The Application of Hollerith Equipment to an Agricultural Investigation," Suppl. to the J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 4 (2), pp.210-224 (1937). Detailed description of an application using the various items of Hollerith equipment, including a multiplying punch, tabulator and sorter. E. U. CONDON (1968), Transcript of an Interview, Center for the History of Physics, Amer. Inst. of Physics" New York (27 Apr. 1968). (By C. Weiner.) The interview contains some discussion of the Nimitron, a digital device for playing the game of Nim, which was developed by Condon, G. L. Tawney and W. A. Derr at Westinghouse, and exhibited in 1940 at the New York World's Fair. Apparently the machine's design was based on the use of electronic

452 binary counters, but it was actually built out of relays. J . CONNOllY (1967), History of Computing in Europe, IBM World Trade Corp. (1967). 117p. An account containing a mass of information about the growth of the punched card industry, and of the emergence of a computer industry in Europe. Nearly halt of the report consists of a detailed chronology, covering the years 1880-1967, which concentrates on the activities of Hollerith, the British Tabulating Machine Co ., Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), Powers-Samas, Cie des Machines Bull and (especially) IBM. The report, although written in a rather casual style, is obviously based on detailed data from the companies concerned, although no references are given. Amongst the scientists and engineers whose work is described are Herman Hollerith, Charles Babbage, James L. Powers, Otto Schatfter, Gustav Tauschek, Frederick Bull, Ralph Lorant, James Bryce, and Konrad Zuse. C. W. COOKE (1893), Automata Old and New, Chiswick Press, London (1893). An interesting little privately printed book discussing the history of auto• mata from ancient times. Well illustrated. A. W. M. COOMBS (1977), "Colossus and the History of Computing: Dollis Hill's important contribution," Post Office Electrical Engineers' J. 70 (2), pp.108-110 (July 1977). An account of the discussion of the Colossus at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, held at Los Alamos in June 1976. A. W. M. COOMBS and W. W. CHANDLER (1946), Automatic Computing: An analysis of arithmetical operations, Post Office Research Station Report. Dollis Hill (Aug. 1946). "This report makes a detailed analysis of such operations as addition and multiplication. and contains some discussion concerning the development of machines to carry out the operations. Descriptions of some computing tech• niques which will be useful at a later stage in the development of automatic computors are also given." J . COSTELLO (1971), "The Little Known Creators of the Computer," Nation's Business 59 (12). pp.56-62 (Dec. 1971). Reminiscences by Eckert and Mauchly about the origins and development of ENIAC. L. COUFFIGNAL (1930), " Sur une Nouvelle Machine Ii Calculer." Comptes Rendus. Acad. Sci. Paris 191. pp.924-926 (1930). Brief description, followed by commentary by d'Ocagne. of a machine that could perform the four basic operations, and permit the chaining of sequences of such operations. The possibility of connecting it to a typewriter or to a card punch is discussed. No details are given of the mechanisms used. L. COUFFIGNAL (1933), Les Machines d Calculer, leurs Principes, leur tvolution. Gauthier-Villars. Paris (1933). (Extracts reprinted in Ran• dell (1973) and in the present volume.) Describes current punched card equipment. and the possibility of linking machines together in order to achieve "a solution to 8abbage's problem." i.e. general program-controlled calculation. L. COUFFIGNAL (1936), "Calcul M~canique: Sur l'emploi de la numeration binaire dans les machines 11 calculer et les instruments 453 nomom~caniques," Comptes. Rendus. Acad. Sci. Paris 202, pp.1970- 1972 (1936). Argues the utility of representing numbers by binary notation in computers, and discusses the design of electrical calculators. L. COUFFIGNAL (1938). "Sur un Probleme d'Analyse M~canique Abstraite," Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 206, pp.1336-1338 (1938). On the mechanical, or rather electrical, evaluation of logical expressions. L. COUFFIGNAL (1938b), "Sur l'Analyse M~canique : Application aux machines a calculer et aux calculs de la m~canique celeste," in Th~ses pr~sent~es d la FaculU des Sciences de Paris, Ser. A. 1772, Gauthier• Villars, Paris (1938). (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Contains a detailed description of an electro-mechanical program• controlled binary calculator. L. COUFFIGNAL (1950), "La Machine de l'Institut Blaise Pascal," pp. 56-66 in Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge (Jan. 1950). Provides a detailed description of the parallel arithmetic unit being developed for the machine. L. COUFFIGNAL (1950b), "Report on the Machine of the Institut Blaise Pascal," MTAC 4 (32), pp.225-229 (1950). Concentrates mainly on the hardware design of this experimental parallel binary computer. L. COUFFIGNAL (1951), "Traits Caract~ristiques de la Calculatrice de la Machine a Calculer Universelle de l'Institut Blaise Pascal," pp. 374- 386 in Proc. 2nd Symp. Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Haruard Univ. , Vol. 26. , Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1951). Description of the binary arithmetic unit, and general discussion of the lnstitut Blaise Pascal Computer. L. COUFFIGNAL (1952), Les Machines d Penser, Les Editions de Minuit, Paris (1952). Includes brief accounts of calculators (Pascal, Felt, Burroughs), punched card machinery, Babbage's Analytical Engine, Harvard Mark I. ENIAC, and the computer developed at the Institut Blaise Pasca\. L. COUFFIGNAL, See also J. P~rt~s . F. W. COUSINS (1946), "The Calculating Machine; Its history and basic principles," Newnes Practical Mechanics, pp.342-344,389- 391.427-428 (July-Sept. 1946). A readable account of the history of calculating devices and machines, with clear well-illustrated descriptions of the use of the abacus, Napier's rods, the Leibniz, Odhner and Millionaire mechanisms. P. 0 , CRAWFORD (1939), Instrumental Analysis in Matrix Algebra, B.Sc. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. (1939). 71p. Part V (pp.60-65) sketches the design of "an automatically contro\led calcu• lating machine," capable of performing a variety of matrix calculations, and incorporating means for scanning digital data represented on punched tape, for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing two numbers and for stor• ing and printing or punching the data.

454 P. O. CRAWFORD (1942), Automatic Control by Arithmetical Opera- tions, M.Sc. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. (1942). "It is the purpose of this thesis to decide the elements and operation of a calculating system for performing one of the operations in the control of anti-aircraft gunfire, that is namely, the prediction of the future position of the target .. . [It describes] electronic switching elements, devices for multi• plying two numbers, finding a function of a variable, recording numbers, translating mechanical displacements into numerical data, and for translat• ing numerical data into mechanical displacements." The thesis goes on to give detailed design proposals for an arithmetical predictor, which in addi• tion to the units mentioned above, used a primitive form of magnetic disk store. E. S. CRAWlEY, See L. d'Auria. E. W. CREW (1941), "Calculating Machines," The Engineer 172, pp.438-441 (Dec. 1941). (Reprinted from 'The Student's Quarterly J. of the Inst. of Elec. Eng.') Clear descriptions of the principles of operation of Napier's rods, the Leibniz and Odhner wheels, the rocking segment, and the Millionaire machine. A. CROSSE (1890), "John Kenyon and His Friends," Temple Bar 88, pp.477-496 (Apr. 1890). Contains personal reminiscences about conversations with Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace. A. CROSSE (1891), "Science and Society in the Fifties," Temple Bar 93, pp.33-51 (Sept. 1891). Records conversations with Babbage about the Analytical Engine and Lady Lovelace. A. CROSSE (1892), "A Twilight Gossip with the Past," Temple Bar 96 , pp.179-201 (Oct. 1892). Records a visit to Babbage's house and conversation about the Difference Engine. L. B. C. CUNNINGHAM and W. R. B. HYND (1946), "Random Processes in the Problems of Air Warfare," Suppl. to the J. Roy. Statis. Soc. 8 (2), pp.62-85 (1946). Contains a description and photographs of a special purpose relay computer based on that designed by Shire and Runcorn. R. C. CURNOW, See C. Freeman. C. R. CURTIS (1932), Mechanised Accountancy: Being a review of the latest methods of mechanical book-keeping, together with a survey of the machines used, Charles Griffin, London (1932). 143p. Contains illustrations and detailed discussions of the use of a wide variety of then-current accounting machines (Burroughs, National. Underwood, Rem• ington, etc.), of the Powers-Samas and Hollerith punched card systems, and the Campos machine. J. H. CURTISS (1948), "A Review of Government Requirements and Activities in the Field of Automatic Digital Computing Machinery," Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers. Lectures delivered 8 July 1946 - 31 Aug. 1946, pp.29.1-29.32, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pennsylvania (1948). Extensive survey of then-current calculating needs, and of existing and

455 planned relay and electronic computers. V. P. CZAPLA (1961), "The Inventor of the First Desk Calculator," Computers and Automation 10 (6), p.6 (Sept. 1961). Based on von Freytag LOringhoff (1958). K. H. CZAUDERNA (1978), Konrad Zuse - der Weg zu seinem Computer und dessen Verwirklichung, Final Report, Fachbereich Elektrotech• nik der Fachhochschule Augsburg (10 Jan. 1978). 121p. A very interesting report about Zuse's work on the Z1, Z2 and Z3 computers. Particularly valuable for its very detailed and well-illustrated description of the operation of the mechanical switching elements and binary storage sys• tem used in the Z 1, and for the personal reminiscences contained in letters from various friends and colleagues, including several who assisted Zuse with the construction of the Z 1. The letter from W. de Beauclair gives details of work at Darmstadt during the war, and of a visit to Berlin during which he saw the Z3 in operation. K. H. CZAUDERNA (1979), Konrad Zuse, der Weg zu seinem Computer Z3, Oldenbourg-Verlag, Munich (1979). 105p. Published version.

L. D'AuRIA, L. F. RONDINELLA, F. LECLERE, and E. S. CRAWLEY (1890), "The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System," J. Franklin Inst. 129 (4), pp.300-306 (Apr. 1890). The report of the committee that awarded Hollerith "the highest award in the gift of the Franklin Institute" - the Elliot Cresson Medal. The report gives a very clear description of the tabulator and sorter invented by Hollerith, and of the results of the study of the census commission which chose these devices for use in the 1890 U.S. Census. D. W. DAVIES (1980), "The Stormy Life of the World's First Program• mer," Computer Weekly (688), p.18 (10 Jan. 1980). A very good summary account of Lady Lovelace's life and work. W. DE BEAU CLAIR (1960), "Hermann Hollerith," VDI - Nachrichten, p.6 (27 Feb. 1960). A brief biography of Hermann Hollerith. W. DE BEAUCLAIR (1967), "Geschichle Entwic~lung," pp. 1-39 in Taschenbuch der Nachrichten Verarbeitung. 2. Uberarbeite Aujlage, (ed. K. Sleinbuch), Springer Verlag (1967). A brief account of the origins of digital computers, and a more detailed account of their development until approximately 1960, accompanied by an extensive bibliography. W. DE BEAUCLAIR (1968), Rechen mit Maschinen: Eine Bildgeschichte der Rechentechnik, Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig (1968). 300p. A detailed factual and lavishly illustrated account of the origins of digital computers, and of their development up until the early 1960's. Contains valuable chapters on the development of the various technologies, such as electronic components, magnetic recording devices, and input/output equipment. Contains brief tabulated data on hundreds of different comput• ers. W. DE BEAUCLAIR and D. SCHMID (1974), "Geschichtliche Entwicklung,"

456 pp. 1-45 in Taschenbuch der Informatik I , (ed. K. Sleinbuch and W. Weber), Springer Verlag, Berlin (1974). A condensed but nevertheless fact-filled account of the origins and develop• ment of computers, covering such topics as mechanical calculating machines, tabulating machines, relay calculators, and electronic computers. Extensive bibliography. E. B. DE FONBLANQUE (1871), The Life and Labours of Albany Fon• blanque, Bentley, London (1871). 446p. Contains a one-page obituary tribute to Lady Lovelace, reprinted from 'The Examiner.' S. E. DE MORGAN (1882), Memoir of Augustus de Morgan, with selec- tions from his letters, Longmans, Green and Co., London (1882). 422p. Contains a few brief mentions of Babbage, and an account of a visit paid in the company of Lady Lovelace, " to see Mr. Babbage's wonderful analytical engine." R. DE PHA (1975), Tre Secoli di Elaborazione dei Dati, Direzione Communicazioni, IBM , Italy (1975). 159p. A lavishly produced pictorial account of the history of computing and data processing, based closely on 'A Computer Perspective', but including many additional photographs and covering developments up to 1970. C. A. DEAVOURS and J. REEDS (1977), "The Enigma, Parl 1: Hislorical Perspectives," Cryptologia, pp.381-391 (October 1977). Provides a detailed description, with many illustrations, of the mechanism of the Enigma cipher machine, together with a brief discussion of the cryp• tanalytical machines that were used to break Enigma-enciphered messages. C. E. DELAUNAY (1863), " Rapport sur la Machine a Calculer pr~senl~e par M. Wiberg," Comptes Rendus. Acad. Sci. Paris 56, pp.330-339 (1863). Describes the method of finite differences, and the workings of the Wiberg machine. Briefiy compares it with the work of Babbage and Scheutz and concludes by praising the machine strongly. W. H. DESMONDE and K. J . BERKUNG (1966), "The Zuse Z3," Datamation 12 (9), pp.30-31 (1966). Brief description of Zuse's work, mentioning the Z1 and Z2 , but concentrat• ing on the Z3 and its successors. P. DEVEAUX (1926), " Present Status of Calculating Machines," Revue Industrielle 56, pp.113-117 ,166-171 (1926). Survey of the then available calculating machines, briefly describing their functional capabilities, and a somewhat more detailed survey of Hollerith and Powers punched-card equipment, including key-punches, tabulators and sorters. Well illustrated. P. DEVAUX (1944), Automates et Automatisme, Presses Universi• taires de France, Paris (1944). 128p. A popular account, containing illustrated descriptions of a number of his• toric mechanical automata. H. W. DICKINSON (1970), Sir Samuel Morland. Diplomat and Inventor 1625-1695. Heffer and Sons. Cambridge (1970). (The Newcomen Society for the Study of the History of Engineering and Technology: Extra Pub• lication No . 6 .) 457 A careful and detailed biography, covering inter alia Morland's work on pumps, steam engines, cryptography and calculating machines. Few details are given of the construction of Morland's two calculating machines, but a number of photographs are included. D. A. DICKSON (1978), "Enigma - The Ultra Secret," J. Royal Signals Inst. 13 (4), pp.22-23 (1978). A brief account of the Polish and British cryptanalysts' work on Enigma, on the occasion of the presentation of a captured Enigma machine to the Royal Signals Museum. D. DIDEROT (1748), Memoires sur Diff~rens Sujets de MatMmatiques, Durand, Paris (1748). Contains a chapter on automatic pipe organs, and instructions on the method of setting up a pegged cylinder so as to play a chosen piece of music. Diderot gives a very amusing list of the advantages and disadvan• tages of such an organ, compared to a manual instrument. (Babbage's copy of this book is now in the Crawford Collection, Royal Observatory, Edin• burgh.) D. DIDEROT (1751), "Arithmetique (machine)," Encyclop~die, ou Dictionnaire Raisonn~ des Sciences, des Arts et des M~tiers, Paris I, pp.680-64 (1751). (Also Plate 2 of 'Algebre et Arithmetique' in the accompanying Recueil de Planches.) Gives what Taton (1963) describes as the first satisfactory description of the mechanism of Pascal's machine, and in particular of the carry mechanism. M. O'OCAGNE (1905), Le Calcul Simplifi~ (2nd Edition), Gauthier- Villars, Paris (1905). Contains much material on calculating machines, slide rules, nomograms, quite a bit on difference engines, and a brief history of Babbage's work. Chapter II on 'Arithmetical Machines' (pp.24-95) describes many machines, in particular those of Pascal. Burroughs, Felt, Leibniz, Muller, Thomas, Maurel. Tchebichef, Odhner, Selling, Boll~e, and Scheutz. M. O'OCAGNE (1915), "On the Origin of Machines of Direct Multiplica• tion," pp. 283-285 in Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume, (ed. C. G. Knott), Longman, Green and Co. , London (1915). Brief description of what is claimed to be the first direct multiplication mechanism, exhibited by Boll~e in 1887. Gives brief details of Boll~e's life. Mentions Thomas de Colmar's Arithmometer and Steiger's Millionaire. M. O'OCAGNE (1920), "Histoire des Machines a Calculer," Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale 132, pp.554-569 (Sept-Oct. 1920). Transcription of a speech by d'Ocagne at the opening of a public exhibition of calculating machines held from 5-13 June 1920 at the headquarters of the Society. General survey, dwelling particularly on Pascal. Leibniz, Thomas and Torres. M. O'OCAGNE (1922), "Vue d'Ensemble sur les Machines Ii Calculer," Bull. des Sciences MatMm. 2e S~rie 46, pp.l02-144 (1922). A detailed survey of the development of calculating machines, covering, among others, Pascal. Tchebichef, Felt, Leibniz, Thomas, Maure!. Odhner, Burroughs, Boll~e, Scheutz, Babbage and Torres. M. O'OCAGNE (1928), Le Cal cui Simplifi~ (3rd Edition), Gauthier• Villars, Paris (1928).

458 Contains an entirely rewritten and slightly shortened version of the account of the development of calculating machines given in the second edition (1905). The main addition is a description of Torres' electromechanical arithmometer. M. O'OCAGNE (1928b), Souvenirs et Causeries, PIon, Paris (1928). 299p. Contains a short but laudatory account of the work by Torres-y-Quevedo, and of the successful demonstrations he gave in Paris of his arithmometer and chess automaton. M. O'OCAGNE (1936), Hommes et Choses de Sciences (3 vols.), Vui• bert, Paris (1930-1936). Contains chapters on 'Calculating Machines from Blaise Pascal to Torresy Quevedo' and on 'Thomas de Colmar, inventor of the arithmometer'. M. O'OCAGNE (1935), "Thomas de Colmar, Inventeur de l'Arithmom~tre , " Rev. Scientifique 73, pp.783-785 (1935). Record of a speech made on the occasion of the unveiling of a monument to Thomas in Colmar. Contains a brief account of the work of Pascal and Leib• niz, and then of the mechanisms involved in the Thomas arithmometer. It is stated that the first arithmometer was built under Thomas' direction by a clockmaker named Piolaine, and it is suggested that this work was done without knowledge of the prior work by Leibniz. M. O'OCAGNE (1937), "Torres-Quevedo," Larousse Mensuel 364, pp.727-728 (June 1937). An obituary. Describes the work by Torres on radio control, mechanical analogue computers, aeronautics, aerial cableways, automata, and "analyti• cal engines." M. O'OCAGNE (1938), "Torres-Quevedo et son Oeuvre M~canique," Revue des Questions Scientifiques, pp.5-14 (20 July 1938). An obituary notice which provides an excellent summary of the life and work of Torres y Quevedo. Brief descriptions are given of his work on aerial transporters, airships, and radio control, as well as on analogue and digital calculating devices and chess automata. The section discussing his work on "Babbage's problem" also mentions the work of Couffignal and Valtat. M. O'OCAGNE, See also R. Mehmke. G. Dooo (1853), The Curiosities of Industry: Calculating and regis• tering machines, G. Routledge, London (1853). Contains, on pages 5-10, an account of Babbage's efforts at constructing the Difference Engine, and a brief mention of his plans for the Analytical Engine. N. S. DOOGE (1873), "Charles Babbage," Annual Report, Smith• sonian Institution, pp.162-197 (1873). An excellent summary of the life and work of Charles Babbage, with many extracts from his writings, and from an obituary notice written by Quetelet. R. W. DORAN , See B. E. Carpenter. A. DOYON and L. WIGRE (1966), Jacques Vaucanson, M~canicien de C~nie, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1966). A massively detailed scholarly biography of Vaucanson, with much informa• tion on his work on mechanical automata, and on an automatic drawloom. P. DRATH (1973), The Relationship between Science and Technol• ogy: University research and the computer industry 1945-1962, Ph.D

459 Thesis, Victoria Univ. of Manchester (1973). The thesis concentrates on the co-operative development of a series of com• puters by Ferranti and the Electrical Engineering Department at Manchester University, starting in 1949, but contains one chapter on the origins of the digital computer, and the backgrounds of the first post-war British com• puter projects. H.-J. DREYER, See also A. Walther. H.-J. DREYER and A. WALTHER (1946), "Der Rechenautomat IPM," pp. 11-15 in Entwicklung Mathematische Instrumente in Deutschland 1939 bis 1945, Institute fur Praktische Mathematik, Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt (19 Aug. 1946). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) A brief account of the tape-controlled calculator, assembled using punched card equipment, which was under construction at Darmstadt until 1944, when it was destroyed by bombing. H.-J,. DREYER and A. WALTHER (1946b), "Das Rechengerat von Zuse," pp. 4-10 in Entwicklung Mathematischer Instrumente in Deutschland 1939 bis 1945, Institut fur Praktische Mathematik, Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt (19 Aug. 1946). A brief account of the programmed calculators developed by Zuse, and the applications that had been made of them, during 1939 to 1945. E. DROZ (1962), "From Jointed Doll To Talking Robot," New Scien- tist 14, pp.37-40 (1962). A well-illustrated and careful account of the development of mechanical automata, concentrating on the work of Vaucanson, von Knaus, and the Jacquet-Droz family. E. DROZ, See also A. Chapuis. J. M. DUBBEY (1968), The Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of London (1968). A detailed and scholarly survey of 8abbage's published and unpublished mathematical writings, together with one chapter {pp. 266-337} on his cal• culating machines, incorporating many quotations from his published accounts of the machines. J. M. DUBBEY (1973), "Charles 8abbage and his Computers," Bull. Inst. of Maths. and its Appl. 9 (3), pp.662-669 (Mar. 1973). A very interesting essay on the mathematical thinking that lay behind much of 8abbage's work. Contains separate sections on Notation, The Calculus of Functions, The Difference Engine, The Analytical Engine, and Algebra. It states that his ideas on algebra "were decisively influential. but character• istically he has received no credit for them at all." J. M. DUBBEY (1978), The Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (1978). 235p. The book concentrates largely on describing and assessing 8abbage's mathematical work, and makes extensive use of unpublished 8abbage manuscripts, including a recently discovered book entitled The Philosophy of Analysis.' However there is one chapter on 8abbage and his Computers, but this is largely based on material in 'Passages from the Life.. . and '8abbage's Calculating Engines.' E. D. DURAND (1913), "Tabulation by Mechanical Means - Their

460 advantages and limitations," pp. 83-90 in Trans. Fifteenth Int. Congr. on Hygiene and Demography, Washington, Sept. 23-28, 1912. Vol. 6, Proc. of Sect. 9, Demography, Government Printing Office, Washington (1913). Provides much factual information about the equipment then installed at the U.S . Bureau of the Census. and typical processing rates achieved. W. DYCK (1892), Katalog Mathematische unsw. Instrumente, Wolf und Sohn, Munich (1892). Pages 146-154, and 5-6 of the supplement, list various calculating machines, in some cases (notably Mayer, MOller, Edmondson, BOttner, Brunsviga and Selling) giving somewhat brief illustrated descriptions of the machines. C. EAMES and R. EAMES (1973), A Computer Perspective, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1973). ("By the Office of Charles and Ray Eames" - edited by G. Fleck). 175p. A profusely illustrated book based on an IBM-sponsored exhibition. Although aimed at a popular audience, it contains a vast amount of information, relating directly or indirectly to the origins of computers, that is not readily available elsewhere. Hundreds of rare photographs and documents are reproduced. An excellent book, which does a very fine job of attempting to portray the social and intellectual background against which the modern computer evolved. W. H. ECCLES and F. W. JORDAN (1919), "A Trigger Relay utilising Three-Electrode Thermionic Vacuum Tubes," The Radio Review 1, pp.143-146 (1919). An historic paper, describing " a one-stroke relay which when operated by a small triggering electrical impulse undergoes great changes in regard to its electrical equilibrium, and then remains in the new condition until re-set." J. P. ECKERT (1945), Disclosure of Magnetic Calculating Machine, Unpublished typescript (1 Feb. 1945). 3p. (Reprinted in Eckert, J.P. (1980).) This memorandum contains a witnessed note stating that it had been copied from three typewritten sheets dated 29 January, 1944. It describes "a simplified method of constructing a numerical calculating machine.. in which some of the mechanical features of an ordinary mechanical calculat• ing machine are retained and combined with certain electronic and mag• netic devices to provide a speedier, simpler machine .. . " Includes a brief mention of the possibility of holding the machine's program in magnetic storage. J. P. ECKERT (1947), "A Preview of a Digital Computing Machine," pp. 10.1-10.26 in Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers. Lectures delivered 8 July - 31 Aug. 1946, (ed. C. C. Chambers), Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pennsyl• vania, Philadelphia (1947). An account of the plans for EDVAC. and a description of its intended order code. Discusses how the decision to provide a single common memory for constants, variables and instructions led to the concept of a stored pro• gram, and the implications of this concept on computer design. J. P. ECKERT (1970), " In the Beginning and to What End," pp. 3/ 4- 3/24 in Computers and Their Future, Richard Williams and Partners,

461 Uandudno (1970). Describes the work with Mauchly on what became ENlAC, and then on its suc• cessors. "We have been asked, many times, if we knew of Lovelace, or Bab• bage, and their work. At the time, I did not know of their work. When we started on the ENIAC, we did not know of the work on the Mark I." Includes a full discussion of the thoughts that led to stored programs and EDVAC. J. P. ECKERT (1976), "Thoughts on the History of Computing," Com- puter, pp.58-65 (Dec. 1976). A discursive talk, ranging over many aspects of electronics and the growth of the computer industry, but interspersed with a number of anecdotes about the ENIAC project, including interesting comments about the method of programming ENIAC (which allowed parallel activity, and nested subrou• tines), the 1944 magnetic calculating machine disclosure, and disputes with von Neumann. J. P. ECKERT (1980), "The ENIAC," pp. 525-539 in A History of Com• puting in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.• C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). A fascinating account, which concentrates on the programming of ENIAC (claiming that Clippinger merely rediscovered a method of using the func• tion table to represent a sequential program), the origins of the stored pro• gram concept and von Neumann's role. Contains a reprint of Eckert's 1945 'Disclosure of Magnetic Calculating Machine.' J. P. ECKERT, See also A. A. Auerbach and I. L. Auerbach. J. P. ECKERT, J. W. MAUCHLY, H. H. GOLDSTINE, and J. G. BRAINERD (1945), "Description of the ENIAC and Comments on Electronic Digital Comput• ing Machines," Contract W 670 ORD 4926, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (30 Nov., 1945). The description of ENIAC contains detailed information on the arithmetic operations, on programming the machine, and on reliability considerations. Chapter 4 is on 'Design Principles for High Speed Computing Machines' and concerns plans for EDVAC. It concentrates on the question of serialism versus parallelism, and on the stored program concept. W. J. ECKERT (1940), Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computa• tion, Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia Univ., New York (1940). The major part of the book describes various mathematical applications of punched card equipment. However detailed descriptions are given of various standard machines including tabulators, sorters, and multiplying punches as well as a "calculation control ." W. J. ECKERT (1948), "The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calcula- tor," MTAC 3, pp.149-161 (1948). Fairly detailed description, from a programmer's viewpoint, of the relay cal• culator. "The first two machines of this type, were built during the war for the Aberdeen proving ground, were delivered in December 1944, and were in operation during the last eight months of the war ... For comparison with the IBM Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard this machine is limited in internal storage capacity, number of significant figures, and flexibility of sequencing; on the other hand, multiplying speed is about twenty times as great. " W. J. ECKERT (1948b), "Electrons and Computation," The Scientific

462 Monthly 67 (5), pp.315-323 (Nov. 1948). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) A well illustrated description of the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calcu• lator, and of its application. "The calculator has a total internal memory capacity of 400,000 digits ... Electronic circuits are used for all arithmetic operations, for part of the control operations, and for part of the memory." W. J. ECKERT (1948c), "Electronic and Electromagnetic Measuring, Computing and Recording Devices," Centennial Symposia, Dec. 1946, Harvard Observatory Monographs, No.7, pp.169-178 (1948). "The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the electronic and elec• tromagnetic measuring, computing and recording devices now in use on extensive astronomical projects and to point out some of the developments which will materialize in a short time." Mentions that a machine incorporat• ing an electronic adding unit had been in operation in the IBM engineering laboratory before the war, and that it had led to the Type 603. W. J. ECKERT (1951), "The Role of the Punched Card in Scientific Computation," pp. 13-17 in Proc. Industrial Computation Seminar, Sept. 1950, IBM, New York (1951). Contains a good account of the scientific calculations performed using punched card machinery, mainly at the Columbia University Statistical Bureau, from 1928 onwards. J. EDMONDSON (1885), "Summary of Lecture on Calculating Machines, delivered before the Physical Society of London, March 28, 1885," Philosophical Magazine (5th series) 20, pp.15-18 (July-Dec. 1885). Brief discussion of difference engines, mention of Morland, and Viscount Mahon (afterwards Earl of Stanhope), the inventor of three machines 1775 (using a ), 1777 and 1780 (on the lines of Morland's instru• ment). There follows a somewhat more detailed discussion of the Thomas arithmometer, and of the method of carry assimilation, and mention of G. B. Grant's machine ("somewhat on the lines of the Stanhope machine of 1777"). Ends by talking of the advantages of a machine with a circular form, permitting "an endless slide." D. B. G. EDWARDS (1970), "Computer Developments in Great Bri• tain," pp. 1/1-1/21 in Computers and their Future, Richard Williams and Partners, Uandudno (1970). Despite its title, concerns computer developments solely at Manchester, starting with a brief discussion of the Williams tube memory. and the first Manchester machine. W. E. EDWARDS (1911), "The Story of the Locking Frame," The Rail- way Magazine, pp.199-213 (Mar. 1911). An illustrated account of the development and the prinCiples of operation of the interlocking mechanism used to limit the combinations and sequences of railway signal settings. W. S. EWOTT (1951), "The Present Position of Automatic Computing Machine Development in England," pp. 74-80 in Froc. of a Second Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery. 13-16 Sept. 1949. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ. Vol. 26, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1951). Survey of English machines, including the comment that EDSAC was working.

463 S. ENGELBOURG (1975), "From Invention to Innovation: The halfway house of Herman Hollerith," Technikgeschichte 42, pp.26-34 (1975). A scholarly analysis of Hollerith's character and business career, concen• trating mainly on the period from 1890, when his punched card system was used successfully for the Eleventh U.S. Census, to about 1911 when his com• pany became a part of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, as IBM was then known. D. S. ERSKINE and W. MINTO (1778), An Account of the Life, Writings and Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston, Perth (1778). Contains a description of Napier's rods, and also of another device that he produced for aiding multiplication, the "multiplicationis promptuarium." This involved a more complex scheme in which multiple sets of the first eight multiples of a given digit were inscribed on a single rod. The brief his• torical survey which is given also covers Schickard's 1623 letter to Kepler describing his calculating machine. G. A. ERSKINE (1976), "The History of the Computer," pp. 261-279 in Proc. 1976 School of Computing, CERN , (1976). A nice information-packed account, covering developments from Schickard's calculating machine to the first stored program computers. C. EVANS (1981), The Making of the Micro: A history of the com- puter, Gollancz, London (1981). 118p. An attractive, well-illustrated and very readable popular account. The text has clearly benefitted from the interviews that the author had conducted with a number of computer pioneers, though is marred by a number of inac• curacies. C. EVANS (n.d.), Pioneers of Computing: A series of archival record- ings, Publications Section, Science Museum, London (n.d.). This is a growing series of tape cassettes each providing a one hour recorded interview with a computer pioneer. The interviews are very well done. and the quality of the recording and editing is excellent. More than twenty inter• views have been taped to date. and a number of edited recordings prepared and issued, those of A. D. Booth. D. W. Davies. J. P. Eckert. J. W.Forrester . T. Kilburn, J. W. Mauchly. J. Pinkerton. J. H. Wilkinson, F. C. Williams. and K. Zuse. Other pioneers who have already been interviewed for this series include J. V. Atanasoff, A. W. Burks. A. W. M. Coombs, T. H. Flowers. H. H. Goldstine. I. J. Good. G.M. Hopper. C. C. Hurd. H. D. Huskey. D. Michie. M. H. A. Newman. S. Ulam, M. V. Wilkes and M. Woodger. Copies of the cassettes are available from the Science Museum. R. R. EVERETT (1980), "Whirlwind," pp. 365-384 in A History of Com• puting in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.• C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). Personal reminiscences, covering the period 1944-1959. P. EYMARD (1863), " Historique du M~tier Jacquard," Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelies, Societe d'Agriculture, d'Histoire Naturelle, et des Arts Utiles de Lyon, 3rd Series 7, pp.34-56 (1863). Detailed account of the relative contributions of Bouchon, Falcon, Vaucan• son. Jacquard and others to the development of the Jacquard loom. M. F. FEGlEY (1967), J. W. Mauchly. Co-Inventor of the First Elec• tronic Computer: A historical sketch. Term Paper. Drexel Inst. of

464 Technology, Philadelphia, Pa. (Dec. 1967). A brief account, based in part on an interview with Mauchly, which includes a description of his career prior to 1942. R. FEINDLER (1929), Das Hollerith-Lochkarten-Verfahren fur Maschinelle Buchhaltung und Statistik, Verlag von Reimar Hobbing, Berlin (1929). 425p. A complete textbook on the operation and usage of then-current Hollerith equipment, lavishly illustrated with drawings and photographs. F. M. FELDHAUS (1930), Uber die Entwicklung und das Weses des Maschinen-Rechens, Zella-Mehlis, Thur. (1928-1930). A very useful set of 14 pamphlets, totalling 60 pages, each giving a well• illustrated account of some aspect of the history of manual or machine cal• culation. Includes coverage of the work of Pascal, Morland, Schott, Leibniz, Perrault, Poleni and Leupold. D. E. FELT (1893), "Mechanical Arithmetic," Scientific American 69, pp.310-311 (11 Nov. 1893). An interesting litlle article, part survey of earlier machines (particularly the 8abbage and Scheutz difference engines), part description of the Comptom• eter. D. E. FELT (1916), Mechanical Arithmetic or The History of the Counting Machine, Washington Insl. , Chicago (1916). An original account of the development of mechanical calculating machines, with forthright comments on the practicality of several of the famous early machines, by the inventor of the Comptometer. R. P . FEYNMAN (1976), "Los Alamos from Below - Reminscences of 1943-1945," Engineering and Science (California Inst. Of Technology) 39 (2), pp. 13-20 (Jan.-Feb. 1976). A highly entertaining account, which includes a brief description of the way in which punched card equipment was used at Los Alamos for calculations relating to the atomic bomb. A. M. FISHER (1913), The Hollerith Devices, New York (1913). 18p. An account of the design and usage of the Hollerith key-punch, gang-punch, sorter, and tabulator. The sorter described is a 250 card/ minute vertical sorter, the tabulator a 150 card/ minute non-printing tabulator. W. G. FITZGERALD (1895), " The Romance of Our Museums," The Strand Magazine 9, pp.709-715 (1895). An account of 8abbage's work, based in part on the author's discussions with Major-General H. P. 8abbage, rather than solely the standard sources. J . P . FLAO (1958), "L'Horloge a CaJcul de I'Astronome W. Schickard semble avoir ~t~ la Premi~res Machines a CaJcul a Engrenages Pro pre aux 4 Op~rations ," ChifJres 1. pp. 143-148 (1958). A good account of the discovery of Schickard's work, and of the principles of his calculating machine, the first to embody a mechanism for carry assimi• lation. J. P . FLAO (1963), Les Trois Premi~res Machine d Calculer: Schickard (1623), Pascal (1642) Leibniz (1673), Palais de la D~couverte, Universit~ de Paris, Paris (1963). (Les Conf~rence du Palais de la D~couverte, No. D93.) A well-illustrated description of the invention, the functioning, and the

465 method of use of each of the three machines. J. P. FUD, See also R. Taton. L. FUTO (1978), "NSA's Computer Story," Datamation 24 (3), pp.207-208,212 (Mar. 1978). An article based on Snyder (1977). T. H. FLOWERS (1979), "Penetration of Electronics into Telephone Switching," Proc. IRE 126 (9), pp.901-907 (Sept. 1979). Although principally concerned with the technologies used for telephone switching, particularly immediately pre- and post-war, also contains a dis• cussion of the Colossus and ENIAC developments. An extensive list of refer• ences is provided. T. H. FLOWERS (1980), "Electronic Computers and Telephone Exchanges," Report DNACS 24/80, National Physical Laboratory (Jan. 1980). A fascinating account of the author's pre-war work at the Post Office Research Station and the influence of this work on the development of Colossus, and of the post-war controversy about the design of electronic telephone exchanges. J. FONSNY (1952), "Pascal et la Machine Arithm~tique," Les Etudes Classiques, Namur 20, pp.181-191 (1952). A discussion of Pascal's activities and attitudes in inventing, defending. and trying to perfect his design for a calculating machine. C. FOSTER (1951), Notes on the Mechanical Construction of the Machine for Composing Hexameter Latin Verses, Unpublished memorandum (8 Mar. 1951). 8p. A detailed report on the functioning of the machine. and of the repairs required to make it operational. (These were in fact carried out.) The report reveals that the machine incorporated six wooden drums each with rows of wires projecting radially from it. Each wire represented (by means of its length) a letter. so that each drum had a fixed set of words encoded on it. These drums would be turned random amounts and then used to control the display of a set of six words. forming a hexameter latin verse. Each drum was therefore a rather sophisticated form of pegged cylinder. used to represent data as much as sequencing information. E. FOUCAUD (1848). The Book of Illustrious Mechanics of Europe and America, George Clark and Sons, Aberdeen (1848). (Trans. J. Frost.) 310p. Contains several brief chapters on automata. including those by Vaucanson. and Maelzel. N. Foy (1974), The IBM World, Eyre Methuen, London (1974). Chapter 2 contains some information. not readily available elsewhere. on the activities of IBM in Europe before and during World War II. O. I. FRANKSEN (1977), "Experimental Computing: A case study using APL," Tech. Report, Electrical Power Dept., Tech. Univ. of Den• mark, Lyngby (Apr. 1977). 43p. Describes a detailed simulation model of 8abbage's difference Engine. and " computational experiments specified by 8abbage himself [to] explain its principles of working and how its design led 8abbage to the invention of concepts like conditional statements as well as recursive programming."

466 R. A. FRAZER (1937). "On the Present Need for Automatic Calcula• tion in Practical Mathematics." Memo 3005.0 .75. Oscillation Sub• Committee. Aeronautical Research Committee. NPL. Teddington. Middlesex (13 May 1937). Proposes a design for an electromechanical calculating machine. intended for matrix calculations. It was to incorporate a number of interlinked desk calculators. and a specially-designed means for representing matrices. in which each digit of each element was to be represented by the lateral posi• tion of a sliding rod. C. FREEMAN . C. J. E. HARLOW . J. K. FUll.ER. and R. C. CURNOW (1965). " Research and Development in Electronic Capital Goods." Nat. Inst. Econ. Rev. 34. pp.40-91 (Nov. 1965). Contains a good summary of the origins of computers and of the growth of the computer industry. F. G. FRIEDLANDER. See J. Todd. J. K. FUll.ER . See C. Freeman. J. FYVIE (1906). "The Calculating Philosopher." pp. 179-209 in Some Literary Eccentrics. Constable. London (1906). A popular account of 8abbage's life. based OQ his autobiography. which shows very little sympathy for his work on calculating machines.

A. GAll.E (1912). Mathematische Instrumente. B. G. Teubner. Leipzig (1912). Pages 23-48. on 'Calculating Machines' cover Pascal. Leibniz. Thomas. the Mercedes-Euklid machine. Odhner. the 'Gauss' circular machine by Hamann. Selling. Steiger's 'Millionaire' machine. and. in a short section on difference machines, one by Hamann. which was used in 1910 to produce a set of arith• metic tables. A photograph. and detailed drawing of this difference machine are included. R. O. GANDY (1977). "The Simple Theory of Types." in Logic Collo• quium 76. (ed. R. O. Gandy and J. M. E. Hyland). North-Holland. Amster• dam (1977). Contains. in a section describing published and unpublished work by Turing on type theory. the statement: " As has recently been revealed. in 1940 he was engaged in breaking the code of the war-time Enigma encoding machine; later on (1944-1945) he had a less taxing job - building a speech encoder of his own invention." K. GANZHORN and W. WALTER (1975). Die Ceschichtliche Entwicklung der Datenverarbeitung. IBM Deutschland GmbH. Stuttgart (1975). 80p. A lavishly produced and illustrated introductory book. of some eighty pages. covering such topics as early methods of counting and calculating. mechani• cal calculation. sequence control mechanisms and automata. the work of Babbage. Hollerith and Zuse. Harvard Mark I. the SSEC and early IBM elec• tronic multipliers. M. GARDNER (1952). "Logic Machines." Scientific American 183. pp.68-73 (Mar. 1952). Discusses the evolution of machines for evaluating logical expressions. Cov• ers lhe work of Lull (13lh cenlury). Slanhope. Jevons. and Kalin and Bur• kharl. among olhers.

467 M. GARDNER (1958), Logic Machines and Diagrams, McGraw-Hill, New York (1958). A very readable account of the development of mechanical aids to reasoning and to solving problems in formal logic. It describes Marquand as the first to design an electrical logic machine (1885) and Burack as the first to actually build one (1936). W. D. GARDNER (1974), "Will the Inventor of the First Computer Please Stand Up?," Datamation 20 (2), pp.84,88-90 (Feb. 1974). An article prompted by Judge Larson's ruling in the ENIAC suit, that includes an account of an interview of Atanasotr. J GARuNSKI (1979), Intercept: The Enigma war, J . M. Dent, London (1979). 219p. Contains much newly-published information about the pre-war work of the Polish cryptanalysts on the breaking of Enigma messages, including details and illustrations of the design of two cryptanalytic machines - the cyclome• ter and the bomb. P. L. GARWIG (1969), "Charles 8abbage (1792-1871)," American Documentation 20 (4), pp.320-324 (Oct. 1969). A brief but well-written biography of Charles Babbage. H. GENAIll.E (1878), "Sur une Nouvelle Machine a Calculer par Genaille," Assoc. Fr. Avanc. de Science, pp.181-182 (1878). Extremely brief account of a lecture by Genaille, and the ensuing discussion, on the system of rods which were a development of Napier's rods, but which avoided the need to compute the carry from one position to another. H. GENAIll.E (1891), "Piano Arithm~tique pour la V~rification des Grands Nombres Premiers," Assoc. Fr. Avanc. de Science 20 (1), p.159 (1891). A one-paragraph account of a piano ' arithmtRique,' designed to verify whether certain types of numbers were prime. "Celle machine, qui peut arriver a faire automatiquement des caiculs de la plus grande importance, r~alisera un jour la solution d'une machine a calculer faisant seule les op~rations arithm~tiques." C. L. GERSTEN (1735), "The Description and Use of an Arithmetical Machine invented by Christian-Ludovicus Gersten, FRS. Professor of Mathematics in the University of Giessen," Phil. Trans. 39 (738). pp.79-97 (July-Sept. 1735). After a brief survey of the work of Morland, Leibniz, Poleni. Leupold, and Pascal. Gersten states that his work was motivated by the Leibniz machine, but was developed independently of both the mechanisms of Leibniz and Pascal. Then gives an extremely detailed description of his machine, its inner mechanism, and method of use. J. GINSBURG (1929), "Napier on the Napier Rods," pp. 182-185 in A Source Book in Mathematics, (ed. D. E. Smith). McGraw-Hill. New York (1929). Translated selection from 'Rabdologiae sev numerationis per virgulas libri duo, Edinburgh (1617),' in which the use of the rods to assist in the process of multiplication is explained. M. GlElSER (1976), " The Curious Life of Alan Turing." Computer Decisions, pp.30-31.34,36 (Aug. 1976).

468 An acc.ount .of Turing's w.ork .on cryptanalysis and c.omputers, which th.ough readable suffers fr.om many inaccuracies. M. GlEISER (1978), " Men and Machines Before Babbage," Datama• tion 24 (10), pp.124-128,130 (Oct. 1978). A P.oPular acc.ount, c.overing Pascal, M.orland, and Leibniz. M. GlEISER (1979), "The Loom of Lyons," Datamation 25 (10), pp.216-217,220,226 (Sept. 1979). A P.oPular acc.ount .of Jacquard's w.ork. S. E. GLUCK (1953), "The Electronic Discrete Variable Computer," Electrical Engineering 72, pp.159-162 (1953). Very brief descripti.on, giving m.ost attenti.on t.o number f.ormat. States machine was delivered t.o the Ordnance Dept. in the fall .of 1949. After m.odificati.ons, in March 1952 it was c.onsidered t.o be a w.orking machine. D. GODDARD (1906), Eminent Engineers: Brief biographies of thirty-two of the inventors and engineers who did most to further mechanical progress, Derry-Collard, New York (1906). Pages 240-254 c.ontain a few bi.ographical details ab.out Babbage, and very g.o.od general acc.ounts .of the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine, including reprints .of the General Plan .of the Analytical Engine, and a "pr.o• gram" f.or the engine .originally given by Menabrea. "The Analytical Engine was n.o dream .of a crank. It was the ultimate result .of the life-l.ong thinking .of the greatest genius f.or this s.ort .of thing the W.orld has ever seen." H. GOERUTZ (1934), Zur Geschichte der Powers-Machine, Unpub- lished typescript (1934). 23p. An imp.ortant and useful acc.ount .of the c.ompetiti.on between H.ollerith and P.owers in Eur.ope, starting 1 n 1913, with interesting details .of the machines and .of the pers.onalities inv.olved. W. GOLDBACH and R. SCHNEIDER (1963), " Beschreibung der Rechenan- lage Zuse Z3 ," Zuse Forum 2 (4), pp.19-31 (Sept. 1963). A detailed descripti.on .of the reconstructi.on .of the Z3 at the Deutsches Museum, Munich. Illustrations include schematic drawings of the c.ontrol and data paths of the machine, and of the fl.oating point addition and subtrac• ti.on unit. H. E. GOLDBERG (1915), "Arithmetical Machines: Their history, theory and methods of construction," Scientific American Suppl. 79 (2038-2039), pp.59-60 and 75-76 (23,30 Jan. 1915). Early secti.ons c.ontain mention of Pascal. Leibniz and Babbage, but the maj.or part .of the paper c.onsists of detailed analyses, culled in part from U.S. patent literature, .of mechanisms inv.olved in vari.ous types of calculat• ing machines. Invent.ors and c.ompanies wh.ose machines are referred t.o include Castle (an 1850 ten-key adding machine), Riggs (an 1854 ten-key adding machine, Teasdale (an 1871 direct multiplicati.on machine), Bur• r.oughs, Felt, Wahl. Brunsviga, Wales, Dalt.on, M.o.on-H.opkins, Grant, Mil• li.onaire, etc. P. GOLDSCHEIDER and H. ZEMANEK (1971), Computer: Werkzeug der information, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1971). A P.oPular aCc.ount .of c.omputers, but with many details ab.out early mechan• ical aut.omata. A. GOLDSTINE, See H. H. Goldstine.

