Bibliography This bibliography on the origins of digital computers covers the period from the first mechanical aids to digital calculation until the first practical stored pro­ gram electronic computer was put into operation in 1949. Particular attention is paid to the period following BABBAGE. and to papers shedding light on the extent to which the various pioneers were influenced by each other. All the items listed have been inspected (sometimes rather cursorily) in their original or reprinted form by the editor. The bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author. anonymous papers and reports being listed last. In order to facilitate use of the index. the name of the author is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Second and further papers by an author appearing in a given year are differentiated by following the year by b. c. ... Although the index is fairly detailed. readers are warned to check the more general works on a given sub­ ject. as well as those explicitly indexed under a particular index entry. A. ADAM (1973). Von Himmlischen Uhrwerk zur Statistischen Fabrik, Verlag O. Munk, Vienna (1973). A Wide-ranging survey, starting with early astronomical instruments, ending with the use in Austria of early Hollerith equipment. Contains extensive dis­ cussions of Schickard's calculating machine. automated draw-looms, includ­ ing the little-known "Broselmachine" (1680-1690). and of Schaffler's developments of Hollerith's machines. R. R. ADLER (1958), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine," Machine Design 30 (3). pp.125-129 (13 Nov. 1958). Brief but well-illustrated account of the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. H. H. AIKEN (1964), "Proposed Automatic Calculating Machine (Pre­ viously unpublished memorandum)," IEEE Spectrum, pp.62-69 (Aug. 1964). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) Undated memorandum. bearing the notation "Prospectus of Howard Aiken. Nov. 4. 1937," found in his files by Mrs. Jacqueline Sanborn Sill. Surveys the development of calculating machines. from Pascal to 8abbage. and gives a detailed description of a machine to be based on conventional punched card machinery, controlled by a punched paper tape. a machine which later became known as the Harvard Mark I. H. H. AIKEN (1946), "A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator." Annals of the Computation Labora­ tory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 1. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. ( 1946). The first chapter 'Historical Introduction' is a very useful account of the development of calculating machines. difference engines. and 8abbage's 431 work. It includes mention of MOller and Torres. H. H. AIKEN and G. M. HOPPER {1946}, "The Automatic Sequence Con­ trolled Calculator," Electrical Engineering 65, pp.384-391,449- 454,522-528 {1946}. {Reprinted in full in Randell {1973} and in the present volume.} Starts with a brief but commendable history of the development of calculat­ ing machines. The major sections of the paper give a quite detailed account of the working of the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator and of its programming. A. C. AITKEN {1951}, "Leslie John Comrie," Froc. Phys. Soc. B 64, pp.l090-1091 {1951}. An informative obituary. IBN AL-RAZZAZ AL-JAZZARI (1974), The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, D. Reidel, Dordrecht {1974}. {Trans. and ed. D. R. Hill.} A well-annotated and illustrated translation of a thirteenth century Arabic text, which describes a number' of surprisingly complex mechanical auto­ mata, some of which incorporated pegged cylinder sequencing mechanisms. These mechanisms are in general driven by water-wheels, and themselves control the