469 H. H. GOLDSTINE (1970), "Early Electronic Computers," pp. 51-102 in Computers and Their Role in the Physical Sciences, (ed. S. Fernbach and A. H. Taub), Gordon and Breach, New York (1970). A detailed account 01 the ENIAC, EDVAC and lAS projects by one 01 the main protagonists. Much background material is included, and many original documents are quoted, in this account, which tends to concentrate on the role played by von Neumann. H. H. GOLDSTINE (1972), The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J. (1972). 378p. The first part 01 this book discusses the history 01 digital and analogue cal• culating devices, and concurrent developments in mathematics. However the main purpose 01 the book is to give an extensive account, from the viewpoint of a particular participant, of the ENIAC , EDVAC and lAS projects. The account makes available for the first time a wealth of material, taken from contemporary documents. Particular attention is paid to the work of von Neumann, and to his role in the EDVAC and lAS projects. H. H. GOLDSTINE, See also A. W. Burks and J . P. Eckert. H. H. GOLDSTINE and A. GOLDSTINE (1946), " The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) ," MTAC 2 (15), pp.97-110 (1946). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Reasonably detailed description of ENIAC, in particular of how it was pro- grammed. H. H. GOLDSTINE and J . VON NEUMANN (1947), Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Part 2, Vol. 1, Insti• tute for Advanced Study, Princeton (1 Apr. 1947). (Reprinted in 'John von Neumann: Collected Works, Vol. 5 .' (Ed. A. H. Taub.) Pergamon, Oxford (1963) pp.80-151.) An extensive account of the methods of coding, and of the philosophy behind, the programming of the lAS computer, followed by a set of detailed examples of programs. H. H. GOlDSTINE and J. VON NEUMANN (1948), Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Part 2, Vol. 2, Insti• tute for Advanced Study, Princeton (15 Apr. 1948). (Reprinted in 'John von Neumann: Collected Works, Vol. 5.' (Ed. A. H. Taub) Pergamon, Oxford (1963) pp.152-214.) A continuation of Goldstine and von Neumann (1947), giving further detailed examples. H. H. GOLDSTINE and J . VON NEUMANN (1948b), Planning and Coding of Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument, Part 2 . Vol . 3, Insti• tute for Advanced Study, Princeton (16 Aug. 1948). (Reprinted in 'John von Neumann: Collected Works, Vol. 5' (Ed. A. H. Taub) Pergamon, Oxford (1963) pp.215-235.} Continuation of Goldstine and von Neumann (1948), giving a discussion of the concept of a , and some detailed examples. H. H. GOlDSTINE and J. VON NEUMANN (1963), "On the Principles of Large Scale Computing Machines," pp. 1-32 in John von Neumann: Col• lected Works. Vol. 5, (ed. A. H. Taub), Pergamon, Oxford (1963). This paper (previously unpublished) contains material from various lectures given by von Neumann, in particular one on 15 May 1946. It contains a

470 general discussion of the concepts of electronic digital computers, and of the importance of the stored program concept. I. J . GOOD (1970), " Some Future Social Repercussions of Comput- ers," Intern. J. Environmental Studies I , pp.67-79 (1970). Contains a brief history of the development of computers, which is however notable for the detail it gives of a secret electronic computer built in Britain in 1943, and with which Turing was associated. I. J. GOOD (1979) , "Early work on Computers at Bletchley," Ann. Hist. Comput. 1 (I), pp.3B-4B (July 1979). A very interesting personal account of the author's work with Turing on breaking the Enigma code, and with Newman's group using the Heath Robin• son and Colossus. 1. J. GOOD (19BO), " Early Work on Computers at Bletchley," in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). Reprint of Good( 1979), with an Addendum. G. B. GRANT (IB71), "On a New Difference Engine," American J. of Science, (3rd series) 1 (B) , pp.113-11B (Aug. IB71). Contains a brief but fairly detailed description of the mechanism that Grant had demonstrated on a small model of a difference engine, and that he was using in the design for a full capacity engine. G. B. GRANT (IB74), " A New Calculating Machine," American J. of Science, (3rd series) 4 (B), pp.277-2B4 (IB74). After a brief description of the essentials of the Pascal and Thomas machines, gives a reasonably detailed description of Grant's machine, in which a digit was represented by the displacement of a single pin around a cylinder rather than by the stepped reckoner or Odhner wheel method. The article ends "The problem of the calculating machine is an exceedingly difficult one, as anyone acquainted with the immense labours of Pascal. Leibnitz, Babbage and Scheutz will acknowledge. The machine described above for the first time is the result of nearly four years of study and labour." I. GRATTAN-GUINNESS (1979), "Babbage's Mathematics in its Time," Brit. J. Hist. Sc. 12 (40), pp.82-88 (1979). A detailed and critical 'essay review' of Dubbey (1978). H. J . GRAY (1963), Digital Computer Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. (1963). Contains one chapter on ENIAC and EDVAC . After discussing the difficulties of setting-up problems on the ENIAC states that "John von Neumann urged that all the machine units be connected ... so that the machine could be used as a computer of the Babbage type (provisions for this mode of opera• tion had been made in its design). This was done and ENIAC was operated in this fashion until it was retired." R. GRELET, See L. Malassis. F. J. GRUENBERGER (1958), " A Short History of Digital Computing in Southern California," Computing News, pp.145.23-145.31. (195B). Informal account of digital computing activity in the Los Angeles area from 1942 to 1957. Describes the growth of the use of punched card calculators and early digital computers, but gives little technical detail. Valuable for the

471 many dates and names of the people involved. R. S. GUTOR and Iu . L. POLUNOV (1973), "Charl'z Bebbedzh," Novoe v Zhizni, Nauke, Tekhnike. Seriia: Mathematika, Kibernetika 2, pp.1-64 (1973). A detailed account of Babbage's life and work, based on the standard sources.

E. J. HAGA (1963), "More about Difference Engines," J. Bus. Educa- tion 39 (3), pp.120-121 (Dec. 1963). Discussion of the two Scheutz difference engines, and their use for the cal• culation and printing of the English life tables. Includes an extensive bibliog• raphy relating to difference engines by Babbage, Scheutz and Grant. E. J. HAGA (1965), Understanding Automation, The Business Press, Elmhurst, Illinois (1965). The first chapter 'Historical Perspective' is an unusually detailed account of the origins of computers. Especially detailed coverage is given of the efforts following Leibniz to make a commercially viable desk calculator, of Ameri• can developments following Parmalee in 1850, of difference engines (includ• ing details of work by Grant) and of punched card machinery. However vir• tually no references are given. D. HALAey (1970), Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer, Crowell-Collier, New York (1970). A popular account based for the main part on Babbage's 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher'. P. R. HALMOS (1973), "The Legend of John von Neumann," Amer. Math. Monthly 80, pp.3B2-394 (1973). An excellent account, providing a very evocative portrait of von Neumann. EARL OF HALSBURY (1959), "Ten Years of Computer Development," Compo J. 1 (4), pp.153-159 (1959). An account of computer developments. mainly in Britain, starting with the work at Manchester and Cambridge. Suggests that one of the most impor• tant events in the developments which led to the concept of a computer was a meeting of Turing and von Neumann during the war, and that "computers are the peace-time legacy of war-time radar." CH. HAMANN (1932). Uber Elektrische Rechenmaschinen, Privately printed. Neu-Babelsberg (ca. 1932). 32p. A booklet describing various electromechanical calculating devices, mainly various forms of multipliers. but also including a device for solving sets of linear equations, with data input from paper tape. F. HAMMER (1958). "Nicht Pascal sondern der Tubinger Professor Wilhelm Schickard erfund die Rechenmachine." Buromarkt 20, pp.1023-1025 (1958). The author describes his finding of the letters to Kepler from Schickard about his calculating machine and discusses the operation and use of the machine. J. M. HAMMERSlEY (1974). "The Technology of Thought," pp. 394-415 in The Heritage of Copernicus, (ed. J. Neyman). MIT Press, Cambridge. Mass. (1974). In the brief section of the paper entitled 'Charles 8abbage and His Analytical

472 Engine,' Hammersley claims that Lady Lovelace "discovered for herself the importance of the technical tricks now called nested and address modification," and that Babbage realized that the Analytical Engine "would lack the true power of a computer if it did not possess a stored pro• gram." However it is admitted that the evidence for these statements, which is based on Lady Lovelace's notes and her correspondence with Babbage, is indirect and unsure. C. J. E. HARLOW, See C. Freeman. M. HARMON (1975), Stretching Man's Mind: A history of data pro- cessing, Mason/Charter, New York (1975). 239p. Very much a popular account of the history of calculating machines and computers, together with an introduction to present day computer systems. The chapters on historical matters are: The Abacus, Early Inventors (Before 1625), Blaise Pascal, Sucessors to Pascal, George Boole and Boolean Algebra, Charles Babbage, Key-Driven Calculators, Punched Cards, Electromechanical and Electrical Computers, From ENIAC to EDVAC, and Alan M. Turing. J. O. HARRISON (1948), "The Preparation of Problems for the Mark I Calculator," pp. 208-210 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol . 16, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Brief description of the successive stages involved in preparing sequence• control tapes for the Mark I, ending with the comment "one of the most important problems now facing us is to achieve a reduction in preparation and set-up time proportionate to that already achieved in actual computa• tion time." D. R. HARTREE (1946), "The ENIAC, an Electronic Calculating Engine," Nature 157 (3990), p.527 (20 Apr. 1946). Brief description starting "The news has recently been released of a major advance in the development of equipment for extensive numerical calcula• tions, in the successful completion of a large calculating machine based on the use of electronic counting circuits." D. R. HARTREE (1946b), "The ENIAC, an Electronic Computing Machine," Nature 158, pp.500-506 (1946). Description of ENIAC, written after the author had returned from a visit dur• ing which he worked on the machine. D. R. HARTREE (1947), Calculating Machines - Recent and prospec• tive developments, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (194 7). Inaugural lecture, mainly about ENIAC. D. R. HARTREE (1948), "A Historical Survey of Digital Computing Machines," Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 195, pp.265-271 (1948). General brief description of Babbage's Analytical Engine, the Harvard Mark I. and ENIAC. D. R. HARTREE (1949), Calculating Instruments and Machines, Univ. of Illinois Press (1949). Includes fairly extensive discussion of Babbage's work, the Harvard Mark I. ENIAC and the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator. D. R. HARTREE (1950), "Automatic Calculating Machines," The Mathematical Gazette 34 (310), pp.241-252 (Dec. 1950).

473 General discussion, and then more detailed description of the programming of EDSAC. W. F. HAWKINS (1979), "The First Calculating Machine (John Napier, 1617}," New Zealand Math. Soc. Newsletter (16(suppl.}), pp.I-23 (Dec. 1979). An excellent account of the Promptuary, a device for enabling the multipli• cation of two multi-digit numbers to be performed merely by mental addi• tion of single digit numbers. G. B. HAY, See L. J. Comrie. F. G. HEATH (1961), "Pioneers of Binary Coding," J. Inst. of Electr. Eng. London 7 (81), pp.539-541 (1961). Brief description of work of Sir Francis Bacon, Gray, and Baudot. A. HENNEMAN (1953), Die Technische Entwicklung der Rechen- maschine, Verlag Peter Basten, Aachen (1953). A detailed, well illustrated, account of the development of mechanical calcu• lating and book-keeping machines. Includes brief accounts of punched card equipment and of early relay and electronic computers. Inventors whose work is covered include Leibniz, Poleni, Roth, Odhner, Baldwin, Hahn, MOller, Thomas, Burkhardt, Hamann, Bollee, Steiger, and Burroughs. J. F. W. HERSCHEL (1829), Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council of the Royal Society to Consider the Subject Referred to in Mr. Stewart's Letter Relative to Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine, and to Report Thereon, London (Feb. 1829). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889}.) A very favourable report on Babbage's progress towards constructing the Difference Engine. A. M. HILTON (1963), Logic, Computing Machines, and Automation, Meridian, Cleveland, Ohio (1963). Contains a section 'Historical Review' (pp.215-233) which in the main con• centrates on the history of the development of logic machines. F. H. HINSLEY , E. E. THOMAS , C. F. G. RANSOM , and R. C. KNIGHT (1979), British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its influence on strategy and operations, Vol . 1, HMSO, London (1979). 601p. The first official account of this subject, written with unrestricted access to wartime files, including files which are unlikely ever to be made public. This first of three volumes covers the period until the summer of 1941. Contains much authoritative information regarding the extent to which the various types of Enigma message were deciphered, but little on the techniques used, or the individuals concerned. Appendix 1 (pp.487-495), entitled 'Breaking the Enigma: Polish, French and British Contributions' indicates that the Pol• ish cryptanalysts produced their first 'cryptographic Bombe' in 1937, and that the first of the British "which were of quite different design from the Polish, and much more powerful" was delivered by May 1940. D. HOFFLEIT (1949), "A Comparison of Various Computing Machines Used in the Reduction of Doppler Observations," MTAC 3, pp.373-377 ( 1949). Gives interesting data on the relative performance and reliability of the IBM Relay Calculator, ENIAC , and the Bell Laboratories Computing Machine.

474 W. HOFFMAN (1962), "Entwicklungsbericht und Literaturzusammen• stellung tiber Ziffern-Rechenautomaten," Digitale Informa• tionswandler, pp.650-717, Vieweg (1962). (Also published as 'Digital Information Processors: Wiley, New York.) A very valuable survey, well-referenced, of computers and their origins. J. E. HOFMANN (1974), Leibniz in Paris 1672-1676, Cambridge Univ. Press,'Cambridge (1974). A scholarly account of the period when Leibniz "conceived his decisive ideas in mathematics," when his "philosophy, founded on mathematics and the natural sciences, was formed," when "his most significent and fundamental insights in psychology dawned" and when he completed his revolutionary calculating machine. Valuable for its discussion of Leibniz' life and mathematical research, even though few technical details are given of his work on the calculating machine. B. D. HOLBROOK (1975), "Bell Laboratories and the Computer from the Late 30's to the Middle 60's," Computing Science Technical Report No. 36, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J. (1975). A very useful account covering both analogue and digital computers, and hardware and software developments. Of particular interest is the discus• sion of the relationship of the work on early relay-based digital computers to the digital techniques used in prewar telephone switching - it is stated that facilities for storing and sequencing semi-permanent subroutines in the Bell Laboratories Model V computer were based on the facilities provided for telephone number translation in the No 5 Crossbar Dial System. T. R. HOILCROFT (1940), "The Summer Meeting in Hanover," Amer. Math. Soc. Bull. 46, p.861 (1940). "The Bell Telephone Laboratories exhibited a machine for computing with complex numbers. The recording instrument at Hanover was connected by telegraph with the computing mechanism in New York. This machine was available to members from 11am to 2pm each day of the meetings." (The meetings were held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire from Tuesday to Thursday, 10-12 Sept. 1940.) H. HOl1.ERITH (1889), "An Electric Tabulating System," School of Mines Quarterly (Columbia Univ.) 10 (3), pp.238-255 (Apr. 1889). (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Gives a lengthy description of the census system, and of the mechanical card punch and electro-mechanical tabulator and sorter that Hollerith had developed. H. HOl1.ERITH (1894), "The Electrical Tabulating Machine." J. Royal Statistical Soc. 57 (4). pp.678-682 (1894). Brief but fascinating article. which describes the way in which tabulators and sorters were used on the more than 100 million cards containing the records of the 1890 U.S. Census. V. HOl1.ERITH (1971). "Biographical Sketch of Herman Hollerith." Isis 62 (1). pp.69-78 (1971). A brief biography of Hollerith. written by one of his daughters. It briefly describes how he developed the first version of his tabulating system. and describes in rather more detail his travels during the next few years in Europe as the Hollerith system came into wide use.

475 S. H. HOWNGDALE (1966), "Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace - Two 19th century mathematicians," Bull. Inst. of Maths. and its Appl. 2 (1), pp.2-15 (Feb. 1966). An excellent account ot Babbage and Lady Lovelace. Especially valuable for its discussion ot the stages by which Babbage arrived at the idea ot general programmed sequence control, and for its careful analysis of Lady Lovelace's program tor calculating Bernoulli Numbers. S. H. HOWNGDALE and G. C. TOOTllL (1965), Electronic Computers, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex (1965). Contains a quite good survey of the origins of computers, starting with the abacus. G. M. HOPPER (1970), "Computer Software," pp. 7/3-7/26 in Com• puters and Their Future, Richard Williams and Partners, Uandudno (1970). "Almost the first day I met a computer [in 1944], I met Babbage. Com• mander Aiken had a copy of Babbage's book, and at intervals advised us to read sections of it. I did not meet Lovelace's work until ten or fifteen years later." Describes the developments of programming techniques, such as (in 1944), what were later called 'relocatable subroutines.' G. M. HOPPER, See also H. H. Aiken. E. M. HORSBURGH (1914), Napier Tercentenary Celebration: Hand• book of the Exhibition, Royal Soc. of Edinburgh (1914). (Also published as 'Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation: A handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Celebration Exhibition,' G. Bell and Sons, London (1914).) Contains, in addition to the Ludgate article on 'Automatic Calculating Machines,' good descriptions of various then current calculating instru• ments and machines: Archimedes, Colt's Calculator, Brical Calculator, Brunsviga, Burroughs Adding and Listing machine, Comptometer, Layton's Arithmometer, Mercedes-Euklid Arithmometer, Millionaire and the Thomas Arithmometer. E. M. HORSBURGH (1920), "Calculating Machines," Glasgow Institu- tion of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 63, pp.117-162 (1920). An extensive discussion of the history and of the design of calculating machines. Covers the abacus, Napier's rods, Pascal. Leibniz, and mentions Moreland, Stanhope and others. Some detail is given on Thomas, and on difference engines. The sections on then modern machines include detailed descriptions of the operation of arithmometers, Odhner-wheel machines, key-driven adding machines, and the Millionaire. E. M. HORSBURGH (1923), "Calculating Machines," Glazebrook's Dic- tionary of Applied Physics Vol. 3 , pp.193-20 1 (1923). Covers the abacus, Napier's rods, Pascal. Thomas, Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engines, adding and listing machines, the Millionaire machine, and others. A very good, somewhat condensed account, both of facilities, and of principles of construction. J. HOWLE". (1973), "Charles Babbage and his Computer," pp. 34-42 in 350 Jahre Rechenmaschinen, (ed. M. Graef), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (1973). A useful summary and analysis of Babbage's work, based on the standard sources.

476 L. A. D. HOYAU (1822), "Description d'une Machine a Calculer nomm~e Arithmometre de l'invention de M. Le chevalier Thomas, de Colmar," Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'/ndustrie Nationale, pp.355-365 (Nov. 1822). (Reprinted in Vol 132 (1920) pp.662-670.) A description of the original version of the Thomas arithmometer, described by Mehmke and d 'Ocagne (1908) as perhaps inferior to those of Hahn, MOller, and even Leibniz, but which was gradually improved until the per• fected machine (Sebert( 1879» was produced, and became very successful. F. HOYLE, See J. Todd. H . G. HUDSON , See L. J. Comrie. T. C. HUDSON (1914), " H. M. Nautical Almanac Office Anti• Differencing Machine," pp. 127-131 in Napier Tercentenary Celebration: Handbook of the Exhibition, Royal Soc. of Edinburgh (1914). (Also pub• lished as 'Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation: A handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Celebration Exhibition,' G. Bell and Sons, London (1914).) IJIustrated description of a 'difference engine' based on a Burroughs Adding Machine. T. P. HUGHES (1975), " ENIAC: Invention of a computer," Technik- geschichte 42, pp.148-165 (1975). An excellent account based on primary sources, particularly the contem• porary documents and correspondence assembled for the ENlAC patent suit, covering the period from the invention of the differential analyzer to July 1944, by when two accumulator units had been successfully operated. For example, details are given of the debate over the relative merits of the pro• posed ENIAC , work at MIT on the Rapid Arithmetical Machine Project, and a proposal by Stibitz of a large Relay Differential Analyzer for Ballistics, and also of the search by the Moore School team for useful prior work on the design of reliable high speed electronic counters. C. L. HULL (1925), " An Automatic Correlation Calculating Machine," J. Amer. Statistical Assoc. 20 (152), pp.522-531 (Dec. 1925). Description of an electrically powered special-purpose mechanical calcula• tor, which would compute the sum of a set of products of numbers read from two perforated tapes. The machine could operate unattended, and when it stopped the result could be read from a dial. Little detail is given of the multiplier, but it is implied that the multiplication is performed by repeated addition, and that operands can have three decimal digits. W. S. HUNT (n.d.), Research Notes on Charles Babbage: Birth, death, residences, family, education, achievements and descendants, Unpub• lished (n.d.). A collection of manuscript notes documenting extensive searches for pri• mary historical evidence on 8abbage, which has been deposited at the Marylebone Public Library. The collection includes extracts from correspon• dence (held at the Public Record Office (Ref. CREST/ 174 pp.310-319» relat• ing to 8abbage's attempts to build a workshop in Dorset Street in 1842. C. C. HURD (1950), "The IBM Card Programmed Calculator," pp. 37-41 in Proc. Seminar on Scientific Computation. Nov. 1949, IBM Cor• poration, New york (1950). A brief description of the CPC and of some of the applications for which it had been used. 477 C. C. HURD (1980). "Computer Development at 18M." pp. 389-418 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Metropolis. J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota). Academic Press. New York (1980). Though mainly concerned with the IBM 701 and later machines. does contain information about the SSEC and CPC. H. D. HUSKEY (1950). "Electronic Digital Computing in the United States." pp. 109-111 in Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines. 22-25 June 1949. Univ. Math. Lab .. Cambridge (Jan. 1950). "In summary. the ENIAC and IBM electronic calculator are both in operation at the present time. The BINAC (500-word memory) is going through final checkout at the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation while the Mark III is scheduled for unveiling at Harvard University in September. As far as large scale electronic automatic sequenced digital computers are concerned. it seems as if EDVAC will be the first of these to be put into operation." H. D. HUSKEY (1972). The Development of A utomatic Computing. Proc. First U.S.A .-Japan Computer Conf. 3-5 Oct. 1972. Tokyo. AFlPS Inc .. Montvale. N.J. (1972). A general survey. concentrating on electronic computers developed prior to 1950. and in particular on ENIAC and EDVAC. Mentions the ENIAC converter code. a scheme for controlling ENIAC from punched cards. which was put into operation in late 1949. H. D. HUSKEY (1973). "Review of 'The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann' (H. H. Goldstine}." Science 180. pp.580-590 (11 May 1973). A critical review. which concentrates on the controversy over the assign• ment of credit for the invention of the stored program concept. H. D. HUSKEY (1978). " Early Stored Program Computing in Eng• land." in Proc. Third Jerusalem Conf. on Information Technology (Aug. 1978). A nicely written account. whose main sections are on 8letchley Park. Turing and the ACE. Cambridge University and the EDSAC. Manchester University and the University of London. Contains interesting personal reminiscences about the Pilot ACE project. H. D. HUSKEY . See also V. R. Huskey. H. D. HUSKEY and V. R. HUSKEY (1976). " Chronology of Computing Devices." IEEE Trans. on Computers 25 (12). pp.1190-1199 (Dec. 1976). Contains rather terse entries on a large number of topics. starting with counting tables. including various calculating machines. weaving mechan• isms. 8abbage's work. punched card machines. etc. Contains an 82-item bibliography. V. R. HUSKEY and H. D. HUSKEY (1980). "Lady Lovelace and Charles 8abbage." Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (4), pp.299-329 (Oct. 1980). A carefully researched account. based on the correspondence between Lady Lovelace and Charles 8abbage. A valuable complement to Moore( 1977}. V. R. HUSKEY, See also H. D. Huskey. A. HYMAN (1975). "Letter to the Editor." Computer Weekly. p.8 (11 Dec. 1975). Letter giving. apparently for the first time. complete details of the place and date of Charles 8abbage s birth. 478 A. HYMAN (1976), Computing: A dictionary of terms, concepts and ideas, Arrow Books, London (1976). 20Bp. Contains a considerable amount of little-known information about Charles Babbage and his various calculating engines, derived from first-hand study of Babbage's sketch-books and drawings. Hyman indicates that Babbage investigated the design of a surprising number of calculating engines - he identifies three difference engines, the first (circularly arranged) analytical engine (1834), a "great engine," a "small engine," a "double engine," an engine designed as a grid system (1858), an array processor (1859), the minimal analytical engine (1870), whose construction was started just before he died, and an algebra engine (1836), intended for the algebraic development of functions. W. R. B.HYND , See L. B. C. Cunningham.

L. JACOB (1911), "Le Calcul Mecanique," in Encyclop~die Scientifique: Bibliotheque des Math~matiques Appliqu~es , Octave Doin et Fils, Paris (1911). Basically similar coverage to that of d'Ocagne (1905), but with quite a lot of material on difference engines, including Scheutz and particularly Wiberg. Not much discussion of Babbage's Analytical Engine - rather more on the work of Torres y Quevedo. W. JENSEN (1952), Hilfsgerate der Kryptographie, Unpublished ([ 1952]). (Submitted to the Technischen Hochschule Munchen as a Ph.D. Dissertation, but later withdrawn.) A detailed description of the various special-purpose devices, using photo• electrical tape readers, and electromagnetic relays, used for cryptographic purposes in Germany during World War II . W. S. JEVONS (1B70), " On the Mechanical Performance of Logical Inference," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 162, pp.497-51B (1B70). (Plus plates 32-34.) Detailed description of a mechanical device for evaluation of boolean expressions involving up to four terms. K. Jo (1947), Mathematical Machines and Instruments, Zoshindo Book Co. , Tokyo (1947). 162p. The first half of the book is concerned with digital devices. It contains brief details of the history of calculating machines, and an illustrated survey of the operation and the mechanism of a variety of contemporary European and American calculating machines and punched card equipment. It ends with a brief account of the ENIAC . This description, which is based on arti• cles published in Time and Newsweek, is believed to be the earliest Japanese language account of electronic computers. Extensive references are given to the Western literature. K. Jo, S. MAKINOUCHI , and H. YASUI (1972), " Memories of the Pilot Model of the Digital Computer," BIT (Tokyo) 4 (2), pp.113-117 (1972). (In Japanese.) Describes how, prompted in 1946 by news of the ENIAC , work started on the design of electronic counters, then memory delay lines, and a never• completed electronic computer, at Osaka University. V. JOHNS (1926), "On the Mechanical Handling of Statistics," Amer. Math. Monthly 33, pp.494-502 (1926).

479 An illustrated account of the evolution of punched card machinery. Describes the introduction first of mechanical key punches, and then electr• ical key punches (1923), to replace the pantograph punch, of vertical and then electrical sorting machines, and of tabulating and listing machines. B. JOHNSON (1978), The Secret War, British Broadcasting Corpora- tion, London (1978). 352p. The final chapter of this carefully researched and lavishly illustrated book, entitled 'Enigma,' provides a much more extensive account than was avail• able hitherto of the wartime work of the Polish, French and British cryp• tanalysts. It includes sketches, drawn from memory, and some brief details of the functioning of the electromechanical cryptanalytical deVices used to break messages coded using the various types of Enigma cipher machine. The last part of the chapter describes the Siemens Geheimschreiber cipher machine, which it states was used only for messages which were too impor• tant to entrust to Enigma, but were broken using the Heath Robinson and then the various Colossus machines, photographs of which are included. A fascinating account. L. R. JOHNSON (1970), System Structure in Data, Programs, and Computers, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. (1970). Contains a fairly detailed description of the EDVAC , and quotes in full the sections entitled 'Historical Introduction' and 'Contrast of the EDVAC with the ENIAC' of a report written by Eckert and Mauchly in September, 1945, on plans for the EDVAC . P. S. JONES (1954), "Tangible Arithmetic I: Napier's and Genaille's Rods," Math. Teacher 47, pp.482-487 (1954). An interesting account of the origins and use of Napier's Rods and of Genaille's Rods. It is stated that Napier also designed special rods for square roots and cube roots. R. V. JONES (1977), "The Secret War (Letter to the Editor)," New Scientist 73 (1040), p.480 (24 Feb. 1977). The author states that he worked with Alan Turing in 1939 on "a machine to recognise German language and thus to establish that a successful deci• pherment of Enigma had occurred." F. J. JORDAN, See W. H. Eccles. J. JULEY (1947), "The Ballistic Computer," Bell Laboratories Record 24, pp.5-9 (1947). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) An account of the Bell Labs. Model III Computer, which was, to a certain extent, a general purpose device. JUDEX JURIS (1861), On the Calculation and Printing of Mathemati• cal Tables by Machinery: The inventor and his treatment, Printed by C. Whiting. London (ca 1861). 53p. A pamphlet, attributed to Joseph Jarvis in the catalogue of the Crawford Collection of the Royal Observatory Edinburgh Library. It contains a vigorous defence of Babbage, and an equally vigorous attack on the Government and the Royal SOCiety for their treatment of him, which make fascinating read• ing.

D. KAHN (1974), "The Ultra Secret." The New York Times Book Review. p.5 (29 Dec. 1974).

480 Review of Wintherbotham {1974} which criticizes his account of the breaking of Enigma, and summaries the contribution of the Polish cryptanalysts. Kahn states that the Colossus was designed to solve machine ciphers used by various branches of the German armed forces. H. KAUFMANN (1974), Die Ahnen des Computers: Von der phonizischen schrift zur datenverarbeitung, Econ-Verlag, Dusseldorf (1974). 224p. A popular account, much of which is devoted to the development of. arith• metic, but which includes some discussion of the development of calculating machines and computers. D. W. KEAN (1973), " The Computer and the Countess," Datamation 19 (5), pp.60-63 (May 1973). A popular, but nevertheless detailed, account of the life of Lady Lovelace, and of her interactions with Charles Babbage concerning the Analytical Engine, and a gambling scheme. K. KEMPF (1961), Electronic Computers within the Ordnance Corps, U.S. Army Ordnance, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Md . (Nov. 1961). Contains lengthy accounts of the development of ENIAC , EDVAC, ORDVAC, and BRLESC , based mainly on information obtained from personnel of the Ballis• tic Research Laboratories. J . L. KERN (1968), " The Development of Computer Science at Iowa State University," Report ERI-342, Engineering Research Institute, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa (Dec. 1968). The first four pages contain a description of the pioneering use of punched card equipment for statistical computations, which started at Iowa in 1923, and of Atanasoff's special purpose electronic computer, intended for the solution of simultaneous equations. T. KILBURN (1947), A Storage System for Use with Binary Digital Computing Machines. Department of Electrotechnics. Univ. of Man• chester (1 Dec. 1947). 85p. (Reprinted in June 1978 to mark the thir• tieth anniversary of the Manchester Mark I computer.) From the historical note provided with the reprinted version: "This was the first formal report to be issued by the computer design group at Manchester University. About 50 copies were produced in December 1947 and were cir• culated widely in Britain and in America .. . The report represented the suc• cessful completion by Kilburn of about 12 months' development of a practi• cal storage system ... The ideas behind the hypothetical computer described in section 6 became the Manchester Mark I. of which the prototype first ran a program on 21st June 1948." T. KILBURN, See also F. C. Williams. N. KITZ (1951), A Discussion of Automatic Digital High-Speed Cal• culating Machines. with special reference to SEC - A Simple Electronic Computer. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of London (June 1951). 152p. " Part 1 consists of a brief historical introduction to modern calculating machines. Digital aids to computation, starting from the abacus and ending with modern punched card equipment, are described followed by a survey of the large scale automatic digital computers constructed in the U.S.A. and elsewhere .. . In all about 25 computing systems are described. Part II consists of a review of some of the techniques used at Birkbeck College in the course

481 of the development of a simple electronic computer ... " The historical intro• duction and survey are in fact quite detailed and extensive, and constitute the major portion of the thesis. P . KLAAS (1953), "Northrop Pioneers Computer Technique," Avia- tion Week, pp.41,43-45 (3 Aug. 1953). A largely non-technical article about the developments at Northrop which led to the IBM CPC, and the use made of a number of CPC's there for engineering calculations. The article credits Rex Rice with the development of "highly successful" new internal programming techniques on the CPC, and with the design of an enlarged version of the CPC, incorporating an IBM Type 604 or 605. Amongst other calculating equipment at Northrop is listed the BINAC . PH .-E. KUPSTEIN (1786), Beschreibung einer neu erfundenen Rechenmaschine, Barrentrapp Sohn und Wenner, Frankfurt (1786). The last chapter describes Muller's proposed difference engine, and is in the form of a plea for funds to carry out the project. The machine was to be used for the generation, and printing, of mathematical tables. J. KUR (1963), "An Invention that might have Accelerated the Development of Mathematical Machines," Tech. Dig . 5 (5), pp.39-41 (May 1963). A brief article on the patent that Bernard Weiner obtained in 1923 for an "Electric Computer and Typewriter," built from relays. It is stated that the machine had fixed built-in " programs" for the basic arithmetic operations, sin x, exponentiation, etc., which are described in the patent. A final para• graph gives a brief biography of Weiner, and states that a special depart• ment was set up at the Vitkovice Iron Works "where Weiner worked in developing his idea and designing a fully automatic computer. This work was stopped for good by the German occupation. Weiner .. . perished in 1942." H. E. KNEISS (1973), "First Electronics Research Lab. Rediscovered," NCR Dayton 6 (3), pp.I-3 (11 Apr. 1973). Brief illustrated account of the Electronics Research Laboratory where Desch and Mumma led the work on the NCR Electronic Calculator Project. C. G. KNOTT (1914), "The Calculating Machine of the East: the Abacus," pp. 136-154 in Napier Tercentenary Celebration: Handbook of the Exhibition, Royal Soc. of Edinburgh (1914). (Also published as 'Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation: A handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Celebration Exhibition,' G. Bell and Sons. London (1914).) Account of the history of the abacus, and detailed explanation of its use for the operations of multiplication, division, square root and cube root. D. E. KNUTH (1970), "von Neumann's First Computer Program," Compo Surveys 2 (4), pp.247-260 (1970). A fascinating detailed analysis of a sorting program written by von Neumann in 1945 in order to evaluate the proposed order code for what later became the EDVAC. Contains a brief, but valuable account of the developments which lead to ENIAC and EDVAC , and of their consequences. D. E. KNUTH and L. TRABB PARDO (1976), "The Early Development of Programming Languages," Report STAN-CS-76-562, Computer Science Dept., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. (Aug. 1976). 109p. A very interesting survey and analysis of early high-level programming

482 languages, starting with Zuse's Plankalkul, and Goldstine and von Neumann's Flow Diagrams. D. E. KNUTH and L. TRABB PARDO (1980), "The Early Development of Programming Languages," pp. 197-213 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). Published version of Knuth and Trabb Pardo (1976). S . G. KOON (1913), "Hollerith Tabulating Machinery in the Business Office," Machinery 20, pp.25-26 (Sept. 1913). A brief survey of commercial applications of the Hollerith system, including photographs of installations at the Southern Pacific R.R. Co. , the Carnegie Steel Co., and the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. S . KORBINSKI (1977), "The True Story of Enigma - The German code machine in World War II," East European Quarterly 11 (2), pp.227-234, Univ. of Colorado (Summer 1977). Concentrates on the prewar work by the Polish cryptanalysts, based on Pol• ish Intelligence Service Records, and testimonies from those involved. Con• tains only brief mentions of the cryptographic bomb and the cyclometer. M. KORMES (1929), "Leibniz on his Calculating Machine," pp. 173- 181 in A Source Book in Mathematics, (ed. D. E. Smith), McGraw-Hill, New York (1929). Translation of the manuscript "Machina arithmetica in qua nun additio tan• tum et subtractio sed et multiplicatio nullo, divisio vero paene nullo animi labore peragantur (1685)," describing the first machine for performing the four basic arithmetic operations. L. KOSTEN (1950), "Fictitious Traffic Machines," pp. 114-115 in Report of a Conference on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge (Jan. 1950). Describes a special purpose digital calculator, built in 1941 at the The Hague Local Telephone Administration's Laboratory, to simulate part of a tele• phone exchange, in order to evaluate its probable performance. W. KOZACZUK (1975), "The War of Wits," Poland 6,7, pp.10-11,34-35 and 32-34 (1975). A detailed account of the work of Polish cryptanalysts on the Enigma cipher, claiming that in 1937 they had "cryptographic bombes," which were "com• plex electronic units with tens of thousands of subassemblies and details [and] a special system of electrically connected revolving drums." W. KOZACZUK (1975b), "Enigma Wie Der Code Der Faschisten Genackt Wurde," Horizont 8 (41-49) (1975). An account of the work by the Polish cryptanalysts, first in Poland and then in France, on the breaking of Enigma messages. A much longer and more detailed account than that given in Kozaczuk (1975a), though with only a few details of the cryptanalytic machines that were used. E. KREBS (1911), "Die Rechenstabe und Rechenmaschinen einst undjetzt," Beitr. Cesch. Techn. Ind. 3, pp.147-162 (1911). The section of this paper dealing with calculating machines is notable for its illustrated descriptions of machines by Hahn and by Burkhardt, and of the Unitas, Archimedes, Brunsviga, Monopol. Mercedes-Gauss and Millionaire machines.

483 F. C. KREIUNG (1968), "Leibniz," Scientific American 218 (5), pp.94-100 (May 1968). A biography, including a brief illustrated description of his calculating machine. F. KREINDL (1935), "Jacquards Prinzip bereits 200 Jahre alt?," Son• derdruek aus Melliand Textilberiehte, Heidelberg 2, pp.1-2 (8 May 1935). A description with photographs of a draw-loom incorporating a wooden sequence control mechanism involving small wooden pegs fixed to a piece of canvas, thus being somewhat akin to a pegged cylinder mechanism. The author suggests that this "Broselmaschine" was invented by a member of the Ortner family, of Muhlviertel in Upper Austria, in or before 1740, and that the invention was made independently of Bouchon and Falcon, Jacquard's precursors. It is stated that the machine is exhibited at the Heimatsmuseum in Haslach. Upper Austria.

D. LARDNER (1834), "Babbage's Calculating Engines," Edinburgh Review 120 (July 1834). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889) and in Morrison and Morrison (1961}.) discussion of the mechanism of the Difference Engine. Extensive discussions on mathematical tables. followed by a very extensive J. A. LARRIVEE, See G. R. Stibitz. E. R. LARSON (1973), "Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order for Judgement," File No. 4-67 Civ. 138, Honeywell Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corporation and Illinois Scientific Developments, Inc., U.S. Dis• trict Court, District of Minnesota, Fourth Division (19 Oct. 1973). 319p. (180 U.S.P.Q. 673.) A fascinating document. giving Judge Larson's findings concerning the vali• dity of the ENIAC patent. and of possible infringements of this patent. Three separate chapters detail the findings concerning the earliest public use made of ENIAC . the attempts to commercialize the machine, and the influence of Atanasoff on Mauchly. all causing various aspects of the ENIAC patent to be invalidated. Other chapters cover such topics as the relation• ship of various ENIAC patent claims to work on electronics at RCA, IBM and elsewhere, and the preparation and distribution of von Neumann's 1945 report on EDVAC. J. LAST (1962), "Digital Calculating Machines," Chartered Meeh. Engn. 9 (11), pp.572-579 (Dec. 1962). An important paper. containing descriptions of many mechanical details of most of the major early calculating machines (Pascal. Morland, Stanhope. Thomas, BollE!e. Steiger), accounting machines (Burroughs, Felt, etc.). and early punched card machines (Hollerith and Powers) and brief details of the work of Babbage and Scheutz. S. H. LAvINGTON {1975}, A History of Manchester Computers, N.C.C . Publications, Manchester {1975}. 44p. This very useful booklet summarizes the history of five successive computer projects at Manchester University. during the period 1946 to 1975. The early pages give information. from primary sources. on the development of the first computer at Manchester. and on the roles of F. C. Williams. T. Kilburn. M. H. A. Newman. A. Turing and others. Profusely illustrated.

484 S. H. I..AVINGTON (1977), "A Golden Era Rich in Talent," Computing, p.19 (11 Aug. 1977). A discussion of innovations in computer design introduced in Britain during the period 1946-1951, concentrating on index registers, the Williams Tube, and on early techniques for organising two-level stores. S. H. I..AVINGTON (1979), "The Early Days of British Computers," Elec- tronics and Power, pp.827-832 and 40-45 (1978/1979). A useful well-illustrated account of British computer developments during the period 1945-1955, particularly valuable for the details it gives of early negotiations and interactions amongst the groups at the NPL, Manchester, Cambridge and the Post Office Research Station. Other developments dis• cussed include those at Elliott Brothers and at Birkbeck College, and MOSIAC and TREAC . S. H. I..AVINGTON (1980), Early British Computers, Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester (1980). 129p. (American edition published by Digital Press.) A well-illustrated popular account, including chapters on Computing in the 1930s, Colossus. Pilot ACE. EDSAC and the Manchester Machines. S. H. I..AVINGTON (1980b). "Computer Development at Manchester University," pp. 433-443 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). A brief survey. together with an account of the structure and order code of the machine developed from the 1949 prototype into the Ferranti Mark I computer. J. L. I..AwSON, See H. Lifschutz. F. LECLERE. See L. d·Auria. N. J. LEHMANN (1953), "Bericht tiber den Entwurf eines Kleinen Rechenautomaten an der Technischen Hochschule Dresden," Ber. Math. Tagung, pp.262-270 (Jan. 1953). Describes postwar developments at the Technische Hochschule Dresden. starting in 1948 with the construction of a magnetic drum store. and in 1949 an autonomous stack-based arithmetic unit. work which later led to the construction of the Dl computer. D. H. LEHMER (1933), "A Photo-Electric Number Sieve," Amer. Math. Monthly 40 (7), pp.40 1-406 (Aug-Sept. 1933). A delightful description of a device. involving a set of co-axial gear wheels, with holes opposite each tooth. together with a photo-electric cell control• ling a brake. Selected holes are left unplugged so that a given factorising problem can be solved rapidly by rotating the wheels at high speed. and using the photo-electric cell to detect when the holes are in conjunction so letting a light beam pass through them. D. H. LEHNER (1951), " Leslie John Comrie (1893-1950)," MTAC 5, pp.l08-109 (1951). An obituary. D. H. LEHMER (1980). "A History of the Sieve Process," pp. 445-456 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and C.-C. Rota). Academic Press, New York (1980). A very readable account, including coverage of early electromechanical

485 sieves (1926 and 1936) and the first photo-electric sieve (1932). G. W. LEIBNIZ (1966). "De Progressione Dyadica - Pars I." pp. 42-47 in Herrn von Leibniz' Rechnung mit Null und Einz. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft. Berlin (1966). (Reprint. with an accompanying translation. of a manuscript dated 15 Mar. 1679. in the collection of the Niedersachsischen Landesbibliotheke. Hannover.) A discussion of binary representations and arithmetic. which includes a brief discussion of the possibility of designing a mechanical binary calcula• tor which would use moving balls to represent binary digits. E. LEMAIRE. See L. Malassis. K. LENZ (1932). Die Rechen- und Buchungsmaschinen. B. G. Teubner. Leipzig (1932). Lengthy account of the mechanical principles. and of the methods of use. of all the major then-current calculating and book-keeping machines. Very lit• tle on the history of their development. and no references. R. LENZ (1906). "Die Rechenmaschinen." Verein zur Berforderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen 85. pp.111-138 (1906). Discussion. and detailed drawings. of the mechanism of calculating machines by Goldman. von Mayer. Felt and Tarrant. Burroughs. Brunsviga. Thomas. Selling and Baldwin. D. LEWIN. See M. Woodger. R. LEWIN (1978). Ultra Goes To War: The secret story. Hutchinson. London (1978). 398p. A detailed and careful account. based on newly released official files. and many interviews with the people involved. of the work at Bletchley Park. the information obtained there by deciphering intercepted German radio mes• sages. and its significance to the Allied war effort. Although the book con• tains little technical detail of the electromechanical and electronic cryp• tanalytical devices such as the Bomb and the Colossus used there. it pro• vides a better description than any previously published account of the environment at Bletchley Park. of how deciphered messages were analyzed and distributed. and of the impact of this activity on various aspects of the 1939-1945 war. T. C. LEwIs (1884). Heroes of Science: Mechanicians. Soc. for Pro- moting Christian Knowledge. London (1884). 340p. Pages 302-340 constitute a popular account of Babbage's life and work. based in large part on his 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher.' It pro• vides an adequate account of the principles of the Difference Engine. but no details at all of the Analytical Engine. W. B. LEwIs (1937). "A "Scale of Two" High-Speed Counter using Hard Vacuum Triodes." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 33. pp.549-558 (1937). Describes a binary counter stated to have greater reliability and speed than the original Wynn-Williams thyratron-based counter. W. B. LEwIs (1942). Electrical Counting: With special reference to alpha and beta particles. Univ. Press. Cambridge (1942). Contains detailed discussions of various trigger circuits. and binary and decimal counters. using gas-filled or hard vacuum valves. "The technique of electrical counting has grown as an essential aid in research in nuclear phy• sics. and this book owes much to those who have pursued this science at the

486 Cavendish Laboratory. The central chapters of this book. .. will I hope be of interest to many who have occasion to use valve circuits, but who may not be concerned with nuclear physics." W. LEYBOURN (1700), Arithmetik, Vulgar, Decimal and Instrumental (7th Edition), Churchill, London (1700). 346p. Pages 259-295 contain a detailed account of Napier's rods, and of their use. This includes a description of the additional rods designed for assisting the process of obtaining the square and cube root of a number. SHu-T'IEN LI (1959), "Origin and Development of the Chinese Abacus," J. ACM 6 (1), pp.102-110 (1959). Detailed discussion of the history of the abacus. It is claimed that "the Chinese abacus as a physical device can be traced as far back as circa 1100 B.C .... [It] was originated and developed independently of all others." L. LIAGRE, See A. Doyon. H. LIFSCHUTZ and J. L. LAWSON (1938), "A Triode Vacuum Tube Scale• of-Two Circuit," Rev. Sci. Instr. 9, pp.83-89 (Mar. 1938). Describes a binary counter that was approximately thirty times faster than previous counters based on thyratrons. S. LIlLEY (1945), " Machinery in Mathematics: An historical survey of calculating machines," Discovery 6 (5 and 6), pp.150-156,182-185 (1945). The two parts of the article concern digital and analogue calculators, respectively. The section on digital calculators covers the work of Pascal, Babbage, Thomas, Roth and others, and is notable for its attempt to relate their work to the prevailing conditions, and mathematical attitudes, of their day. W. LIND (1931), "Getreibe der Addiermaschinen," Z. VDI 75, pp.201-205 (1931). A very detailed, well-illustrated account of not just the main but also the various subsidiary mechanisms incorporated in current adding machines. W. LIND (1931 b), "Getriebe der Multipliziermaschine," Z. VDI 75 , pp.985-990 (1931). A companion article to Lind (1931a), with excellent illustrated descriptions of the functioning of the mechanisms in a number of calculating machines, including ones with direct multiplication features. L. L. loCKE (1924), "The History of Modern Calculating Machines: An American contribution," Amer. Math. Monthly 31, pp.422-429 (1924). Gives a useful discussion of terminology, and a classification of calculating machines, and describes the work of Barbour and Odhner on what is now often called an " Odhner-wheel." However evidence is presented to show that this device originated with Barbour'S work in 1872. L. L. loCKE (1926), "The First Direct-Multiplication Machine," Type- writer Topics, pp.16-20 (Nov. 1926). Contains a detailed description, and a number of pictures, of the direct multiplication machine invented by Ramon Verea in 1878. The mechanical multiplication table incorporated in his machine was a ten-faced prism, on each face of which were nine pairs of holes, whose sizes represented the digits 0 to 9.

487 L. L. loCKE (1929), "Pascal on his Calculating Machine," pp. 165- 172 in A Source Book in Mathematics, (ed. D. E. Smith), McGraw-Hill, New York (1929). Translation of an account written by Pascal subsequent to being granted a Privilege in 1649. This was in essence an "advertisement," rather than a technical account of the machine. L. L. loCKE (1932), "Synchronism and Anachronism," Scripta Math. 1, pp.147-152 (1932). Discursive but interesting comments on the various calculating machine inventors, including Leibniz, Grant, Baldwin, and Rechnitzer ("credited with having first attained the goal of a completely automatic machine for the four fundamental processes"), apparently prompted by the introduction of and the awarding of a prize to the Monroe Full Automatic KAA, "the first fully automatic key-set calculating machine to appear." L. L. loCKE (1933), "The Contributions of Leibniz to the Art of Mechanical Calculation," Scripta Math. 1, pp.315-321 (1933). An important account of Leibniz' work on calculating machines. Locke argues that Leibniz actually had just one machine built (by a French mechanic, Olivier), which was completed in 1694, and that a very different design, described in a Leibniz manuscript dated 1685, was never built and indeed was infeasible. (The 1685 design was based on wheels with variable numbers of teeth, in contrast to the 1694 machine which incorporated the stepped reckoner mechanism.) It is stated that Leibniz was originally stimu• lated by learning of Pascal's work, "a description of which he requested and received from Carcavius," and that he began work in about 1671. Locke describes how the machine was lost until 1879, of how in 1893 it was analyzed and repaired by Burkhardt. He gives a detailed account of the operation of the machine, and of the inadequacy of the carry mechanism. M. G. LoSANO (1971), "Charles Babbage e la Programmazione delle Macchina da Calcolo," Atti dell' Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 106, pp.25-37 (1971/72). Discusses Babbage's ideas on what would now be called program control - derived mainly from 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. M. G. LoSANO (1973), Babbage: La Macchina Analitica, un secolo di calcolo automatico, Etas Kompass Libri, Milan (1973). 191p. Contains hitherto unpublished papers and letters by Babbage whose origi• nals are conserved in the library of the Academy of Sciences of Turin. The most interesting document is a French translation of a letter written to Plana, presumably in 1834 or 1835. It discusses the current state of the design of what became the Analytical Engine, although at this stage it was more akin to a digital differential analyzer, and the idea of program control by Jacquard cards had not yet arisen. The book also includes extracts from the Turin police files concerning the surveillance of Babbage and his travel• ling companion/guide Fortunato Prandi, a suspected revolutionary. M. G. LoSANO (1974), Scheutz: La Macchina alle Differenze, Etas Libri. Milan (1974). 164p. Contains articles on the life of George Scheutz by Losano, and on his difference engine by Merzbach, together with Italian translations of a number of original documents and papers, including several by Babbage and his son. An extensive bibliography by C. F. Bergstedt is also included.

488 M. G. LoSANO (1976), "Le Radici Europee dell'Elaboratore Elellron- ico," Le Scienze 89, pp.57-72 (Jan. 1976). An illustrated account of four European contributions to the computer, namely those of Leibniz and Pascal, of Charles 8abbage, of Scheutz, and of Zuse. The section on Scheutz is particularly detailed. M. G. LoSANO (1976b), Machines Arithm~tiques : Invenzioni francesi del Settecento, Bollega D'Erasmo, Turin (1976). 119p. The book consists of a set of facsimile reproductions of 18th century French articles on automatic calculating devices and machines, taken from Galon: "Machines et Inventions Approuv~es par I'Acad~mie Royale"(1735-1777) and Diderot: "Encyclop~die ou Dictionaire Raisonn~ des Sciences des Arts et des M~tiers"( 1751). The articles cover a device to aid addition by Perrault, cal• culators by Lepine, Pascal, and Hillerin de 80istissandeau, a tabular aid to manual arithmetic by De Mean and several automata by Maillardet. The arti• cles are excelJenUy reproduced, complete with original illustrations. M. LoTKIN (1951), "Remarks on the IBM Relay Calculator," pp. 154- 157 in Proc. Computation Seminar, Dec. 1949, IBM, New York (1951). Describes the interconnecting of two IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calcula• tors, one being used as extra storage for the other. E. LoVEDAY (1977), "George Stibitz and the Bell Labs Relay Comput• ers," Datamation 23 (9), p.80,81,84,85 (Sept. 1977). An interesting well-illustrated account, based on an interview with Stibitz. AUGUSTA ADA, COUNTESS OF LoVELACE (1843), "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, by L. F. Menabrea of Turin, officer of the Military Engineers, with notes upon the Memoir by the Transla• tor," Taylor's Scientific Memoirs 3 (Article 29), pp.666-731 (1843). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P. (1889), Bowden (1953) and Morrison and Morrison (1961).) The single most important paper published on 8abbage's Analytical Engine. Lady Lovelace's notes are more lengthy than the original Menabrea paper, which is itself a good description of the basic principles of the Analytical Engine. S. LUBKIN (1947), Proposed Programming for the ED VA C, Unpub- lished typescript (Jan. 1947). 43p. A document which was originalJy in the NPL Mathematics Division library, listed in their bibliography as "an unofficial. privately circulated report." It provides a lengthy description of a three-plus-one address order code for the EDVAC , and its use on a number of example problems. At this time the plan was to rely on offline conversion of paper tape programs to magnetic tape by a relay-based 'interpreter,' which would perform decimal-binary conversions, and address relocation for subroutines. P. E. LUDGATE (1909), "On a Proposed Analytical Machine," Scientific p,roc. Roy'al Dublin Soc. 12 (9), pp.77-91 (1909). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present VOlume.) Description of a tape-controlJed calculator, in which multiplication is per• formed directly, by a form of logarithmic method. Intended, as 8abbage's analytical machine, to provide facilities for iteration and conditional bran• chong. P. E. LUDGATE (1914), "Automatic Calculating Engines," pp. 124-127 in Napier Tercentenary Celebration: Handbook of the Exhibition, Royal 489 Soc. of Edinburgh (1914). (Also published as 'Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation: A handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Cele• bration Exhibition,' G. Bell and Sons. London (1914).) Brief description of the Babbage Analytical Engine. followed by comments on his own work on difference and analytical engines: "I have myself designed an analytical machine. on different lines from Babbage·s... Complete descriptive drawings of the machine exist as well as a description in manuscript. but I have not been able to take any steps to have the machine constructed ... W. F. LUEBBERT and E. L. STOll (1977). " Colossus and the Ultra Secret." Abacus. pp.l0-21 (June 1977). (Pilot issue of a new publication of AFIPS.) An interesting account of the cipher machines used by the Germans during World War II and the codebreaking activity at Bletchley Park. Lavishly illus• trated by photographs of the Enigma and Geheimfernschreiber cipher machines. and of the Colossus and its developers. H. LUKOFF (1979). From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the elec- tronic computer. Robotics Press. Portland. Oregon (1979). 219p. A fascinating autobigraphy by one of the engineers closely involved with Eckert and Mauchly in the ENIAC project. the Electronic Control Company. and work on BINAC and UNIVAC . A. C. LYNCH (1978). The Secret Digital Computers of 1943. Profes- sional Group S7. I.E .E .. London (July 1978). A description of the development of the Heath Robinson and the Colossus. valuable for its first-hand account of the work on photo-electric paper tape readers for these machines. R. C. LYNDON (1947). "The Zuse Computer." MTAC 2 (20). pp.355-359 (1947). Describes the then incomplete Z4 computer. At this date the memory held 16 numbers - the projected size being 1024. D. MACEWAN and C. A. BEEVERS (1942). " AMachine for the Rapid Sum- mation of Fourier Series." J. of Sci. Instr. 19. pp.150-156 (Oct. 1942). A very detailed description of a special purpose device. based on uni• selectors. for performing calculations involved in the use of Fourier Syn• thesis for crystallography. A. MACFARLANE (1919). Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century. Wiley. New York (1919). 144p. The chapter on 8abbage {pp.71-83} is based on a lecture given in 1903. MacFarlane prOVIdes a very good summary of 8abbage's life and work, which includes a clear account of the main features of 8abbage's planned Analyti• cal Engine. complete with an explanation of the sequence of Jacquard cards that would be needed for a small sample problem. W. MACKIE (1975). A Noble Breed: The Auckland Racing Club. 1874- 1974. Wilson and Horton. Auckland (1975). Contains a chapter on G. A. Julius and his automatic totalisator. which was first used in 1913. by the Auckland Racing Club. Several photo'graphs are included of this huge mechanical contrivance. which provided a continu• ously updated display of the grand total and of the individual totals of bets made on up to thirty horses in a race.

490 L. E. MAISTROV, See I. A. Apokin. S. MAKINOUCHI, See K. Jo. L. MALASSIS , E. LEMAIRE, and R. GRELET (1920), "Bibliographie R~lative a l'Arithm~tique, au Calcul Simplifi~ et aux Instruments a Calculer," Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale 132, pp.739-757 (Sept.-Oct. 1920). A valuable bibliography (over 300 items), on calculating machines, slide rules, etc., mainly but not exclusively of books and articles in French. R. MAUK (1969), "In the Beginning - Early days with ACE," Data Systems, pp.56-59,82 (Mar. 1969). A very useful discussion of the situation in Britain immediately after the war, when work was starting at NPL, Manchester and Cambridge. It concen• trates on personalities and attitudes, but includes a number of quotations from Turing's 1945 report proposing ACE. Turing's wartime work is hinted at, in a paragraph which mentions that the work was closely analogous to that "carried out by Bell Labs on the 10 L predictor." The final sections of the paper describe the various efforts at NPL at building an electronic com• puter, culminating in the completion of Pilot ACE in late 1950. R. MAUK (1970), "Only Begetters of the Computer," New Scientist 47 (710), pp.138-139 (16 July 1970). Brief interviews with J. P. Eckert, Grace M. Hopper and K. Zuse. R. MAUK (1975), And Tomorrow the World: Inside I.B.M, Millington, London (1975). 496p. Chapter 1 contains a highly idiosyncratic and somewhat intemperate account of the origins of computers, which nevertheless contains some interesting items and comments about Turing, Zuse, von Neumann and oth• ers. R. MAUK (1980), "A Big Con Committed by the Powers That Be," Computing 8 (48) (27 Nov. 1980). Claims that the Colossus was developed to break messages enciphered using a Lorenz cipher machine rather than the Geheimschreiber. C. MANBY (1856), Scheutz ' Difference Engine and Babbage's Mechanical Notation, William Clowes, London (1856). Excerpt minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. XV, Session 1855-56, at which H. P. Babbage presented_ his description of the Swedish machine. Charles Babbage is quoted as saying "The principle of cal• culation by differences is common to Mr. Scheutz's engine and to my own, and is so obviously the only principle at once extensive in its grasp and sim• ple in its mechanical application, that I have little doubt it will be found to have been suggested by more than one antecedent writer." W. P. MARSHALL (1879), "Babbage's Calculating Machine," Proc. Birmingham Phil. Soc. I, pp.33-48 (1879). A detailed description of the operation of the Difference Engine, based on a set of specially prepared drawings of the machine. E. MARTIN (1925), Die Rechenmaschinen und ihre Entwick- lungsgeschichte, Johannes Meyer, Pappenheim (1925). The first part of this book is a general survey of the various types of calcu• lating machines that have been developed, and their basic principles of operation. The rest of the book (well over 250 pages) lists, in chronological

491 order. over 200 different calculators. often with illustrations. and in many cases with detailed. well illustrated. accounts of their mechanisms. The list• ing starts Pascal (1642). Morland (1666). Leibniz (1672-1712). Grillet (1678). Poleni (1709). Lepine (1725). Leupold (1727). Poetius (1728). Hilleran de 80istissandau (1730). Gersten (1735). Pereire (1750). Hahn (1774). Mahon (1775). Muller (1783). etc. T. C. MARTIN (1891). " Counting a Nation by Electricity." Electrical Engineer 12 (184). pp.521-530 (11 Nov. 1891). A very readable popular account describing the machines built by Hollerith for the 1890 U.S. Census. and of the experience of their use. Very well illus• trated. T. MATUYAMA (1977). "History of Computer Development in the Fujitsu Company." Bull. Inj. Froc. Soc. of Japan 18 (7). pp.664-674 (July 1977). (In Japanese.) Covers work on relay devices and computers. starting in 1935 with a counter. and on electronic computers from 1957 to 1977. Useful bibliogra• phy covering the period 1954- 1971 . J. W. MAUCHLY (1941). Notes on Electrical Calculating Devices. Unpublished memorandum (15 Aug. 1941). Disusses the distinction between analogue and digital devices and the possi• bility of using vacuum tubes for digital calculation. "At present it may not be possible to build a commercial competitor for the desk-type . but larger machines for more involved. more lengthy. or more specialized jobs are practical." J. W. MAUCHLY (1942). The Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating. Privately circulated memorandum. Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Univ. of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia (Aug. 1942). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.} The memorandum suggests the use of an electronic digital computer as a successor to the mechanical differential analyzer. It talks of the need for a program device to control the sequencing of operations. and calculates that 1000 multiplications. involving 9 decimal digit operands. could be per• formed per second. J. W. MAUCHLY (1948). " Preparation of Problems for EDVAC-type Machines." pp. 203-207 in Froc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Cal• culating Machinery. 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ. Vol. 16. Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge. Mass. (1948). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Discusses advantages of the machines currently under construction. which had an extensive internal memory. a small. simple. order code. and the abil• ity to store and modify instructions in the internal memory. Gives a brief discussion of problems of using subroutines (how to reference. initiate and terminate them. and how to revert control). and the need for standard link• age conventions. Mentions the problems caused by the fact that subroutines will not always be executed from the same place in memory. J. W. MAUCHLY (1975). "Mauchly on the Trials of Building the ENIAC. " IEEE Spectrum 12 (4). pp.70-76 (Apr. 1975). An important set of personal reminiscences about the author's work with Mauchly at the Moore School on the ENIAC project. (See also Brainerd (1976).)

492 J. W. MAUCHLY (1979), "Amending the ENIAC Story," Datamation 25 (11), pp.217-218,220 (Oct. 1979). Contains important claims concerning the relative contributions of von Neu• mann, Eckert and Mauchly to the development of stored programs. Also con• tains interesting comments on the BINAC, and the method of programming ENIAC. "When von Neumann arrived, Eckert and I were asked to tell Johnny what our plans were and we did. We started with our basic ideas: that there would be only one storage device (with addressable locations) for the entire EDVAC, and this would hold both data and instructions. All necessary arith• metic operations would be performed in just one arithmetic unit (unlike the ENIAC). All control functions would be centralized (in contrast to the ENIAC). Of course there would be devices to handle input and output and these would be subject to the control module just like the other modules were." J. W. MAUCHLY (1980), "The ENIAC," pp. 541-550 in A History of Com• puting in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.• C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). An important set of personal statements on various matters relating to ENIAC and its invention. J. W. MAUCHLY, See also J. P. Eckert. M. MAUL (1927), "Die Elektrischen Lochkarten-Maschinen," Elektro- technische Zeitschrift 48, pp.1789-1794 (1927). Includes an account of the evolution of punched card machinery since the original equipment of 1890, and a description of the mechanism of card punches and verifiers. E. C. MAYNE (1929), The Life and Letters of Anne Isabella, Lady Noel Byron, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1929). 502p. The epilogue, by Mary, Countess of Lovelace, contains a brief biographical sketch of her husband's mother, Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace. W. MAYS (1953), " First Circuit for an Electrical Logic Machine," Sci• ence 118, pp.281-282 (4 Sept. 1953). An account of a circuit diagram, prepared in about 1885 by Alan Marquand, for an electrical relay machine for performing logical inference. J. MCCARTHY (1966), "Informalion," Scientific American 215 (3), pp.65-72 (1966). Contains a very brief account of the development of computers, including, however, the statement "As early as 1943 a British group had an electronic computer working on a war-time assignment. .. J. H. MCCARTHY (1924), The American Digest of Business Machines: A compendium of makes and models with specifications and principles of operation described, and including used machine valuations. Amer• ican Exchange Service, Chicago (1924). 640p. Provides brief specifications of an immense number and variety of then• available business machines, ranging from Adding Machines to Wax Sealing Machines. Relevant sections include Adding Machines (pp.13-64), Calculating Machines (pp.65-85), Billing Machines (pp.422-435), Book-keeping Machines (pp.436-489) and Tabulating Machines (pp.353-360). Most machines are illustrated, and important machines or ranges of machines are described and compared in detail. Particularly extensive coverage is given to Bur• roughs Adding Machines, the Hollerith and the Powers Tabulating Systems, and the method of operation of the various rival book-keeping systems

493 (Burroughs, Dalton, Elliott-Fisher, Ellis, Remington and Underwood). Pro• vides what is probably an unparalleled survey of office machinery in the 1920's. T. MCLAUGHUN (1977), "Ada Byron - The romantic computer pro• grammer," Spectrum 147, pp.6-7 (1977). A readable account, based on standard sources. J. McNULTY (1980), "Footnote to History (Letter to the Editor}," Datamation 26 (11), pp.23-24,26 (Nov. 1980). Presents important evidence, in the form of letters written by Mauchly before his visit to Atanasoff which were not submiited in evidence at the Honeywell-Sperry Univac trial, that Mauchly was already considering the use of digital electronics for numerical calculations. J. C. MCPHERSON (1942), "Mathematical Operations with Punched Cards," J. of the A mer. Statistical Assoc. 37 (218), pp.275-281 (June 1942). Describes the use of punched card equipment for synthesis and analysis of harmonic functions, for evaluating multiple correlations, determinants, etc. R. MEHMKE and M. O'OCAGNE (1908), "Calcul Num~riques," Encyclop~die des Sciences Math~matiques Pures et Appliqu~es. (Edi• tion Francaise) 1.4 (2), pp.196-320 (1908). The section 'Calculs rigoureux a l'aide de Machines a calcul propres a l'execution de calculs simples' (pp.236-267) is a very good detailed account of the historical development of calculating machines, covering many different machines in more than the usual amount of detail, including Pas• cal, Felt, Leibniz, Hamann, Thomas, Maurel, Bollee and Steiger. The following section (pp.267-270) gives quite a lot of detail on the history of difference engines, and rather less on analytical engines. The whole account is supple• mented by detailed references. L. F. MENABREA (1842), "Nolions sur la Machine Analylique de M. Charles Babbage," Biblioth~que Universelle de Gen~ve 82, pp.352-376 (Ocl. 1842). The first published account of the analytical engine, which became best known in the form of the heavily annotated translation by Lady Lovelace. L. F. MENABREA (1855), "Vari~l~s," Cosmos 6 (20 April 1855). (Reprinled in Babbage, H.P. (1889).) Describes Menabrea's discovery that Lady Lovelace was the translator and annotator of his article on the Analytical Engine. L. F. MENABREA (1884), "Sur la Machine Analylique de Charles Bab- bage," Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, pp.179-182 (28 July 1884). Brief description of Babbage's Analytical Engine; includes a reprint of the letter sent by Babbage to Menabrea, disclosing that the mysterious A.A.L. , translator and annotator of Menabrea's article, was Augusta Ada, Countess of LOvelace. F. A. A. MENZLER (1968), "William Phillips," J. Inst. of Actuaries 94/2 (398), pp.269-271 (1968). Obituary notice for William Phillips. States that he and John Womersley of the National Physical Laboratory had started to design ACE in 1943. W. R. MERRIAM (1903), "The Evolulion of Modern Census Taking," Century Magazine, pp.831-842 (Apr. 1903). 494 Contains illustrated descriptions of the Seaton device for aiding tabulation, used in the 1880 U.S . Census, and of the automatic tabulator used in the 1900 U.S . Census. C. W. MERRIFIELD (1879), "Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Cayley, Dr. Farr, Mr. J. W. L. Glaisher, Dr. Pole, Professor Fuller, Professor A. B. W. Kennedy, Professor Clifford and Mr. C. W. Merrifield, appointed to consider the advisability and to estimate the expense of constructing Mr. Babbage's Analytical Machine, and of printing tables by its means," pp. 92-102 in Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science. Dublin, Aug. f 878, John Murray, Lon• don (1879). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.} Fascinating. Concludes by praising Babbage for his ideas, but states that "we are also of the opinion that in the present stage of the design, it is not more than a theoretical possibility; that is to say, we do not consider it a certainty that it could be constructed and put together so as to run smoothly and correctly, and to do the work expected of it... We cannot advise the British Association to take any steps, either by way of recommen• dation or otherwise, to procure the construction of Mr . Babbage's Analytical Engine." U. C. MERZBACH (1977), Georg Scheutz and the First Printing Calcu• lator, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. (1977). (Smith• sonian Studies in History and Technology, No. 36) 73p. An excellent carefully-researched account, covering the development of the Scheutz difference engine, and its purchase and use in America. There are many photographs, and an extensive bibliography. N. METROPOUS and W. J. WORLTON (1972), "A Trilogy of Errors in the History of Computing., " pp. 683-691 in Proc. First U.S.A.-Japan Com• puter Con/. , 3 -5 Oct. 1972, Tokyo, AFIPS Inc., Montvale, N.J . (1972). An important paper containing careful analyses of the extent to which the developers of the early computers and relay calculators were aware of Babbage's work, and accounts of the development of the stored program concept, and the early history of the MANIAC . N. METROPOUS and W. J . WORLTON (1980), " A Trilogy of Errors in the History of Computing," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (1), pp.49-59 (Jan. 1980). Reprint of Metropolis and Worlton(l972). W. MEYER ZUR CAP ELLEN (1949), Mathematische Instrumente (Dritte A uftag e), Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig (1949). Pages 53-122 give detailed descriptions of the mechanisms used in contem• porary calculating and adding machines. In an appendix a brief account is given of German, British and American developments, including the work of Zuse, and at Darmstadt, and the Harvard Mark I. ENIAC, and ACE. The Rus• sian language edition, published in 1950, has an extensive bibliography on East European developments, compiled by N. E. Kobrinskiy. D. MICHIE (1968), "Machines that Play and Plan," Science J., pp.83-88 (Oct. 1968). Contains a brief reference to the author's wartime work. " During the war I was a member of Max Newman's group at Bletchley, working on prototypes of what we now call the electronic digital computer. One of the people I came most in contact with was Alan Turing, a founder of the mathematical

495 theory of computation ... " D. MICHIE (1977), "The Disaster of Alan Turing's Buried Treasure (Letter to the Editor}," Computer Weekly, p.IO (3 Mar. 1977). Amusing first-hand anecdotes about Turing at Bletchley Park. W. H. MIllER, See G. G. Stokes. R. MIlliNGTON (1976), "What did you do in the War, Daddy," Comput- ing, p.10 (3 June 1976). A popular but nevertheless useful article giving brief details and anecdotes about a number of little known digital and analogue calculators buill in Bri• tain during World War II . The digital devices mentioned include ones developed at TRE for cryptanalytic purposes, and relay calculators designed by Shire and Runcorn, and by Barnes (also at TRE) and Petherick at RAE (Farnborough). S . MILNER-BARRY (1976), "C. H. O'D . Alexander - A personal memoir," The Best Cames of C. H. o'D. Alexander, pp.1-9, Oxford Univ Press (1976). Contains an evocative though brief account of conditions at Bletchley Park, and of work on the breaking of Enigma messages. W. MINTO, See D. S. Erskine. G. G. MOlLENHOFF (1974), "John V. Atanasoff, D. P. Pioneer," Com• puter World 8 , pp.1 ,13, (20 Mar 1974) pp.15-16, (27 Mar. 1974) pp.9-10 (13 Mar. 1974). A fairly extensive account of the life and work of Atanasoff, based on per• sonal interviews with him. D. L. MOORE (1977), Ada, Countess of Lovelace: Byron's legitimate daughter, John Murray, London (1977). 397p. A carefully researched biography, which provides a very good account of the remarkable yet tragic life of Lady Lovelace. Her friendship and collaboration with Charles Babbage are covered at some length, though there is compara• tively little technical detail concerning their correspondence and discus• sions about the Analytical Engine. Strong evidence is presented that Moseley (1964) was mistaken in her claims that Babbage and Lady Lovelace were developing a gambling system. with which the work on Analytical Engine was somehow related. B. S . MORGAN (1953), Total to Date: The Evolution of the Adding Machine; The story of Burroughs. Burroughs Machines Ltd., London (1953). 65p. A well-illustrated popular account of the origins and growth of the Bur• roughs Corporation. and its British offshoot. SIR SAMUEL MORLAND (1673). The Description and use of two Arith• me tick Instruments. London (1673). 164p. Although full details are given of the use of the machines. no details are given of their mechanisms. E. MORRISON. See P . Morrison. P . MORRISON and E. MORRISON (1952). "Strange Life of Charles Bab• bage." Scientific American 186, pp.66-73 (Apr. 1952). Largely biographical. drawn from such sources as 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. Very brief discussions on the Difference and Analytical

496 Engines. P. MORRISON and E. MORRISON {1961}, Charles Babbage and his Calcu• lating Engines: Selected writings by Charles Babbage and others, Dover Publications, New York {1961}. A valuable selection of material on 8abbage's Engines, taken mainly from 'Passages from the Life of a Philosopher' and from '8abbage's Calculating Engines.' G. A. MORTON, See J. A. Rajchman. M. MOSELEY {1964}, Irascible Genius: A life of Charles Babbage, Inventor, Hutchinson, London {1964}. A biography of 8abbage, but without much material on his technical achievements. loRD MOULTON {1915}. "The Invention of Logarithms, Its Genesis and Growth," pp. 1-24 in Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume, {ed. C. G. Knott}, Longman, Green and Co., London {1915}. Contains on pages 19-20 a rather sad account of a visit to Charles 8abbage, commenting on the machines he had left uncompleted, having each time moved on to a new and more ambitious project. L. J. MURPHY {1968}, Herman Hollerith and his Electric Data Tabu• lating System, M.A. Thesis, Case Inst. of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio {June 1968}. A valuable and well-documented account of the life and work of Herman Hollerith. It includes detailed coverage of the patents issued to Hollerith. including those that relate to the evolution of the tabulating system up to 1914. F. J. MURRAY (1948), The Theory of Mathematical Machines (2nd edition), King's Crown Press, New York {1948}. Contains a very good description of the workings of mechanical calculating machines. which is very readable and well illustrated (15 pages). and a somewhat shorter description of the fundamentals of electronic computers. F. J. MURRAY (1961). Mathematical Machines. Vol. 1: Digital Com• puters. Columbia Univ. Press, New York (1961). Contains a valuable account of punched card mechanisms. J. W. NAGLER (1966). "In Memoriam Gustav Tauschek." Blatter fur Technikgeschichte 26. pp.1-14 (1966). An account of the life and work of Gustav Tauschek. including his work on book-keeping machines, punched card mechanisms. and on character recognition devices. H. L. NEWCOMB (1913). "The Development of Mechanical Methods of Tabulation in the United States," Trans. Fifteenth Int. Congr. on Hygiene and Demography, Washington, Sept. 23-28, 1912. Vol. 6, Proc. of Sect. 9. Demography, pp.73-83. Government Printing Office (1913). A very useful account of the origins. development and use by the U.S. Census Bureau of Hollerith tabulating machines. It is stated that in the 1910 Census tabulators equipped with simple printing devices were used for the first time. but that automatic tabulators (i.e .. tabulators with automatic card feed mechanisms) were not used. even though such machines were in gen• eral use in private industry.

497 M. H. A. NEWMAN {1948}, "General Principles of the Design of All• Purpose Computing Machines," Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 195, pp.271- 274 {1948}. Brief discussion of the importance of the concepts of a stored-program, and of conditional branching. M. H. A. NEWMAN {1955}, "Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954," Bio• graphical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Soc. 1, pp.253-263 {1955}. An obituary. C. NICOLADZE {1928}, "Arithmometre Ii Multiplication Directe Pure• ment Electrique," Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 186, pp.123-124 (1928). Brief description, followed by a remark by d'Ocagne, of a machine which was based on the idea of Genaille's numbering rods, but was entirely electro• mechanical, using relays and commutators. d'Ocagne describes it as being of most interest because of its difference from the Torres y Quevedo machine. R. S. NILSSON {1943}, The Pascal Arithmometer and other means to solve arithmetical problems, Typescript, Newcomen So'c. for the Study of the History of Engineering and Technology, London {Dec. 1943}. 9p. Paper "to be read at the Royal Society's Rooms, London, Feb, 16, 1944". Mentions a meeting held in London on 19 Oct. 1942 to celebrate the tercen• tenary of Pascal's invention of a calculating machine, and describes the working of the mechanism in some detail. Appended is a list of calculating machines which were to be exhibited at the Royal Society, D. NUDDS (1969), "Charles Babbage {1791-1871)," pp. 1-34 in Mid• Nineteenth Century Scientists, (ed. J. North), Pergamon Press, Oxford (1969). A very competent popular account of Babbage's life and work, B. G. OETIINGER (1962), "Howard Aiken," Comm. ACM 5 (6), pp.298- 299,359 (1962). A brief biography of Aiken, written on the occasion of his retirement from Harvard University. B. OKAZAKI (1971), "The First Electronic Computer in Japan: The birth of FUJIC and its death," BIT (Tokyo) 3 (12), pp.1091-1097 (1971). (In Japanese.) The author describes how his interest in computers was aroused by reading a 1948 Japanese article on the Harvard Mark I. He started to develop a com• puter, for ray tracing, using thyratrons. He later obtained more information about Western work on electronic computers from K. Jo, who had started to construct a computer at Osaka University. Okazaki's own design for a com• puter resulted in the FUJIC, whose assembly was started in 1952, and com• pleted in March 1956.

A. PANTAGES (1967), "Computing's Early Years," Datamation 13 (10), pp.60-65 (1967). Brief account of the 'Historical Session' at the 1967 Nat. ACM Conference - an occasion at which many early pioneers reminisced on their experiences in the development of computers. L. J. PARDO, See D. E. Knuth.

498 J. R. PARKS, See M. Woodger. G. M. PATTERSON, See R. Serre!' G. W. PATTERSON (1960), "The First Electric Computer, A Magneto• logical Analysis," J. of the Franklin Inst. 270, pp.130-137 (1960). Discussion and analysis of Marquand's electrical binary logic machine. J. PAYEN (1963), "Les Exemplaires Conserv~s de la Machine de Pas• cal," Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de leurs Applications 16 (2), pp.161-178 (Apr.-June 1963). Detailed descriptions, and accounts of the provenance of, eight copies of Pascal's calculating machine. M. PELTU (1977), "How Secrecy Lost Britain a Lead," Computer Weekly, p .4 (28 July 1977). A report of a lecture by T. H. Flowers, describing work on the Colossus pro• ject. The title refers to a claim that "Britain lost a post-war lead in elec• tronic telephone exchange technology partly because of the need to main• tain secrecy about Colossus, the world's first electronic programmable com• puter." H. PENGELLY (1897), A Memoir of William Pengelly of Torquay, FRS, Geologist, J. Murray, London (1897). 341p. Pengelly was a friend and admirer of Babbage. A number of the extracts from Pengelly's correspondence reprinted in this Memoir mention meetings or correspondence with Babbage. C. PENNIMAN (1978), " Philadelphia's 179 Year Old Android," Byte, pp.90-92,94 (Aug. 1978). A well-illustrated account of a very sophisticated mechanical writing and drawing automaton made by Maillardet in about 1805, now in the Franklin Institute. J. PERES, L. BRILLOUIN, and L. COUFFIGNAL (1948), "Les Grandes Machines Math~matiques," Annal. Telecommun. 2 (11-12), pp.329- 346,376-385 (1948). Part 1, by P~rt!s and Brillouin, covers Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, the Harvard Mark I. II and III , and ENIAC . Part 2, by Couffignal, describes the plans for the computer then being built at the Institut Blaise Pascal, stress• ing that, in contrast to the various American machines, it was designed as a highly parallel machine, utilising multiple arithmetic units. B. E. PHELPS (1971), "The Beginnings of Electronic Computation," Report TR 00.2259, Systems Dev. Div., IBM, Poughkeepsie, New York (9 Dec. 1971). "This report puts the early contributions to computer development into proper perspective, giving credit to those pioneers of the formative years. The emphasis is on IBM engineering development efforts and contributions covering the period up to the announcement of the 701." B. E. PHELPS (1974), "Effervescent Years (Letter to the Editor}," IEEE Spectrum 11 (5), pp.30-31 (May 1974). A leller, prompted by Tropp (1974), which contains interesting details about projects on electronic calculators and computers at IBM in the 1940's, and of the work of R. Palmer and of R. Seeber. B. E. PHELPS (1980), "Early Electronic Computer Developments at IBM," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (3), pp.253-266 (July 1980).

499 A good account of the development of various early machines (603. SSEC. 604. CPC . TPM and 701). E. W. PHIWPS (1936). "Binary Calculation," J. Inst. of Actuaries 67, pp.187-221 (1936). (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Advocates the keeping of actuarial data files in octal, and of performing cal• culations in binary. Demonstrates a mechanical multiplier. working in binary, and proposes a 'light-ray' machine, which would replace mechanical action by the action of a momentary light ray directed on a selenium photo-cell. E. W. PHIWPS (1962), "Babbage, Electronic Computers and Scales of Notation," The Post Insurance Magazine and Insurance Monitor 123 (49), pp.1735-1737 (6 Dec. 1962). (Reprinted in Compo B. 6,4 (1968) pp.128-130.) Makes somewhat obscure references to the fact that the author ("pro• pounder of the idea of an electronic computer in 1936 ") was highly conver• sant with Babbage's work. E. W. PHIWPS (1963), A Note on the History of the Electronic Com- puter, Unpublished memorandum (1963). 2p. A memorandum regarding the claims by Phillips to have started work on the design of ACE with Womersley in 1943. when they occupied war-time offices opposite each other. in Baker Street. London. It is stated that Womersley had started to design a decimal telephone relay computer in 1937, with the assistance of G. L. Norfolk from 1938. E. W. PHIWPS (1965), "Presentation of Institute Gold Medals to Mr. Wilfred Perks and Mr. William Phillips, 23 Nov. 1964," J. Inst. of Actuaries 91.1 (388), pp.19-21 (1965). In his reply. Phillips states that his 1936 paper had been based on a memorandum that had been prepared for the Dept. of Scientific Research. that the government had insisted on patents being filed. and that references to thermionic valves had been deleted from the paper. He also stated that Womersley learned of the paper in 1943. E. W. PHIWPS (1965b), "Irascible Genius (Letter to the Editor}," Compo J. 8 , p.56 (1965). States that work started on the design of Pilot ACE in January 1943. and that Turing did not join the team until the autumn of 1945. E. W. PHIWPS (1965c), "Birth of the Computer (Letter to the Edi- tor}," Sunday Times, p .10 (5 Sept. 1965). Describes how he had been interested in Babbage's Analytical Engine since boyhood. and that having learnt about Eccles and Jordan. and about Wynn• Williams, conceived a plan of a binary electronic computer in 1934. M. PONCELET (1857), "Machines et Outils Appliqu~s aux Arts Tex• tiles," pp. 346-373 in Travaux de La Commission Francaise. Exposition UniverseUe de 1851. VoL. 3 . Part 1. Section 2 (1857). Contains a detailed account of the relative contributions of Bouchon, Fal• con, Vaucanson. Breton and Jacquard to the draw-loom that became known as the Jacquard loom. It also discusses a draw-loom controlled by what was effectively a pegged cylinder which was invented by Regnier (1755) and an electrical draw-loom exhibited by Bonelli in 1853.

500 PORTER? (1831). A Treatise on the Origin. Progressive Improve• ment. and Present State of the Silk Manufacture. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Volume 48, Longman. Rees. Orme. Brown and Green. Lon• don (1831). A book referred to by Lady Lovelace. Part 3 Chapter 4 (pp.232-261) on Fig• ure Weaving contains a detailed description of the operation and use of the Jacquard loom. and of various improvements made to it by British inven• tors. " In the course of the very few years which have elapsed since its first introduction into this country. the Jacquard loom has entirely taken the place of every other method of figured silk weaving .. . " G. N. PORTER (1965). From Abacus to Addo, Addo Ltd .. London (1965). 23p. An introductory booklet. giving an illustrated history of the development of calculating machines. particularly adding machines. and concentrating on the Addo series of machines started by H. Agrell in 1917. An adding machine developed by Boucher in France in 1880 is shown. as are various Addo machines. R. P . PORTER (1891), " The Eleventh Census." J. Amer. Stat. Soc. 2 (15). pp.321-379 (1891). Contains a lengthy description of the machine tabulation techniques used. E. A. POSSELT (1887). The Jacquard Machine Analyzed and Explained: With an appendix on the preparation of Jacquard cards. and practical hints to learners of Jacquard designing. Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art. Philadelphia. Penna. (1887). Extremely detailed description of the mechanism of the Jacquard loom, and of machines for preparing Jacquard cards. Lavishly illustrated. D. J. DE S. PRICE (1964). " Automata and the Origins of Mechanisms and Mechanistic Philosophy." Technology and Culture 5 (1). pp.9-23 (1964). An essay on the parallel development, since the time of Archimedes, of astronomical and anthropomorphic automata. Provides a brief summary of the evolution of the mechanisms used by automata builders. It states that "organ-barrel programming" was first used in the mid-sixteenth century by Augsburg and Nuremberg clockmakers, and that punched tape was first used in sixteenth century Augsburg hodometers. PUBUCOLA (1832). " Mr Babbage: s Calculating Machine." Mechanics Magazine 17 (466). p .256 (14 July 1832). A pseudonymous letter to the editor prompted by a review of Babbage's book 'On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures' which had appeared earlier (No . 464 (30 June 1832) pp.213-220). Cynically asks why, despite the understanding the book shows of the planning and execution of complex engineering works, Babbage has still not completed his great calculating machine. J . PUGH (1975). Calculating Machines and Instruments, Science Museum. London (1975). 122p. Revised and updated version of Baxandall (1926). Since 1926 the Science Museum's collection has more than doubled in size. However in this revised catalogue only minor changes have been made to the very useful descrip• tions written by Baxandall. and the items added to the collection listed in an appendix.

501 J. M. PUllAN (1968). The History of the Abacus. Hutchinson. London ( 1968). A very readable account of the origins of arithmetic. of the Greek. Roman and Mediaeval abacus. and of jetons. I. E. PYNE. See R. Serrel.

A. QUETELET (1872). "Notice sur Charles Babbage. Associ~ de L·Acad~mie ." Annuaire de l'Acad~mie Royale des Sciences. des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. pp.149-165 (1872). Detailed reminiscences of meetings and correspondence with Charles Bab• bage. by one of his friends of long-standing. M. Quetelet mentions meeting Lady Lovelace in 1851. and of their unachieved plan to collaborate on the writing of an introduction to probability theory. W. H. RADFORD (1938). Notes on Arithmetical Machine Memoranda. Unpublished typescript. MIT. Cambridge. Mass. (7 Dec. 1938). 8p. "The following brief summary has been prepared from the recent series of memoranda by Dr. V. Bush dealing with a proposed Rapid Arithmetical Com• puting Machine. These memoranda indicate the general form and purpose of such a machine and discuss in detail numerous possible methods of realiz• ing the various essential parts. The Rapid Arithmetical Machine is intended to be an extremely flex ible device for automatically and quickly performing extensive and complicated calculations involving all combinations of the four fundamental arithmetical operations." A very brief and tentative account. the last pages of which outline a program of further work on basic computing and storage devices. W. H. RADFORD (1939). Report on an Investigation of the Practica• bility of Developing a Rapid Computing Machine. MIT. Cambridge. Mass. (15 Oct. 1939). 98p. Describes one year's work on a project funded by NCR to assess a machine proposed by Vannevar Bush. Radford's report is largely concerned with a detailed account. including circuit diagrams. photographs and experimental data. of the various electronic components that had been developed. such as triggers. counters and registers. J. A. RAJCHMAN (1963). RCA Computer Research: Some history. and a review of current work. David Sarnoff Research Center. RCA Labora• tories. Princeton. N.J. (1963). 8p. "Computer research started at RCA as far back as 1939. The impetus was the dire need to replace the slow and inaccurate "directors" then used for controlling anti-aircraft guns by rapid and accurate controls made neces• sary by the fast planes of the day ... All the elements for a complete binary computer were conceived and incorporated in experimental prototypes. These included registers of flip-flops. shift registers. counters. adders and subtractors. multipliers and dividers. and generalized code converters." J. RAJCHMAN (1980). " Early Research on Computers at RCA. " pp. 465-469 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Metropolis. J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota). Academic Press. New York ( 1980). A brief personal account, covering work during the early 1940s on what would now be termed read-only memories, and later on the Selectron elec• trostatic storage tube.

502 J . A. RAJCHMAN, G. A. MORTON, and A. W. VANCE (1941). Report on Development of Electronic Computer, Research Laboratories, RCA Manufacturing Company, Inc., Camden, N.J. (Nov. 1941). 68p. "This project consists of a theoretical and experimental study of electronic means of performing some basic operations of mathematics with the view of replacing totally or in part the mechanical computing elements used at present in the directors for anti-aircraft artillery." Most of the report con• cerns analogue techniques, but pages 44-52 describe work done on counter or impulse (i.e. digital) techniques for performing the various required arithmetic operations. Adecimal counting circuit had been demonstrated - "it has been shown that in principle counters can be used to carry out all the computations required in a predictor." J . A. RAJCHMAN, G. A. MORTON, and A. W. VANCE (1942), Report on Elec• tronic Predictors for Anti-Aircraft Fire Control, Research Laboratories, RCA Manufacturing Company, Inc., Camden, N.J . (Apr. 1942). "Electrical numerical computing elements have been worked out and built which will perform the principal mathematical operations involved in pred• iction. Performance tests have shown that their speed and accuracy are adequate. Tentative designs have been made of complete directors using this type of eqUipment. These require a great many component parts, par• ticularly a large number of vacuum tubes. There is every reason to believe that with continued work they can be greatly simplified and reduced to a practical instrument." B. RANDEll. (1971), "Ludgate's Analytical Machine of 1909," Compo J. 14 (3), pp.317-326 (1971) . Discusses Ludgate's career, and his planned analytical machine. Includes reprin ts of Ludga te (1909) and Boys (1914). B. RANDEll. (1972), " On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Com• puters," pp. 3-20 in Machine Intelligence 7, (ed. B. Meltzer and D. Michie), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh (1972). A record of an investigation into the wartime work of Alan Turing, and of its significance to the development of computers. B. RANDEll. (1973), The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected papers, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1973). 464p. "The book contains a set of thirty-two original papers and manuscripts relating to the origins of digital computers ... Introductory and linking text is provided in order to place the work of the various pioneers into perspective, and to cover such topics as early calculating machines and sequence• control mechanisms and the development of electromagnetic and electronic digital calculating devices. An annotated bibliography of over 350 items is also included." B. RAtlDEll. (1976), "The Colossus," Report No. 90, Computing Laboratory, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne (June 1976). "The partial relaxation of the official secrecy surrounding Colossus has made it possible to obtain interviews with a number of people involved in the project. The present paper is in the main based on these interviews, but supplemented by material already in the public domain. It attempts to document as fully as is presently permissible the story of the development of Colossus. Particular attention is paid to interactions between the Colossus project and other work carried out elsewhere on digital techniques and computers, and to the role that those involved with Colossus played in

503 post-war computer developments in Britain." B. RANDEU. (1976b). "The History of Digital Computers." Bull. I.M.A. 12 (11/12). pp.335-346 (Nov./Dec. 1976). "This account describes the history ot the development ot digital comput• ers. trom the work of Charles Babbage to the earliest electronic stored pro• gram computers. It has been prepared for Volume 3 of 'I'Histoire G~n~rale des Techniques' and is in the main based on the introductory text written by the author for the book 'The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers'." B. RANDEU. (1977). "Colossus: Godfather of the computer." New Scientist 73 (1038). pp.346-348 (10 Feb. 1977). A heavily condensed version of Randell (1976). B. RANDEU. (1979). "An Annotated Bibliography on the Origins of Digital Computers." Ann. Hist. Comput. 1 (2). pp.101-207 (Oct. 1979). The basis of the present bibliography. Contains an Appendix on the organi• sation of the documents collected in connection with the ENIAC patent liti• gation. B. RANDEU. (1980). "The Colossus." pp. 47-92 in A History of Com• puting in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Metropolis. J. Howlett and G.• C. Rota). Academic Press. New York (1980). Published version of Randell (1976). H. RAUCH BERG (1892). "Die Elek~rische Zahlmaschine und ihre Anwendung insbesondere bei der Osterreichischen Volkszahlung." Allgemeines StatischesArchiv. 11 . pp.78-126 (1892). A very detailed account of the way in which Schaffler's tabulating machines were used for the Austrian Census. K. C. REDMOND and T. M. SMITH (1975). Project Whirlwind: A case his• tory in contemporary technology, Mitre Corporation. Bedford. Mass. (Nov. 1975). 451p. A reproduction of the manuscript of a book prepared in 1967 for the Smith• sonian Institution. A fascinating book, although largely about the personali• ties, and the organisational aspects of the project, rather than the technical details. It describes how work started at MIT in 1944 on an 'Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer' project, led by J. W. Forrester and R. R. Everett, and how the project shifted from analogue to digital techniques, influenced by P. O. Crawford, and later evolved into Project Whirlwind. K. C. REDMOND and T. M. SMITH (1980). Project Whirlwind: The history of a pioneer computer, Digital Press, Bedford. Mass. (1980). 280p. A lavishly illustrated book version of Redmond and Smith (1975). J. REEDS. See C. A. Deavours. H. REINECKE (1973), "Neuere Entwicklungen Mechanischer Rechen• maschinen." pp. 43-50 in 350 Jahre Rechenmaschinen. (ed. M. Graef), Carl Hanser Verlag. Munich (1973). A survey of the development of mechanical calculating machines in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. R. REINHOW (1974), "Dr. Vannevar Bush, Who Marshalled the Nation's Wartime Technology and Ushered in Atomic Age, is Dead at 84." New York Times. p.1.36 (30 June 1974). An informative obituary.

504 W. RENWICK, See M. V. Wilkes. F. REUlEAUX (1892), Die Sogenannte Thomas'sche Rechenmaschine, A. Felix, Leipzig (1892). 60p. Contains a brief history of calculating machines and difference engines, a detailed manual on the use of the Thomas Arithmometer, an illustrated account of its mechanism, and an account of its development. G. E. H. REUTER, See J. Todd. F. J. REX (1961), "Herman Hollerith, the First 'Statistical Engineer'," Computers and Automation 10 (8), pp.l0-13 (Aug. 1961). Despite its brevity, a very useful account of Hollerith's life and work, based on original sources, and providing an unusually extensive bibliography. R. K. RICHARDS (1957), Digital Computer Components and Circuits. Van Nostrand, Princeton. N. J. (1957). The first chapter contains an account of the development of electronic com• ponents and circuits. R. K. RICHARDS (1966), Electronic Digital Systems. Wiley. New York (1966). The first chapter contains a valuable account of the development of elec• tronic computers, starting with the Atanasoff-Berry machine. C. J. RICHARDSON (1856), A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings (3rd Edition). John Neale, London (1856). 115p. Pages 90-102 describe the self-regulating central heating system installed at Charles Babbage's house in Dorset Square in 1837. Plate 16 shows the layout of the house and plate 17 an "ingeniously-contrived" mechanism for con• trolling water flow in four circulation loops, apparently invented by Babbage himself. D. RICHES (1973). An Analysis of Ludgate's Machine Leading to a Design of a Digital Logarithmic Multiplier, Dept. of Electrical and Elec• tronic Engineering, Univ. College, Swansea (June 1973). 94p. An interesting analysis of Ludgate's design, and a comparison of it with modern counterparts. Speculative drawings of the mechanism of Ludgate's machine are provided, and detailed designs are given for multipliers similar to that described by Ludgate, but using logarithms to base eight and base four. rather than base ten. R. D. RICHTMYER (1965), "The Post-War Computer Development," Amer. Math. Monthly 72 (2). pp.8-14 (1965). Discusses how the modern stored-program computer evolved following the development of ENIAC . Abrief account is given of the ENIAC Converter Code, which allowed manually-set function tables to be used to represent pro• grams. and an accumulator to be used as an instruction counter. The idea of the converter code is attributed to von Neumann. W. RODGERS (1969), Think: A biography of the Watsons and I. B. M, Stein and Day, New York (1969). 320p. A racy account of the history of IBM. which includes extensive anecdotal material on the use of punched card machinery for scientific calculations, and on the development of the Harvard Mark I. SSEC, etc. L. RODRIGUEZ ALCALDE (1966), Torres Quevedo y La Cibernc!tica, Edi• ciones Cid, Madrid (1966). (Los Sabios del Mundo Entero No. 21) 209p.

505 A biography, which although intended for a general readership contains much information not available elsewhere. A number of photographs of Torres and his family, and of various of his machines, are included. L. RODRIGUEZ ALCALDE (1974), Biografia de D. Leonardo Torres Quevedo, Institucion Cultural de Canlabria, Consejo Superior de Inves• tigaciones Cientificas, Dipulaci6n Provincial de Santander, San lander (1974). 125p. An offiCially commissioned biography. Just one short chapter is devoted to his work on chess automata and his paper on 'automiitica.' J. L. ROGERS (1960), "The Sumador Chino," Comm. ACM 3 (11), pp.621-622 (Nov. 1960). Illustrated description of a strange instrumental aid to addition reminiscent of Napier's Rods, found by the author in Mexico. H. ROHRBACH (1948), "Malhematische und maschinelle Melhoden beim chiffrieren und dechiffrieren," FIAT Review of German Science, 1939-1946: Applied Mathematics1 Field Information Agencies: Techni• cal, pp.233-257, Office of Mililary Governmenl for Germany (1948). Pages 247-249 contain an account of the machines used for cryptanalytic purposes by the German Foreign Office and Military High Command during the Second World War. It describes the use of punched card equipment, both specially built, and from the standard Hollerith range, and of various other cryptanalytic devices. These latter included a Foreign Office machine described as being similar to Lehmer's first factorising machine, and machines which though similar in principle were based on the use of optical pattern matching. H. ROHRBACH (1948b), "Chiffrierverfahren der neueslen Zeit," Archiv der Elektrischen Ubertragung 2, pp.362-369 (Dec. 1948). Contains, on p.368, a brief description of the basic functioning of the Geheimschreiber. A. ROHRBERG (1954), Theorie und Praxis der Rechenmaschinen, B. G. Teubner, Sluttgarl (1954). 71p. Provides a description of the mechanisms used in various types of calculat• ing machine, and a detailed account of their operation and use. J. ROHWEHR (1977), "Notes on the Security of the German Decoding Systems," pp. 229-244 in The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943, Ian Allan, London (1977). (Trans. by A. J. Barker.) A fairly detailed account, drawing on unpublished as well as published material. of the development and use of the Enigma Cipher machine. Con• tains some details of cryptanalytic machines, including the Polish Cyclome• ter and Bomba, and the British Bombe, which it claims was based both on the Polish Bomba, and on Turing's Universal Machine. L. F. RONDINELLA, See L. d'Auria. J. M. ROSENBERG (1969), The Computer Prophets, Macmillan, New York (1969). A readable, but not always reliable. account of the lives of various pioneers. Has chapters on Pascal. Leibniz, Babbage, Grant, Felt/Burroughs, Hollerith, Watson, Mauchly/Eckert/von Neumann, Turing and Fano. Lists Sebert, Magnus, and Leonardo da Vinci as contributing to the invention of mechani• cal calculators.

506 loRD ROSSE (1854). "Presidential Address." Proc. Roy. Soc. 7. pp.248-258 (1854-55). Contains an account of the Royal Society's role in matters concerning 8abbage's Difference Engine. and of the author's attempt in 1852 to per• suade the government to finance the completion of the machine. claiming that the money spent earlier had been amply repaid by the improvements in mechanical engineering that resulted. S. K. RUNCORN. See E. S. Shire. H. RUTISHAUSER. A. SPEISER. and E. STIEFEL (1951). "Programmges• tuerte Digitale Rechengerate (Elektronische Rechenmaschinen)." Mitt. Aus dem Inst. f. Angewandte Mathematik an der E. T.R. Zurich 2 (1951). A detailed account of the design and programming of digital computers. Extensive references. A. S. (1872). "Obituary: Charles Babbage." Monthly Not. Royal. Astronom. Soc. 32 (4). pp.101-109 (9 Feb. 1872). A moving tribute, obviously written from first hand knowledge of 8abbage and his work. D. H. SADLER. See J. Todd. J. C. SANTESMASES (1957). " Switching Research in Spain." pp. 99-114 in Proc. Int. Symp. on the Theory of Switching . Computation Labora• tory. Harvard Univ .. Cambridge. Mass. (Apr. 1957). Contains an account of the work of Torres y Quevedo. based mainly on his paper 'Essays on Automatics'. J. C. SANTESMASES (1980), Obra e Inventos de Torres Quevedo, Insti- tuto de Espafl'a. Madrid (1980). 367p. A book containing a short biographical account, and detailed descriptions of Torres y Quevedo's inventions, including his various digital calculating machines and automata. Very extensive bibliography. Lavishly illustrated. J. SCHARF (1964), Die Geschichte der Ziffernrechenmaschinen, Zuse KG . Bad Hersfeld (1964). 21p. A brief history of mechanical calculation, together with descriptions of the Z2 and of some post-war Zuse machines. W. V. SCHELBERG (1971), "Development of the Computer Industry and Patents," pp. 210-208 in Proc. l.A .P.I.P. Int. Conf. on Correlation between the Protecti on of Industrial Property and Industrial Develop• ment, Hungary 28 Sept. - 2 Oct., 1970, (ed. E. Takats). OMKDK (1971). Discusses the landmark patents relating to the origins and development of digital computers. H. SCHELLEN (1870), Der Elektromagnetische Telegraph. Vieweg, Braunschweig (1870). 866p. Contains a brief description and an illustration of what is in effect a "read• only memory" representing the Morse Code alphabet. The " memory" con• sists of groups of wide and narrow bands of conducting material. laid out in tabular form, and "read" by a hand-held metal pointer which is passed across each chosen group. E. SCHEYER (1921). "Control of Machines by Perforated Records Based on the Jacquard Mechanism." American Machinist 55 (10).

507 pp.743-747 (1921). Brief descriptions are given of Jacquard. mono type machine. Hooven automatic typewriter and player-piano mechanisms. which are character• ized as simply controlling when various independent parts of a machine are to act. The paper however concentrates on the use of punched tape to con• trol the various movements and operations of a single body. It describes and illustrates two eXisting machines of this type. namely. the Jacquard embroidery machine. which used perforated records to control the move• ment of a possibly very large fabric frame relative to the set of embroidery needles. and the automatic multiple punch manufactured by William Sellers and Co .. Inc. The final section of the paper suggests applying these control techniques to a lathe. E. SCHEYER (1922). "When Perforated Paper Goes to Work: How strips of paper can endow inanimate machines with brains of their own." Scientific American 127. pp.394-395.445 (Dec. 1922). A very interesting article arguing that Jacquard or pianola-like mechanisms could be used to automate many manufacturing operations. One particular application is discussed in some detail. that of cutting out cloth. and a drawing of a "kinautograph cloth-cutting machine" is given. There is no indication that any such machine had actually been built. D. SCHMID. See W. de Beauclair. R. SCHNEIDER. See W. Goldbach. H. SCHREYER (1939). Rechnische Rechenmaschine. Unpublished memorandum (15 Oct. 1939). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) After describing Zuse's mechanical and electromechanical computers. states that the design of an electronic version. intended to perform 10.000 operations/sec .. had been started. but had been interrupted because of difficulties of obtaining components. A final section lists (mainly military) potential applications. H. SCHREYER (1941). Das RohrenreLais und seine Schaltungstech- nik. Dissertation. Techn. Hochschule Berlin (20 Aug. 1941). Contains a lengthy discussion of electronic valves and their use in switching circuits. but has only a brief reference to computers in a section on possible applications. C. K. SCHULTZ. See J. H. Blodgett. C. J. SCRIBA (1970). "Review of ·Maistrov. L. E. and Cenakal, V. L.: A very old calculating machine· ... Math. Reviews 40 (3). pp.456-457 (Sept. 1970). Provides a fairly detailed precis of an account of a calculating machine "built by an otherwise unknown Hebrew clock maker and mechanic Jewna Jacobson at Nieswiez. province of Minsk. Lithuania. probably not later than 1770 " The machine could perform addition. subtraction. multiplication (by repeated addition) and division (by repeated subtraction) on numbers of up to nine digits. H. SEBERT (1879). "Rapport fait par M. Sebert. au Nom du Comit~ des Arts Economiques. sur la Machine 11 Calculer. dit Arithmom~tre. invent~e par M. Thomas (de Colmar) et perfection~e par M. Thomas de Bojano. 44. rue de Chateaudur. 11 Paris." Bull. de La Soc. d'Encouragement pour L'/ndustrie NationaLe , pp.393-425 (Aug. 1879). 508 (Reprinted in Vol. 132 (1920) pp.694-720.) Detailed illustrated description of the arithmometer, evolved from the origi• nal invented by Thomas de Colmar, by his son Thomas de Bojano. H. SEBERT (1895), "Rapport fait par M. Le G~n~ral Sebert, au nom du Comit~ des Arts Economiques, sur les Machines a Calculer de M. Leon Bo1l6e, du Mans," Bull. de la Soc. d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie N ationale, pp.977 -996 (1895). (Reprin ted in vo1.132 (1920) pp.723-738.} Descriptions of Bo1l6e's "Tableau multiplicateur-diviseur," "Petit appareil multiplicateur," "Arithmographe," and two versions of his famous calculat• ing machine, incorporating a mechanism for direct multiplication. B. SENDOV (1975), "Charles Babbage," pp. 469-479 in Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 2 , (ed. J. Belzer, A. G. Holzman and A. Kent), Marcel Dekker, New York (1975). A good general account of Babbage's life and work, particularly on calculat• ing machines and mathematics. R. SERREL, M. M. ASTRAHAN, G. M. PATTERSON, and I. E. PYNE (1962), "The Evolution of Computing Machines and Systems," Proc. IRE 50, pp.l039-1058 (May 1962). A well-illustrated comprehensive accourit of the development of computers in America, prefaced by short accounts of the history of desk calculators, and Babbage's work. It gives much background information - dates of first delivery, numbers delivered, etc. C. E. SHANNON (1938), "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits," Trans. AlEE 57, pp.713-723 (1938). Shows how symbolic logic can be used in the design of complex circuits. One of the examples given is a circuit for the addition of two binary numbers. T. K. SHARPLESS (1947), The Pilot Model of EDVAC, File No.6, Associ• ation for Computing Machinery, New York (22 Sept. 1947). (First Meet• ing of the Eastern Association for Computing Machinery, Columbia Univ., New York, Sept. 15, 1947 - Brief Summary of Talk.) 2p. Describes an experimental machine, sometimes called Shadrach, used for testing certain features of EDVAC . It consisted of a manual input device, an arithmetic unit, eight delay lines each holding eight 32-bit words, output display lights and a four-address control mechanism. The account ends "Shadrach was an experimental machine; it was not finished and probably never will be. It was used for testing in connection with EDVAC and gave some very useful information for EDVAC . It is expected that EDVAC will be finally complete about December, 1948." T. K. SHARPLESS (1948), "Mercury Delay Lines as a Memory Unit," pp. 103-109 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol . 16, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Ends with the comment "The mercury delay memory tank described appears to be such a promising device that the Moore School's plans for a future large scale digital computer envisage the use of this memory means. It is hoped that within the year such a machine may be an actuality - a machine which will have a high-speed number storage equivalent to 1000 ten-digit numbers, computing speeds somewhat faster than ENIAC, and consisting of only 3000 tubes."

509 T. K. SHARPLESS, See also J. G. Brainerd. R. F. SHAW (1950), "Arithmetic Operations in a Binary Computer," Rev. Sci. Instr. 21, pp.687-693 (Aug. 1950). A detailed description of the techniques of addition. subtraction. multiplica• tion and division used in BINAC. R. F. SHAW, See also A. A. Auerbach and I. L. Auerbach. J. W. SHELDON and L. TATUM (1952), "The IBM Card Programmed Elec• tronic Calculator," pp. 30-36 in Review 0/ Electronic Digital Comput• ers. Joint AlEE-IRE Computer Con/., Dec. 1 0-12 1951, American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, New York (1952). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Fairly detailed, well-illustrated. account of the CPC. C. B. SHEPPARD, See I. L. Auerbach. E. S. SHIRE and S. K. RUNCORN (1951), "An Apparatus for the Compu• tation of Serial Correlations and its use in Frequency Analysis," Report No . 7, Selected Government Research Reports, Vol 5: Servomechanisms, HMSO, London (1951). Based on an RRDE Research Report, January 1945. Describes an apparatus involving two paper tape readers. and a multiplier built from relays and uniselectors. S. SHOJI , See Y. Takahashi. C. SINGER (1955), History o/Technology, Vols. 2-5, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1955-58). The article on spinning and weaving in Vol. 3 describes. and has pictures of, Bouchon's and Vaucanson's looms. S. SMILES (1908). Industrial Biography: Iron workers and tool mak- ers, John Murray, London (1908). The book. which was firsl published in 1863. has a chapler on Joseph Cle• menlo which describes his work for Babbage. and a brief appendix contain• ing an account by Babbage of his association wilh Clement. D. E. SMITH (1922). "Among my Autographs." Amer. Math. Monthly 29. pp.114-115 (1922). A brief article based on a letter written by Babbage following a visit he paid lo lhe widow of Laplace in 1840. D. E. SMITH (1958). History 0/ Mathematics (2 Vols.). Dover Publica• tions. New York (1958). Exlensive discussion of the abacus and its variants. and of finger reckoning. Very short account of Napier's rods. and of desk calculators. T. ·M. SMITH (1970). "Some Perspectives on the Early History of Computers." pp. 7-15 in Perspectives on the Computer Revolution. (ed. Z. W. Pylyshyn). Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. N.J. (1970). Discusses the work of many pioneers such as Pascal, Leibniz. Babbage. and Bush. and argues against a simplistic view of the development of computers as progressing linearly from achievement to achievement. and instead views the development as involving many concurrent activities. until ideas match requirements and technological possibilities. T. M. SMITH (1976). "Project Whirlwind: An unorthodox development

510 project," Technology and Culture 17 (3), pp.447-464 (July 1976). Based on Redmond and Smith (1975). T. M. SMITH, See also K. C. Redmond. C. W. SNEDECOR (1928), "Uses of Punched Card Equipment in Mathematics," Amer. Math. Monthly 35, pp.161-169 (1928). Brief description of the use of sorters and tabulators for various statistical calcula tions. S. S. SNYDER (1977), Influence of u.s. Cryptologic Organizations on the Digital Computer Industry. National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Md. (May 1977). 35p. Most of the report deals with work done by or for NSA following the inftuential Moore School lectures, starting with such topics as E.R.A's Atlas 1 and Atlas 2 computers (which became the ERA 1101 and the UNIVAC 1103, respectively). However a three-page section 'Pre-computer NSA ' discusses the use for cryptologic purposes of modified punched card equipment, and special purpose digital devices by NSA 's principal predecessors, the U.S. Navy's Communications Supplementary Activities, Washington (CSAW) and the Army Security Agency (ASA) , starting in about 1935. Other early work discussed includes that by ERA on special purpose electronic devices involv• ing magnetic drum storage, such as Goldberg, " a comparator-like system with statistical capabilities" started in 1947, and Demon, which used "data stored on the drum to perform a specialized version of table look-up." Five Demon equipments were delivered, the first in 1948. S. S. SNYDER (1979), "Influence of U.S. Cryptologic Organizations on the Digital Computer Industry," J. Syst. Softw. 1 (1), pp.87-102 (1979). Reprint of Snyder (1977). A. P. SPEISER (1980), "The Relay Calculator Z4 ," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (3), pp.242-245 (July 1980). A good account of the Z4 and its use at the ETH Zurich. A. SPEISER, See also H. Rutishauser. R. E. SPRAGUE (1972), " A Western View of Computer History," Comm. ACM 15 (7), pp.686-692 (1972). Personal anecdotes concerning computer developments at Northrop. with brief mention of BlNAC and the fore-runner to the IBM CPC . N. STERN (1978), From ENIAC to UNIVAC: A case study in the history of technology, Ph. D. Thesis, State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook (Aug. 1978). 388p. "This thesis attempts to provide a relatively unbiased account of the Eckert-Mauchly computer organization. from 1943-1951" covering the development of ENIAC . EDVAC . BINAC and UNIVAC. " Controversial issues addressed include those relating to John von Neumann and the stored• program concept. to ENIAC's claim to uniqueness, the BINAC's performance record and the failure of large corporations to develop commercial comput• ers in the 1940s." N. STERN (1979), "The BINAC : A case study in the history of tech- nology," Annals of the History of Computing 1 (1). pp.9-20 (July 1979). "The BINAC, short for Binary Automatic Computer. was developed by John Presper Eckert. Jr. and John William Mauchly during the years 1947-1949 under a contract from the Northrop Aircraft Corporation. It became the

511 first operational stored program computer completed in the United States. This paper provides an historical analysis of the BlNAC and the issues relat• ing to its development. It also considers factors relating to the Eckert• Mauchly Computer Corporation and its ultimate acquisition by Remington Rand." An excellent carefully researched account. N. STERN (1980), "John William Mauchly, 1907-1980," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (2), pp.l00-l03 (Apr. 1980). An obituary. N. STERN (1980b), "John von Neumann's Influence on Electronic Digital Computing, 1944-1946," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (4), pp.349-362 (Oct. 1980). "The paper considers some of the issues relating to von Neumann's infiuence on the Moore School work, on the stored-program concept, and on the future of electronic digital computing in general." A carefully researched account. M. G. STEVENSON (1973), "Bell Labs: A pioneer in computing technol• ogy. Part 1: Early Bell Labs Computers," Bell Labs Record 51, pp.344- 351 (Dec. 1973). In addition to a summary of the development of the Bell Labs Series of relay computers, describes a tape-driven relay-based Automatic Message Account• ing system, first installed in 1948, and a variety of analogue computers and calculating devices. G. R. STIBITZ (1940), Computer, Unpublished memorandum, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York (1940). 12p. (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) A memorandum, prepared by Stibitz sometime during 1940, apparently for publication in the Bell Laboratories Record. It describes the Complex Calcu• lator, and in particular the use of binary-coded decimal number representa• tions, and briefiy describes the experience that had been gained using the machine. G. R. STIBITZ (1945), "Relay Computers," Report 171.R, Applied Mathematics Panel. National Defense Research Committee [U.S.A.] (Feb. 1945). 83p. A very interesting and readable tutorial on relay computers, with particular emphasis on reliablity issues and on design techniques, illustrated by dis• cussions of the Complex Calculator, the Ballistic Computer and the Relay Interpolator. An appendix describes in some detail how the Relay Interpola• tor had been used for a variety of applications, including integration, differentiation, harmonic analysis, smoothing of data, and extraction of roots of polynomials. G. R. STIBITZ (1945b), "A Talk on Relay Computers," Memo 171.1M, Applied Mathematics Panel. National Defense Research Committee (Mar. 1945). 6p. An introductory account of the plans for what became known as the Bell Labs. Model V. G. R. STIBITZ (1947), " Introduction to the Course on Electronic Computers," pp. 1.1-1.19 in Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers: Lectures delivered 8 July - 31 Aug. 1946, (ed. C. C. Chambers), Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (1947). 512 A broad informal discussion of the history of computing, and of the influences of technological developments, and of wartime attitudes and requirements. G. R. STIBITZ (1948), "The Organization of Large Scale Calculating Machinery," pp. 91-100 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Cal• culating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ. , Vol. 16, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1948). Discusses, inter alia, the need for what we would now call index registers, and for more convenient forms of program specification, such as allowing parenthesized expressions. G. R. STIBITZ (1967), "The Relay Computers at Bell Labs," Datama• tion 13 (4/5), pp.35-44 and 45-49 (Apr./May 1967). An informal but detailed account of Stibitz's work on the Bell Laboratories Series of relay calculators and computers. G. R. STIBITZ (1980), "Early Computers," pp. 479-483 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). Brief personal reminiscences about the work on the Bell Labs computers. G. R. STIBITZ and J. A. LARRIvEE (1957), Mathematics and Computers, McGraw-Hill, New York (1957). Has a short survey on desk calculators, and on Babbage's work. More detail is given of the development, in parallel with Aiken's work, of the Bell Labora• tories Series of relay computers. E. STIEFEL (1953), "La Machine a Calculer Arithm~tique Z4 de I'Ecole Polytechnique Federale a Zurich," pp. 33-40 in Les Machines a Calculer et la Pens~e Humaine. Colloq. Int. du CNRS Paris, 8-13 Jan. 1951, Editions du CNRS, Paris (1953). Includes a description of the Zuse Z4 . States that it has been in operation ten hours a day since the end of August, 1950. W. W. STIFLER (1950), High-Speed Computing Devices, McGraw-Hill, New York (1950). This book, prepared by the staff of Engineering Research Associates, Inc., evolved from a report written for the Office of Naval Research. It is con• cerned almost exclusively with the detailed design of computers, and their electronic and electromechanical components. It has very extensive lists of references. Subjects covered include desk calculators, punched card sys• tems, and the then current relay and electronic digital computers. G. G. STOKES, W. H. MILLER, C. WHEATSTONE, and R. WIlliS (1855), "Report of a Committee Appointed by the Council to Examine the Calculating Machine of M. Scheutz," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 7, pp.499-508 (1855). (Reprinted in Babbage, H.P . (1889}.) Contains a discussion of how the machine might be used, and a favourable account of its construction. A postcript to the report quotes letters from Babbage concerning the mechanisation of the construction of mathematical tables which have no order of difference constant. E. L. STOLL, See W. F. Luebbert. H. STUCKEN (1950), "Programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschinen in Deutschland," Phys. Blatter 6, pp.166-170 (1950). 513 Discussion of Zuse's work on program-controlled computers. R. SUEKANE (1980). "Early History of Computing in Japan," pp. 575-578 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota), Academic Press, New York ( 1980). A short note summarising work on punched card equipment (starting in 1905). statistical computers (starting in 1939) and on TAC and the ETL relay computers. H. H. SUPLEE (1913), "The Principle of Reversal: A suggestion for inventors," Scientific American 109, p.344 (1 Nov. 1913). Refers to devices such as music boxes, pianolas, Jacquard looms and the monotype machine as machines which involve a recording medium which can be used to recreate the recorded activity. It suggests that this is a use• ful principle: "when a number of machines are to be employed in making identical objects. it is entirely possible to use one master record for all. using duplicate records for the several machines. or, by electric or pneu• matic communication. employing one record to govern all machines." R. T. (1872), Mathematical and Scientific Library of the late Charles Babbage of No. t, Dorset Street, Manchester Square, C. F. Hodg• son and Son. London (1872). 191p. A sale catalogue. including sections on Pure Mathematics. Astronomy. Mechanics, Optics. Electricity. Pneumatics and Mathematical Tables. Over two thousand items are listed. some consisting of whole sets of books or papers. A few items relate to Babbage's work on calculating machines. including a book about Sir Samuel Morland. L. P. TABOR (1948), "Brief Description and Operating Characteris• tics of the ENIAC." pp. 31-39 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 710 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 16. Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge. Mass. (1948). Brief description of ENIAC. and mention of the length of time that was spent plugging programs. and hence the desire for EDVAC. H. TAKAHASHI (1972). The Birth of Electronic Digital Computers, Chuo-Koron-Shu Book Publishing Co.. Tokyo (1972). 229p. (In Japanese.) A good account of the history of electronic computer developments in Japan until 1964. The early chapters discuss the development of calculating machines and computers in the U.S.A. and Europe. The earliest Japanese developments described are a statistical relay calculator (completed in 1947), the first ETL relay computers (1952). the TAC electronic computer project (started in 1951), and FUJIC, the first electronic computer to be completed (1956). J. TAKAHASHI (1892). "The Invention of the Electrical Census Machines (Machine Electrique de Recensement)." Statistical Bulletin of Japan 129-130. pp.165-168,206-211 (1892). (In Japanese.) Translation of Cheysson (1892). Y. TAKAHASHI and S. SHOJI (1924). "On the Electrical Tabulating Machines." Researches of the Electrotechnical Laboratory (146) (June 1924). 13p. (In Japanese.)

514 From the English language synopsis: "A few years ago. the Department of Communications was asked by the Statistical Bureau to design and con• struct electrical tabulating machines to be used for the first census of Japan and it was agreed to produce 11 sets of machines as the first trial... After a considerable effort and careful experiment two of them were com• pleted and tested with satisfactory results. They were capable of making the tabulations of any three sorts of items on a perforated card simultaneously. at the speed of 120 cards per minute. But. unfortunately. one completed set and nine sets under construction were burned. when the disaster of the big earthquake and fires broke out in Tokyo. last year. only one set being saved at the Bureau." A thirteen-page report. with several diagrams and photo• graphs. describing a vertical sorter. and a (non-printing) tabulator. R. TATON (1963). "Sur l'Invention de la Machine Arilhm~tique ." Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de leurs Applications 16. pp.139-160 ( 1963). A detailed account of Pascal's development of his calculating machine. A short account of Schickard's prior work is included. R. TATON (1969). Histoire du Calcul (5th Edition). Presses Universi• laires de France. Paris (1969). An account of the development of mathematics. and in particular arith• metic. from the earliest times to the first mechanical aids to calculation. R. TATON and J. P. FLAD (1963). Le Calcul Mecanique (2nd Edition). Presses Universilaires de France. Paris (1963). A valuable account of the development of aids to calculation. from the abacus to mechanical desk calculators. with a brief account of the early developments of digital computers. L. TATUM . See J. W. Sheldon. G. TAUSCHEK (1930). Die Lochkarten-Buchhaltungmaschinen meines Systems. Vienna (Nov. 1930). Gives a detailed description of an automatic book-keeping system based on specially designed card punches. sorters. collators and tabulators. The tabu• lator. which produced both printed and punched output. was controlled by a plugboard and by codes punched into special cards inserted amongst sequences of data cards. and included optional multiplication and division mechanisms. G. J. TEE (1981). "The Pioneering Woman Mathematicians." Math. Chronicle 10. pp.31-56 (1981). Pages 48-54 give a nice account of the life of Lady Lovelace. based on secon• dary sources. particularly Moore (1977). J. C. THOMAS (1966). "The Computer Story." The Mi litary Engineer 58 (384). pp.247-254 (July-Aug. 1966). A nicely done illustrated general account. starting with early aids to calcula• tion. and covering calculating machines. 8abbage's work. etc .. up to the early electronic digital computers. S. THOMAS (1964). Computers: Their history. present applications and future, Holl, Rinehart and Winslon, New York (1964). Contains a wealth of anecdotal material on the development of computers in the U.S.A. H. A. THOMPSON (1965), Joint Man/Machine Decisions: The phase beyond data processing and operations research, Systems and

515 Procedures Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio (1965). Contains (on pages 103-105) a somewhat confusing account of a railway sig• nal interlocking machine, the Saxby and Farmer machine. stated to have been developed in the 1850's, which it describes as a "non-numeric. sym• bolic logic simulator" which had to be programmed using an "early hybrid form of Boolean algebra." No references are given. J. TIMBS (1863), Stories of Inventors and Discoverers (2nd Edition), Lockwood and Co., London (1863). Includes an account of Babbage's machines (pages x and 134-145) and also brief .sections on Automata and Speaking Machines, The Automaton Chess• Player. Sir Samuel Morland and his Inventions, and Jacquard and his Loom. J. TODD (1974), "John von Neumann and the National Accounting Machine," SIAM Review 16 (4), pp.526-530 (Oct. 1974). A description of a "program" for a National Accounting Machine, devised in 1943 by Todd and von Neumann. on the occasion of a visit by the latter to the Nautical Almanac Office. J. TODD, G. E. H. REUTER, F. G. FRIEDLANDER, D. H. SADLER, A. BAXTER, and F. HOYLE (1945), "Applied Mathematics Research in Germany, with Par• ticular Reference to Naval Applications," Report No . 79, British Intelli• gence Objectives Sub-Committee, HMSO, London (1945). Report of an investigation carried out in Germany during June-July 1945, which included visits to A. Walther at the IPM, Darmstadt, and to the Univer• sity of Gottingen. Page 63 gives a brief account of "Ing. Zuse's calculating machines", written before direct contact had been established with him. J. TODD and D. H. SADLER (1947), "Admiralty Computing Service," MTAC 2 (19), pp.289-297 (July 1947). Contains a summary of a description, written in July 1944, of a 'Rangefinder Performance Computer.' This device calculated the mean error and root mean square error made by the rangefinder operator, using a mechanism built from uniseleclors and relays. E. TOMASH (1980), "The Start of an ERA: Engineering Research Asso• ciates, Inc., 1946-1953," pp. 485-495 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota), Academic Press, New York (1980). A clear account of how ERA grew out of wartime cryptographic machine development projects. and of its early activities on such machines as Atlas (Machine 13). E. TOMASH and A. A. COHEN (1979), "The Birth of an ERA: Engineering Research Associates, Inc. 1946-1955," Ann. Hist. Comput. 1 (2), pp.83- 97 (Oct. 1979). A carefutly researched and well-referenced account. G. C. TOOTHIU" See S. H. Hollingdale. G. TORRES-QUEVEDO (1953), "Les Travaux de l'Ecole Espagnole sur l'Automatisme," pp. 361-381 in Les Machines d Calculer et la Pens~e Humaine. Colloques. Internat. du CNRS Paris, 8-13 Jan. 1951, Editions du CNRS, Paris (1953). Extended description of the life and work of his father, including details of his plans for an electromechanical analytical machine, and the machine which he actually constructed along these lines, which permitted simple

516 arithmetic operations to be entered, and the result calculated and printed on a typewriter. This machine was exhibited in Paris in 1914. G. TORRES-QUEVEDO (1953b), "Pr~sentation des Appareils de Leonardo Torres y Quevedo," pp. 383-406 in Les Machines d Calculer et la Pens~e Humaine. Colloques. Internat. du CNRS Paris, 8-13 Jan. 1951, Editions du CNRS, Paris (1953). Describes the machines invented by Torres y Quevedo for playing chess and for remote control of a boat, (both electro-mechanical), and a mechanical analogue device. L. TORRES Y QUEVEDO (1913), "Ensayos sobre Autom.Hica - Su definicion, extension te6rica de sus aplicaciones," Real Academia de Ciencias Exacta, F{sicas y Naturales, Revista 12, pp.391-418 (1913). (Reprinted in Anon (1978b).) Original version of Torres y Quevedo (1914). L. TORRESY QUEVEDO (1914), "Essais sur I'Automatique. Sa d~finition . Etendue theorique de ses applications," Revue de l 'Academie des Sci• ences de Madrid (1914). (Also "Revue G~n~rale des Sciences Pures et Appliqu~es" (15 Nov. 1915) pp.601-611. Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Introduces and defines the term "automatique," which is essentially "auto• mation," in the restricted sense of process control by digital techniques. Demonstrates that electromechanical devices can be combined in any required degree of generality, so as to control complex processes, by describing a small special purpose program-controlled calculator. L. TORRES Y QUEVEDO (1920), "Arithmometre tlectrom~canique," Bulletin de La Soc. d' Encouragement pour L'Industrie NationaLe 119, pp.588-599 (Sept.-Oct. 1920). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Gives a very clear description of the principles used in his electromechanical arithmometer (capable of the four arithmetic operations, and controlled by a typewriter), which was built as a demonstration of a problem in "l'automatique. ,. P. TOULON (1920), "Les Machines a. Calculer et leurs Applications dans l'Organisation de l'Industrie et du Commerce," Bull. de La Soc. d'Encouragement pour L'Industrie NationaLe 132, pp.570-584 (Sept.• Oct. 1920). Description of the various machines on exhibition at the Society's premises, including the Thomas arithmometer, Madas, Millionaire, Comptometer, Bur• roughs, Torres. F. G. TRACONI (1971), " Un Precursore delle Moderne Macchine Cal• colatrici: Charles Babbage (1792-1871)," A tti dell' Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 106, pp.17-24 (1971/72). A summary of Babbage's life and his work on calculating machines, and in particular his visit to Turin in 1840, mentioning that letters and papers relating to this visit were still retained at the Academy of Sciences in Turin. M. TRASK (1971), The Story of Cybernetics, Studio Vista, London (1971). A popular account, based on a display produced by IBM at the Institute for Contemporary Arts. Contains unusual photos of ENIAC and early Hollerith

517 equipment. I. TRAVIS (1938). Bibliography of Literature on Calculating Machines. Moore School of Eleclrical Engineering. Univ. of Pennsyl• vania. Philadelphia. Pa. (1938). 16p. A list containing about four hundred references. grouped under the head• ings: General Treatises; Graphical Devices. Slide Rules. etc.; Arithmetic Machines; Algebraic Equation Solvers; Integrators (planimeter type); Integra• tors (continous and other types); Harmonic Analyzers; Devices for Ordinary Differential Equations; Miscellaneous Special Devices. The Arithmetic Machines section lists 71 books. papers and patents. including Babbage. H.P. (1899 and 1910) and Ludgate (1909). I. TRAVIS (1947). "The History of Computing Devices." pp. 2.1-2.3 in Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers. Lectures delivered 8 July - 31 Aug. 1946. (ed. C. C. Chambers). Moore School of Eleclrical Engineering. Univ. of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. Pa. (1947). A very brief account of calculating techniques. and of the development of analogue and digital calculating devices. F. TRINKS (1926). Ceshichtliche Daten aus der Entwicklung der Rechenmaschinen von Pascal bis zur "Nova-Brunsviga", Grimme. Natalis and Co .. AG. Braunschweig (1926). 48p. A well-illustrated advertising booklet describing the history of European cal• culating machines. and of Brunsviga machines in particular. H. TROPP (1974). "The Effervescenl Years: A relrospective," IEEE Spectrum 11 (2). pp.70-79 (Feb. 1974). An account of American computer developments based on interviews wilh the pioneers. It covers lhe work of Stibilz. Aiken. Alanasoff. Eckerl and Mauchly. and von Neumann. and discusses the role of U.S. companies such as IBM and NCR. L. E. TRUESDELL (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940. Dept. of Commerce. Bureau of lhe Census. Washinglon. D. C. (1965). The major source for information aboul the origins and early developmenl of punched card machinery. Provides a detailed accounl of lhe respective contributions of Billings and Hollerith. indicating that. in all probability. the basic idea of using punched cards came from Billings. R. L. TUCKER (1940). "A Malrix Mulliplier," Psychometrika 5. pp.289-294 (1940). Describes a device. based on an IBM test storing machine. for aiding lhe mul• tiplication of matrices. The individual rows of one malrix are represented by electrically conducting marks on test sheets (in binary notation). and the column of the other matrix is wired into a plugboard. Aset of analogue mul• tiplying devices are then used. two figure accuracy being claimed. R. C. TUMBLESON (1948). "Calculating Machines." Electrical Engn. 67 (10). pp.6-12 (Jan. 1948). ("Essentially full text of paper which appeared in Federal Science Progress (Washington D. C.) June 1947. page 3-7.") A popular account of Babbage's Analytical Engine. which surveys American electromechanical and electronic computer developments. Provides an unusually clear summary of the method of programming ENIAC. 518 J. A. V. TURCK (1921). Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. The Western Soc. of Engineers. Chicago. Ill. (1921). Concentrates on key-driven adding machines. and on their printing mechan• isms. based on the American patent literature. It covers developments by Parma lee. Felt. Barbour. Baldwin. Ludlum and Burroughs. The last chapter concerns direct multiplication mechanisms. J. A. V. TURCK (1972). Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. Arno Press. New York (1972). A reprint of Turck (1921). A. M. TURING (1936). " On Computable Numbers. with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem." Froc. London Math. Soc. 2 (42). pp.230-267 (1936). The famous paper which introduced the concept of a "universal" computing machine. A. M. TURING (1945). "Proposals for the Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (A.C .E.}." Report E.882. Executive Committee. ' National Physical Laboratory. Teddington. Middlesex ([ 1945 D· A report. which also carries the title 'Proposed Electronic Calculator,' giving detailed plans for the ACE. known to have been written some time during 1945. S. TURING (1959). Alan M. TUring. W. Heffer and Sons. Cambridge (1959). Biography of Alan Turing. by his mother. States that Turing submitted a pro• posal to the British Government for the construction of a computer. and that it was on the basis of this that he joined NPL in Oct. 1945. "Before the war he had already begun to build a computer of his own with wider scope. he hoped. than those then in operation." He visited America during the war and "probably saw something of the progress of computing machinery in the States." H. D. TURNER (1961). "Charles 8abbage FRS (1792-1871}." Research Applied in Industry 14 (9). pp.348-352 (Sept. 1961). A brief illustrated account of Babbage's work on the Difference and Analyti• cal Engines. It quotes a letter written by Babbage to.Arago in December 1839 explaining his use of the Jacquard card technique. S. ULAM (1958). "John von Neumann 1903-1957." Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64. pp.1-49 (May 1958). A lengthy biography. concentrating on von Neumann's mathematical achievements. but including a brief discussion of his work on the design and use of electronic computers. A. P . USHER (1954). A History of Mechanical Inventions (2nd Rev. Edition). Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge. Mass. (1954). Conlains (pp.254-261) a quite detailed account of the work of Bouchon. Fal• con. Vaucanson. and Jacquard. on lape and card controlled looms.

R. L. A. VALTAT (1936). "Calcul ME!canique: Machine ~ calculer fondE!e sur l'emploi de la numE!ration binaire." Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 202. pp.1745-1748 (1936). Brief description of a proposed calculating machine which transforms its

519 Input into binary, before doing any calculation. Points out that binary digits could be represented by mechanical or electrical means. Followed by a com• ment by d'Oca~ne, stating that he knew of no previous proposal for a binary machine. A. W. VAN SINDEREN (1980), "The Printed Papers of Cha.rles Bab• bage," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (2), pp.169-186 (Apr. 1980). An extremely careful and detailed bibliography. A. W. VANCE, See J. A. Rajchman. J. VAUCANSON (1738), Le M~canisme du Fluteur Automate, J. Guerin, Paris (1738). 15p. A fascinating account of the mechanisms used in the automaton ftute• player. The descriptions of the means of blowing and fingering the ftute, and of the pegged cylinder used for controlling the sequence of actions, are very detailed but somewhat difficult to follow, since no diagrams are included. J. VAUCANSON (1742), An Account of the Mechanism of an Automaton or Image playing on the German-Flute, Parker, London (1742). 23p. Translation of Vaucanson (1738), together with translations of brief accounts of two further mechanical automata, namely a duck, and a figure playing a ftute and a drum. A. A. VERRIJN STUART (1971), Lezen en Schrijven, Wollers-Noordhoff NV , Gronigen (1971). Includes a discussion of Babbage's work and its implications for the future, and of his personality. A. VERRY (1940), " Hislory and Developmenl of Calculaling Machines and Inslrumenls," Coventry Eng. Soc. J. 21, pp.143-186 (1940). Record of a lecture, which gives a useful summary account of the operation of a variety of machines, particularly those by Morland, Stanhope, Hamann, Burroughs, and Scheutz. No illustrations. H. VIGNERON (1914), " Les Aulomales," La Nature, pp.56-61 (13 June 1914). A good general discussion of the work of Torres y Quevedo, including a detailed description of his chess automaton, an electro-mechanical device for a chess end game of one king versus one king and one rook. H. VIGNERON (1920), "L'Arilhmomelre de M. Torres y Quevedo," La Nature (2418), pp.89-93 (7 Aug. 1920). An illustrated description of the electromechanical devices used in Torres' typewr iter-controlled arithmometer. B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1957), "Eine Tiibinger Rechenmaschine aus dem Jahre 1623," Heimatkundliche Blatter fur den Kreis Tubingen 11 (3), pp.25-28 (July 1957). A detailed account of Schickard and his machine with extensive quotations from his letters to Kepler, describing the machine. B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1958), "Uber die ersle Rechenmaschine," Physikal Blatter 14 (8), pp.361-365 (1958). An account of the descriptions of Schickard's machine that had been recently discovered.

520 B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1960), "Wiederentdeckung und Rekon- struktion der Altesten Neuzeitlichen Rechenmaschine," VDI- Nachrichten 14 (39), p.4 (21 Dec. 1960). A one-page illustrated account of Schickard's machine, and of its recon• struction. B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1964), "Die Erste Rechenmaschine: Tiibingen 1623," Humanismus und Technik 9 (2), pp.45-55 (20 Apr. 1964). An illustrated account of Schickard's machine. B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1973), "Wilhelm Schickard und seine Rechenmaschine von 1623," pp. 11-20 in 350 Jahre Rechenmaschinen, (ed. M. Graef), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (1973). An account of Schickard's life and work. B. VON FREYTAG LORINGHOFF (1973b), "Prof. Schickards Tiibinger Rechenmaschine von 1623 im Tiibinger Rathaus," Kleine Tubinger Schriften 4 (1973). This account includes several pictures of a modern reconstruction of Schickard's machine. L. VON MACKENSEN (1969), "Zur Vorgeschichte und Entstehung der ersten digitalen 4-spezies-Rechenmaschine von Gottfried Wilhelm Leib• niz," pp. 34-68 in Akten des Intern. Leibniz-Kongr. in Hannover 1966 ii, Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden (1969). After a lengthy introduction discussing early aids to enumeration and calcu• lation, including the work of Schickard and Pascal, gives an extremely detailed account of Leibniz's work on calculating machines. L. VON MACKENSEN (1973), "Von Pascal zu Hahn: Die Entwicklung von Rechenmaschinen im 17 und 18 Jahrshundert," pp. 21-33 in 350 Jahre Rechenmaschinen, (ed. M. Graef), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (1973). Among the inventors discussed are Pascal, Schickard, Leibniz, Leupold. Braun and Hahn. J. VON NEUMANN (1945), "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC," Con• tract No. W-670-0RD-492, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pennsylvania (30 June 1945). 101p. (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) The historic account by von Neumann of plans for the EDVAC. covering details of the logical design. the order code. storage requirements. the rela• tive merits of binary and decimal coding. etc. The report is believed to be the first detailed written account of a stored program computer. though only the address fields of stored instructions could be modified. J. VON NEUMANN, See also A. W. Burks and H. H. Goldstine. C. WAlFORD (1871), "Calculating Machines," The Insurance Cyclo• paedia 1. pp.411-425 (1871). A chronological account. with much information on Babbage and Scheutz, and on attempts to mechanize the calculation of actuarial tables. A. WALTHER, See also H.-J. Dreyer. A. WALTHER and H.-J. DREYER (1946). "Gerate fur Beliebige Rechenzwecke," in Entwicklung Mathematischer Instrumente in

521 Deutschland 1939-1945, Ber. AS. lnst. Prakt. Math .. Darmstadt (19 Aug . 1946). A summary of the work by Zuse on mechanical And electromechanical pro• il"ammed calculators. and the \\'otk on a papC'r tape controlled at-ray of punched card equipment at the Institute tor Practical Mathematics, Darmstadt. between 1939-1945. A, WALTHER and H.-J. DREYER (1948). "Mathemalische Ma~chinen und Instrumente: Inslrumentelle vetfahren (Mathematical machine~ and inslrumen ls: Inslrumen lal melhods)." F1A T Review of German Science 1939-1946: Applied Mathematics, Part 1. pp.129-165. Office of Miltary Government for Germany. Field Information Agency, Technical (1948). Just one page on automlltic calculating machines, in which the work of Zuse and of Dreyer is described. W. WALTHER (1973), "Die Gespeicherlen Programme des Heron von Alexandria: Heron'~ of Alexandria slored programs." Elektronische Rechenanlagen 15 (3), pp.113-118 (1973). Provides an illustrated account of the technique of using pegged cylinders, around which ropes were wound in complicated patterns, to control a sequence of movements by an automaton. W. WALTHER , See also K. Ganzhorn. F. A. 8. WARD (1980). "C . E. Wynn-Williams," Nature 283 (5742), pp.117-118 (3 Jan. 1980). An obituary. M. H. WEIK (1961), "The ENIAC Slory," Ordnance (J. of the American Ordnance Assoc.), pp.3-7 (Jan.-Feb. 1961). A description of the growth of the Ballistic Research Laboratory, and of the development and use of ENIAC and EDVAC. J. R. WEINER , See A. A. Auerbach. C. R. WELD (1848), History of the Royal Society with Memoirs of the Presidents (2 vols.), J. W. Parker, London (1848). Chapter 9 consists of an account of Babbage's dealings with the Royal Society and the government over his first Difference Engine and the Analyti• cal Engine, and includes quotes from many of the original documents in the Society's files. C. R. WELD (1849), The Eleventh Chapter of the History of the Royal Society, Richard Clay, London (1849). In addition to the reprint of the chapter from Weld's book, this booklet, which would appear to have been edited by Charles Babbage, contains reprints of two articles by de Morgan. The whole relates to Babbage's disputes with the government over the Difference Engine. De Morgan's ver• dict is that the government was to blame for the eventual abandonment of the Difference Engine. A. WEYGANDT (1933), "Die eleklromechanische Delerminanlen• maschine," Z. Instrumentenkde. 53. pp.114-121 (1933). A very detailed description of a machine, built from electromagnetic relays, for evaluating 3 x 3 determinants. C. WHEATSTONE. See G. G. Slokes.

522 D. J. WHEELER (1950), "Program Organization and Initial Orders for the EDSAC," Proc. Royal Soc. A 202, pp.573-589 (22 Aug. 1950). An important paper giving a detailed description of the first and second forms of program representation and loading, and of subroutine handling, designed for EDSAC. W. C. WHITE (1952), "Evolution of Electronics," Electronics 25 (9), pp.98-99 (Sept. 1952). "History of electronics industry Is charted as a family tree in which roots represent basic research and branches represent resulting types of com• mercial tubes." C. WHITING (1975), The Battle for TwellJeland, Corgi, London (1975). A popular account of Anglo-American intelligence operations within Ger• many during World War II with one brief chapter on the Enigma cipher. It claims that a "new Post Office computer," which was used to strip a numeri• cal additive from the enciphered code, was operational at Bletchley Park by February 1940. N. WIENER (1940), Memorandum on the Scope etc., of a Suggested Computing Machine, Unpublished memorandum ([ 1940)). (In the Insti• tute Archives, MIT Libraries.) 12p. A proposal. sent to Vannevar Bush, apparently on Sept. 23, 1940. The memorandum is mostly about finite difference techniques for the solution of boundary value problems in partial differential equations. It suggest the construction of a special purpose electronic calculator which would mechanize a four-point relaxation procedure, using a binary adder and a tape scanning mechanism involving four reading heads and one writing head. Various possible technologies are mentioned, but magnetic recording is preferred. A final brief and vague paragraph suggests the possibility of "electronic machines capable of performing rapid sequences of operations such as addition and multiplication on the data read off, before printing the result on the binary scale." N. WIENER (1948), Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Wiley, New York (1948). Refers to a report that the author had submitted to Vannevar Bush in 1940, recommending the development of a program-controlled electronic binary computing machine. K. L. WILDES (n.d .), The Digital Computer - Whirlwind, Unpublished typescript (n.d.). 114p. This is part of a draft of a study of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Based on original documents, it provides considerable details of the early work on digital electronics at MIT started by Bush, and then continued by Radford and Overbeck under the sponsorship of NCR. Crawford's associated work on electronic digital fire control devices is also covered, as is the post-war work on the (soon abandoned) Rockefeller Electronic Computer Project, and the Whirlwind Project. M. V. WILKES (1948), "The Design of a Practical High-Speed Comput• ing Machine," Proe, Roy. Soc. London A 195, pp.274-279 (1948). Short description of the plans for EDSAC . M. V. WILKES (1949), " Programme DeSign for a High-Speed Automatic Calculating Machine," J. Sci. lnstrum. 26, pp.217-Z20 (June 1949).

523 A description ot the progNlmmlng of EDSAC, including dlscUl!:sion of subrou• tines, Instruction modification, and loading. M. V. WILKES (194gb). "Eleclronic Calculating-Machine Developmenl in Cambridge," Nature, pp.557-558 (1 Oct. 1949). An illustrated general account of EDSAC and an explanation of its use on a problem involving the numerical solution of a differential equation. M. V. WILKES (1951), "Automatic Calculating Machines," J. Roy. Soc. of Arts (4862 Vol. C) , pp.56-90 (1951). Detailed discussion of Babbage's Analytical Engine and in particular ot the control facilities. M. V. WILKES (1952), "The EDSAC Computer," pp. 79-83 in Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AlEE-IRE Computer Conf., 10-12 Dec. 1951, American Inst. of Elec. Eng., New York (1952). Concentrates on describing the experience obtained in working with the machine - its serviceability, diagnostic programs, etc. M. V. WILKES (1956), Automatic Digital Calculators, Methuen, Lon- don (1956). . Contains one of best early surveys and detailed discussions of the origins of computers. After a detailed discussion of the Babbage analytical engine, Ludgate is mentioned, and Torres y Quevedo's work is described very briefly. It then gives quite a lot of detail on the Harvard Mark I, ENlAC, EDVAC, the Bell Laboratories Computer Models V and VI and the Harvard Mark 11. (The early part of the book is based on the Cantor Lectures given by Wilkes in 1951 (Wilkes: 1951 ).) M. V. WILKES (1968), " Computers, Then and Now," J. ACM 15 (1), pp.1-7 (1968). Contains a brief discussion of the 1946 Moore School Lectures. M. V. WILKES (1971), "Babbage as a Computer Pioneer," in Report of Proceedings, Babbage Memorial Meeting, London, 18 Oct., 1971 , British Computer Soc., London (1971). Contains many previously unpublished details about Babbage's plans for his Analytical Engine, gleaned from a detailed study of his notebooks. M. V. WILKES (1975), " Early Computer Development at Cambridge: the EDSAC, " Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (7), pp.332-335 (July 1975). Describes the origins of the Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge, the author's attendance at the 1946 Moore School Lectures, the development of EDSAC, and the early programming techniques used. Numerous illustrations, many taken from a 1951 film demonstrating how ED SAC was used. M. V. WILKES (1980), "Early Programming Developments in Cam• bridge," pp. 497-501 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Cen• tury, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press, New York 0980). Concentrates on the 'initial orders' scheme and the use of a subroutine library. M. V. WILKES and W. RENWICK (1949), "The EDSAC , an Electronic Cal• culating Machine," J. Sci. Instrum. 26, pp.385-391 (Dec. 1949). A good description of the logical design of EDSAC. M. V. WILKES and W. RENWICK (1950), "The EDSAC, " pp. 9-11 in Report

524 of a Conf. on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines. 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge, England (Jan. 1950). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Short description of the EDSAC. listing its order code, and describing its logi• cal design. M. V. WILKES and W. RENWICK (1950b). "The EDSAC (Electronic Delay storage Automatic Calculator)," MTAC 4, pp.BI-65 (1950). Short description of the EDSAC . listing its order code, and describing its logi• cal design. (A slightly revised version of Wilkes and Renwick (1949a». J. H. WILKINSON (1948), "The Automatic Computing Engine at the National Physical Laboratory," Proe. Roy. Soc. London A 195, pp.285- 286 (1948). Concentrates on the advantages of optimum coding for reducing the delays caused by delay-line storage, and of the importance of building up a library of parameterized subroutines. J . H. WILKINSON (1948c), Progress Report on the Automatic Comput• ing Engine, Mathematics Division, National Physical Laboratory (Apr. 1948). "This report gives a general introduction to the work carried out by Dr. Tur• ing and his collaborators during the last two years at the National Physical Laboratory. The report covers the general principles of both the design of the machine and the method of programming adopted for it. It includes a number of schematic diagrams of the circuits needed for the logical control and the arithmetic units ... As an example of a problem which requires the use of a number of standard routines. solution of a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations by two different methods is given. " J. H. WILKINSON (1950), "Coding on Automatic Digital Computing Machines," pp. 28-35 in Report of a Conf. on High Speed Automatic Cal• culating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge (Jan. 1950). A comparison of the order codes of the Manchester and Pilot ACE comput• ers. J. H. WILKINSON (1975), "The Pilot ACE at the National Physical Laboratory," Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (7), pp.336-340 (July 1975). Provides a detailed account of the trials and tribulations involved in developing the Pilot ACE Computer, whose first successful public demonstra• tion was in December 1950. It describes how the design was based on that of the 'Test Assembly,' a prototype design by a team led by Harry Huskey. which was in turn based on what Turing described as Version V of his origi• nal 1945 proposal for an Automatic Computing Engine. It states that the term "Engine" was chosen " in recognition of the pioneering work of Bab.• bage on his Analytical Engine," and that Turing was already at work on Ver• sion V in May 1946 when the author joined NPL. J . H. WILKINSON (1980), "Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory and the Construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE and ACE ," pp. 101-114 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis. J. Howlett and G.-C. Rota). Academic Press. New York (1980). An excellent first-hand account. mainly concerned with Pilot ACE.

525 W. F. WIlLCOX (1926), "John Shaw Billings and Federal Vital Statis- tics," J. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 21, pp.257-266 (1926). Contains but a single paragraph on 'Mechanicl1l Methods of Tabulation,' in which Billings is quoted as having suggested to Hollerith "there ought to be some mechanical way of doing this job, something on the principle of the Jacquard loom, perhaps, whereby holes on a card regulate the pattern to be woven." W. F. WIll.COX (1948), "Herman Hollerith," MTAC 3, pp.62-63 (1948). (Reprinted from 'The Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 21' New York (1944) pp.415-416.) Describes the genesis and development of Hollerith's ideas for punched card machinery. F. A. WIUERS (1940), "Rechnenmaschinen," Archiv fur Technisches Messen J081 (1-5) (Jan., Mar., May, June, Oct. 1940). A series of five illustrated articles describing the mechanisms used in vari• ous types of adding machines. calculating machines and direct multiplica• tion machines. A lengthy bibliography is given. mainly listing articles on individual machines that appeared in 'Z. Intrumentenkde.' F. A. WIUERS (1951), Mathematische Maschinen und instrumente, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1951). Pages 5-91 consist of chapters on calculating machines and on computers. The former contains a lengthy historical introduction and extremely detailed descriptions of the workings of then current machines, notably Brunsviga, stepped-reckoner machines (such as Rheinmetall, Archimedes, Curta). Hamann, Mercedes-Euklid and Millionaire. The latter surveys relay and electronic computers (Zuse, Harvard Mark I and II, ENIAC, EDSAC, etc.), and describes their basic principles. Has a very extensive bibliography. F. A. WIUERS (1952), "Aus der Friihzeit der Rechenmaschinen," Wiss. Z. Techn. Hochschule Dresden 2 (2), pp.151-158 (1952). An account of the evolution of calculating machines, concentrating on the work of Pascal. Gersten. Leibniz, Poleni. Leopold, Hahn and Muller. F. C. WIWAMS (1975), "Early Computers at Manchester University," Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (7), pp.327-331 (July 1975). An article. which is both informative and entertaining, about the original 1948 prototype computer built to demonstrate the CR1 storage system. the larger 1949 computer (which incorporated index registers and a drum store) and Ferranti Mark I. F. C. WIWAMS and T. KILBURN (1948). "Electronic Digital Computers," Nature 162, p.487 (Sept. 1948). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Announcement that "A small electronic digital computing machine has been operating successfully for some weeks in the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory .. . The machine is purely experimental. and is on too small a scale to be of mathematical value. [It] was built primarily to test the soundness of the storage principle employed, and to permit experience to be gained." F. J. WIWAMS (1866), "The Swedish Calculating Machine at the Gen• eral Register Office, Somerset House," pp. 5-16 in British Almanac and Companion, Knight and Co., London (1866). Contains an account of the working of the Scheutz difference engine, and its

526 use for calculating various actuarial tables. J. M. WIWAMS (1978), " Antique Mechanical Computers, " Byte 3 , pp.48,50,52-58 and 96-98,100,102,104-107 and 82,84,86,88,90,92 (July/ Sept. 1978). A useful popular account of various early mechanical automata, which includes extensive coverage on the workings of various automata by Vau• canson, von Knaus. Maillardet and Torres y Quevedo. M. R. WIWAMS (1976). " The Difference Engines," Camp. J. 19 (1), pp.82-89 (1976). An excellent account. starting with Muller's 1786 proposal, and ending with an account of the use made by Comrie and others of commercially available desk calculators and accounting machines as difference engines. Brief accounts are given of proposed or completed difference engines by Deacon, Grant, Ludgate, Boll~e, Hamann and Thompson. Much more complete accounts are given of the work of Babbage and of Georg and Edvard Scheutz, based on a great variety of early documentary sources. Brief expla• nations of the workings of their difference engines are included. N. WIWAMS (1912), " Les Machines a Calculer et a Classer Hollerith et leur Emploi dans la Comptabilil~ des Chemins de Fer," C~nie Civil 61, p .57 (18 May 1912). Account of an article by Williams in 'Zeit. Des Ver. Deutscher Eisenbahnr., (14-17 Feb.)' describing the use of Hollerith machines by American rail• roads. Describes the use of a 250 card per minute sorter, and a tabulating machine. R. WIWAMS (1976), " Early Computers in Europe," pp. 21-29 in Proc. 1976 National Computer Conf. AFIPS Conf. Proc. Vol .45, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J . (1976). Despite its title. this is largely about the development of the LEO series of computers. This part of the paper has some merit, but elsewhere the paper is marred by numerous errors. S. B. WIWAMS (1947), " A Relay Computer for General Application ," Bell Laboratories Record 25, pp.49-54 (Feb. 1947). A well-illustrated general account of the Bell Labs. Model V computer. S. B. WIWAMS (1948), "Bell Telephone Laboratories' Relay Comput• ing System," pp. 40-68 in Proc. of a Symp. on Large Scale Digital Cal• culating Machinery, 7-10 Jan. 1947. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol . 16, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge. Mass. (1948). Well-illustrated detailed description of the Model V machine. R. WIWS, See G. G. Stokes. D. WILSON , See A. A. Auerbach. F. W. WINTERBOTHAM (1974), The Ultra Secret. Weidenfeld and Nicol- son, London (1974). 199p. The first book to be published about the information that was obtained in Britain during World War II by " breaking" German messages in such ciphers as Enigma. which by implication claims that there was an electronic com• puter at Bletchley Park in 1940. G. WITTENBERC (1970), Charles Babbage: Biographical notes and notes on exhibits compiled for the Babbage display at the Computer 527 Exhibition, Llandv,dno, July 1970, Computer Consultants International Ltd., Llandudno (1970). lOp. A bibliography, plus brief note;:! on the exhibits. Most of these were photo• graphs of exhibits at the Science Mu!eum. but there were also a number of artefacts and documents lent by Rhoden Partners Ltd. who had built two replicas of the fragment of the Analytical Engine for IBM. H. WITTKE (1943), Die Rechenmaschine und ihre Rechentechnik, Berlin-Grunewald (1943). Contains a brief account of the mechanisms of the , Odhner wheel, the Mercedes-Euclid. and the Millionaire machines. A. WOLF (1938), "Calculating Machines," pp. 654-660 in A History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, George Allen and Unwin, London (1938). Despite its brevity this section gives unusually detailed descriptions of several calculators, notably those by Pereire, Leupold, and Stanhope. J. R. WOMERSLEY (1946), "Scientific Computing in Great Britain," MTAC2, pp.l10-117 (1946). Describes the use of commercial machines in scientific computing, with many references to Comrie's work, and analogue machines. J. R. WOMERSLEY (1946b), "ACE" Machine Project, Memorandum to NPL Executive Committee, NPL, Teddington, Middlesex (19 Mar. 1946). 4p. A brief overview of. and expression of strong support for, Turing's plans for the ACE. It states that Turing's plans are based on those for the EDVAC . "Some of the basic ideas are given in Professor J. von Neumann's 'Report on the EDVAC' a secret report of the Applied Mathematics Panel of the NDRC, but it contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own, and which are to be found in a paper published by him in the Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 1937." W. W. WOODBURY (1951), "The 603-405 Computer," pp. 316-320 in Proc. of a Second Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol . 26, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1951). Brief description of a machine consisting of an interconnected 405 printer, 603 electronic multiplier and 517 summary punch, and of the applications for which it had been used. M. WOODGER (1951), "Automatic Computing Engine of the National Physical Laboratory," Nature 167, p .270 (17 Feb. 1951). Brief technical description of Pilot ACE, and account of its use on some test problems. M. WOODGER (1958), "The History and Present Use of Digital Com• puters at the National Physical Laboratory," Process Control and Auto• mation (Nov. 1958). Includes a brief account of the genesis of Pilot ACE, starting "The history of digital computers at the National Physical Laboratory began when the late Dr A. M. Turing joined the staff of the Mathematics Division at its formation in 1945. During his stay at Princeton University shortly before the war Tur• ing had discussed with John von Neumann the possibility of constructing a high-speed automatic computer with radio valves used essentially as . Both men were experts in the field of mathematical logic, and while the subject had little direct bearing on the design of such machines it

528 enabled them to see at once how the general problems of control and mani• pulation of sequences of binary digits could be effected." M. WOODGER (1977), A Little Light on the Prehistory of ACE and EDSAC: Extracts from correspondence on file at NPL, Unpublished memorandum (1 Feb. 1977). 14p. A fascinating collection of correspondence, from the 1945-1947 period, not• able for a brief document by Wilkes describing a preliminary set of proposals which later became known as EDSAC (the document itself being entitled "Pilot Model ACE Type Machine" and attached to a letter dated 2nd December 1946), and for the note by Turing criticising these proposals on the grounds that the control system was unnecessarily complex for a pilot model machine. M. WOODGER (1978), Papers of Historical Interest concerning Elec• tronic Digital Computers, Unpublished typescript, Division of Numeri• cal Analysis and Computer Science, National Physical Laboratory, Ted• dington, Middlesex (20 Dec. 1978). lOp. Lists an important collection of papers and reports, mainly relating to ACE . M. WOODGER, J. R. PARKS, and D. LEWIN (1975), "The Foundations of Computer Engineering," Radio and Elec. Eng. 45 (10), pp.598-602 (Oct. 1975). Transcript of a discussion concerning, inter alia, the origins of the stored program concept. L. F. WOODRUFF (1938), "A System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting," Trans. AlEE 57, pp.78-87 (Feb. 1938). Describes an experimental system, installed in a department store, involving terminals connected over telephone lines to a set of tabulators and on-line typewriters. R. E. WORK (1946), Automatic Calculating Machines, Interrogation Summary, Air Interrogation Unit, Air Division, Headquarters United States Forces in Austria, APO 777, U.S. Army (8 Nov. 1946). 4p. "This is a report on automatic calculating machines that were utilized in Germany in the production of high speed aircraft and rockets during the war. The report is based on an interrogation of Dipl. Ing. Gerhard Overhpff, the partner of the inventor of the machines, a Dipl. Ing. Konrad Zuse." The report describes the use made of Zuse's aerodynamic calculating machines, and lists potential applications of his general purpose Algebraic Calculating Machine (presumably the Z4), which is described in some detail. A brief account is given of the firm Zuse Apparatebau, employing 15 people, esta• blished by Zuse and Overhoff in 1943, and of some of the people involved. W. J. WORLTON (1970), "Pre-Electronic Aids to Digital Computation," pp. 11-50 in Computers and their Role in the Physical Sciences, (ed. S. Fernbach and A. H. Taub), Gordon and Breach, New York (1970). Covers developments from the earliest manual techniques of calculating, to the electromechanical calculators of the 1940's, and includes a fairly detailed discussion of the various different types of abacus. W. J. WORLTON, See also N. Metropolis. B. H. WORSLEY (1950), "The EDSAC Demonstration," pp. 12-16 in Report of a Conf. on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22- 25 June 1949, Univ. Math. Lab., Cambridge, England (Jan. 1950).

529 (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) An account of the demonstration of the EDSAC . by W. Renwick. during which tables of squares and of primes were calculated and printed. The tlow• diagrams. coding and output of the programs are included. H. WOSSNER . See F. L Bauer. C. E. WYNN-WIUJAMS (1931). "The Use of Thyratrons for High Speed Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena." Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 132. pp.295-310 (1931). Describes various schemes for using thyratrons as recording instruments and as unary counters. in association with mechanical counting mechan• isms. and suggests an entirely electronic counting apparatus. using multiple rings of thyratrons. with carry propagation from one ring to its neighbour. C. E. WYNN-WIUJAMS (1932). "A Thyratron "Scale of Two" Automatic Counter." Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 136. pp.312-324 (1932). Gives a detailed description of a working binary counter. capable of count• ing events separated by as lillle as 1/ 1250th of a second. C. E. WYNN-WIUJAMS (1937). " Electrical Methods of Counting." Reports on Progress in Physics 3 . pp.239-261 (1937). Surveys recent work on the design of electronic counting circuits. The tlnal section discusses relay-based auxiliary apparatus for controlling an elec• tronic counter. for decimal to binary conversion. and for printing. C. E. WYNN-WIUJAMS (1957). "The Scale of Two Counter." The Year Book of the Physical Soc .. pp.56-60 (1957). A marvellously evocative account of Wynn-Williams' work at the Cavendish Laboratory. and later at Imperial College. on thyratron-based counters. He explains how an electronic was first built in 1930. and in the next year. a binary counter capable of recording events occuring at 1/ 1250 sec. intervals. By 1935 basic electronic counters had been provided with ancilliary equipment. using relays and uniselectors. for binary-decimal conversion. timing of runs. and automatic printout. Asecond version of this apparatus at Imperial College was provided with the means by which it could be operated remotely. by telephone. " Finally. just before war broke out. a programme device was added. which could control experimental conditions and carry out cycles of pre-arranged runs by remote control of the equip• ment." C. E. WYNN-WIUJAMS . See also F. A. B. Ward. S. Y. (1835). "Calculating Machinery." Mechanics Magazine 23 (624). pp.317-318 (25 July 1835). This letter. and that of P.S.C. (1835). were written in support of Babbage and his plans for a machine capable of calculating and printing mathematical tables automatically. They were written in response to brief and unsubstan• tiated claims. noted in earlier issues of the magazine. of other people to have invented automatic calculating machines. claims which by implication were pouring ridicule on Babbage's efforts. H. YASUI. See K. Jo.

V. ZELUFF (1949). "EDSAC." Electronics 22. p .124 (Oct. 1949). A very brief article. accompanied by two interesting photographs of EDSAC. including one close-up of the display panel.

530 H. ZEMANEK (1966), "Spanische Aulomalen: Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (1852-1936)," Elektronisehe Reehenanlagen 8 (6), pp.217-218 ( 1966). A brief illustrated article about Torres y Quevedo and his various elec• tromechanical devices, including the arithmometer, and both chess players. H. ZEMANEK (1970), "Olto Schiiffler, Wiener Pionier der Lochkarlen- technik," Elektronisehe Reehenanlagen 12 (3), pp.133-134 (1970). A brief account of the life and work of SchatHer who in 1895 patented a plugboard device, patterned after a telephone switchboard, for controlling the operation of punched card equipment. H. ZEMANEK (1973), "Datenverarbeitung von 100 Jahren: Olto Schiiffler (1838-1928) ein zu Unrecht vergessener oslerreichischer Pioneer der Nachrichten- und Lochkartentechnik," Elektrotechnik und Masehinenbau 90 (11), pp.543-550 (1973). A well-illustrated account of SchatHer and his work. H. ZEMANEK (1974), "Olto Schiiffler (1838-1928) - Ein vergessener Osterreicher," Jahrbueh des Osterreiehisehen Gewerbevereins, pp.71- 92 (1974). A valuable account of the life and work of Otto SchatHer. Contains an exten• sive bibliography, and numerous illustrations, including several relating to his improved method of "programming" a tabulating machine by Incor• porating a telephone-like switch-board. H. ZEMANEK (1974b), "John Vincent Atanasofi: Ein Amerikanischer Computer-Pionier Bulgarischer Abstammung," Elektronisehe Reehenanlagen 16 (3), pp.91-92 (1974). A brief account of Atanasoff and his work on a special purpose electronic computer. H. ZEMANEK (1976), "Computer Prehistory and History in Central Europe," pp. 15-20 in Proe. 1976 National Computer Conf. AFIPS Conf. Proe. Vol .45, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J. (1976). An informal account of Austrian contributions to the development of auto• mata, punched card machinery, and programmed calculation, which con• centrates mainly on the work of Otto SchiltHer. H. ZEMANEK (1980), "Central European Prehistory of Computing," pp. 587-609 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press, New York ( 1980). Interesting illustrated summary accounts of a number of separate topics, including the automatic loom attributed to Brose!, Maelzel's panharmonium (an automatic pipe organ), Petzval's scheme of "programming" a set of human computers, SchatHer's plugboard-controlled tabulator and Tauschek's bookkeeping system. H. ZEMANEK, See also P. Goldschneider. K. ZUSE (1936), Verfahren zur selbsttatigen Durchfuhrung von Reehungen mit Hilfe von Reehenmaschinen, German patent applica• tion Z23624 (11 Apr. 1936). (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Describes an electromagnetic program-controlled calculator, whose pro• gram was represented on punched cards, and which used floating point

531 binary number representations. K. ZUSE (1949). "Die Mathemalischen Voraussetzungen fur die Entwicklung logislisch-kombinaliver Rechenmaschinen." Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 29. pp.36-37 (1949). A brief discussion of his machines. and ideas on programming languages. K. ZUSE (1950). "Programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschinen in Deutschland." Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 30. pp.292-293 (1950). After mentioning Babbage. gives a brief description of the various Zuse machines. K. ZUSE (1953). "Uber Programmgesteuerte Rechengerate fur Industrielle Verwendung." pp. 55-75 in Probleme der Entwicklung Pro• grammgesteuerster Rechengerate und Integrieranlagen. Mathema• lisches Institut. Technische Hochschule. Aachen (1953). A description of the various Zuse computers. K. ZUSE (1962). "Entwicklungslinien einer Rechengerate - Entwick• lung von der Mechanik zur Elektronik." pp. 508-532 in Digitale Infor• mationswandler. (ed. W. Hoffman). Vieweg. Braunschweig (1962). (Extracts reprinted in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Describes the sequence of programmed computers designed and built by Zuse. In particular describes a programmed computer. the Z3. which was operational in 1941. and the Z4. completed after the war and installed in 1950 at the E.T.H .. Zurich. K. ZUSE (1969). Rechengerate fur Flugelvermessung. Unpublished memorandum (10 Sept. 1969). 3p. A description. with ten drawings. of the special purpose electromechanical computer that processed flying bomb wing dimension data. The data was obtained on-line. using a form of analogue-to-digital converter. with calcu• lations being carried out in binary under the control of a fixed program. K. ZUSE (1970). "German Computer Activities." pp. 6/3-6/17 in Computers and Their Future. Richard Williams and Partners. Llan• dudno (1970). Informal discussion of work by Zuse. Schreyer. and Dirks in Germany during the period 1935-1945. K. ZUSE (1970b). Der Computer - Mein Lebenswerk. Verlag Moderne Ind ustrie. Munich (1970). An autobiography. with many technical details about his work. starting in 1934. on the design of program-controlled calculators. The work of his colla• borator Schreyer. who investigated the design of an electronic version of the Z3. and of Dirks. who developed a magnetic drum store. is also covered. K. ZUSE (1972). "The Working Program-Controlled Computer of 1941." Honeywell Compo J. 6 (2). pp.49-58 (1972). A partial reprint. and translation of. Zuse (1962). K. ZUSE (1973). "Die ersten programmgesteuerten Relais• Rechenmaschinen." pp. 51-57 in 350 Jahre Rechenmaschinen. (ed. M. Graef). Carl Hanser Verlag. Munich (1973). A brief summary of the author's work. concentrating on the Z3. Z4 and spe• cial purpose machines.

532 K. ZUSE (1975), L Elaboratore ' Nasce in Europa: Un secolo di calcolo automatico. Etas Ubri, Milan (1975). 184p. Italian tr-anslation of Zuse (1970b), with a brief preface by the editor. K. ZUSE (1976). "The Plankalkiil," Report 106, Gesellschaft fUr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung, Bonn (1976). An English translation of the 200-page document written by Zuse in 1945 on his concept of an algorithmic language. It is accompanied by tr-anslations of a 1944 paper- by Zuse entitled 'Statements of a Theory of Gener-al Calcula• tion' and a commentar-y wr-itten by Zuse in 1972 which summar-izes his prewar and war-time work, and serves as an intr-oduction to the main docu• ment on the Plankalkiil. K. ZUSE (1980). " Some Remarks on the History of Computing in Germany," pp. 611-627 in A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. (ed. N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.-C . Rota), Academic Press. New York (1980). A gener-al account of his work on the development of computers and pro• gramming languages, interesting for the discussion of his early attitude to conditional br-anching, and stored progr-ams. Zuse indicates that during the war he planned a "Planfertigungsgerat," a special computer for production of programs to control a conventional numerical computer. He indicates that this special computer was to undertake such tasks as formula transla• tion, assembly of programs from subroutines, production of programs for particular sizes of numerical arrays, etc. K. ZUSE (1980b), "Installation of the German Computer Z4 in Zurich in 1950," Ann. Hist. Comput. 2 (3) , pp.239-241 (July 1980). In teresting reminiscences.

ANON (1828), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Machine," Mechanics Magazine 10 (263), p.64 (23 Aug. 1828) ...... Mr. J. F. W. Herschel. who has been entrusted by Mr. B. to superintend the progress of this great undertaking during a tour which he is now undertak• ing on the continent, informs us that 'though the work continues in active and steady progress ... a very long time must elapse, and a very heavy further expense be incurred, before it can be completed.' We are glad, how• ever, to learn that 'no suspicion of failure has yet arisen ... ' ANON (1832), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Machinery," Mechanics Magazine 16 (488), pp.173-175 (1832). Reprint of an article in Partington's British Encyclopaedia, which surveys calculating machines developed prior to Babbage's Difference Engine, explains the operation of the Engine and describes a successful demonstra• tion of the small prototype difference engine. ANON (1834), "Mr. Babbage and his Calculating Engines," Mechan- ics Magazine 21 (578), pp.391-392 (6 Sept. 1834). Apparently based on Lardner (1834). Summarizes present problems over the Difference Engine, and calls for the Government to " appoint proper persons to inquire into and report on the proper state of the machinery; to ascer• tain the causes of its suspension; and to recommend such measures as may appear to be most effectual to ensure its speedy completion." ANON (1835), "Calculating Machines (advertisement)," The Times, p.1 (3 Mar. 1835).

533 "The advertiser engages to furnish such machines, having three orders of differences of 5, 4 and 3 places of figures respectively, and capable of calcu• lating any table of 6 places of figures, with the third difference constant. The price of each machine will be 40[pounds], and the advertiser will demand no money unlil the machine is delivered according to the above conditions. Apply, post paid, to Delta, care of Mr. Robertson, Mechanics Magazine Office, Peterborough-road." An advertisement placed by Babbage? But see P. S. C. (1835) and S. Y. (1835). ANON (1843), "Addition to the Memoir of M. Menabrea on the Analytical Engine," Phil. Mag. 23, pp.235-239 (Sept. 1843). Brief account of Babbage's dealings with the government, and of the current state of progress of work on the Analytical Engine. ANON (1845), "The Eureka," Illustrated London News (19 July 1845). A brief account of the Machine for Composing Hexameter Latin Verses. It states that the machine produces about one line of verse a minute - "during the composition of each line, a cylinder in the interior of the machine per• forms the National Anthem." ANON (1855), "New Calculating Machine," Illustrated London News 26, p.661 (30 June 1855). Short account of the difference engine invented by George and Edvard Scheutz, including an engraving of a general view of the machine, and of a model of part of the mechanism and reprodUctions of plates produced by the machine of mathematical tables. Gives a very good idea of the working of the machine. ANON (1855b), "Disputes in the Royal and Royal Astronomical Society," Mechanics Magazine 62 (1649), pp.242-246,267-271 (1855). Commentary with extensive quotations on a number of pamphlets concern• ing Babbage, most notably 'Address of the Right Honourable the Earl of Rosse, etc ... Royal Society, Thursday Nov. 30, 1854 (printed by Taylor and Francis, London).' ANON (1856), "The Calculating Machine of M. Scheutz," Mechanics Magazine 64 (1705), pp.343-346 (1856). Incorporates a reprint of the paper by Charles Babbage addressed to the Royal Society, describing the origins and development of the Scheutz difference engine, and recommending that it be awarded one of the Society's gold medals. ANON (1857), Specimens of Tables Calculated. Stereomoulded and Printed by Machinery. Longman, Brown, Green, Longman and Roberts, London (1857). The eleven-page Preface provides a detailed account of the history of the development of the Scheutz Difference Engine. its public exhibition in Eng• land and France, and its sale to the Dudley Observatory. This is followed by an account prepared by Mr. Gravatt of the method of using the machine. (The book has a dedication page signed by G. and E. Scheutz, so is some• times catalogued under their names.) ANON (1866), "The Swedish Tabulating Machine of G. and E. Scheutz," Annals of the Dudley Observatory 1, pp.116-126, Albany, N.Y . (1866). Contains a brief account of the history of the machine, and of the principles

534 of difference engines, followed by a good description of the design of the Scheutz machine. ANON (1870), "Calculating by Machinery," Manufacturer and Builder 2 (8), pp.225-227 (Aug. 1870). Mainly concerned with difference engines. Describes the method of finite differences, and the history of Babbage's efforts, and then gives an extensive description of the mechanism of the Scheutz difference engine. ANON (1871), "The Late Mr. Ba b bage," The Times (23 and 30 Oct. 1871). An obituary, with a follow-up article giving further details on Babbage's parentage and early youth. ANON (1871b), "Mr. Charles Babbage," The Illustrated Times, p .267 (28 Oct. 1871). An obituary notice, which describes in some detail Babbage's efforts at con• structing a Difference Engine. ANON (1871c), "The Late Mr. Babbage," Illustrated London News, p.423 (4 Nov. 1871). A factual obituary and engraved portrait. "The death of Mr. Charles Babbage the eminent mathematician and inventor of "the calculating machine," was announced last week .. . " ANON (1871d), "Charles Babbage," Nature 5 (106), pp.28-29 (9 Nov. 1871). An obituary notice, starting "There is no fear that the work of the late Charles Babbage will be over-estimated by this or any generation." ANON (l871e), "Our Obituary Record," The Graphic, p.495 (18 Nov. 1871). A very favourable obituary notice for Charles 8abbage. ANON (1885), Description and Instructions for the Use of Edmondson's Circular Calculating Machine, Jos. Edmundson, Heath Avenue, Halifax (1885). 24p. An illustrated account of the operation of a circular arithmometer and a brief description of its mechanism. ANON (1885b), "Adding Machine," Scientific American 53 (9), p.132 (29 Aug. 1885). Brief description and drawing of a ten-key adding machine, invented by W. J. MacNider. ANON (l888), "An Improved Calculating Machine," Scientific Ameri- can 59, p .265 (1888). "There has lately been invented by Mr. Dorr E. Felt, of Chicago, a calculating machine which he has named the comptometer. It is a practical machine operated by keys for the computation of numbers and the solution of mathematical problems. The rapidity and accuracy with which computa• tions are made on the comptometer when in the hands of a skillful operator are calculated to meet the approval and win the admiration of all." A brief description is given of the operation of the machine, accompanied by one picture of it. ANON (1902), "Mechanical Tabulation," Engineering 74, p .165 (8 Aug. 1902). A brief account of the Hollerith tabulating system and its use in the 1890 535 U.S. Census and the 1900 U.S. Agricultural Census. The account is notable tor the direct analoales It makes to the operations performed by Jacquard looms and by railway signal interlocking mechanisms. ANON (1902b). "The Electrical Tabulating Machine Applied to Cost Accounting." American Machinist 25. pp.l0{3·1075 (16 Aug. 1902). Describes the key punch and tabulator developed by Hollerith for recording and summing decimal integers expressed in a columnar encoding on punched cards, using a Leibniz stepped reckoner-like mechanism. ANON (1902c), "The Mechanical Accountant," Engineering 74. pp.840·841 (26 Dec. 1902). A rather general, but very enthusiastic. account of the use of tabulating machines for computing statistics. ANON (1907). "The Burroughs Adding and Listing-Machine." Engineering 83, pp.580-581 (3 May 1907). A well-illustrated. detailed account of the mechanism. ANON (1910), "Handling of the Census Returns for the Whole United states," American Machinist. pp.809-812 (5 May 1910). Well-illustrated article on the card punch invented by James Powers, and on the tabulating machines which were the results "of the combined efforts of several experts employed in the Census Bureau." ANON (1910b), The Pierce Automatic Accounting Machines. [Pierce Accounting Machine Company. Woonsocket. R.I.] (c. 1910?). 19p. (In the IBM Archives.) A circular. stated to have been printed for private circulation. and obviously intended as a sales brochure. Contains a series of small schematic drawings of various card perforators. cash registers/card perforators, tabulators and a sorter. The machines look quite unlike contemporary Hollerith equipment. The perforating machines could simultaneously print and punch. and cards could hold 20. 30. 40 or 50 digits. depending on the card size. ANON (1913). "Tabulating Statistics and Accounts by Machinery." Elec. Railway J. 41. pp.853-854 (10 May 1913). Brief account of use made of Hollerith tabulating machines by the Portland Railway. Light and Power Company. Portland. Oregon for accounting and statistical purposes. ANON (1915), "Torres and His Remarkable Automatic Devices." Scientific American Suppl. 80 (2079), pp.296-298 (6 Nov. 1915). A well-illustrated article, concentrating on the chess player developed by Torres. and describing its strategy. and the mechanisms used. ANON (1920). Applied Mechanical Arithmetic: As practised on the Controlled Key Comptometer Adding and Calculating Machine. Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Co .. Chicago. U.S.A. (1920). 606p. "This book is designed to illustrate the application of the Duplex-Key• Controlled Comptometer to many principal lines of business. While primarily intended for the benefit of our sales solicitors, demonstrators. etc .. and to equip lhe college sludenl wilh a knowledge of lhe mosl efficienl methods employed in lhe malhematics of commerce, its great value should also benefit all Comptometer users." ANON (1929). "Herman Hollerith," Amer. Soc. of Mech. Eng. Record and Index 3, pp.320-321 (1929).

536 A brief fact-filled obituary. ANON (1930), Modernes Rechnen, Heinrich Daemen, Zurich (1930). 48p. A useful sales catalogue of currently-available adding and calculating machines. Each machine is described in about a half-page of text and most are illustrated. ANON (1930b), "The Thirsk Totalisator," The Electrical Review 106 (2724), pp.268-269 (7 Feb, 1930). Description of the mobile totalisator demonstrated at Thirsk racecourse on 28'Jan. 1930. ANON (1930c), The Premier (Julius) Automatic Totalisator, Automatic Totalisators Ltd" Sydney, Australia (1930). 25p. An Illustrated sales brochure, which gives a vey good Indication of the facili• ties and mechanisms of the current version of the Premier automatic totali~ sator system, developed from Julius' original 1912 system. It Is claimed that "almost all fully mechanised totalisators in use throughout the world today are "Premier," and that, without exception, all the largest equipments are of this type and make." ANON (1931), 60 Jahre Brunsviga, Brunsviga-Maschinenwerke Grimme, Natalis and Co., AG, Braunschweig (1931). 98p. An illustrated booklet, containing brief sections on the history of desk cal• culating machines, current models of the Brunsviga, and on the Trinks• Brunsviga-Museum, as well as much material on the manufacture and world-wide sales of Brunsviga. ANON (1933), "J. Royden Pierce IBM Engineer Dies Suddenly," Busi- ness Machines 15 (2), p.1 (12 Jan. 1933). A one-column obituary notice, stating that Pierce had joined IBM in 1922 when the company purchased the patents of the Pierce Accounting Machine Company of Woonsocket, R.J.. a company specialising in mechanized accoun• tancy, particularly applied to the insurance field. ANON (1935), From Abacus to Monroe: A chapter in the story of cal• culating machines, Monroe Calculating Machine Co., Orange, N. J. (1935). 16p. Provides a very interesting account of F. S. Baldwin's work on the develop• ment of calculating machines, starting in 1874 with the Baldwin Calculator. This was the basis of the keyboard calculator that he patented in 1908, and hence of the first products of the Monroe Calculating Machine Co. ANON (1935b), "Tercentenary of Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)," Nature 136, p.636 (19 Oct. 1935). Brief biographical note, concentrating on his work on astronomy. ANON (1936), "Development of International Business Machines Corporation," Form AM-l-t. IBM Corporation, New York (1936). 13p. Commences with the work of Hollerith on tabulating machines, Bundy and Dey on time recorders, and Pitrap on computing scales. The emphasis is on the growth of IBM as a corporation, and comparatively few technical details are given. ANON (1936b), Brunsviga-Sonderheft 1936, Brunsviga- Maschinenwerke, Grimme, Natalis and Co., AG , Braunschweig (1936). 93p.

537 This lavishly-illustrated publicity booklet contains many photographs ot hIs• toric machines in the Trinks.Brunsviga-Museum, and a bibliography, ot over a hundred items. listing the contents ot the museum's library. ANON (1938), The Office Machine Manual: A loose-leaf reference book on office machines and appliances. Gee. London (1938 et.seq.). (4 Vols.) Provides an immense amount ot intormation on then available adding. cal• culating, book-keeping and tabulating machines. Each major section starts with an overall account of the principles. and major Varieties. of a particu• lar class ot machines. Detailed illustrated descriptions covering several pages are given ot the operation. and in many cases. the mechanisms of each machine. The section on tabulating machines is particularly useful. and includes an interesting account of their development. In addition to covering the Hollerith (IBM) and Powers (Remington Rand) systems. it has one-paragraph descriptions of systems invented by Gore and by Pierce. Another litUe-known machine described is an electro-pneumatic sorting machine. invented by Macadie and Ratcliff of the (U.K.) Post Office Stores Department. for sorting money and postal orders. Extremely valuable for the picture that it gives of office machinery in Britain and the U.S. in the late 1930·s. ANON (1942), Instruments et Machines d Calculer. Conservatoire National des Arts et M~tiers. Paris (1942). (Cat. du Mus~e. Section A.) Catalogue of a very large collection of calculating machines and calculating aids. Many illustrations. and brief descriptions of the major machines. ANON (1943), Report on an Electronic Difference Analyzer, Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Univ. of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. Pa. (8 Apr. 1943). 36p. This report was submitted to the Ballistics Research Laboratory. Aberdeen Proving Ground. and includes a reconstructed version of Mauchly's original 1942 memorandum. The report contains detailed descriptions of the various functional units. and worked out examples of the use of analyzer for the solution of problems in ballistics. ANON (1943b). "Calculators Calculations." Time Magazine. pp.86- 87 (25 Oct. 1943). An account of the work of Carl M. Friden on automatic calculating machines. in association with the Marchant Calculating Machine Co .. and later with his own company. ANON (1945). IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calr.ulator. IBM Corporation (1945). 6p. An account of the machine's development. extracts from a speech by Aiken at the dedication ceremony. and a general description of the machine. An interesting list of the various basic units incorporated in the machine. nam• ing their inventors and date of invention. is included. Both J. W. Bryce and C. D. Lake feature large in the . ANON (1946). "Calculations and Electronics: Automatic computa• tor [sic] designed by the National Physical Laboratory." Electrician 137. pp.1279-1280 (1946). Short article. taken mainly from a statement published by the Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. on the history of calculating machines and on the work then in progress at the National PhySical Laboratory.

538 ANON (l946b), "Ordnance's All-Electronic Calculating Machine," The Ordnance Digest 28 (3), pp.5-B (Mar. 1946). A summary account, useful for its treatment of the funding and the general direction of the ENIAC project. ANON (1946c), "Figures In a Flash," Bakelite Review 18 (1), pp.1B- 20 (Apr. 1946). A popular account 01 ENIAC, concentrating on the use made 01 Bakelite com• ponents. ANON (l946d), "War Department Unveils lB,OOO-tube Robot Calcu- lator; ENIAC," Electronics 19, p.30B,310,312,314 (Apr. 1946). Popular account of the ENIAC , with sections on Ballistics Applications, Indus• trial Uses, General Deta!ls, Operating Procedure. Arithmetic Elements, Memory Elements and Control Elements. Illustrated. ANON (1946e), "ACE - The Automatic Computing Machine," Elec• tronic Eng. 18, pp.372-373 (Dec. 1946). Similar to Anon (1946a). ANON (1946f), "Electronic Computer Known as the ENIAC, " Mech. Eng. 68, pp.560-561 (June 1946). Brief summary, plus a photograph. ANON (1946g), Scientific Computing Service Limited: A description of its activities, equipment and staff, Scientific Computing Service Ltd., London (1946). 23p. An interesting brochure, which includes a brief summary of Comrie's career, and a bibliography of publications by Comrie, and by the Scientific Comput• ing Service. ANON (1946h), "Applied Mathematical Research in Germany, with Particular Reference to Naval Applications," Report No. 79, British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, HMSO, London (c. 1946). Section I. on the Institute for Practical Mathem tics, Darmstadt, is based on an interrogation of Dr. A. Walther. Suprisingly it describes the institute as possessing desk calculators and accounting machines, but no punched card machinery. Section VIll is on Ing. Zuse's Calculating Machines. It contains one page of details about (presumably) the Z4 and states that as a result of further enquiries " a report describing the machines has been obtained and at least part of the actual machine discovered". ANON (1947), The Automatic Computing Engine, Military College of Science, Shrivenham (1947). 62p. "This account is based on a series of informal talks given by Dr. A. M.Turing and Mr. Wilkinson of the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory. It is by no means a comprehensive description of the A.C.E . but is intended only to serve as an introduction to the principles involved in the deSign and development of a digital computing machine." ANON (1947b), "Mercury Memory Tanks in New EDVAC Computer," Electronics 20, p.168,172,176 (May 1947). A short article, which gives a number of technical details about the design of the delay line memory for EDVAC. ANON (1947c), Bibliography on Automatic Digital Computing Machinery, Unpublished typescript (c. 1947). lOp. An important 130-item bibliography, of unknown American origin, in the

539 NPL Mathematics Division Library. Covers analogue and digital machines, and cites both the published and the patent literature. ANON (1947d), ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Com- puter, Electronic Control Co., Philadelphia (1947?). 12p. A leatlet issued originally by the Electronic Control Co., overprinted with a change of address and ot company name to Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. Contains an overview of the plans for Univac and a reprint of Hartree( 1946), a description of ENIAC. ANON (1948), "IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator," MTAC 3, pp.216-217 (1948). Brief notice of the dedication ceremony held 27 and 28 Jan. 1948. ANON (1948b), "IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator," Form No 52-3927-3-49, IBM, New York (1948). 16p. An illustrated booklet, with sections headed: IBM Selective Sequence Elec• tronic Calculator, How the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator Operates, Dedication of IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator Marks a Milestone in Scientific Aid, and Historical Highlights of Computing Machine Development. Photographs of twenty-three of the scientists and engineers who developed the SSEC are included. ANON (1948c), "From Pukekohe to the Nautical Almanac," New Zealand Listener {16 Jan. 1948}. An interview in which L. J. Comrie gives an informative and interesting account of his life and work, mentioning that he had his first lesson on the use of a Brunsviga calculating machine from Professor Karl Pearson on Armistice Day (11 Nov. 1918). ANON (1948d), "IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator is Dedicated to Science," Business Machines 30 (11), pp.1-12 (15 Mar. 1948). A profusely illustrated special issue of this newspaper-sized publication. It contains transcripts of speechs and technical talks by T. J. Watson, F. E. Hamilton and R. Seeber. These provide detailed accounts of the develop• ment, construction and operation of the machine. Other articles describe its applications, including to the calculation of lunar positions. A very large selection of press reports of the dedication ceremony is reprinted. ANON (1948e), Bibliography on Electronic Computing Machines, Mathematics Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex (June 1948). 3p. A valuable list of 52 articles, books, reports and patents, dated 1940-1947, mainly American or British in origin. ANON (1949), "The Light He Leaves Behind," Think, pp.5-6,30-31 (Apr. 1949). A fascinating summary of the work of J. W. Bryce (1880-1949), one of America's most prolific inventors. "As far back as 1915 he foresaw the potentialities of the vacuum tube and made a complete analytical study of the subject. In 1932 he instituted research projects to develop methods of employing the electronic tube to perform arithmetical operations." He had joined IBM as Chief Scientific Director, after inventing many mechanical dev• ices. He was closely involved in the design of machines for the Columbia University Statistical Bureau, of the Harvard Mark I ("which contained several of Mr. Bryce's major inventions, including his high-speed multiplying,

540 dividing and cross-adding systems and also the read-out and emitter") and the SSEC. ANON (1949b), "A Calculating Machine with a "Memory"," Illus- trated London News, pp.831-833 (25 June 1949). Provides a number of photographs of what it terms the "Manchester Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculating Machine," i.e., the first Manches• ter computer. ANON (1949c), " Northrop Acquires Electronic "Brain"," Aviation Week 29, p .29 (19 Sept. 1949). A one-column announcement about Northrop's purchase of, and plans for using, 8INAC . ANON (1949d), " BINAC Demonstrated, New Electronic Brain," J. Franklin Inst. 248 (4), pp.360-361 (Oct. 1949). Account of a demonstration of 8INAC at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Cor• poration in Philadelphia. at which solutions to Poisson's Equation. and square and cube roots of numbers typed in by the audience were calculated. Only brief details are given of 8INAC. which is stated to be a twin computer system, with each computer incorporating 700 vacuum tubes, in which numbers and instructions are held in mercury delay lines. ANON (194ge) , Thirty Years Progress, Unpublished typescript, Powers-Samas Accounting Machines (1949). 12p. (In the ICL Archives.) A non-technical chronological account, concentrating on machine develop• ments. "The range of machines [in 1919] comprised the Tabulator, Sorter Key Punch and Slide Punch, those machines at the time were the most advanced of their kind. The Tabulator was the only card-operated Printing Machine. The punching machines were more comprehensive and efficient than any others and the new Horizontal Sorter was a great advance on any• thing else." ANON (1950), "Bibliography on Automatic Digital Calculating Machines," pp. 134-141 in Report of a Conf. on High Speed Automatic Calculating Machines, 22-25 June 1949, Univ. Mathematical Labora• tory, Cambridge (Jan. 1950). A bibliography of over a hundred items, mainly from the period 1946-1949. ANON (1954), History of the Company, Unpublished typescript, Powers-Samas Company (26 Aug. 1954). 5p. (In the ICL Archives.) A chronology, giving useful information concerning when the various machines were first introduced. It states that the Powers Machines were first installed in the UK in 1914, at the Prudential Assurance Co .. who later acquired manufacturing rights. and in 1919 set up the Accounting and Tabulating Corporation of Great Britain. Multiple Counting Sorters were introduced in 1921, the Automatic Total Attachment in 1927, the Printing Counting Sorter (developed for the British Census) in 1931, the-Multiplying Punch in 1941, and the Cross Adding Punch in 1943. The company became Powers-Samas in 1929 and was taken over by Vickers from the Prudential in 1945. ANON (1955), "The History of Fujitsu's Computers," FUJI 6 (4) (1955). (In Japanese.) A valuable series of 34 captioned photographs which provide a chronological record of the relay devices and calculators developed by Fujitsu in the period 1940-1955. These are as follows: a totalisator (1940). a totalisator

541 and adder (1941). a binary arithmetic relay calculator. used as the basis of a matrix calculator (1942). a cryptographic decoder. developed for the Japanese Navy (1943). a statistical computer. incorporating twenty input terminals (1951). a relay computer for the stock exchange (1953). an auto• correlation calculator installed at the Seismic Research Laboratory of Tokyo University (1954). the FACOM-IOO general purpose relay computer (1954). the ETL Mark" general purpose relay computer (1955) and the FACOM-415A and FACOM-416A statistical calculators (1955). ANON (1955b). "Chronological Chart of Digital Computers in Japan. compared to those in Western Countries." FUJI 6 (4). p.216 (1955). (In Japanese.) Covers relay and electronic devices and computers from 1940 to 1950. The Japanese entries given consist of the Fujitsu developments listed in Anon (1955a). together with: pilot model of Tokyo University relay statistical com• puter (1943). Tokyo University relay computer (1947). NEe relay statistical computer (1951). ETL Mark I and Mark II computers (1952 and 1955). and the TAC and FUJIC electronic computers (1955). The Western entries are taken mainly from a 1953 U.S. Office of Naval Research Survey of Automatic Digital Computers. ANON (1956). "The First Alphabetical Printing Unit." Powers- Samas Gazette. pp.8-9 (Mar./ Apr. 1956). Brief description of the invention in 1916 by Charles Foster of a device which enabled "almost certainly the first alphabetical printing in the world to be produced from any kind of punched card tabulating equipment." ANON (1960). "IBM Computers - The story of their development." Data Processing (London) 2 (2). pp.90-101 (1960). "Towards the end of the war IBM built a machine called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (sometimes referred to as the Harvard Mark I)." Also covers the SSEC (1948). the Type 603 multiplier (1946). the CPC. the Type 628 (1958). and the Tape Processing Machine (1950). as well as later developments. ANON (1960b). "New Methods for Knowing." Form 500-0002. IBM Corporation. New York (Jan. 1960). An illustrated brochure. with sections on the origins and development of tabulating machinery. and on early IBM electric calculators. ANON (1963). "Herman Hollerith." Systems and Procedures J. 14 (6). pp.18-24 (Nov.-Dec. 1963). An illustrated account of the Hollerith's first tabulating system. and its use for the 1890 U.S. Census. and of the origins of the IBM Corporation. ANON (1964). "An Historical Event - ENIAC." Data Systems Design 1 (3). pp.26-27 (Mar. 1964). Includes a brief extract from the historic ENIAC patent. ANON (1964b). A History of Sperry Rand Corporation. Recording and Statistical Company Division. Sperry Rand Corporation (Sept. 1964). 32p. Contains. amongsl a weller of facls aboul company mergers. acquistions. elc .. just a few brief delails about the Eckert-Mauchly Corporation (acquired by Reminglon Rand in 1949). and aboullhe lake-over in 1927 of lhe Powers Accounting Machine Company.

542 ANON {1967}, In The Beginning. (Tape Transcript), Twentieth Anniversary Cont., ACM, Washington, D.C. {23-25 Aug. 1967}. 90p. Transcript of a three hour session of reminiscences by many computer pioneers, including S. Alexander, R. M. Bloch, A. A. Cohen, D. Eckdahl, J. W. Forrester, H. H. Goldstine, G. M. Hopper, J. W. Mauchly, G. R. Stibitz and M. V. Wilkes. (Pantages (1967) Is a brief report on this session.) ANON (1971), "Charles B. Tomkins Dies in Los Angeles," Datamation 17 {4}, p.57,61 (1971). "Dr. Tompkins was one of the group of former Navy officer specialists who, in 1946, formed Engineering Research Associates of Sl. Paul, Minn ... ERA, under contract to the Navy, produced one of the world 's first three computers, a powerful top-secret intelligence computer known as Machine 13." ANON (1971 b), The Birth of the Computer, 3M Company, London (1971). A set of six lavishly illustrated brochures, providing a very useful history of the development of calculating machines and computers, starting with Napier's rods, and ending with the first generation of electronic computers. ANON (1971c), " Highlights of IBM History," Form G520- 1580-5, IBM Corporation, Armonk. New York (1971). A brief account, written in "telegraphese," useful for its data regarding first deliveries of various punched card machines. ANON (1971 d), A Quarter Century View, Association for Computing Machinery, New York (1971). The main section of this booklet consists of a reprint of an article by Rosen on the development of electronic computers mainly in the U.S.A ., which con• tains very little material on the earliest such computers. However the book• let is lavishly illustrated, and includes facsimile reproductions of articles in the N.Y . Times and the Illustrated London News on ENIAC. ANON (1972), Charles Babbage Computer Pioneer 1791 - 1871 , External Affairs Division, IBM United Kingdom, London (1972). A wall chart which contains previously unpublished material about the development of the Analytical Engine, including facsimile reproductions of the earliest general plan (1834) and of an entirely different later version (1856). ANON (1973), "Three NCR Pi~neers cited by Smithsonian for Elec- tronics Work," NCR Dayton 6 (3), p .1.3 (11 Apr. 1973). Brief illustrated accounts of the careers of Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, who worked from 1938 to 1942 on the NCR Electronic Calculator, and Don E. Eckdahl. leader of the MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Differential Ana• lyser) project, which was completed in 1949. ANON (1973b), An Inventory of the Papers of George Robert Stibitz Concerning the Invention and Development of the Digital Computer. Dartmouth College Library. Hanover. N.H. (1973). 128p. A brief biography, and an inventory of a body of papers occupying over twenty feet of shelf space in the Archives Department of the Dartmouth Col• lege Library. "The collection consists. primarily, of papers by Dr. Stibitz in the form of reports. memoranda, notes. lectures. correspondence and patents, encompassing the period 1937-1962. Included also are manuals. advertisements, photographs and minutes from small gatherings of indivi• duals who were also innovators in the development of the computer." The

543 collection thus contains much information about virtually all the early American computer developments, as well as the Bell Laboratories Comput• ers. ANON (1973c), Automates et M~canismes d Musique, Mus~e National des Techniques, Paris (1973). 66p. A well-illustrated catalogue of the museum's superb collection of mechani• cal automata, which in a number of cases provides clear drawings of the interior mechanisms, as well as photographs of the automata. ANON (1977), Homenaje a D . Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852-1936), Centro de la Informcitica, T~cnica y Material Administrativos, [Madrid] (1977). 85p. Contains reprints of a 1951 article 'Torres Quevedo y la Automdtica' by G. Torres-Quevedo Polanco, and the catalogue of a 1953 exhibition of machines invented by Torres y Quevedo. Between them these give accounts, in many cases illustrated with photographs, of two chess automata, a gambling auto• maton, two electromechanical arithmometers and an 'analytical machine', stated to be intended to calculate a=(pxq)-B for a series of small values of p,q and B. ANON (1978), "The MANIAC: A great big toy," Datamation 24 (8), p.80 (1978). An interview with N. C. Metropolis, containing a brief account of Clippinger's and von Neumann's respective roles in the development of the stored pro• gram concept. ANON (1978b), Leonardo Torres Quevedo, Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, [Madrid] (1978). 124p. A lavishly illustrated book, based on an exhibition devoted to the work of Torres y Quevedo. Its sections include Biography and Bibliography, Calculat• ing Machines, 'Automdtica', and The Airship and Aerial Transporter. That on 'Automlitica' includes a reprint of Torres y Quevedo (1913) and brief details, with numerous photographs and drawings, of his two chess automata, a 1914 analytical machine and two arithmometers. ANON (n.d.), The Story of the American Totalisator Co, American Totalisator Co., Towson, Maryland (n.d.). A brochure (apparently issued during or after 1961) describing the develop• ment of the Totalisator.

544 Index to Bibliography

Abacus Alexander. C.H .O·D. Apokin. I. A. and Maislrov 1974. Milner-Barry. S. 1976. Knoll. C. G. 1914. U. Shu-T'ien Alexander. S. 1959. Porler. G. N. 1965. Pullan. J. Anon 1967. M. 1968. Smilh. D. E.1958. Worllon. W. J. 1970. Andrews. E.G. Anon 1967. Aberdeen Proving Ground Eckerl. W. J. 1948. Kempf. K. 1961. APEXC Anon 1943. Booth. A. D. 1975. Accounting and Tabulating Machine Arago. D.F.J. Co. Merrifield. C. W. 1879. Turner. H. D. Connolly. J. 1967. Anon 1954. 1961. Accounting Machines ARC Comrie. L. J. el a11937. Comrie. L. J. Booth.A.D. 1950. 1975. 1980. 1932b. 1936. Curtis. C. R. 1932. Arithmaurel calculating machine Lasl. J. 1962. Morgan. B. S. 1953. Brieux. A. (n.d.). ACE Arilhmetic: development of Carpenler. B. E. and Doran 1977. Talon. R. 1969. Huskey. H. D. 1978. Lavinglon. S. H. Atanasotf. J.V. 1979. Malik. R. 1969. Phillips. E. W. Evans. C. (n.d.). Hughes. T. P. 1975. 1963. 1965b. Turing. A. M. 1945. Wil• Larson. E. R. 1973. McNulty. J. 1980. kinson. J. H. 1948b. 1950. 1975. Mollenhotf. G. G. 1974. Tropp. H. 1980. Womersley. J. R. 1946b. 1974. Zemanek. H. 1974b. Woodger. M. 1951. 1958. 1977. 1978. Anon 1946. 1946e. 1947. Atanasotf-Berry Machine Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. ACE : programming of Atanasotf. J. V. 1940. Berry. C. E. Wilkinson. J. H. 1948. 1948b. 1941. Gardner. W. D.1974. Addo: calculating machine Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Kern. J. L. Porler. G. N. 1965. 1968. Larson. E. R. 19'/3. Mauchly. J. Agrell. H. W. 1980. Richards. R. K. 1966. Porter. G. N. 1965. Zemanek. H. 1974b. Aiken. H.H. Auckland Racing Club Bernstein. J. 1963. Ceruzzi. P. E. Mackie. W. 1975. 1980. Chase. G. C. 1980. Comrie. L. Automatic Message Accounting Sys• J. 1946b. Goldstine. H. H. 1972. tem Hopper. G. M. 1970. Oettinger. B. G. Stevenson. M. G.1973. 1962. Phelps. B. E. 1974. Tropp. H. Babbage. C. 1974. Anon 1945. Archibald. R. C. 1935. 1948. Bab• Aircraft Stability and Control bage. C. 1899. Bell. W. L. 1975. Bern• Analyzer stein. J. 1963. Bowden. B. V. 1953. Redmond. K. C. and Smith 1975. 1960. 1961. Bulferelti. L. 1968. Bux-

545 ton, H. W. (n.d .), Buxton, L. H. O. brea, L. F. 1884, Moore, D. L. 1977, 1934, Clark, R. 1975, Colebrook, H. Moseley, M. 1964. T. 1825, Collier, B. 1970, Comrie, L. Babbage: Difference Engine J. 1946b, Connolly, J. 1967, Crosse, Adler, R. R.1958, Anderson, T. 1932, A. 1890, 1891, 1892, Diderot, D. Babbage, B. H. 1872, Babbage, C. 1748, Dubbey, J. M.1968, 1973, 1822, 1822b, 1823, 1825, 1864, 1978, Fitzgerald, W. G.1895, Fyvie, Babbage, H. P. 1889, Babbage, R. H. J. 1906, Garwig, P. L. 1969, God• 1948, Baily, F. 1824, Boys, C. V. dard, D. 1906, Grattan-Guinness, I. 1886, Brewster, D. 1824, 1868, Bux• 1979, Gutor, R. S.and Polunov ton, L. H. D. 1934, C., P. S. 1835, 1973, Halacy, D. 1970, Hartree, O. R. Collier, B. 1970, Comrie, L. J. 1930, 1949, Hollingdale, S. H. 1966, 1932b, Crosse,A. 1892, Dodd,G. Howlett, J. 1973, Hunt, W. S.(n .d .), 1853, Felt, D. E. 1893, Franksen, O. Huskey, V. R. and Huskey 1980, I. 1977, Herschel, J. F. W.1829 , Hyman, A. 1975, Juris, Judex 1861, Hyman, A. 1976, Lardner, O. 1834, Lewis, T. C. 1884, Losano, M. G. Lewis, T. C. 1884, Losano, M. G. 1976, MacFarlane, A. 1919, 1974, Marshall, W. P. 1879, Morrison, P. and Morrison 1952, Morrison, P. and Morrison 1961 , Moseley, M. 1964, Moulton, Lord Publicola 1832, Rosse, Lord 1854, 1915, Nudds, O. 1969, Pengelly, H. Timbs, J. 1863, Turner, H. D.1961, 1897, Richardson, C. J. 1856, Sen• Walford, C. 1871. Weld, C. R. 1848, dov, B. 1975, Smiles, S. 1908, 1849, Williams, M. R. 1976, Y., S. Smith, O. E. 1922, T., R. 1872, Tho• 1835, Anon 1828, 1832, 1870, mas, J. C. 1966, Traconi, F. G.1971 , 1871b. Van Sinderen, A. W. 1980, Verrijn Stuart, A. A. 1971, Wittenberg, G. Babbage: in Turin 1970, Anon 1855b, 1972. Briguglio, L. and Bulf eretti 1971. Bulferetti, L. 1968b, Losano, M. G. Babbage, H.P. 1973, Traconi. F. G. 1971. Babbage, H. P. 1910b, Fitzgerald, W. G. 1895, Manby, C. 1856. Babbage: influence of Booth, A. D.1962 , Brainerd, J. G. Babbage: Analytical Engine 1965, Bush, V. 1936, Couffignal. L. Adler, R. R. 1958, Babbage, C. 1837, 1933, Dubbey, J. M. 1968, 1973, Eck• 1837b, 1851. 1864, Babbage, H. P. ert, J. P. 1970, Hopper, G. M. 1970, 1888, 1889, 1910, 1910b, Babbage, Metropolis, N. and Worlton 1972, R. H. 1948, Bowden, B. V. 1953, Bul• Torres y Quevedo, L. 1914, 1920. feretti, L. 1968, Buxton, H. W. (n.d .), Collier, B. 1970, Crosse, A. 1891. de Babbage: Mechanical Notation Morgan,S. E. 1882, Dodd, G. 1853, 8abbage, C. 1826, 1851b. Hammersley, J. M.1974 , Hartree, D. 8abbage: mechanical notation R. 1948, Hyman, A. 1976, Losano, M. Babbage, C. 1855, Babbage, H. P. G. 1971 , 1973, Lovelace, Augusta and Babbage 1856, Babbage, H. P. Ada, Countess of 1843, Ludgate, P. 1855, 1888, 1910b, Buxton, H. W. E. 1914, MacFarlane, A. 1919, Mena• (n.d.), Manby, C. 1856 brea, L. F. 1842, 1855, Merrifield, C. Babbage: obituary notices W. 1879, Morrison, P. and Morrison Dodge, N. S. 1873, Quetelet, A. 1872, 1961. Stokes, G. G. et al 1855, S., A. 1872, Anon 1871 , 1871b, Timbs, J. 1863, Tumbleson, R. C. 1871c, 1871d, 1871e. 1948, Turner, H. D. 1961. Weld, C. R. 1848, Wilkes, M. V. 1951. 1971. Wil• Baldwin Calculator kinson, J. H. 1975, Anon 1834, 1843. Anon 1935. Babbage: collaboration with Lady Baldwin, F.S. Lovelace Anon 1935. Davies, D. W. 1980, Hammersley, J. Ballistics Research Laboratories M. 1974, Kean,D. W. 1973, Mena- (See Aberdeen Proving Ground.)

546 Barnes. R.C.M. BINAC Millington. R. 1976. Auerbach. A. A. et al 1952. Auer• Bell Laboratories Computers bach. I. L. et al 1949. Klaas. P. 1953. Andrews. E. G. 1952. 1963. Bell Larson. E. R. 1973.Lukoff.H. 1979. Laboratories Staff 1976. Hoffleit. D. Mauchly. J. W. 1979. Shaw. R. F. 1949. Holbrook. B. D. 1975. Love• 1950. Sprague. R. E. 1972. Stern. N. day. E. 1977. Malik. R 1969. Snyder. 1978. 1979. Anon 1949c. 1949d. S. S. 1977. Stevenson. M. G. 1973. Binary Arithmetic Stibitz. G. R. and Larrivee 1957. Sti• Coufflgnal. L. 1936. Heath. F. G. bitz. G. R. 1945. 1967. 1980. Anon 1961. Leibniz. G. W. 1966. Phillips. E. 1973b. W. 1936. 1962. Tucker. R. L. 1940. Bell Laboratories Computers: Modell Valtat. R. L. A. 1936. Booth. A. D. 1950. Hollcron. T. R. Binary Coding 1940. Stibitz. G. R. 1940. Heath. F. G. 1961. Bell Laboratories Computers: Model II Birkbeck College Cesareo. O. 1946. Stibitz. G. R 1945. Booth. A. D. 1975. Kitz. N. 1951. Bell Laboratories Computers: Model III Lavington. S. H. 1979. Juley. J. 1947. Bletchley Park Bell Laboratories Computers: Model V Calvocoressi. P. 1974. 1977. Cave Alt. F. L. 1947. 1948. Andrews. E. G. Brown. A. 1975. Hinsley. F. H. et al and Box 1950. Booth. A. D. 1950. 1979. Johnson. B. 1978. Kahn. D. Holbrook. B. D. 1975. Stibitz. G. R 1974. Lewin. R 1978. Luebbert. W. F. 1945b. Williams. S. B. 1947. 1948. and Stoll 1977. Michie. D. 1977. Milner-Barry. S. 1976. Randell. B. Bell Laboratories Computers: Model VI 1976. 1977. Whiting. C. 1975. Win• Andrews. E. G. 1951. terbotham. F. W. 1974. Bergstrom. J.W. Bloch. RM . Anderson. T. 1932. Anon 1967. BESM Bollee: calculating machine Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Bollee. L. 1889. Brieux. A. (n.d.). Bibliographies d·Ocagne. M. 1920. Sebert. H. 1895. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Bolmida Archibald. R. C. 1935. 1948. Berke• Barlow. A. 1878. ley. E. C. 1949. Chroust. G. 1974. de Beauclair. W. and Schmid 1974. de Bomb: cryptanalytic machine Beauclair. W. 1967. Haga. E. J. 1963. Campbell. D. 1977. Garlihski. J Huskey. H. D. and Huskey 1976. Jo. 1979. Hinsley. F. H. et al 1979. K. 1947. Losano. M. G. 1974. Johnson. B. 1978. Korbinski. S. Malassis. L. et al 1920. Matuyama. T. 1977. 1977. Mehmke. R. and d'Ocagne Bonch-Bruevilch. M.A. 1908. Merzbach. U. C. 1977. Meyer Apokin.1. A. and Maistrov 1974. Zur Capellen. W. 1949. Randell. B. Bonelli 1973. 1979. Stitler. W. W. 1950. Barlow. A. 1878. Poncelet. M. 1857. Travis. I. 1938. Van Sinderen. A. W. 1980. Wilkes. M. V. 1951. Willers. F. Book-keeping Machines A. 1940. 1951. Wittenberg. G. 1970. Beitlich. E. 1938. Lenz. K. 1932. Anon 1936b. 1947c. 1948e. 1950. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Nagler. J. W. 1966. Tauschek. G. 1930. Zemanek. Billings. C. H. 1980. Anon 1938. (See also Punched Card Machinery: origins) Booth. A.D. Blodgett. J. H. 1967. Connolly. J. Evans. C. (n.d.). 1967. Truesdell. L. E. 1965. Willcox . Boucher: adding machine W. F. 1926. Porter. G. N. 1965. 547 Bouchon 1907. 1938. Ballot. C. 1923. Barlow. A. 1878. Bush. V. Eymard. P. 1863. Kreindl. F. 1935. Bush. V. 1970. Campaigne. H. 1974. Poncelet. M. 1857. Usher. A. P. 1954. Crawford. P. O. 1939. Goldstine. H. Boyer. J. H. 1972. Radford. W. H. 1938. 1939. Coleman. J. S. 1949. Reinhold. R. 1974. Snyder. S. S. Brainerd. J. G. 1977. Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Buxton Collection Braun: calculating machine Bell. W. L. 1975. von Mackensen. L. 1969. Buxton. H.W. British Museum Buxton.L.H. 0.1934. Collier. B. 1970. C-T-R Co . British Tabulating Machine Co . (See Computing-Tabulating• Booth. A. D. 1975. Cave Brown. A. Recording Co .) 1975. Connolly. J. 1967. Calculating Machines BRLESC (See also Addo. Arithmaurel. Bolll!e. Kempf. K. 1961. Boucher. Braun. Brunsviga. Bur• khardt. Burroughs. Edmondson. Broselmachine Gersten. Grant. Hahn. Jakobson. Adam. A. 1973. Kreindl. F. 1935. Leibniz. Leupold. Logabax. Mac• Zemanek. H. 1976. 1980. Nider. Morland. Musina. Odhner• Brown. G. wheel. Pascal. Schickard. Stanhope. Bryden. D. J. 1972. Tate. Tchebichev. Thomas. Torres y Brunsviga-Dupla: calculating machine Quevedo. Verea) Comrie. L. J. 1928b. 1932b. Anon Apokin. J. A. and Maistrov 1974. 1931. d·Ocagne. M. 1936. de Beauclair. W. 1968. Feldhaus. F. M. 1930. Last. J. Brunsviga: calculating machine 1962. Morland. Sir Samuel 1673. Comrie. L. J. 1929. Trinks. F. 1926. Rogers. J. L. 1960. Scriba. C. J. 1970. Anon 1936b. Calculating Machines: descriptive Bryce. J.W . catalogues Connolly. J. 1967. Rodgers. W. 1969. Baxandall. D. 1926. Beitlich. E. Anon 1949. 1938. Brieux. A. (n.d.). Comrie. L. J. Bull. F. 1938. Dyck. W. 1892. Horsburgh. E. Connolly. J. 1967. M. 1914. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Pugh. J. 1975. Toulon. P. 1920. Willers. F. Bull: tabulating machine A. 1951. Anon 1930. 1938. 1942. de Beauclair. W. 1968. Calculating Machines: design Burgi. J. Crew. E. W. 1941. Horsburgh. E. M. Archibald. R. C. 1948. Travis. J. 1920.1923. Last. J. 1962. Lenz. K. 1947. 1932. Lind. W. 1931. 1931 b. Meyer Burkhardt: calculating machine Zur Capellen. W. 1949. Murray. F. J. Krebs. E. 1911. 1948. Rohrberg. A. 1954.Turck.J. A. Burks. A.W. V. 1921. Willers. F. A. 1940. Wittke. Brainerd. J. G. 1976. Evans. C. H. 1943. (n.d.). Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Calculating Machines: development of Burroughs. W.S. Baxandall. D. 1929. Booth. A. D. and Coleman. J. S. 1949. Booth 1956. Brauner. L. 1926. Bryden. D. J. 1972. Chase. G. C. Burroughs: calculator 1952. 1980. Chevalier. J. 1942. Coleman. J. S. 1949. Hudson. T. C. Cousins. F. W. 1946. d·Ocagne. M. 1914. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Morgan. 1905. 1920. 1922. de Beauclair. W. B. S. 1953. Verry.A. 1940. Anon 548 and Schmid 1974. De Prll. R. 1975. corn 1951. Todd. J. and Sadler Eames. C. and Eames 1973. 1947. Tucker. R. L. 1940. Weygandt. Edmondson. J. 1885. Evans. C. 1981. A. 1933. Felt. D. E. 1916. Galle. A. 1912. Gan• Campos: book-keeping machine zhorn. K. and Walter 1975. Gold• Campos. F. P. 1944. Chevalier. J. berg. H. E. 1915. Haga. E. J. 1965. 1942. Curtis. C. R. 1932. de Beau• Harmon. M. 1975. Henneman. A. clair. W. 1968. 1953. Horsburgh. E. M. 1920. Hus• key. H. D. and Huskey 1976. Jacob. Carcavius L. 1911. Jo. K. 1947. Kaufmann. H. Locke. L. L. 1933. 1974. Krebs. E. 1911. Lenz. R. 1906. Cavendish Laboratory Lilley. S. 1945. Locke. L. L. 1932. Lewis. W. B. 1942. Wynn-Williams. C. Losano. M. G. 1976b. Martin. E. E. 1957. 1925. Mehmke. R. and d'Ocagne Chedaker. J. 1908. Randell. B. 1973. Reinecke. H. Brainerd. J. G. 1976. 1973. Taton. R. and Flad 1963. Travis. I. 1947. Turck. J. A. V. 1921. Clark. J. Verry. A. 1940. Willers. F. A. 1952. Clark. R. 1975. Wolf. A. 1938. Worlton. W. J. 1970. Clement. J. Anon 1971b. Smiles. S. 1908. Calculating Machines: direct multipli• Clippinger. R. cation Metropolis. N. and Worlton 1972. Boll~e. L. 1889. Chase. G. C. 1952. Anon 1978. d·Ocagne. M. 1915. Goldberg. H. E. Cohen. A.A. 1915. Lind. W. 1931b. Locke. L. L. Anon 1967. 1926. Nicoladze. C. 1928. Randell. B. 1971. Turck. J. A. V. 1921. Willers. F. Cohen.I.B. A. 1951. Chase. G. C. 1980. Calculating Machines: interconnec• Colossus tion Campbell. D. 1977. Coombs. A. W. M. Brainerd. J. G. 1976. Comrie. L. J. 1977. Flowers. T. H.1979. 1980. 1929.Fraze~R . A. 1937. Good. I. J. 1979. Johnson. B. 1978. Kahn. D. 1974. Luebbert. W. F. and Calculating Machines: patents Stoll 1977. Lynch. A. C. 1978. Malik. Goldberg. H. E. 1915. Turck. J. A. V. R. 1980. Peltu. M. 1977. Randell. B. 1921. 1976. 1977. 1980. Calculating Machines: usage Columbia Univ. Statistical Bureau Comrie. L. J. 1925. 1927. 1928b. Eckert. W. J. 1951. Anon 1949. 1934. 1944. 1946. Horsburgh. E. M. 1923. Lenz. K. 1932. Morland. Sir Comptometer Samuel 1673. Rohrberg. A. 1954. (See Felt and Tarrant: comptome• Womersley. J. R. 1946. ter.) Calculation Control Switch Computer Industry Brennan. J. F. 1971. Eames. C. and Freeman. C. et al 1965. Eames 1973. Eckert. W. J. 1940. Computers Calculators: special purpose (See also ACE. APEXC. ARC. Bell (See also Atanasoff-Berry Com• Laboratories. BESM. BINAC. BRLESC. puter. Totalisator) Couffignal, Darmstadt. D 1. ERA. Beevers.C.A. 1939. Booth. A. D. EDSAC. EDVAC. Electric Computer 1947. 1975. Cunningham. L. B. C. and Typewriter. Elliott Computers. and Hynd 1946. Frazer. R. A. 1937. ENIAC. FACOM. Ferranti. FUJIC. Har• Hamann. Ch. 1932. HUll. C. L. 1925. vard. lAS . IBM. Institut Blaise Pas• Kosten. L. 1950. MacEwan. D. and cal. Harvard. LEO. Machine 13. Man• Beevers 1942. Shire. E. S. and Run- chester. MANIAC. MOSIAC . MESM. 549 ORDVAC.SEC . Shadrach.SSEC. TAC. Zur Capellen. W. 1949. Pantages. A. TREAC. UNIVAC. Whirlwind. Zuse.} 1967. Randell. B. 1973. 1976b. Computers. American: development Richards. R. K. 1966. Rosenberg. J. of M. 1969. Smith. T. M. 1970. Stibitz. Booth. A. D. and Britten 1949. Cur• G. R. 1947. Thomas. J. C. 1966. tiss. J. H. 1948. Flato. L. 1978. Trask. M. 1971. Wilkes. M. V. 1956. Goldstine. H. H. 1970. 1972. Gray. H. Williams. R. 1976. Anon 1971 b. J. 1963. Gruenberger. F. J. 1958. Computers: index registers Huskey. H. D. 1950. Kitz. N. 1951 . Lavington. S. H. 1977. Stibitz. G. R. Larson. E. R. 1973. P~r~s. J. et al 1948. Williams. F. C. 1975. 1948. Serrel. R. et al 1962. Sprague. Computers: patents R. E. 1972. Thomas. S. 1964. Tropp. Larson. E. R. 1973. Lavington. S. H. H. 1974. Tumbleson. R. C. 1948. 1975. Schelberg. W. V. 1971. Zuse. K. Wiener. N. 1948. Wilkes. M. V. 1956. 1936. Anon 1947c. 1949. 1964. Anon 1971d. 1973b. 1973b. Computers. British: development of Computers: programming of Bowden.B. V. 1953. Drath. P. 1973. Goldstine. H. H. and Neumann 1947. Edwards. D. B. G. 1970. Elliott. W. S. 1948. 1948b. Hopper. G. M. 1970. 1951 . Good. I. J. 1970. Halsbury. Knuth. D. E. and Pardo 1976. Knuth. Earl of 1959. Huskey. H. D. 1978. D. E. and Trabb Pardo 1980. Knuth. Kitz. N. 1951. Lavington. S. H.1977. D. E. 1970. Lubkin. S. 1947. 1980. Malik. R. 1969. McCarthy.J. Mauchly. J. W. 1948. Newman. M. H. 1966. Michie. D. 1968. Randell. B. A. 1948. Rutishauser. H. et al 1951. 1972. 1976. Stibitz. G. R. 1948. von Neumann. J. Computers. German: development of 1945. Wheeler. D. J. 1950. Wilkinson. Bauer. F. L.1980. Meyer Zur Capel• J. H. 1950.Zuse. K. 1949. len. W. 1949. Walther. A. and Dreyer Computers: stored program concept 1946. 1948. Zuse. K. 1970. Carpenter. B. E.and Doran 1977. Computers. Japanese: development of Eckert. J. P. et al 1945. Eckert. J. P. Jo. K. et al 1972. Matuyama. T. 1945. 1947. 1970. 1976. 1980. 1977. Okazaki. B. 1971. Suekane. R. Goldstine. H. H. and Neumann 1963. 1980. Takahashi. H. 1972. Anon Gray. H. J. 1963. Hammersley. J. M. 1955. 1955b. 1974. Huskey. H. D. 1973. Johnson. Computers. Russian: development of L. R. 1970. Mauchly. J. W. 1948. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Metropolis. N. and Worlton 1972. Newman. M. H. A.1948 . Phelps. B. E. Computers: arithmetical operations 1974. Richtmyer. R. D. 1965. Stern. Coombs. A. W. M.and Chandler N. 1978. 1980b. Turing. A. M. 1936. 1946. Lehmann. N. J. 1953. Shaw. R. von Neumann. J. 1945. Woodger. M. F. 1950. et al 1975. Zuse. K. 1980. Anon Computers: conditional branching 1978. Lyndon. R. C. 1947. Wilkes. M. V. Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. 1951. Belden. T. G. and Belden 1962. Computers: development of Blodgett. J. H.1967 . Connolly. J. Butler. M. 1968. de Beauclair. W. 1967. Engelbourg. S. 1975. Rodgers. and Schmid 1974. de Beauclair. W. W. 1969. Anon 1936. 1967. 1968. De Pra. R. 1975. Eames. Comrie. L.J. C. and Eames 1973. Erskine. G. A. Aitken. A. C. 1951. Archibald. R. C. 1976. Evans. C. 1981. Ganzhorn. K. 1948. Buxton. L. H. D. 1934. Lehmer. and Walter 1975. Harmon. M. 1975. D. H. 1951. Williams. M. R. 1976. Hoffman. W. 1962. Hollingdale. S. H. Womersley. J. R. 1946. Anon 1946g. and Tootill 1965. Huskey. H. D. and Huskey 1976. Malik. R. 1975. Meyer Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers 550 Anon 1942. Davies. D.W. Coombs. A.W.M. Evans. C. (n.d .). Evans. C. (n.d.). de 8eauclair. W. Cosine Adding Machine Czauderna. K. H. 1978. 8ooth. A. D.1947 . de Caus. S. Coutflgnal. L. Chapuis. A. and Droz 1949. 1958. d·Ocagne. M. 1938. de Morgan. A. Coutflgnal: program-controlled calcu• de Morgan. S. E. 1882. Weld. C. R. lator 1849. Coutflgnal. L. 1938b. Deacon: difference engine Crawford Collection. Royal Observa• Walford. C. 1871. Williams. M. R. tory. Edinburgh 1976. Diderot. D. 1748. Juris. Judex 1861. Dehomag T.. R. 1872. (See Deutsche Hollerith• Crawford. P.O. Maschinen-Gesellschaft.) Redmond. K. C. and Smith 1975. Demon: cryptanalytic machine Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Snyder. S. S. 1977. Cryptanalysis Derr. W.A. 8abbage. H. P. 1910b. Condon. E. U. 1968. Cryptanalytic Machines Desch. J.R. (See also 80mb. Colossus. Demon. Kneiss. H. E. 1973. Anon 1973. Goldberg. Heath Robinson. Madam Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen• X) Gesellschaft Calvocoressi. P. 1974. 1977. Cam• Connolly. J. 1967. paigne. H. 1974. Campbell. D. 1977. Cave 8rown. A. 1975. Garlihski. J Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen• 1979.Jensen.W. 1952. Johnson. 8. Gesellschaft: 011 Tabulator 1978. Jones. R. V. 1977. Kahn. D. de 8eauclair. W. 1968. 1974. Korbinski. S. 1977. Kozaczuk. Deutsches Museum. Munich W. 1975. 1975b. Luebbert. W. F. and Goldbach. W. and Schneider 1963. Stoll 1977. Millington. R. 1976. Ran• Difference Engines dell. 8. 1976. Rohrbach. H. 1948. (See also 8abbage. Deacon. Grant. Rohwehr.J. 1977. Snyder. S. S. Hamann. Muller. Scheutz. Thomp• 1977. Whiting. C. 1975. Anon 1955. son. Wiberg) Cyclometer: cryptanalytic machine Comrie. L. J. 1928. 1928b. 1932b. Garlihski. J 1979. 1936. Haga. E.J. 1963. HUdson.T.C. d·Ocagne. M. 1914. Jacob. L. 1911. Ludgate. P. E. Couffignal. L. 1930. Nicoladze. C. 1909. Mehmke. R. and d'Ocagne 1928. Valtat. R. L. A. 1936. 1908. Walford. C. 1871. Williams. M. R.1976.Anon 1835. 01 Lehmann. N. J. 1953. Dirks de 8eauclair. W. 1968. Zuse. K. da Vinci. Leonardo 1970. 1970b. 8eck.T. 1900. Rosenberg.J. M. 1969. Trask. M. 1971. Draw-loom (See Broselmachine and Jacquard Darmstadt Machine Loom.) de 8eauclair. W. 1968. Dreyer. H.-J. and Walther 1946. Meyer Zur Capel• Dudley Observatory len. W. 1949. Walther. A. and Dreyer Anon 1857. 1946.1948. E.T.H. Zurich Speiser. A. P.1980. Zuse. K. 1980b.

551 Eastman Kodak 1946b.Anon 1947b. 1947d. Snyder.S. S. 1977. Electric Computer and Typewriter Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit Klir. J. 1963. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Electromechanical Devices Eccles. W. H. and Jordan 1919. (See also Torres y Quevedo. Totali• Richards. R. K. 1957. sators) Eckdahl. D. Apraxine. N. 1932. Barlow. A. 1878. Anon 1967. Beevers. C. A. 1939. Coutngnal. L. Eckert. J.P. 1938. Cunningham. L. B. C. and Bernstein. J. 1963. Brainerd. J. G. Hynd 1946. Frazer. R. A. 1937. 1976. Costello. J. 1971. Evans. C. Hamann. Ch. 1932. Hull. C. L. 1925. (n.d.). Goldstine. H. H. 1972. John• MacEwan. D. and Beevers 1942. son.L. R. 1970. Knuth. D. E. 1970. Matuyama. T. 1977. Millington. R. Malik. R. 1970. Mauchly. J. W. 1979. 1976. Nicoladze. C. 1928. Shannon. Stern.N. 1978.Tropp.H. 1974. C. E. 1938. Shire. E. S. and Runcorn 1951. Takahashi. H. 1972. Todd. J. Eckert. W.J. and Sadler 1947. Weygandt. A. 1933. Rodgers. W. 1969. Anon 1948d. Anon 1955. 1955b. Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. Electronic Control Co . Huskey. H. D. 1950. Stern. N. 1979. Lukoff. H. 1979. Anon 1947d. Anon 1947d. Electronic Counters Eckert-Mauchly Corp. Lewis. W. B. 1942. Lifschutz. H. and Anon 1964b. Lawson 1938. Richards. R. K. 1957. Edmondson: calculating machine Wynn-Williams. C. E. 1931. 1932. Boys. C. V. 1886. Anon 1885. 1937. 1957. EDSAC Electronic Devices Hartree. D. R. 1950. Lavington. S. H. (See also Atanasoff-Berry Com• 1979. Wilkes. M. V. 1948. 1949. puter. Electronic Counters. Mag• 1949b. 1952. 1975. Woodger.M. netic Calculating Machine) 1977. Worsley. B. H. 1950. Zeluff. V. Apokin. J. A. and Maistrov 1974. 1949. Crawford. P. O. 1939. 1942. Eccles. EDSAC : design of W. H. and Jordan 1919. Lehmer. D. Wilkes. M. V. and Renwick 1949. H. 1933. 1980. Mauchly. J. W. 1941. 1950. 1950b. Phillips. E. W. 1936. Rajchman. J. A. et al 1941. 1942. Rajchman. J. A. EDSAC: programming of 1963. Randell. B. 1972. Richards. R. Campbell-Kelly. M. 1980. Hartree. D. K. 1957. Schreyer. H. 1939. 1941. R. 1950 . Wheeler. D. J. 1950. Wilkes. White. W. C. 1952. Wiener. N. 1940. M. V. 1949. 1949b. 1980. Worsley. B. Zuse. K. 1970. Anon 1949. H. 1950. Elliott Computers EDVAC Clarke. S. L. H. 1975. Lavington. S. Apokin. J. A. and Maistrov 1974. H.1979. Burks.A.W. etal 1946. Burks. A.W. 1980. Carpenter. B. E. and Doran ENIAC 1977. Eckert. J. P. etal 1945. Eck• Alt. F. L. 1947. 1948. Apokin. J. A. ert. J. P. 1947. 1970. Gluck. S. E. and Maistrov 1974. Brainerd. J. G. 1953. Goldstine. H. H. 1970. 1972. 1946.1965. 1976. Burks.A. W. 1946. Huskey.H.D. 1972. Johnson. L. R. 1980. Butler. M. 1968. Ceruzzi. P. E. 1970. Kempf. K. 1961. Knuth. D. E. 1980. Chapin. N. 1955. Costello. J. 1970. Larson. E. R. 1973. Lubkin. S. 1971. Eckert. J. P. 1945. 1976. 1947. Mauchly. J. W. 1948. Sharp• Flowers. T. H. 1979. Gardner. W. D. less. T. K. 1947. 1948. Stern. N. 1974. Goldstine. H. H. 1970. 1972. 1978. 1980b. Womersley. J. R. Hartree. D. R. 1946. 1946b. 1947. 1948.1949. Hoffleit. D. 1949. 552 Hughes.T. P. 1975. Huskey. H. D. Felt and Tarrant: comptometer 1972. Jo. K. et al 1972. Jo. K. 1947. Boys. C. V. 1901. Brieux. A. (n.d.). Johnson. L. R. 1970. Kempf. K. 1961. Felt. D. E. 1693. 1916. Anon 1666. Knuth. D. E. 1970. Larson. E. R. 1920. 1973. Lukotf. H. 1979. Mauchly. J. W. Ferranti 1942.1975.1979.1960. McNulty. J. Drath. P. 1973. Lavington. S. H. 1960. Randell. B. 1976. 1979. Stern. 1960b. Williams. F. C. 1975. N. 1976. Tabor. L. P. 1946. Tumble• son. R. C. 1946. Weik. M. H. 1961. Flowers. T.H. Anon 1943. 1946b. 1946c. 1946d. Evans. C. (n.d.). Peltu. M. 1977. Ran• 1946f. 1947d. 1964. dell. B. 1976. 1977. ENIAC: converter code Forrester. J.W. Alt.F. L. 1972. Eckert. J. P. 1960. EVans. C. (n.d.). Redmond. K. C. and Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Huskey. H. D. Smith 1975. Anon 1967. 1972. Metropolis. N. and Worlton Foster. C. 1972. Richtmyer. R. D. 1965. Anon 1956. ENIAC : detailed descriptions Franklin Institute Berkeley. E. C. 1949. Brainerd. J. G. d·Auria. L. et al 1690. Penniman. C. and Sharpless 1946. Burks. A. W. 1976. 1947. Goldstine. H. H. and Goldstine Friden. C.M. 1946. Anon 1943b. Enigma: cipher machine FUJIC Calvocoressi. P. 1974. 1977. Cave Okazaki. B. 1971. Takahashi. H. Brown.A. 1975. Deavours. C.A. and 1972. Anon 1955b. Reeds 1977. Dickson. D. A. 1976. Gandy. R. O. 1977. Garlinski. J 1979. Fujitsu Good. I. J. 1979. Hinsley. F. H. et al Anon 1955. 1955b. 1979.Johnson. B. 1976. Jones. R.V. Geheimschreiber: cipher machine 1977. Kahn. D. 1974. Korbinski. S. Campbell. D. 1977. Johnson. B. 1977. Kozaczuk. W. 1975. 1975b. 1976. Lewin. R. 1976. Luebbert. W. F. Lewin. R. 1976. Luebbert. W. F. and and Stoll 1977. Malik . R. 1980. Stoll 1977. Milner-Barry. S. 1976. Rohrbach. H. 1946b. Rohwehr. J. 1977. Whiting. C. 1975. Genaille: numbering rods Winterbotham. F. W. 1974. Genaille. H. 1876. Jones. P. S. 1954. ERA Nicoladze. C. 1926. Campaigne. H. 1974. Snyder. S. S. Genaille: piano arithm~lique 1977. Stitler. W. W. 1950. Tomash. E. Genaille. H. 1691. and Cohen 1979. Tomash. E. 1960. Gersten: arithmetical machine ETL Relay Computer Gersten. C. L. 1735. Takahashi. H. 1972. Anon 1955b. Gersten: calculating machine Eureka Brauner. L. 1926. Clark. R. 1975. Foster. C. 1951. Anon 1645. Ghertman. J. Connolly. J. 1967. Everett. R.R. Redmond. K. C. and Smith 1975. Goldberg: cryptanalytic machine Campaigne. H. 1974. Snyder. S. S. FACOM: computers 1977. Anon 1955. Goldstine. H.H. Falcon Evans. C. (n.d.). Huskey. H. D.1973. Ballot. C. 1923. Barlow. A. 1676. Knuth. D. E. and Pardo 1976. Anon Eymard. P. 1663. Kreindl. F. 1935. 1967. Poncelet. M. 1657. Usher. A. P. 1954.

553 Good. I.J. Beck. T. 1900. Walther. W. 1973. Evans. C. (n.d.). Hodometer Gore. J.K. (See also Vitruvius: hodometer) Eames. C. and Eames 1973. Anon Beckman. J. 1798. Price. D. J. de S. 1938. 1964. Grant: calculating machine Hollerith. H. Grant. G. B. 1874. (See also Punched Card Machinery: Grant: ditference engine origins) Comrie. L. J. 1932b. Grant. G. B. Aul. W. R. 1972. Billings. J. S. 1887. 1871. Haga.E.J. 1965. Merzbach. U. 1892. Blodgett. J. H. and Schultz C. 1977. 1969. Blodgett. J. H. 1966. 1967. Connolly. J. 1967. de Beauc\air. W. Hahn: calculating machine 1960. Engelbourg. S. 1975. Holler• Krebs. E. 1911. von Mackensen. L. ith. V. 1971. Murphy. L. J. 1968. Rex. 1973. F. J. 1961. Truesdell. L. E. 1965. Hamann. Ch . Willcox. W. F. 1948. Anon 1929. de Beauc\air. W. 1968. 1963. Hamann: ditference engine Hollerith: tabulating system Comrie. L. J. 1932b. Galle. A. 1912. Berger. R. 1928. Comrie. L. J. 1930. Hamilton. F.E. Deveaux. P. 1926. Eames. C. and Anon 1948d. Eames 1973. Feindler. R. 1929. Fisher. A. M. 1913. Goerlitz. H. 1934. Hartree. D.R. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Anon 1938. Booth. A. D. 1975. Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Anon 1947d. Hooven: automatic typewriter Scheyer. E. 1921. Harvard Mark I Aiken. H. H. 1964. Alt. F. L. 1948. Hopper. G.M. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Evans. C. (n.d.). Malik. R. 1970. Block. R. M. 1948. Booth. A. D. 1950. Anon 1967. Chapin. N. 1955. Comrie. L. J. Hurd. C.C. 1946b. de Beauc\air. W. 1968. Evans. C. (n.d.). Harrison. J. O. 1948. Hartree. D. R. Huskey. H.D. 1948. 1949. Okazaki. B. 1971. Evans. C. (n.d.). Wilkinson. J. H. Phelps. B. E. 1974. Rodgers. W. 1969. 1975. 1980. Anon 1945. 1949. Hundorf. W. Harvard Mark I: detailed descriptions Connolly. J. 1967. de aeauclair. W. Aiken. H. H. and Hopper 1946. 1968. Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Aiken. H. H. 1946. Berkeley. E. C. 1949. lAS Computer Bigelow. J. 1980. Booth. A. D. 1975. Harvard Mark II Burks. A. W. et al 1946. Butler. M. Booth. A. D. 1950. Campbell. R. V. D. 1968. Goldstine. H. H. and Neumann 1948. Phelps. B. E. 1974. 1947. 1948. 1948b. 1963. Goldstine. Heath Robinson: cryptanalytic H. H. 1972. Knuth. D. E. and Pardo machine 1976. Campbell. D. 1977. Good. I. J. 1979. IBM Johnson. B. 1978. Lewin. R. 1978. Belden. T. G. and Belden 1962. Lynch. A. C. 1978. Randell. B. 1976. Blodgett. J. H. 1967. Brennan. J. F. 1977. 1971. Connolly. J. 1967. Eames. C. Heimatsmuseum. Haslach and Eames 1973. Engelbourg. S. Kreindl. F. 1935. 1975. Foy. N. 1974. Larson. E. R. Heron of Alexandria 1973. Malik. R. 1969. Phelps. B. E. al-Jazzari. Ibn al-Razzaz 1974. 1971. 1974. Rodgers. W. 1969. Snyder. S. S. 1977. Tropp. H. 1974. 554 Wittenberg. G. 1970. Anon 1936. Jakobson: calculator 1949. 1960. 1960b. 1963. 1971c. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. IBM: 603 Scriba. C. J. 1970. Phelps. B. E. 1980. Jarvis (Babbage's draughtsman) IBM: 603-405 Computer Babbage. H. P. 1910b. Eckert. W.J. 1948c. Woodbury. W. W. Jevons. W.S. 1951. Akl. S. G. 1980. IBM: 604 Jo. K. Phelps. B. E. 1980. Okazaki. B. 1971 . IBM: 610 AutopointComputer Julius. G.A. Brennan. J. F. 1971. Mackie. W. 1975. IBM: Automatic Sequence Controlled Keen. H. Calculator Cave Brown. A. 1975. Connolly. J. (See Harvard Mark I.) 1967. IBM : Card Programmed Calculator Kilburn. T. Hurd. C. C. 1950. 1980. Klaas. P. Evans. C. (n.d.). Lavington. S. H. 1953. Phelps. B. E. 1980. Sheldon. J. 1975. W. and Tatum 1952. Kinautograph Cloth-Cutting Machine IBM: Relay Calculator Scheyer. E. 1922. Alt. F. L. 1947. Eckert. W. J. 1948. Lake. C.D . Hoffleit. D. 1949. Lotkin. M. 1951. Connolly. J. 1967. Eames. C. and IBM: Selective Sequence Electronic Eames 1973. Goldstine. H. H. 1972. Calculator Rodgers. W. 1969. Eckert. W. J. 1948b. Hartree. D. R. Latin Hexameter Machine 1949. Hurd. C. C. 1980. Phelps. B. E. (See Eureka.) 1974. 1980. Rodgers. W. 1969. Anon 1948. 1948b. 1948d. 1949. Lehmer. D.H. Rohrbach. H. 1948. IBM : Watson Laboratory Brennan. J. F. 1971. Rodgers. W. Leibniz. G.W. 1969. Gleiser. M. 1978. Hofmann. J. E. 1974. Kreiling. F. C. 1968. Institut Blaise Pascal Computer Couffignal. L. 1950. 1950b. 1951. Leibniz: calculating machine 1952. P~r~s. J. et al 1948. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Flad. J. P. 1963. Kormes. M. 1929. Institut fur Praktische Mathematik. Leibniz. G. W. 1966. Locke. L. L. Darmstadt 1933. Losano. M. G. 1976. von Mack• (See also Darmstadt Machine) ensen. L. 1969. 1973. de Beauclair. W. 1968. Todd. J. et al 1945. Anon 1946h. Lentz. J. Brennan. J. F. 1971. Jacquard Embroidery Frame Scheyer. E. 1921 . LEO Williams. R. 1976. Jacquard Loom Adam. A. 1973. Ballot. C. 1923. Bar• Leupold: calculating machine low. A. 1878. Eymard. P. 1863. von Mackensen. L. 1973. Wolf. A. Gleiser. M. 1979. Kreindl. F. 1935. 1938. Poncelet. M. 1857. Porter? 1831. Locking Frame Posselt. E. A.1887 . Scheyer. E. (See Railway Signal Interlocking 1921. 1922. Singer. C. 1955. Timbs. Machines.) J. 1863. Turner. H. D. 1961. Usher. Logabax: book-keeping machine A. P. 1954. Anon 1902. (See Campos: book-keeping machine.) 555 Logical Expression Evaluation Magnetic Calculating Machine Coufflgnal. L. 1938. Gardner. M. Eckert. J. P. 1945. 1976. 1980. 1952. 1958. Hilton. A. M. 1963. Johnson. L. R. 1970. Jevons. W. S. 1870. Mays. W. 1953. Magnetic Drum Store Patterson. G. W. 1960. Booth. A. D. 1975. Crawford. P. O. Logical Machine 1942. Lehmann. N. J. 1953. Snyder. Akl . S. G. 1980. S. S. 1977. Zuse. K. 1970b.Anon Lohmeyer 1973. Work. R. E. 1946. Maillardet Lorant. F. Penniman. C. 1978. Williams. J. M. Connolly. J. 1967. 1978. Lorenz: cipher machine Manchester Computer Malik. R. 1980. Drath. P. 1973. Edwards. D. B. G. 1970. Kilburn. T. 1947. Lavington. S. Los Alamos H. 1975. 1979. 1980b. Wilkinson. J. Feynman. R. P. 1976. H. 1950. Williams. F. C. and Kilburn Lovelace. Augusta Ada. Countess of 1948. Williams. F. C. 1975. Anon Bowden. B. V. 1960. Briguglio. L. and 1949b. Bulferetti 1971. Crosse. A. 1890. MANIAC 1891. Davies. D. W. 1980. de Fon• Metropolis. N. and Worlton 1972. blanque. E. B. 1871. de Morgan. S. E. Anon 1978. 1882. Eckert. J. P.1970. Hammers• ley. J. M. 1974. Hollingdale. S. H. Marchant Calculating Machine Co . 1966. Huskey. V. R. and Huskey Anon 1943b. 1980. Kean. D. W. 1973. Mayne. E. C. Marquand Machine 1929. McLaughlin.T. 1977. Mena• Patterson. G. W. 1960. brea.L. F. IB55. Moore. D. L. 1977. Mauchly. J.W. Porter? 1831 . Quetelet. A. 1872. Bernstein. J. 1963. Brainerd. J. G. Tee.G. J.1981 1976. Costello. J. 1971. Evans. C. Ludgate. P.E. (n.d.). Fegley. M. F. 1967. Goldstine. Randell. B. 1971 . H. H. 1972. Johnson. L. R. 1970. Ludgate: analytical engine Knuth. D. E.1970. Larson. E. R. Boys.C. V. 1909. Ludgate.P. E. 1973. McNulty. J. 1980. Stern. N. 1909. 1914. Randell. B. 1971. 1978. 1980. 1980b. Tropp. H. 1974. Riches. D. 1973. Wilkes. M. V. 1951. Anon 1943. 1967. Williams. M. R. 1976. Mechanical Automata Luebbert. W.F. al-Jazzari. Ibn al-Razzaz 1974. Campaigne. H. 1974. Bedini. S. A. 1964. Buchner. A. 1950. Chapuis. A. and Droz 1949. 1958. M-9 Gun Director Cohen. J. 1966. Cooke. C. W. 1893. Cesareo. O. 1946. d·Ocagne. M. 1937. Devaux. P. 1944. Macadie and Ratcliff: sorting machine Diderot. D. 1748. Droz. E. 1962. Anon 1938. Foucaud. E. 1848. Goldscheider. P. Machine 13 and Zemanek 1971. Penniman. C. Tomash. E. 1980. Anon 1971 1978. Price. D. J. de S. 1964. Scheyer. E. 1921. 1922. Suplee. H. MacNider: adding machine H. 1913. Timbs. J. 1863. Vaucanson. Anon 1885b. J. 1738. 1742. Walther. W. 1973. Wil• Madame X: cryptanalytic machine liams. J. M.1978. Zemanek. H. 1976. Campaigne. H. 1974. 1980. Anon 1973c. Maelzel. J.N. Mechanical Programmer Zemanek. H. 1980. (See Calculation Control SWitch.)

556 Menabrea. L.F. Napier's Rods Briguglio. L. and Bul1 eret ti 1971. Erskine. D. S. and Minto 1778, Bul1eretti. L. 1968. Goddard. D. Genaille. H. 1878. Ginsburg, J. 1929. 1906. Anon 1834. 1843. Jones. P. S. 1954. Leybourn, W. Mercedes: calculating machine 1700. von Freytag LOringhoff. B. Comrie. L. J. 1929. 1957. MESM Napier, J. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Archibald. R. C. 1948, Hawkins, W. F. 1979. Metropolis. N. Anon 1978. National Accounting Machine Comrie. L. J.1932b , 1933. 1936, de Michie. D. Beauclair, W. 1968, Todd, J. 1974. Evans. C. (n.d .). Nautical Almanac Office MIT Comrie, L. J.1928 . 1932, Todd, J. Bush. V. 1940. 1970. Crawford. P. O. 1974. 1939.1942. Hughes. T. P. 1975. Lar• son.E. R. 1973. Radford. W. H. 1939. Nautical Almanac Redmond. K. C. and Smith 1975. Comrie, L. J. 1933. Smith. T. M. 1976. Wildes. K. L. NCR (n.d.). Kneiss, H. E. 1973, Larson, E. R. Monotype Machine 1973, Snyder, S. S. 1977, Tropp, H. Scheyer. E. 1921 . 1974, Wildes. K. L. (n.d .), Anon 1973. Monroe Calculating Machine Co. NEC Statistical Relay Computer Anon 1935. Anon 1955b. Monroe. J.R. New York World's Fair Anon 1935. Condon, E. U. 1968. Moore School Lectures Newman. M.H.A. Curtiss. J. H. 1948. Eckert. J. P. Evans, C. (n.d.), Lavington, S. H. 1947. Stibitz. G. R. 1947. Travis. I. 1975. Randell. B. 1976. 1947. Wilkes. M. V.1968. 1975. Nimitron Morland. Sir Samuel Condon. E. U. 1968. Dickinson. H. W. 1970. Gleiser. M. No . 5 Crossbar Dial System 1978. T ..R. 1872. Timbs, J. 1863. Holbrook. B. D.1975 . Morland: calculating machine Norfolk. G.L. Boys. C. V.1886 . Phillips, E. W. 1963. Morse Code Northrop Schellen. H. 1870. Klaas. P. 1953, Stern. N. 1979, Anon MOSIAC 1949c. Lavington, S. H. 1979. NPL Mumma. R.E. Lubkin, S. 1947. Turing. S. 1959. Kneiss, H. E. 1973. Anon 1973. Wilkinson, J. H. 1980, Woodger, M. 1958. 1977, Anon 1947c. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford NSA Collier. B. 1970. Campaigne, H. 1974, FIato, L. 1978. Snyder,S. S. 1977. Musina: calculating machine Barnard.F. A. P. 1869. Odhner-Wheel Calculators Apokin,l. A. and Maistrov 1974, Muller: difference engine Church, R. 1951. Comrie, L. J. 1927, Klipstein, Ph.-E . 1786, Stibitz, G. R. 1932b. Horsburgh, E. M. 1920. and Larrivee 1957. Williams, M. R. Locke, L. L. 1924. 1976.

557 Odometers Phillips: binary multiplier (See Hodometers.) Phillips. E. W. 1936. 1965. 1965c. ORDVAC Pierce. J.R. Kempf. K. 1961. Connolly. J. 1967. Anon 1933. 1938. Osaka Univ. Pierce: automatic accounting Jo. K. et al 1972. machines Overbeck. W.P. Anon 1910b. Bush. V. 1940. Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Pinkerton. J. Overhotr. G. Evans. C. (n.d.). Work. R. E. 1946. Piolaine (clockmaker) Palmer. R. d ·Ocagne. M. 1935. Phelps. B. E. 1974. Planfertigungsgerat Paper Tape Zuse. K. 1980. (See also Harvard Mark I. Harvard Plankalkul Mark II . Darmstadt Machine. and Bauer. F. L. and W6ssner 1972. Perforated Records.) Bauer. F. L. 1980. Knuth. D. E. and Bush. V. 1940. Crawford. P. O. 1939. Pardo 1976. Knuth. D. E. and Trabb de Beauclair. W. 1968. Hamann. Ch. Pardo 1980. Zuse. K. 1976. 1932. Lynch. A. C. 1978. Price. D. J. Polanco. G.T.-Q. de S. 1964. Anon 1977. Paris Exposition (1867) Poleni: calculating machine Barnard. F.A. P. 1869. Horsburgh. E. M. 1920. Pascal. B. Post Office Research Station Bishop. M. 1937. Chapman. S. 1942. Coombs. A. W. M. and Chandler Fonsny. J. 1952. Gleiser. M. 1978. 1946. Flowers. T. H.1980. Laving• Pascal: calculating machine ton. S. H. 1979. Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Powers Accounting Machine Co. Bishop. M. 1937. Chevalier. J. 1942. Anon 1964b. Diderot. D. 1751. Flad. J. P. 1963. Fonsny. J. 1952. Locke. L. L. 1929. Powers. J.L. Losano. M. G. 1976. Nilsson. R. S. Connolly. J. 1967. Anon 1910. 1943. Payen. J. 1963. Taton. R. Powers-Samas Co. 1963. von Mackensen. L. 1969. Connolly. J. 1967. Curtis. C. R. 1932. 1973. Anon 194ge. 1954. Pearson. K. Powers: tabulating system Anon 1948c. Berger. R. 1928. de Beauclair. W. Pegged Cylinder 1968. Deveaux. P. 1926. Goerlitz. H. (See also Mechanical Automata) 1934. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Anon Price. D. J. de S. 1964. Walther. W. 1938. 194ge. 1954. 1956. 1973. Prandi. F. Pereire: calculating machine Bulferelli. L. 1968b. Losano. M. G. Wolf. A. 1938. 1973. Perforated Records Promptuary Scheyer. E. 1921. 1922. Suplee. H. Erskine. D. S. and Minto 1778. Haw• H. 1913. kins. W. F. 1979. Petherick. E.J . Prudential Assurance Co . Millington. R. 1976. Anon 1954. Phillips. E.W. Puchberger. G. Menzler. F. A. A. 1968. Phillips. E. W. Work. R. E. 1946. 1962. 558 Punched Card Machinery S.S. 1977. Takahashi. J. 1892. Anon (See also F. Bull. J. K. Gore. Holler• 1902c.1913. ith: tabulating system. MacAdie and Quetelet. A. Ratcliffe: sorting machine. J. R. Babbage.C. 1835. Dodge. N. S. 1873. Pierce. and Powers: tabulating sys• tem.) Radford. W.H . Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Punched Card Machinery: intercon• nection Railway Signal Interlocking Machines Berger. R. 1928. Brennan. J. F. 1971. Edwards. W. E. 1911. Thompson. H. Bush. V. 1936. Couffignal. L. 1930. A. 1965. Anon 1902. 1933. de Beauclair. W. 1968. Dreyer. Rapid Analytical Machines H.-J. and Walther 1946. Eckert. W. J. Campaigne. H. 1974. 1940. 1948c. Lotkin. M. 1951. Wood• Rapid Arithmetical Machine bury. W. W. 1951. Woodruff. L. F. BUsh. V. 1940. Goldstine. H. H. 1972. 1938. Hughes. T. P. 1975. Radford. W·. H. Punched Card Machinery: later 1938. 1939. Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). developments Rapid Selector Project Arkin. H. 1935. Beika. M. 1975. BUsh. V. 1970. Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Berger. R. 1928. Comrie. L. J. 1930. Connolly. J. 1967. Deveaux. P. 1926. RCA Eames. C. and Eames 1973. Larson. E. R. 1973. Rajchman. J. A. Feindler. R. 1929. Fisher. A. M. 1913. et al 1941. 1942. Rajchman. J. A. Johns. V. 1926. Maul. M. 1927. 1963. Rajchman. J. 1980. McCarthy. J. H. 1924. Murray. F. J. Read-Only Memory 1961. Nagler. J. W. 1966. Suekane. Rajchman. J. A. 1963. Rajchman. J. R. 1980. Takahashi. Y. and Shoji 1980. Schellen. H. 1870. 1924. Tauschek. G. 1930. Williams. Recursive Function Theory N. 1912. Anon 1902b. 1938. Aspray. W. F. 1980. Punched Card Machinery: origins Regnier. J. Adam. A. 1973. Apokin. I. A. and Barnard. F. A. P. 1869. Poncelet. M. Maistrov 1974. Bertillon. J. 1894. 1857. Billings. J. S. 1887. 1892. Cheysson. E. 1892. d·Auria. L. et al 1890. De Relay Structure Factor Calculator Prll. R. 1975. Durand. E. D. 1913. Booth. A. D. 1975. Eames. C. and Eames 1973. Engel• Remington Rand: Type 309 bourg. S. 1975. Hollerith. H. 1889. de Beauclair. W. 1968. 1894. Last. J. 1962. Martin. T. C. Renwick. W. 1891. Merriam. W. R. 1903. Murphy. Worsley. B. H. 1950. L. J. 1968. Newcomb. H. L. 1913. Takahashi. J. 1892. Truesdell. L. E. Rice. R. 1965. Willcox . W. F. 1948. Anon Klaas. P. 1953. 1902.1910. Rockefeller Electronic Computer Pro• Punched Card Machinery: usage ject Atanasoff. J. V. and Brandt 1936. Wildes. K. L. (n.d.). Campaigne. H. 1974. Cheysson. E. Roth: calculating machine 1892. Comrie. L. J. et al 1937. Com• Horsburgh. E. M. 1920. rie. L. J. 1932. 1933. 1944. De Prll. Rotula R. 1975. Durand. E. D. 1913. Eckert. Bryden. D. J. 1972. W. J. 1940. 1948c. 1951. Feindler. R. 1929. Feynman. R. P. 1976. Kern. J. Royal Signals Museum L. 1968. Koon. S. G. 1913. McPher• Dickson. D. A. 1978. son. J. C. 1942. Porter. R. P. 1891. Royal Society Rauchberg.H. 1892. Rohrbach.H. Weld. C. R. 1848. 1849. Williams. F. 1948. Snedecor. C. W. 1928. Snyder. C. and Kilburn 1948. 559 Runcorn. S.K. SEC Cunningham. L. B. C.and Hynd Booth. A. D. 1975. 1980. Kitz. N. 1946. Millington. R. 1976. 1951. Rutishauser. H. Seeber. R. Bauer. F. L. 1980. Phelps. B. E. 1974. Saxby and Farmer: interlocking Seeber. R.R. machine Anon 1948d. Edwards. W. E.1911. Thompson. H. Sellers: automatic multiple punch A. 1965. Scheyer. E. 1921. Scheutz. P.G. and E. Sequence-Control Mechanisms Archibald. R. C.1947. Losano. M. G. (See also Calculation Control 1976. Merzbach. U.C. 1977. Switch. Mechanical Automata. Per• Scheutz: difference engine forated Records) Anderson. T. 1932. 1933. Babbage. Block. R. M. 1948. Randell. B. 1973. C. 1855. 1856. Babbage.H. P. and Shadrach Babbage 1856. Babbage. H. P. 1855. Sharpless. T. K. 1947. 1910b. Comrie. L. J. 1932b. Felt. D. E. 1893. Haga. E.J. 1963. Losano. M. Sharpless. T.K. G. 1974. Manby. C. 1856. Merzbach. Brainerd. J. G.1976 . Goldstine. H. H. U. C. 1977. Stokes. G. G. et a11855. 1972. Verry. A. 1940. Williams. F. J.1866 . Shire. E.S. Williams. M. R. 1976. Anon 1855. Cunningham. L. B. C.and Hynd 1856. 1857. 1866. 1870. 1946. Millington. R. 1976. Schickard. W. Siemens und Halske AG Hammer. F. 1958. von Freytag Connolly. J. 1967. LOringhoff. B. 1957. 1964. 1973. Sill. J.S. 1973b. Anon 1935b. Aiken. H. H. 1964. Schickard: calculator Smithsonian Institution Adam. A. 1973. Apokin. I. A. and Redmond. K. C. and Smith 1975. Maistrov 1974. Czapla. V. P. 1961. de Beauclair. W. 1968. Erskine. D. S. Societ~ d'Encouragement pour and Minto 1778. Flad. J. P. 1958. I'lndustrie Nationale 1963. Taton. R. 1963. von Freytag Brieux. A. (n.d.). d·Ocagne. M. 1920. LOringhoff. B. 1958. 1960. von Mack• Toulon. P. 1920. ensen. L. 1969. 1973. Sperry Rand Schreyer. H. Anon 1964b. Ceruzzi. P. E. 1980. Zuse. K. 1970. SSEC 1970b. (See IBM: Selective Sequence Elec• Schilffler. O. tronic Calculator.) Adam. A. 1973. Cheysson. E. 1892. Stanhope: calculating machine Connolly. J. 1967. de Beauclair. W. Boys. C. V. 1886. Verry. A. 1940. 1968. Rauchberg. H. 1892. Wolf.A. 1938. Zemanek. H. 1970. 1973. 1974. Station X 1976. 1980. Calvocoressi. P. 1974. Science Museum. London Stibitz. G.R. Babbage. B. H. 1872. Baxandall. D. Bernstein. J. 1963. Ceruzzi. P. E. 1926. Collier. B. 1970. Pugh. J. 1980. Hughes. T. P. 1975. Loveday. 1975. Wittenberg. G. 1970. E. 1977. Tropp. H. 1974. Anon 1967. Scientific Computing Service 1973b. Anon 1946g. Stucken. H. Work. R. E. 1946.

560 Stuivenberg. J. 1978b. Connolly. J. 1967. Torres y Quevedo: other machines Sumador Chino Chapuis. A. and Droz 1949. Santes• Rogers. J. L. 1960. mases. J. C. 1980. Torres-Quevedo. Tabulating Systems G. 1953b. Torres y Quevedo. L. 1914. (See Punched Card Machinery.) Vigneron. H. 1914. Williams. J. M. 1978. Anon 1915. 1977. 1978b. TAC Suekane. R. 1980. Anon 1955b. Totalisators Caley. D. H. N. 1929. Eckert. J. P. Tate: calculating machine 1970. Mackie. W. 1975. Anon (n.d.). Boys. C. V. 1886. 1930b. 1930c. 1955. Tauschek. G. Travis. I. Connolly. J. 1967. de Beauclair. W. Brainerd. J. G. 1976. 1968. Nagler. J. W. 1966. Zemanek. H. 1980. TREAC Lavington. S. H. 1979. Tawney. G.L. Condon. E. U. 1968. Trinks-Brunsviga Museum Anon 1936b. Tchebichev: calculator Apokin. I. A. and Maistrov 1974. Triumphator: calculating machine Church. R. 1951. Comrie. L. J.1929. Ten Thousand Register Machine Turing. A.M. (See Campos: book-keeping Aspray. W. F. 1980. Campbell. D. machine.) 1977. Carpenter. B. E. and Doran 1977. Cave Brown. A. 1975. Gandy. Thomas Arithmometer R. O. 1977. Gleiser. M. 1976. Good. I. Reuleaux. F. 1892. J. 1979. Halsbury. Earl of 1959. Thomas de Colmar Jones. R. V. 1977. Lavington. S. H. d·Ocagne. M. 1935. 1936. 1975. Malik. R. 1969. 1970. 1975. Thomas: arithmometer Michie. D. 1968. 1977. Newman. M. Barnard. F.A. P. 1869. Boys. C. V. H. A. 1955, Randell. B. 1972. 1976. 1886. Brieux. A. (n.d.). d·Ocagne. M. 1977. Rohwehr.J. 1977. Turing. S. 1935. Hoyau. L. A. D. 1822. Sebert. 1959. Wilkinson. J. H. 1975. Womers• H. 1879. Walford. C. 187l. ley. J. R. 1946b. Woodger. M. 1958. 1977. Anon 1946. 1947. Thompson: difference engine Comrie. L. J. 1932b. Eames. C. and U.S. Bureau of the Census Eames 1973. Williams. M. R. 1976. Billings. J. S. 1892. Durand. E. D. 1913. Merriam. W. R. 1903. Tokyo Univ.: relay computers Newcomb. H. L. 1913. Truesdell. L. E. Anon 1955. 1955b. 1965. Anon 1902c. 1910. Tomkins. C.B . U.S. Office of Naval Research Anon 1971. Stitler. W. W. 1950. Anon 1955b. Torres y Quevedo. L. Ulam. S. d·Ocagne. M. 1928b. 1936. 1937. Evans. C. (n.d.). 1938. Rodriguez Alcalde. L. 1966. 1974. Santesmases. J. C. 1957. UNIVAC 1980. Torres-Quevedo. G. 1953. Stern. N. 1978. 1979. Anon 1947d. Zemanek. H. 1966. Anon 1915. Valtat. R.L.A . Torres y Quevedo: arithmometer d·Ocagne. M. 1938. d·Ocagne. M. 1928. Jacob. L. 1911. Vaucanson. J. Santesmases. J. C. 1980. Torres• Ballot. C. 1923. Barlow. A. 1878. Quevedo. G. 1953. Torres y Quevedo. Bedini. S. A. 1964. Doyon. A. and L. 1913. 1920. Vigneron. H. 1920. Liaigre 1966, Droz. E. 1962. Eymard. Zemanek. H. 1966. Anon 1977. P. 1863, Foucaud. E. 1848. Pon- 561 celet. M. 1857. Usher. A. P. 1954. Wiberg. M. Williams. J. M. 1978. Archibald. R. C. 1947b. Verea: calculating machine Wiberg: difference engine Locke. L. L. 1926. Anderson. T. 1933. Comrie. L. J. Vicenzia 1932b. Delaunay. C. E. 1863. Jacob. Barlow. A. 1878. L. 1911. Vienna Museum of Industry and Tech• Wilkes. M.V. nology Evans. C. {n.d .}. Woodger. M. 1977. Chroust. G. 1974. Anon 1967. Vitruvius: hodometer Wilkinson. J.H. Beck. T. 1900. Beckman. J. 1798. Evans. C. {n.d.}. Anon 1947. von Knaus Williams. F.C. Williams. J. M. 1978. Evans. C. {n.d.}. Lavington. S. H. 1975. von Neumann. J. Aspray. W. F. 1980. Bernstein. J. Williams. S.B. 1963. Blair. C. 1957. Booth. A. D. Campaigne. H. 1974. 1975. Burks. A. W. 1980. Carpenter. Williams: storage tube memory B. E. and Doran 1977. Eckert. J. P. Bigelow. J. 1980. Edwards. D. B. G. 1976. 1980. Goldstine. H. H.1970. 1970. Kilburn. T. 1947. Williams. F. 1972. Halmos. P. R. 1973. Halsbury. C. and Kilburn 1948. Earl of 1959. Huskey. H. D. 1973. Womersley. J. Johnson. L. R. 1970. Knuth. D. E. Menzler. F. A. A. 1968. Phillips. E. W. and Pardo 1976. Knuth. D. E. 1970. 1963. 1965. Larson. E. R. 1973. Malik. R. 1975. Mauchly. J. W. 1979. Metropolis. N. Woodger. M. and Worlton 1972. Richtmyer. R. D. Evans. C. {n.d.}. 1965. Stern. N. 1978. 1980b. Todd. Wynn-Williams. C.E . J. 1974. Tropp. H. 1974. Ulam. S. Lewis. W. B. 1937. Phillips. E. W. 1958. Womersley. J. R. 1946b. 1965c. Randell. B. 1976. Richards. Woodger. M. 1958. Anon 1978. R. K. 1957. Ward. F. A. B. 1980. Walther. A. Zuse. K. Todd. J. et al 1945. Anon 1946h. {See also Plankalktil} Wanderer Werke Bauer. F. L. and Wossner 1972. Connolly. J. 1967. de Beauclair. W. Ceruzzi. P. E. 1980. Connolly. J. 1968. 1967. Evans. C. {n.d.}. Malik. R. 1970. 1975. Zuse. K. 1970b. 1975. Watson Laboratory Anon 1946h. {See IBM: Watson Laboratory.} Zuse: computers Watson. T.J. Beuer. F. L 1980. Booth.A. 0 . 1950. Belden. T. G. and Belden 1962. Czauderna. K. H. 1978. de Beau• Blodgett. J. H. 1967. Goldstine. H. H. clair. W. 1968. Desmonde. W. H. and 1972. Rodgers. W. 1969. Anon Berkling 1966. Dreyer. H.-J. and 1948d. Walther 1946b. Goldbach. W. and Weiner. B. Schneider 1963. Losano. M. G. 1976. Klir.J. 1963. Lyndon. R. C. 1947. Meyer Zur Westinghouse Capellen. W. 1949. Schreyer. H. Condon. E. U.1968 . 1939. Scharf. J. 1964. Speiser. A. P. 1980. Stiefel. E. 1953. Stucken. H. Whirlwind 1950. Todd. J. et al 1945. Walther. A. Everett. R. R. 1980. Redmond. K. C. and Dreyer 1946. 1948. Work. R. E. and Smith 1975. Smith. T. M. 1976. 1946. Zuse. K. 1936. 1949. 1950. Wildes. K. L. {n.d .}. 1953. 1962. 1969. 1970. 1972. 1973. 1976. 1980. 1980b. 562 Subject Index

This subject index. compiled by Jane E. Homing. covers the text of all the chapters of the book. although the technical descriptions of machines that are given in the reprinted papers are not indexed in great detail. The bibliography is not covered. but references to the terms listed in the index to the bibliography are included in this subject index. The page numbers of the reprint.ed papers are given in bold face under the names of their authors.

A History 0/ England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings Aiken. Howard H. 1.15.17.176.191. 192. 194n2. (Lappen berg) 305 195-222.263.264.266. 297. 391.393.545 "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in -. knowledge of Babbage 17. 191. 194n2 nervous activity." BulL Math. Biophysics Aik.en-Code (binary-coded decimal system) 186 (Pitts and MacCulloch) 388 Aircraft Stability and Control Analyzer 545 A Man Called Intrepid 350 Alexander. C. H. O·D. ~5 Abacus 195.203.318-320. 545 Alexander. S. 545 Aberdeen Proving Ground. Md. 192. 263. 545 Algebraic machine 109 Academy of Sciences of Madrid 16 Alt F. L. 244. 263-292 Accounting and Tabulating Machine Co. 545 American development of computers. Accounting machines 4. 129. 149. 153-154. 545. see Computers: American development of see also Burroughs typewriter accounting American Mathematical Society. Hanover. machine: IBM Corporation: 402-417 electric New Hampshire meeting 243 accounting machine: Campos: bookkeeping Ampere. A. M.109 machine: National Cash Register Accounting Analogue calculation 355 Machine: Punched card electro-mechanical Analogue computers 294. 297. 346 accounting machine: Underwood typing• Analytical engine 14. 93. accounting machine see also Babbage. Charles: Analytical Engine: ACE 297.352. 353. 376. 380n3 and 5. 545 Ludgate. Percy E.: analytical machine - . programming of 545 -. planned by Womersley 380n5 Actuaries. profession of 293.311. 313 -. power and scope of 86 Adams. J. C. 200 Analytical Society 3 Adder: electromagnetic 168. fig. 3(p 170). 242. Andrews. E. G. 242. 244n10. 264. 545 249-250. 254 Annals o/the Computation Laboratory. - . electromechanical 121. 206-207. 262-268 Harvard University 203n. 205 - . electronic 300n9.357 Anti-aircraft fire control 243. 253. 257-258. -. -. binary 320. fig. 2 (p. 323). 390 295-296. 345-347. see also Bell Telephone -. -. decimal 364-365 Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: -. mechanical 29-30 Models II-IV Adding machine 2. 300n9. 312-313. Antilogarithms. calculation of 198. 201. 213. 282 see also Astra multi-register adding machine: APEXC 545 Electronic adding machine: Gersten. C. L.: Apokin. I. A. 300nl arithmetical machine Applications: EDV AC 385 Addo: calculating machine 545 - . Harvard Mark 1 222 Agrell. H. 545 - . IBM Card Programmed Calculator 233. Ahmes 303. 304-306 238-239 - . Directions/or obtaining knowledge 0/ all dark -. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator things 303 229-230 Applications Babbage. Charles: Analytical Engine -. punched card machinery 127-131. 134. 192-197. - . - .addition mechanism 29-30. 33-34 294.313.559 -. -. addition speed 31. 34-35. 37 -. Zuse's planned electronic computer 172-173 -. -. analogy with human mind 31n Arago. D. F. J. 59. 545 -. -. anticipating carriage 9.15.31. 60 ARC 545 - . -. arithmetic radix 52 Archimedes Machine 312-313 -. - . arithmetic rounding 38 Arithmaurel calculating machine 545 -. -. arrangement of formule 44. 53 Arithmetic. development of 303-306. 545 -. -. barrels 9. 10-13 (fig. 2). 21-22.42-43. 51 Arithmetic. floating point. - . -. capabilities of 49-50. 62 see Floating point arithmetic -. -. card punching apparatus 10. 27 Arithmetic overflow. detection of 13. 20 - . -. Carriage Axes 20 Arithmometers 306.307.311-312. -. -. carriage mechanism 30. 52 see also Thomas' Arithmometer: -. -. Coinbinatorial Cards 13. 23.49 Torres y Quevedo. Leonardo: arithmometer -. -. comparison with Difference Engine 62-63 Arlington Park 242 -. -. conditional branching 13.43 Assemblers 375 -. -. cost of 61. 64-65 Astra multi-register adding machine 312-313 -. -_ curve drawing apparatus 10.28 Atanasoff. John V. 294.297. 300n8. 315-335. 545 -. -. design principles 37 Atanasoff-Berry Machine 294. 300n8. -. -. development of 9-15. 17n2. 103 fig. 12 (p. 335). 545 -. -. digit counting apparatus 21. 36. 43 -. abacus elements 318. fig. 8 (p. 331) -. - . division mechanism 9. 13.41-44 -. addition-subtraction mechanism 315. -. -. drawings of fig. 1(p. 10). fig. 2(p. 12). 52. fig. 2(p. 323). 330. fig. 9(p. 332) 60-61. 67 -.applicationsof 315-316 - . - .durability of 61-62. 64-65 -. base-two card mechanism 324-326 -. -. expansion of formulae 49.376 -. binary notation 317-318 -. -. Figure Axes 9. 10. fig. 2 (p. 12).24-26 -. binary-decimal conversion 327-329 - . - . formulae printing mechanism 48 -. budget 334-335 - . - .hoarding carriage 9.31. 52 - . counter abacus 320 -. -. Jacquard cards 5-6. 9. fig. 2 (p. 12).22.51. -. keyboard abacus 320 59.61.63.75.177.204.376 - . origins of 316-317 -. -. later knowledge of 130.159.293-294.297 - . solution of linear equations 320-321. 329-330 -. - . Mill 9.10. fig. 1(p. 11). IS. 19-23. 52.58-59. -. state of progress 330 67 -68. fig. (p. 70). 204 -. store 321-322. fig. 1 (p. 322). fig. 8 (p. 331). -. -. multiple-precision arithmetic 9. 13. 49-50 fig. 10 (p. 333) -. - . multiplication mechanism 9. 13. 34-36 Auckland Racing Club 545 -. - . multiplication speed 39-41 Automata see Chess-playing automata: -. -. Number Cards 26. 47 Mechanical automata: Musical automata: -. -. number length 49. 102n7 Torres y Quevedo. Leonardo: arithmetic -. -. operating speed 37. 50.53 automaton: Universal automaton -. - . Operation Cards 13.22-23. 45.47.59.204. Automatic Calculator IPM. 375 see Darmstadt Machine -. -. operation sequencing 45.59.375 Automatic card handling mechanism 127 -.-.operations 22-23.29 Automatic Message Accounting System 545 - . -. printing mechanisms 10.15. 27.47.68. Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. fig. (p. 70). 71 see Harvard Mark 1 -. -.prism 22.46 Automatic sequencing. see Sequence control - . -. punching of formulae 376 -. -. reducing apparatus fig. 2(p. 12). 22. fig. 3(p. 57). 57 Babbage. Charles 1. 3-4. 5nlO. 9-15. 17-18. 19-54. -. -. repetition of operations 23 73-74. 75. 93nl. 103. 114n5. 152. 153. 159. - . - . Running up 13. 20.33.35.41-43 160.175-176.177.191. 194nl. 195-196.297. -. - . Selecting Apparatus 21-22. 36.39-40 375-376. 545-546 -. -. sign calculation 32-34 -. Analytical Engine 1. 4. 6. 10-15. 17-18n2. 147. -. - . square root operation 44-45 148.152. 178.191.196.204-205.375-376.546 - . -. Stepping down 20 -. -. accidental sign 33 -. -. Stepping up 20. 36

564 Babbage. Charles: Analytical Engine Base-two recording system. see Binary system -. -. Store fig. 1 (p. 11). 13. 23-28. 46-47. 52. 59. Batch processing operating system 244 61. 204 Bell Laboratories Record 243. 256n -. -. symbol manipulation 375 Bell Telephone Laboratories 298 -. -. Table Figure Axes 20. 36 Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay -. -. tentative processes 42. 58. 60. 62. 63 Computers 1. 176. 192. 231. 242-245. 393. 547 ~. -. trial calculations 48 -. Model 1243.247-252.263.547 -. -. Variable Cards 25. 45-46.59.204.375 -. -. addition 249-250 -. -. verification of formulae 47 -. - . applications of 248-249 -. -. verification of numbers 47 -. -. binary-coded decimal system 242. 250 -. collaboration with Lady Lovelace 14.546 -. - . demonstrations of 243 -. concept of program control 159. 175-176. 177. -. - . operations 248 375-376 -. - . reliability 251-252 - . Difference Engine 3-4. 6nlO. 9. 30. 67.103. -. -. subtraction 251 200.204.313-314.546 - . Model" 243. fig. (p. 253). 253-256. - . -. comparison with Analytical Engine 62-63 fig. (p. 255). 263. 547 -. Essay towards the Calculus ofFunctions 67 - . Model III 243.256.257-261. fig. (p. 261). -. History of the Analytic Machine (projected) 103 263.547 - . in Turin 14.546 -. Model IV 243 -. influence of 1. 4.15-16. 17.74.130.191-192. -. Model V 243-244.263-292.379.547 194n2. 293-294. 546 -. -. addition 266-268 -. Mechanical Notation 61. 68. 103. 546 -. -. carry assimilation 266-267 -. notebooks 375-376 - . -. computation of instructions 269 - . obituary notices 546 -. -. configuration 283 -. On the Economy ofManufactures and -. -. discrimination 280-281 Machinery 15 -. -. input/output 269-271 -. Passages from the Life ofa Philosopher 55. 60. -. -. instruction formats 277-278 74. 82 -. -. interpolation 274 -. sketchbooks and drawings 17-18n2 -. -. multiplier 268-269 -. will 67 -. -. operating speed 269-271. 287-288 Babbage. Henry P. (son of Charles Babbage) -. - . operations 277-282 15. 18n14. 55. 60.67-71. 103.204-205.546 - . -. Position Connectors 283 -. Mechanical Notation applied to Scheutz -. -. problem tapes 243.271. 275-276 difference engine 68 -. -. programming of 278-279 -. work on the Analytical Engine Mill and - . -. reliability 284-286 Printing Mechanism 15. 68-71 -. -. routine tapes 271. 273 -. work on the Difference Engine 67-68 -. -. sign registers 282 -. Babbage's Calculating Engines 68 -. -. storage tapes 271. 275 Babbage. R. H. (great grandson of Charles -. -. subtraction 266-268 Babbage) 194n2 -. -. table register 273 Babbage's Calculating Engines (Babbage. H. P. ed.) -. -. table tapes 271. 273-275 68 -. - . tape-reading 270 " Babbage's Dream come true" 192 -. Model VI 243. 547 Babbage's problem 147.154.293-294.313-314 Bergstrom. J. W. 547 Baldwin Calculator 546 Berlin Exhibition. 1931 312 Baldwin. F. S. 546 Berlin Exhibition. 1934 312. 3l3 Ballistic Computer. see Bell Telephone Bernoulli numbers 14.63 Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: Berry. Clifford E. 294.335 Model III BESM 547 Ballistic Research Laboratory. Ordnance Bessel functions 1%-197.209 Department U.S. Army. Aberdeen. Maryland Bhaskara (Hindu mathematician) 304 244.297.299.378 BibliographieS 547 Ballistics calculations 242. 297 Bilbao 119 Ballot C. 7n25 Billings. John Shaw 127.547 Barnes. R. C. M. 547 BINAC 378. 547 Barrel organ 97 Binary arithmetic 547 Base-ten recording system. see Decimal system -. mechanical 159

565 "Binary Calculation." J. InSL of Actuaries (Phillips) Brunsviga-Dupla: calculating machine 311,548 293,303-314 Bryce,J. W. 129, 191,293,3OOn2,548 Binary-coded decimal system 225, 242, 250, 262, Bull, F. 548 see also Aiken-Code; Stibitz-Code Bull punched card machinery 151-152 Binary coding 547 Bull tabulator fig. 5 (p. 152), 548 Binary-decimal conversion 167, 171, 232, 242, 307, Bureau of Ordnance. 327-329, 390 see U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance Binary system 167,176,178,293,294. Bureau of Ships. see U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships see also Binary arithmetic Bureau of the Census. -. advantages of 317-318, 347. 389-391. 405-406 see U.S. Bureau of the Census -. description of 249.304-308 Burgi. 1. 548 Binomial distribution 290 Burkhardt: calculating machine 548 Bi-quinary system 253-254.258-259.264-265 Burks. Arthur W. 399-413. 548 Birkbeck College 547 Burroughs calculator 548 Blackett, P. M. S. 353 Burroughs typewriter accounting machine Bletchley machines. see Cryptanalytic machines 312.548 Bletchley Park. 296. 301n25, 349, 350. 351, 352. Burroughs, W. S. 548 353-354. 379. 547 Bush. Vannevar 17. 130.294-295.297.337-343. Bloch. R. M. 222. 547 548 Board of Health, New York City 137 Business machines, electronic 293 Bodyguard ofLies 350 Buxton. H. W.: Memoir of the Life and Labours of Bollee. Leon 4. 196.547 the Late Charles Babbage (unpublished Bolmida (experimented with electrical version of biography) 10. 191 Jacquard mechanism) 6. 547 Buxton Manuscript Collection. Museum of the BOMB: cryptanalytic machine 547 History of Science. Oxford University Bonch-Bruevitch. M. A. 300nl, 547 10. 17-18n2. 548 Bonelli (experimented with electrical version of Byrnes. W. P. 239 Jacquard mechanism) 6.547 Byron. George Gordon. 6th Baron 14 Book-keeping machines 4-5. 547 Booth. A. D. 547 Boucher: adding machine 547 Calculating clock 2 Bouchon.Basile 5.7n25.548 Calculating machines 1-4.82. 102n6. 548. see also Boutet (constructed first Synchro-Madas) 153 Adding machines; Archimedes machine; Boyer. 1. 548 Arithmometers; Burroughs calculator; Brainerd. 1. G. 298. 548 Couffignal. Louis: binary calculator; Braun: calculating machine 548 Electronic calculators; Leibniz. Gottfried: Breisemeister. R. E.239 calculating machine; Magnetic calculating Breton (assisted J. M. Jacquard) 5-6 machine; Monroe calculating machine; British Association for the Advancement of Odhner calculating machine; Pascal. Blaise: Science 3. IS. 65. 68. 103 calculating machine; Reading-writing• British Association for the Advancement of calculating machine; Relay calculators; Science. report on Babbage's Analytical Rheinmetall machine; Sanders calculating Engine 55-65. 74. 86-87 machine; Schickard. Wilhelm: calculating British Automatic Totalisator Co. 241 clock; Synchro-Madas calculator; Type-writer British development of computers. controlled calculating machine see Computers: British development of -. binary 3 British electronic code breaking machines. -. classification of 145 see Cryptanalytic machines -. descriptions of 7n19 British Museum 303. 548 -. descriptive catalogues 548 British Tabulating Machine Co. 548 -. design 548 British Thompson Houston 241 -. development of 1. 2-4. 7n19. 195-196.203-205. BRLESC 548 310-313.548-549 Broadhurst S. W. 351 -. direct multiplication type 549 Broselmachine 548 - . electromagnetic 242 Brown. G. 548 -. electronic digital. earliest attempt at 294 Brown. John 195 -. first commercial success 3 Brownell. T. F. 305 -. general principles of 55

566 Calculating machines Colossus electronic machines -. influence on development of computers 4. 294. -. reliability 352 380 -. speed of 349.352 -. interconnection 549 -. use of clock pulse 352 -. patents 549 Columbia University 127. 130. 191. 192-193. 223n. -. special purpose 549 549 -. usage 4. 549 Compilers 375 Calculation Control Switch 549 Complex arithmetic 243.247-249 Calculating punch 187 Complex Number Computer. Calculation errors 104. 145 see Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Calculation. mechanical aids to 2-4. 159. 242. Relay Computers: Model I see also Abacus; Genaille's Rods: Complex numbers. see Complex arithmetic Napier's Rods; Slide rule Computation Laboratory. Harvard University. see Caley. D. H. N. 244n2 Harvard University Computation Laboratory Cambridge Calculator. see EDSAC Computation of instructions 49.225 Cambridge University 3. 293. 299. 379-380 Computer industry 549 Campaigne. H. 244n11 Computers 549-550. Campbell. R. V. D. 222 see also ACE; Atanasoff-Berry Machine; Campos. F. P. 131n19 Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay Campos: book-keeping machine 129. 131n19. Computers; BINAC; Colossus electronic 147-148.355.549 machines: Couffignal. Louis: program• Carcavius 549 controlled bVtary calculator; Darmstadt Carpenter. B. E. 380n4 Machine; Digital anti-aircraft fire control Carry assimilation 4.31. 82. 139. 168.266-267.310. computer: EDSAC; EDV AC; ENIAC; 339-340. 391 Harvard Mark I-Mark 4: lAS Computer: Cavendish Laboratory. Cambridge University I BM Corporation; Manchester computer; 293. 549 MOSAIC: S. M. 1Computer; Rapid Cayley. A. 55 Arithmetical Machine Project; Stored Celestial mechanics 121 program computers; UNIVAC; Whirlwind; Cesareo. O. 243. 253-256 X-66744 Computer; Zuse. Konrad Chambers. C. C. 381 -. American development of 160.176.186. Chandler. W. W. 351. 352. 353 191-194.241-245.294-296.297-299.376-379. Chedaker. 1. 549 550 Chess-playing automata 16. 110 -. analogue 294.297.346 Ciphers. digital computer for 297 -. arithmetical operations 550 Clark. J. 549 -. British development of 186. 293-294.2%-297. Clement Joseph 3-4. 9. 18n4. 68. 549 375-376. 379-380. 550 Clifford. W. K. 55 -. conditional branching 550. Clippinger. R. 301n35. 549 see also Conditional branching Closed series 199 - . development of 1-2. 6n1. 243. 293-299. 365. Code-breaking machines. 375-380. 550 see Cryptanalytic machines - . electronic. planned by Wiener 295 Coggeshall (one of the developers of the slide rule) - . German development of 159-161. 176. 186. 195 192.2%.550 Cohen. A. A. 549 - . index registers 550 Cohen. I. B. 549 -. instruction formats 277 Collier. B. 6n1O. 13. 17-18n2 and 12 -. Japanese development of 550 Colossus electronic machines 2%-297. 349-354. - . patents 550 379.549 -. programming of 218-220.230.286.377-378. - . assessment of 352-354 379.423. 550 -. binary "hard valve" circuitry 352 -. Russian development of 550 -. Boolean calcualtions 349. 353 -. set-up times 291 -. compared to ENIAC 353 -. special-purpose 296.297.349.352.353 -. conditional branching 349.353 -. stored program concept 2. 159-161. 164. -. design of 351-352 175-188.225.239.243. 375-380.384-385.393. -. later developments 352 550. see also Sequence control: stored -. photo-electric tape reader figs. (p. 350. 351) program

567 Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company Darmstadt Machine 155-157. fig. 1(p . 156). 551 128.550. see also IBM Corporation - . Calculating Device 155 Comrie. L. J. 17. 130.192. 293. 311-314.550 - . Control Device 156 Conditional branching 13. 16. 118-120. 159. 161n4. -. Function Generators 157 185.187.191.193.243.299.373.402.550 -. operating speed 157 - . Babbage. Charles: Analytical Engine 13. 43 - . Printing Mechanism 157 -. Colossus electronic machines 349. 353 - . Transfer Device 156 -. ENIAC 299. 373 Data representation 26. 127. 133-134. 148. 159 -. methods for 43. 99.100-101. 280-281. 411. 418 Davies. D. W. 380n3. 551 - . Plankalkul 161n4. 185 Dawes. Chester L. 222 - . Torres y Qyevedo's arithmetic automaton 99. Dayger. 1. E. 239 100-101 D-day. 6June 1944 352 Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers 550 De Caus. S. 5. 551 Consolidated Engineering. Pasadena California. de Colmar. Thomas 109.110. 111. 561. 294 see also Thomas' Arithmometer Convolution integrals. computation of 290 de Morgan. A. 551 Coombs. A. W. M. 352.353. 551 Deacon : difference engine 551 Cora system. see Binary system Decimal system 304.317-318.390.405-407 Cordt (Leipzig engineer) 312-313 Decoding table 409 Cosine Adding Machine 551 Demon: cryptanalytic machine 551 Couffignal. Louis 17. 121-125. 129. 131nI9. Denary system. see Decimal system 145-154. 176.551 Department of Defense. - . influenced by Babbage 17 see U.S. Department of Defense - . program-controlled binary calculator 17. 121- Derr. W. A. 551 125. 551 Descanes. R.: Discourse sur 10 Methode 92-93 -. - . adder 121 Desch. Joseph R. 300n9.551 - . -. Addition Triangle 121-122. fig. 2 (p. 122) Determinant evaluation 64.65 - . -. binary-decimal translator 124 Determinant evaluator. prototype 242 - . -. capabilities of 124-125 Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft 551. - . - .iteration 124 see also Hollerith Company (Germany) -. -. multiplication rhombus 122. fig. 3 (p. 123) -. D11 Tabulator 551 - . -. multiplier 122 Deutsches Museum of Science and Technology. - . -. numerical function table 124 Munich 160.551 - . -. operation sequencing 124 Diadic system. see Binary system - . - .overdraft 122 Difference engines 3-4.14.68.196.204. 313-314. - . - .register 121 551. see also Babbage. Charles: Difference -. - . sign calculator 122. fig. 4(p . 124) Engine: Grant G. B.:difference engine: Counter: binary 293.295.319 Hamann. c.: difference engine: Ludgate. -. electromechanical 139 Percy E.: difference engine: Muller. I. H. : -. electronic 293. 295. 338-339. 349. 356. 363-364. difference engine: Scheutz difference engine: 380n5. 389. 552 Wiberg. Martin : difference engine - . -. bi-quinary 253-254.258-259 Difference formulae 200 Cramer's solution 316 Differential analysers 231. 289. 297-298. 358. 380 Crawford Collection. Royal Observatory. Differential calculus 55 Edinburgh 551 Differential equations 200.205.231.243. 289. 355 Crawford. Perry O. 295.377.409.551 Digital anti-aircraft fire control computer. 295-296. Cryptanalysis 242.551 345-347 Cryptanalytic machines 244nl1. 296-297. 349-354. Digital differential analyser 9 376. 379. 551 Digital electronic circuits. used in calculating Cunnington. S. : The Story of Arithmetic 204. 206 devices 293-294 Cyclometer: cryptanalytic machine 551 Directions for obtaining knowledge ofall dark things(Ahmes) 303 Dirks. G. 160. 176. 551 "Disclosure of a Magnetic Calculating Machine" Dl 551 (Eckert J. P.) 381n9 da Vinci. Leonardo 551 Discours sur 10 Methode(Descanes) 92-93 Dahl gren Mark 2. see Harvard Mark 2 Divider: electromagnetic 242

568 Divider EDVAC - , electromechanical 112-118 - . operations 384 - , electronic 342,367-368 -, reliability 383-384 - , mechanical 41-44,82-84 - . representation of instructions 383 d'Ocagne, M. 17, 109, 145,551 - . storage requirements 384. 386 Draft Report on the ED VAC (von Neumann) 376. -. stored program concept 384-385.393 377. 380n4. 383-392 -. telescoping 391 Draw looms. automatic 5-6. 7n25. 551 EDV AC-type machines. see Stored program Dreyer. H.-J. 132.155-157 computers Dudley Observatory 551 Electric Computer and Typewriter 552 Durfee. B. M. 191. 192. 203n Electric Control Compan y. see Ecken-Mauchly Computer Corporation Eastman Kodak 552 Electrical Review 244n3 Eccles. E. H. 293. 294 Electromechanical accounting machine. Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit 552 see also Accounting machines Eckdahl. D. 552 -. Tauschek 129 Eckert. 1. Presper 176.297.298. 377. 378. 381n9. Electromechanical devices 104.552 552 Electronic adding machine 3OOn9 Eckert. Wallace 1. 130. 191. 193. 223-232. 552 Electronic calculators: digital. earliest attempt at Ecken-Mauchly Computer Corporation 242.378. 294 552 -. IBM Corporation 193-194.233. fig. 1(p . 233). Edmondson : calculating machine 552 fig. 4(p. 236). 237 EDSAC 2. 379-380. 417-429.552 Electronic code-breaking machines. -. conditional order 418 see Cryptanalytic machines - . control sequence 418-420 Electronic computing machine. planned by Phillips -. demonstration of 423-424 293 -. design of 552 Electronic Control Co. 552 - . initial orders 380.420-421. 423 Electronic counters. see Counters: electronic - . input/output 418. 423 Electronic devices 295. 298. 357. 552 -. instruction format 424 Electronic Difference Analyzer 298. 353. - . operating speed 423 see also ENIAC -. order code 417-418 Electronic digital circuit. earliest 293 -. order interpreter 419-420 Electronic Discrete Variable Arithmetic Computer. -. programming of 552 seeEDVAC - . sequence control tank 418 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. -. store 417 seeENIAC - . test routines 423 Elliott Computers 552 - . uniselectors 420 Elliptic functions 1%-197 EDVAC 2.297. 299. 353. 376.377-378. 380. End around carry 203 383-397.404. 552 Endicott. N. Y. 191. 193. 203 - . addition speed 390 ENIAC 1.160. 176. 192. 231. 244. 264. 266. 289. -. analogy with neurons 388-389 291. 292. 2%. 297. 298-299. 349. 353. 359-373. -. applications of 385 fig. 1(p. 360). fig. 2 (p. 369). 376-377. 393. -. arithmetic unit 389-392 552-553 - . binary-decimal conversion 390 - . accumulators 364.366-367.376 - . carry assimilation 391 -. addition 364-365 -. central control 384 -. addition time 361 -. development of 377-378. 381n10 - . compared to Colossus 353 -. elements 387-388 -. conditional branching 299. 373 -. flip-flop 389 - . constant transmitter 359-361 -. input/output 385-386 - . construction 359 - . instruction modification 394 -.convenercode 553 - . instructions 383 - . counters 363-364 - . logical control 377-378. 383 -. cycling unit 361 - . memory 385.393 - . detailed descriptions 553 -. multiplication speed 390 -. digit trunks 368 -. operation sequencing 383. 384 -. divider 367-368

569 ENIAC Foster. C. 553 - . flip-flop 362-364.365-366 Fourier series 198-199. 290 -. function tables 299.359-361. 376 Franklin Institute 553 -. initiating unit 361 Friden. C. M. 553 -. input/output 269. 359 Fry. T. C. 242 -. master programmer 370 FUJIC 553 -. multiplier 367-368 Fujitsu 553 -. operation sequencing 299.368.369-370 Fuller. F. 55 -. operations 359 -. patent litigation 301n28 Gauss. C. F. 200 -. program controls 298.365-366 Gear train 2. 55-56 -. program switches 361 Geheimschreiber: cipher machine 553 -. program trunks 368 Geiger-M iiller Counter 356 -. programming memory 361. 365 Geiger-M iiller tubes 293 -. repetition 370 Genaille. H: piano arithmetique 475.553 -. square rooter 367-368 Genaille's rods 242.553 -. storage 359-361 German Aeronautical Research Institute (DVL). -. stored program concept 376 Berlin-Adlershof 183 -. synchronization 361-362 German development of computers. Enigma: cipher machine 301n25. 553 see Computers: German development of ERA 553 German Military Intelligence 160 Error checking 219-220.243.256 Gersten. C. L.: arithmetical machine 553 ETL Relay Computer 553 -. calculating machine 553 Eureka 553 Ghertrnan. J. 553 Eymard. P. 7n25 Gillon. Paul N. 298 Essais sur I"Automatique(forres y Quevedo) 16 Glaisher. J. W.L. 55 Essays towards the Calculus ofFunctions (Babbage) Goldberg: cryptanalytic machine 553 67 Goldstine. Adele 359-373 Everard (one of the developers of the slide rule) Goldstine. H.H. 176.298.359-373.378.399-413. 195 553 Everett. R. R. 295. 553 Good. I. J. 379.554 Gore. J. K. 128-129. 554 FACOM: computer 553 Gottingen 186 Falcon (master weaver) 553 Grant. G. B. 4. 554 -. draw loom 5-6 -. difference engine 4. 196.554 Farr. W. 55 Gravatt. William 18n12 Federal Technical University (E. T. H.). Zurich Grillet (calculating machines) 2 184.187.551 Gun director. anti-aircraft. Felt and Tarrant: comptometer 553 see Anti-aircraft fire control Ferrand. W. A. 239 Ferranti 553 Hahn. M. 3. 554 Filter networks. design of 242 Hamann. C. 242. 554 Finite differences. method of 3 -. difference engine 4. 554 Fire control problems 243.295-296. Hamilton. F. E. 191. 193. 203n. 554 see also Anti-aircraft fire control: Bell Hamilton Totalisator 241 Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay Hannum. Lynn 294 Computers: Models II-IV: M-9 gun director Hanover. N. H. 243 Flip-flop 227.236.293.30001.363-366.389.403 Harmonic analysis 243 Floating point arithmetic: binary 159. 167-168. Harmonic analyzer 297 178.407 Hartree. D. R. 299. 554 -. bi-quinary 243.265-266 Harvard College Observatory 191 -. decimal 102. 233. 207 Harvard Mark 1 1. 160. 174. 191-192. fig. (p. 197). Flowers. T. H. 296. por. (p. 349). 351-352. 553 203-222. 231.244. 264.266.275.277. 287.291. Flute player. automatic 5 292n. 293. 297. 379. 393. 554 Fohi (twenty-third century B. C.) 316 -. adding-storage registers 201. 205. Formulae. evaluation of 199 fig. 2(p . 205). 208-209 Forrester. J. W. 295.553 -. addition mechanism 206-207

570 Harvard Mark 1 Hollerith. Herman : tabulating system -, applications of 222 -, -, carrying device 139 -. constant registers 201. 205 - , -, combination counting 141 - . detailed description 554 -. -, gang punch (machine with interchangeable -, error checking 219-220 punches) 135 -. function tables 205 -, -, item counting 138-139 -. initial plans for 200-201 -, -. keyboard punch 135 - . input/output 201, 216-218. fig. 1(p . 218), 269 -, -. mechanical counters 139 -, interpolator units 205-206. 215-216 -. - . pantograph punch 128 -, logarithm unit 212-213. fig. 3(p . 214) -, - . press fig. 3 (p. 138) -, master control panel 201 -. -. record cards 133 - , multiply-divide counter 205. fig. 2 (p. 205). - . -. sorting box 139-142. fig. 6(p . 141), 210-212, fig.l(p.212),fig. 2(p. 213) fig.7 (p. 142) -, operating instructions 220-222 - , -, speed of 128, 142-143 -, operating speed 201. 217-218 - . - .ticket punches 134 - , operation sequencing 197. 200 -. -. see also Punched card machinery -, planned operation repertoire 197-200 Hollerith Company (Germany) 155. see also - . reliability 219 Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft - . sequence control mechanism 205-206. 207-208. Hollerith Keypunch fig. 1(p . 148) fig. 5(p . 208) Hollerith punched card machinery 127-128, -, sequence control tape 217, fig. 5(p . 222) 150-152, 155-157.196,204.306 -, sine unit 214-215, fig. 4(p . 215) Hollerith Tabulating Machine 157 - , store 201 Hollerith Tabulator fig. 4(p . 151) -. subsidiary sequence control mechanism 191 Hooven : automatic typewriter 554 -. switchboard 200, 205 Hopferau, Bavaria 161 - , typewriter 205. fig. 2(p . 205) Hopper. Grace M. 191. 203n, 203-222. 554 -. value tape 216 Horace 305 Harvard Mark 2 192. 244. 264. 266, 291. 292. 393. Homer's solution 60 554 Human errors. imponance of in mechanised Harvard Mark 3 192 computing 145 Harvard Mark 4 192 Hiindorf, W. 554 Harvard University 191-192. 194n2. 203n. 222. Hunter. G. T. 239 231. 263. 277 Hurd. C. C. 554 -. Computation laboratory 194n2. 204. 222 Huskey. H. D. 554 Heath Robinson machine 350-351. 554 Hut F (Bletchley Park) 350 Heimatsmuseum. Haslach 554 Hyperbolic functions 199,215 Henschel Aircraft Works 185 H.M. Nautical Almanac Office 130. 311. 557 lAS Computer 194. 378-379.399-413. 554 Hero of Alexander (also referred to as Heron) - . arithmetic organ 405-408 2.4. 554 -. backing store 404 Hierarchical storage. see Storage hierarchy -. binary system 405-406 High-speed cinematographic camera 309 -.c1ock 412 Hinsley. F. H.et al. 301n25 -. conditional transfer order 402.411 History of the Analytic Machine (Babbage) -. control 399. 408-413 (projected) 103 -. control counter 411 Hodometer 554 -. control register 411 Hollerith. Herman 1. 6. 127-128. 133-143. 148. 554 -. decimal system 405-407 -. competition between his systems and two rival - . decoding table 409 systems 128 -. division 408 -. influenced by Babbage 148 -. floating decimal point 407 -. knowledge of Jacquard loom 6 - . function table register 411 - . patents 127-128 - . instruction formats 410 -. Ph. D.thesis 128 -. memory 399-401 -. tabulating system 127. fig. 2 (p. 137), 554 -. memory hierarchy 402. 405 -.-. accuracy 128. 143 - . operation sequence 408-409 - . -. adding mechanism 128 -. operations 401. 407-408 - . -. card soning 139-140 -. parallel operation 404

571 lAS Computer IBM Corporation -, recording function table 410 -.650 electronic computer 193 -, reliability 412-4l3 -,701 electronic computer 194. 379 - , repetition 402 -. -, programming group 193 -, selectron register 405 lconoscope tube 378, 403 -, square root 408 Index registers 375 -, storage devices 403 Indirect addressing 375 -, subroutines 402 Industrial Revolution 3 IBM Corporation 1.128. l30. 191-194. 1%. 197. Infinite series 1%. 199. 201. 290 200,203n.223,231. 292n.293.294.554-555 Input errors 146 -. Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Input/Output: Atanasoff-Berry Machine 320 see Harvard Mark I _. Babbage's Analytical Engine 10.15. 26.27, 28, -. Card Programmed Calculator 193. 47-49. 68. fig.(p. 70). 71. 376 233-239.555 _. Bell Telephone Laboratories Relay Computer -. -. applications of 233. 238-239 Model V 269-271 -. -. arithmetic unit 233-236 -. Colussus 349. 350 -. -. auxiliary memory unit 237 _. Darmstadt Machine 157 -. -. operation sequencing 236. 238 -. EDSAC 418.423 -.-.operations 234 -. EDV AC 385-386 -. -. parallel sequencing 238 - . ENIAC 269. 359 -. _. pluggable control panel 233 -. Harvard Mark 1 201. 216-218. fig. 1 (p. 218). -. _. reliability 239 269 -.-.repetition 234 -.IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator 192 -. -. storage units 234-235 -. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator -. cross-footing keypunch 194 225. fig. 2 (p. 225). 227-229 -, Department of Pure Science 223 -. Rapid Arithmetical Machine Project 337 -. electronic calculators 193-194 -. Torres' arithmetic automaton 95 -. Endicott Development Laboratories 191. 193. -. Torres' arithmometer 110 203 Institut Blaise Pascal 17. 555 -. patents 127.193. 300n9 Institute for Advanced Study. Princeton 377. 378 -. Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator 192. 555 Institut fUr Praktische Mathematik. Darmstadt -. Relay Multipliers 264.266. 291. 390 555. see also Darmstadt Machine -. Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator Internal storage 192.376-377.393 193.223-232.379.555 International Business Machines Corporation. -. -. applications of 229-230 see IBM Corporation -. -. arithmetic operations 193.229 Interpolation 290 -. -. binary-coded decimal system 225 Interpolation. programming of 377 -. _. computation of instructions 225 Iowa State College (became Iowa State University) - . -. dedication ceremony 193.223 294.297 - . -. faked photograph fig. 1 (p. 224) IPM automatic calculator. see Darmstadt Machine - . - .input/output 225. fig. 2 (p. 225). 227-229 Iteration l3. 124. 238. 281. 380. -. -. instruction card 228. fig. 8(p . 229) see also Program loops: Repetition -. _. memory units 223-225.228 Iterative methods 198.212.289-290.355.400.408 - . _. operating speed 223-225.226.228-229 Isomorphic theory of matrices and determinants -. -. operation sequencing 225 316 -. -. repetition 225 -. _. subroutines 230 Jacquard. J. M. 5-6. 152 -. -. tape-reading unit 228-229 Jacquard cards 5-6.75.127. see also Babbage. -. Watson Laboratory 555 Charles: Analytical Engine: Jacquard cards -. World Headquarters Building 223 Jacquard embroidery frame 555 -.402-417 electric accounting machine 193. 237 Jacquard loom 5-6.75.217.555 -.600 series of multiplying punches 193 -. electrical version 6. 14 -. 603 electronic calculator 193. 233. 555 -. use by Babbage 10. 22. 59. 177. 1% _. 603-405 computer 233. 555 Jakobson : calculator 555 -.604 electronic calculator 193. 233. Japanese development of computers. fig. 1 (p. 233). fig. 4 (p. 236). 237. 555 see Computers: Japanese development of -. () 10 AUlopoint Computer 555 Jarvis (Babbage s draughtsman) 555

572 Jevons. W. S. 555 Lohmeyer 556 Jo. K. 555 Looms. automatic 5-6. 7n25. 551 Johnson. B. 301n25 Lorant. F. 556 Jordon. F. W.293 . 294 Lorenz: cipher machine 556 JUley. Joseph 243.257-261 Los Alamos. N. M. 377.556 Julius. G.A. 555 Lovelace. Augusta Ada. Countess of 14.55. 74.86. 191. 375. 556 Keen . H. 555 Ludgate. Percy E. 4. 15. 18n15. 73-87. 159. 556 Kennedy. A. B. W.55 -. analytical machine 15. 556 Kepler. Johannes 2 Ludgate. Percy E.: analytical machine Kilburn. T. 353. 379.415-416. 555 - . - .capabilities of 75. 86 Kinautograph Cloth-Cutting Machine 555 - . - .carri age mechanism 82 Kinematics 89-90 - . - .dividing cylinder 84 Kniess. H. E. 300n9 - . - . division mechanism 82-84 Knuth. D.E. 377 -. - . drawings of 75 Kormes. M. 6n7 -. - . formula-paper 76. 80 Kraus. M. H. 239 -. -. index 76 Kreindl. F. 7n25 -. - . index numbers 77-80 -. - . Jacquard card system 75 Lagrange. 1. L.: Mecanique analytique 109 -. -. key-board control 85 Lagrangean interpolation 290 - . -. logarithmic cylinder 84 Lake. C. D. 191. 192. 203n. 555 -.-. mill 76 Laplace's equation 294 -. - . multiplication mechanism 80-81 Laplaciometer 294 - . -. number-paper 84 Lappenberg. 1. M.: A H iSlory ofEngland under/he -. - . operating speed 86 Anglo-Saxon Kings 305 -. - . operation sequencing 75 . 80 Least squares. method of 63. 64 -. -. shuttle 76 Lehmer. D. H. 555 -. difference engine 15. 96 Leibniz. Gottfried 2-3. 6n7. 306. 555 - . inftuenced by Babbage 15. 73-74 - . binary mechanical arithmetic 2. 159 ~ 167 - . storage addressing 159 -. calculating machine 2. 6n7. 195. 204. 555 Luebbert W. F. 556 -. notation for differential calculus 3 Lyndon. R. C. 161 -. pin wheel 195 -. stepped reckoner 3. 128. 195.204 M-9 gun director 253. 556 Leitz Optical Factory. Wetzlar 187 Macadie and Ratcliff: sorting machine 556 Lentz. 1. 555 MacCulloch. W. S. 388 LEO 555 Machine 13 556 Leupold: calculating machine 2. 555 MacLauren's theorem 199. 200.201 Lewin. R. 301n25 MacNider: adding machine 556 Library routines 396-397 Madame X: cryptanalytic relay machine 244nl1. Light-ray machine 308-310 556 Lightn ing Totalisator 241 Madas machine 114n5 Lilley. S. 6nl Maelzel. J. N. 556 Linear equation solvers 64-65. 242. Magnetic calculating machine 377. 381n9. 556 see also Atanasoff-Berry Machine Magnetic drum store 192.231-232. 556 Linear equations. solution of 242.289. 294.315 Maillardet 556 Lin kage errors 146 Maistrov 300n1 Loader 380 Manchester computer 297.353. 379.415-416.556 Logabax book-keeping machine. -. operating speed 415 see Campos: book-keeping machine -. ordercode 415 Logabax Company 17 379 Logarithms. calculation of 63. 84. 195. 201. Manchester University 349. 353. 379.415 212-213. 282 MANIAC 556 Logic circuits 294 "Manual of Operation of the Automatic Sequence Logical design 390 Controlled Calculator". Annals of/he Logical expression evaluation 556 Compu/alion Laboralory. Harvard Uni versity. Logical Machine 556 vol. 1 203n

573 Manufacturers Life Insurance Company 303 Moseley. M. 6n10 Marchant Calculating Machine Co. 556 Miiller. 1. H. 3 Marionette 90 -. difference engine 204. 557 Mark I-Mark 4. Harvard. Multiplier: electromagnetic 242. 259-260 see Harvard Mark I-Harvard Mark 4 -. electromechanical 94-95. fig. 4(p . 106). 122. Mark 1. Manchester. see Manchester Mark 1 268-269 Mark 2 Colossi. see Colossus electronic machines -. -. binary 122 Mark I Telegraph Transmitter 350-351 - . electronic 340-341. 357. 367-368 Mark II Telegraph Transmitter 352 -. -. binary 308-310 Marquand Machine 556 Multiplier Martin. E. 7n19 -. mechanical 35-36.80-81 Massachusetts. census of 133 -.-.binary 308. 310 Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT) Multiprocessing system 244 231.294.295.337.377.394.557 Mumma. R. E. 557 Mathematical logic 176.178 Munich 188 Mathematical tables. calculation of 3 Munro. R. W. 68 Mauchly. J.W. 176.243.297-298.355'358. Museum of the History of Science. Oxford 10.557 393-397.377.378. 556 Music box. sequence-control of 4 -. "Preparation of Problems for EDVAC-Type Musical automata 9 Machines" (paper presented at Harvard Musina: calculating machine 557 University) 378.393-397 -. The Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices Napier. John 1. 195. 557 for Calculating (privately Circulated Napier's Rods (Napier's Bones) 2. 195. 242.557 memorandum) 297.298.355-358 National Accounting Machine 557 Maya 305 National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. Mechanique analytique (Lagrange) 109 Langley Field. Virginia 244. 263 Mechanical analyses 355 National Cash Register Accounting Machine Mechanical automata 5. 556 314. 377 Mechanical notation 61. 68. 103 National Cash Register Company (NCR) 295. Mechanical piano 97 300n9.314. 557 Memoir of the Life and Labours ofthe Late Charles National Defense Research Committee. see U.S. Babbage(unpublished biography by Buxton) National Defense Research Committee 10. 191 National Physical Laboratory. Memory. see Storage devices see U. K.National Physical Laboratory Menabrea. L. F. 14. 55. 375. 557 National Security Agency. Mercedes calculating machine 557 see U.S. National Security Agency Merrifield. C. W. 55·65.103 Nautical Almanac 557 MESM 557 Nautical Almanac Office. Metropolis. N. 557 see H. M. Nautical Almanac Office Michie. D. 557 Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Microprogramming 180-181. fig. (p. 181). 192. 379 see U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory Models I-VI Relay Computers. see Bell Telephone Naval Research Laboratory. Laboratories Series of Relay Computers see U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Molina (devised system for translating dialled NEC Statistical Relay Computer 557 numbers) 241 Network Analyzers 231 Monotype Machine 557 Network design 242. 248 Monroe calculating machine 31l. 319. 557 New York Central Railroad 128 Monroe. J. R. 557 New York World's Fair 557 Moore School Lectures 378.380. 381n13. 557 Newman. M. H. A.296 . 349. por. (p. 349). 350. Moore School of Electrical Engineering. 351.352. 353.379. 557 University of Pennsylvania 297-299.359.377. Newton. Isaac 3 379.403 Newton-Raphson rule 212 Morland. Samuel 2. 195. 204.557 Newton's laws 229-230 Morse Code 557 Nicoladze. C. 242 Mortality statistics 127_ 137 Nim. game of 17 Monon. G. A. 345·347 Nimitron 557 'vIOSAIC 297.353. 557 Norfolk. G.L. 557

574 Northrop Aircraft Company 193, 378, 557 Pereire: calculating machine 558 No. 5 Crossbar Dial System 557 Perforated records 558, see also Paper tape: Number representation 159 Punched card machinery Number systems, relative merits of 264-265, Peter Robinson machine 350 see also Binary system: Bi-quinary system: Petherick, E. J. 558 Decimal system: Roating point arithmetic: Phelps, B. W. 300n9 Octonal system: Quinary system Phillips. E. William 17,293-294, 300n5. 303-314, Numerical analysis 205.207 38On5.558 Numerical differentiation 200. 201. 205 - . "Binary Calculation." J. inSL of Actuaries 293, Numerical integration 196,200, 201. 205 303-314 Numerical weather prediction 188 - . binary multiplier 293.308-310, 558 - . influenced by Babbage 17,293-294 Octonal system 293. 303. 305 -. multiplication "diamond" 293, 308 Odhner calculating machine 147 -. patent problems 293. 300n5 Odhner-Wheel calculator 557 Photo-electric cell 293, 305, 308, 313, Odometers. see Hodometers see also Collosus electronic machines: Ohlinger. L. A. 239 photo-electric tape reader On the Economy ofManufactures and Machinery Picard. C. E. 289 (Babbage) 15 Pierce. 1. R. 129. 558 Operating systems 244.375 - . automatic accounting machine 558 Ordnance Department Pinkerton. 1. 558 see U.S. Army Ordnance Department Piolaine (dockmaker) 558 ORDVAC 558 Pipe organ. sequence-control of 5 Osaka University 558 Pitts. W. 388 Oughtred. W. 195 Plana. Giovanni 14 Overbeck. W. P. 295.337.339.340.343. 558 Planfertigungsgeriit 558 Overhoff. G. 558 Planimeter 231 Plankalkiil 161n4. 185.558 Pacioli. L. 304 Polanco. G. T.-Q. 558 Palmer. R. L. 193. 558 Pole. W. 55 Pannke. Kurt 160 Poleni. G. 2.558 Pantograph punch 128 Post Office Research Station. Paper tape 227-230. fig. 9(p. 230). fig. 10 (p. 231). see U. K.Post Office Research Station 269-270.295.337.349.350. figs. (p. 350. 351). Power series 290 386. 418. 423. 558. see also Sequence control: Powers Accounting Machine Co. 558 perforated tape Powers. James L. 128. 558 Parallel binary machines 379. 404 - . patents 128 Paris Exposition. 1867 558 - . punched card machinery 128. 150-152. Pascal. Blaise l. 2. 175. 558 fig. 6 (p. 153). 312 -. calculating machine 2. 6n5. 195. 203. 558 - . sorter fig. 2 (p. 149) Passages from the Life ofa Philosopher(Babbage) -. tabulator fig. 3(p . 150) 55.60. 74. 82nl -. tabulating system 558 Patents: calculating machines 549 Powers-Samas Co. 129. 558 - . computers 550 Prandi. F. 558 - . electromagnetic devices 242. 244n9 "Preparation of Problems for EDVAC-Type -. electronic devices 193. 300n9 Machines" (Paper given by Mauchly at - . ENIAC litigation 297.301n28 Harvard University) 378. 393-397 -.IBM 193 Princeton University 377. 378 - . Pascal. Blaise 2 Probability function 196-197 -. Phillips. E. W.293. 300n5 Program control. see Sequence control - . Powers. James L. 128 Program-controlled calculating machines 17 - . tabulating machines 127.128 Program loops 193 - . typewriter-controlled calculating machine Programming aids 375 244n9 Promptuary 558 - . Zuse. K. 159. 160 Propositional calculus 182. 185 Pearson. K. 558 Prudential Assurance Co. 558 Pegged cylinder 4-5. 9. 2l. 558 Prudential life Insurance Co. 129

575 Punchberger, G. 558 Rapid Arithmetical Machine Project Punched card electro-mechanical accounting - , switching 338, 340 machine 127-128 - . thermionic conduction tubes 338 Punched card machinery 1. 6,13, 17,176, 316-317, - , speed of 338,341. 342 559, see also Hollerith, Herman : tabulating -. stepping 339-340 system -. storage devices 295.337.338.339 -, automatic card feed mechanism 148 Rapid Selector Project 559 -. binary punch and reader 294,317,324-326 Reading-writing-calculating machine 129 -, commercial usage 128-130 Read-only memory 2%. 559 - , connection box 150 Recursive formulae 290 - . decimal manual keypunch 128 Recursive function theory 559 - , government usage 127-128 Recursive processes 290 -, interconnection of 129-130, 153-154. 156, 200. Regnier:J. 559 559 Relay calculators 243 -. Keypunch 148. fig. 1 (p. 148) Relay Computers. see Bell Telephone Laboratories -. later developments 128-13l. 559 Series of Relay Computers; EfL Relay -. listing 149.151 Computer; Zuse. Konrad: Zll Relay - . multiplier 313 Computer - . operation speed 150 Relay Interpolator. see Bell Telephone - . origins l. 127-13l. 559 Laboratories Series of Relay Computers: -. scientific applications 130. 192-197 Model II -. selector 152 Relay Structure Factor Calculator 559 -. sorter 148-149. fig. 2 (p. 149) Reliability: electromechanical 104. 193. 219. 239 - . statistical applications 130. 294 - . electronic 192.298.412. 413 - . tabulating 149. 151 -. of Bell Telephone Laboratories Series of Relay -. tabulator 149. fig. 3(p . 150). 157 Computers 242-244. 251-252. 256. 26l. -. usage 127-13l. 134. 196-197. 294. 313. 559 284-286 Punched cards. use of 134-143 -. mechanical 241 Remington Rand 128. 242 Quadratures 290 -. Type 309 559 Quetelel M. 10.559 Remington Rand Division. Sperry Rand Quinary systems 304 Corporation 378 Remote-Control Accounting system 130 Racecourse Betting Control Board 241 Renwick. W. 417-421. 423. 559 Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 295-2%. Repetition. see also Sequence control 300n9. 345. 559 -. Babbage's Analytical Engine 23 - . patent applications 300n9 -. Couffignal's binary calculator 124 - . Princeton Laboratories 403 -.ENIAC 370 Radar development 379. 380 -. lAS Computer 402 Radford. W. H.295. 559 - . IBM Card Programmed Calculator 234 Railway Signal Interlocking Machines 559 -. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator Railway tickel punched 127 225 Rajchman. Jan 295-2%.345-347.409 Research Laboratory. St Louis 184 Raman effect 315 Rheinische Metall- und Maschinenfabrik 129 Randell. Brian 18n15. 349-354. 380n3 Rheinmetall machine 313 Rapid Analytical Machines 559 Rhind papyrus 303 Rapid Arithmetical Machine Project 294-295. Rice. R. 559 337-343.559 Robinson and Cleaver machine 350 -. addition 340 Robinson machines 350-35l. 554 -. carry-over mechanism 339-340 Rockefeller Electronic Computer Project 559 - . counting rings 338-339 Roman numerals 304 - . division 342 Roots of equations 199-200. 248-249. 289-290 -. multiplication 340-341 Roots of polynomials 243. 248-249 -. paper tapes 295. 337 Roth: calculating machine 559 - . programming of 341 Rotula 559 -. sequence control 295.337.338. 343 Rounding-off error 397 -. 'llhlraclion 340 Royal Academy of Sciences. Brussels 10

576 Royal Astronomical Society 3. 15 Shapley. H. 191 Royal Signals Museum 559 Sharpless. T. K. 560 Royal Society 3. 353. 559 Sheldon. J. W. 233-239 Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory. Shift register 192 Electrical Engineering Department Shire. E. S. 560 University of Manchester 415 Shorter ()xford English Dictionary 306 Runcom. S. K. 560 Siemens und Halske AG 560 Runge-Kutta method 200 Silk-weaving industry 5 Russian development of computers. SilU. S. 560 see Computers: Russian development of Silver dancing figure. automatic 9 Rutishauser. H. 560 Simpson. T. 200 Slide rule 77. 195. 231 S. M. 1 Computer 187-188 Smith. T. M. 6n1 Samas punched card machinery 150-152 Smithsonian Institution 560 Samas tabulator fig. 3 (p. 150) Societe d'Encouragement pour rIndustrie Sanders calculating machine 147 Nationale 109. 560 Saxby and Farmer: interlocking machine 560 Sorting 127.377. see also Hollerith. Herman: Scale-of-two counter. see Counter: binary tabulating system: card sorting. sorting box: SchafHer.().128.560 Punched card machinery: sorter Schardin. H. 184 South Kensington Museum. Scheutz. Edvard 4. 560 see Science Museum. South Kensington Scheutz difference engine 4.14.68. 196.314. 560 Sperry Rand 378. 560 Scheutz. P. George 4.1%.560 Square rooter: mechanical 44-45 Schickard. Wilhelm 2. 560 - . electronic 367-368.408 -. Calculating clock 2. 560 Stanhope. 3rd Earl : calculating machine 3.560 Schreyer. Helmut 160. 171-173.182.296.560 Station X 560 Science Museum. South Kensington. London Statistical Calculator l30 4. 18n2 and 14.67.68. 103. 195.204.293. 560 Statistical machines. see Punched card machinery Scientific Computing Service 130. 560 Steel balls. used in automatic totalisator 241 Scientific Memoirs (Taylor) 55.74 Stepping switch 241 Seaton machine 127 Stibitz. George R. 242-243. 244n1O. 247-252. 253. SEC 560 263.264.297.298.560 Seeber. R. R. 193. 194n7. 560 Stibitz-Code (binary-coded decimal system) Seifers. H. 187 186. 187. 242.250.264 Sekundal system. see Binary system Storage addressing 28.76.147. 159. 163-165. Selectron storage tube 403 fig. 6(p . 170). 177. 409 Selenium photo-electric cell 305. 308. 313 Storage devices Self-checking arithmetic 243 - . circulating 377 Self-operating machine 294 -. core 299 Sellers: automatic multiple punch 560 -. delay line 231-232.377. 378.403 Semi-logarithmic notation. -.-. binary 380.417 see Floating point arithmetic -. electromagnetic 169. fig. 6(p. 170). 228 Sequence control 1. 4-5. l30. 560 -. electromechanical 155. 237 -. electromechanical 97 -. electronic 193.228.233.295. 296.337.338. -. electronic 355 339.359.403 -. function table 299 -. - . binary 321-322. fig. 1(p. 322). fig. 8 (p. 331) -. pegged cylinder 4-5.9-10. 21 -. electrostatic 231-232.378. 403 -. perforated cylinder 5. 84 - . -. binary 405 -. perforated tape 4. 15. 75. 80. 156. 163. 166. 177. - . magnetic 160 200. fig. 5(p. 208). 230.258. 295. 337-338. 343. - . magnetic drum 192.231-232.556 386 -. magnetic tape 231-232 -. plug board 177. 238. 296. 368 -. mechanical l31n19. 159. 161. 172 -. punched cards 6.13.22-23.124.152.227.238. -. -.binary 181-182. fig. 6 (p. 182) 386. see also Jacquard cards - . -. decimal 208-209 -. stored program 386. 399.405.408-409.418-420 - . perforated tape 228 Serial Principle 186 -. photographic film 231-232 Shadrach 560 - . relay: binary 182

577 Storage hierarchy 402. 405 Thomas' Arithmometer 3.56-57.109.110.111. Stored program computers. 561 see also EDSAC; EDVAC; lAS Computer: Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Manchester computer Bureau. see Watson Astronomical Computing -. characteristics 393 Bureau. Columbia University - . instruction code 393-394 Thompson: difference engine 561 -. programming of 393 Thorpe.. Benjamin: Lappenberg's A History 0/ - . sub-routines 395-397 England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings Stored program concept. (translator) 305 see Computers: stored program concept Thyratron counting circuits 293 Strowger switch 241 Todd. John 377 Stucken. H. 560 Tokyo University: relay computers 561 Stuivenberg. J. 561 Tomkins. C. B. 561 Subprogram facilities 161 Torpedo. self-propelled 16.89.118 Subroutines 395-397.402 Torres y Quevedo. Leonardo 15-17. 18n17. 89-120. Sumador Chino 561 159-160. 561 Switching theory 178 -. arithmetic automaton 16 Synchro-Madas calculator 129. 130. 153 -. - . barrel organ 97 Synchronized alternating-current clock 309 - . - .comparison device 95. fig. 5 (p. 106) Synchronized machines 153 -. -. conditional branching 99. 100-101 -. -. decimal notation 101 -.-. drum 97. fig. 7(p. 107) Table look-up. automatic 243 -. - . floating point notation 102 Tabulating Machine Company - . - .formula calculation 96 (became Computing-Tabulating-Recording - . -. mechanical piano 97 Company) 128 - . -. multiplication device 94-95. fig. 4(p. 106) TAC 561 - . - .operation sequencing 97-100 Tate: calculating machine 561 -. - . register 94 Taton. R. 6n5 -. -. typewriter 95 Tatum. Liston 233-239 -. arithmometer 147. 153561 Tauschek. Gustav 129. 561 - . -. comparison device 114-116. fig. 4 (p. 115). Tawney. G. L. 561 fig. 5(p . 116) Taylor. N. H. 239 -. -. demonstration apparatus HO. fig. I (p. HI) Taylor. R.: Scientific Memoirs 55. 74 -. -. division method 112-118 Taylor's series 215 - . - .operation of 110-111 Tchebichev: calculator 561 - . -. type-writer 110 Technical University of Berlin 176 -. automatics 16 Technische Hochschule. Berlin-Charlonenburg -. -. analytical machine 16-17. 93 159 - . -. automation 16. 89 Teichmann. Professor 183 -. - . definition of 16. 90. 109 Telecommunications Research Establishment. -. - . discernment 90 see U. K. Telecommunications Research -. - . electromechanical method 16.91. 103-104. Establishment 113 Telephone exchange 128.241 - . -. limbs 90 Telephone relay equipment. used in digital -. -. mechanical method 103-104 calculating devices 241-243. 263 -. -. panern of behaviour 90.92 Teletype control 243 -. - . power supplies 90 The Story 0/ Arithmetic (Cunnington) 304. 306 -. - . reasoning 92-93 The Ultra Secret 350 -. -. remotely-controlled boat 119 The Use 0/ High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices/or -. -. self-propelled torpedo 16. 89. 118 Calculating (privately circulated -. -. sense organs 90 memorandum by Mauchly) 297. 298. 355-358 -. -. telekinetic devices 104 Theory and Techniques/or Design 0/ Electronic -. - . theoretical capabilities of 91 Computers (Chambers. ed.) 381n13 -. chess-playing automata 16. 110 Thermionic valve 196. 293. 338. -. Essais sur fAutomatique 16 see also Vacuum tubes -. influenced by Babbage 15. 93nl Thirsk Racecourse 241 - . other machines 561

578 Totalisators 241-242. 244n2 and 3. 561 University Mathematical Laboratory. Cambridge Toulon. A. P. 109 University 380 Transcendental functions 1%-197. 199. 201. 205. University of Chicago 295 215. see also Antilogarithms. calculation of; University of Manchester 415 Bessel functions; Elliptic functions: University of Michigan 298 Hyperbolic functions: Logarithms. University of Pennsylvania 231. 297-299. 359. 377. calculation of; Trigonometric functions 378.379. 403 Trask. M. 380n2 Usher. A.P. 7n25 Travis. I. 561 TREAC 561 Vacuum tube counters. see Counters: electronic Trigger circuit see Flip-flop Vacuum tubes 193.347. see also Thermionic valve Trigonometric functions 1%-197. 198-199.201. Val tat R. 176.307. 561 215. 282.337.346 Vance. A. W. 345-347 Trinks-Brunsviga Museum 561 Vaucanson.1. 561-562 Triumphator: calculating machine 561 Verea: calculating machine 562 Tropp. H. S.300n8 Verzuh. F. M. 239 Trowbridge. William 127 Vibbard. E. L. 243 Truncation error 397 Vicenzia (experimented with electrical version of Turing. A. M. 176. 296.349-350. por. (p. 349). 353. Jacquard mechanism) 6.562 376. 379. 380n3. 4. and 5. 561 Vienna Museum of Industry and Technology 562 Turing machine 176. 376 Vital statistics 127 Type-writer controlled calculating machine 244n9 Vitruvius: hodometer 562 von Knaus 562 Ulam. S. 561 von Neumann. John 186. 194. 264. 301n35. 376. Unary-coded decimal systems 299 377. 378-379. 380n4. 383-392. 399-413. 562 Underwood typing-accounting machine 153 - . Collected Works 378 Uniselectors 380n5.420 -. Draft Report on the EDVAC 377-378. 380n4. U. K.Foreign Office. Department of 383-392 Communications 349-350 von Neumann machines 379 U. K. National Physical Laboratory 297.353.376. 557 Walther. A. 130.155-157.562 U. K.Post Office Research Station. Dollis Hill Wanderer Werke 562 296.350-352.353.558 Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau. U. K.Registrar-General 314 Columbia University 130 U. K.Telecommunications Research Watson Laboratory. IBM 555 Establishment Great Malvern 350.416 Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory. United machine 312 Columbia University 192-193. 223n U.S. Army Ordnance Department 263. 282. 284. Watson. Thomas J. 128. 191. 203n. 223. 562 297.298.359.378. 403 Weaving industry 5-6 U.S. Bureau of the Census 378. 561. Weddle. T. 200 see also U.S. National Census Weiner. B. 244n9.562 U.S. Department of Defense 233 Weiner. Norbert 243.295 U.S. National Census 127-128.133. Western Electric Compan y 256n see also U.S. Bureau of the Census Westinghouse 562 U.S. National Defense Research Committee Weygandt A. 242 243. 253.256 Whirlwind computer 295. 562 U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) 557 Wiberg. Martin 562 U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory 294 - . difference engine 4. 196.562 U.S. Naval Proving Ground. Dahlgren. Va 192 Wilkes. M. V. 9.13. 18n5. 375-376. 379-380. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 243. 256 417-421. 424. 562 U.S. Navy 191. 222 Wilkinson (nephew of Joseph Clement) 68 U.S. Office of Naval Research 161. 561 Wilkinson. J. H. 562 U.S. Office of the Surgeon-General 135 Williams. F. C. 353. 379. 415-416. 562 UNIVAC 378. 561 -. storage tube memory 379. 562 Universal automaton 2%. 349 Williams. S. B. 242. 244nl1. 249. 251. 264. 298. 562 Universal Turing machine 353 Williams-tube electrostatic store 379 Universal machine tools 62 Wireless telegraphy 104

579 Womersley.1. 380n5.562 Zuse. Konrad: Zl computer Woodger. M. 562 -. -. carry assimilation 168 World War II 1.17.130.155.157.159.160.175. -. -. computation plan 163. 165. 171 176.182.183.185.186.242.243.263.296.297. -. -. distributor 165 301n25. 349. 350.380 - . -. formula 163 Worsley. B. H. 423-429 -. -. mechanical switching element 179 Wynn-Williams. C. E. 293.562 -. -. memory device 163. 165 -. -. microprogrammed control 180-181 X -66744 Computer 256 -. -. operation sequencing 163 -. -. selector mechanism 163. 165. fig. 2 (p. 170) "Yes or no" game 249 - . -. semi-logarithmic notation 167-168. 178 -. -. sequence control 163. 166. 177 Zero. symbol for 305 -. -. storage of computation plan 166 Zuse. Konrad 1. 15. 159-161. 163-170. 172. -. -. store 169. fig. 6 (p. 170) 175-190.296.376.562 -. -. trigonometric functions 172 -. array processor 188 -. -. variable control 165 -. development of program-controlled computers -. Z2 computer 176. 181 159-161. 175-188 -. -. arithmetic unit 183 -. knowledge of other developments 160 -. -. operation sequencing 183 -. patents 159. 160 -. -. state of progress 172 -. Plankalkiil 161n4. 185 -. Z3 computer 160.176. fig. 7 (p. 184) -. planned electronic computer 160. 296 -. -. arithmetic unit 183 - . -. applications of 172-173 -. -. operation sequencing 177. 183 -. -. binary arithmetic unit 182 -. -. reconstructed version 160 -. -. components 182 -. -. store 183 -. -. operating speed 172. 182 -. -. technical details 183 -. -. state of progress 172. 182 -. Z4 computer 161. 176. 183-184. fig. 8 (p. 184). -. special purpose computers 176. 185. 187-188 187 -. Zl computer 160. 176. fig. 3(p . 180). 181. -. Z5 computer 187 fig. 5 (p. 181) -. Zll Relay Computer 187-188 -. -. arithmetic unit 165. 171 -. Z22 computer 188 -. -. basic control 165 -. Z23 computer 188 -. -. binary addition scheme 168. fig. 3 (p. 170) -. Z31 computer 188

580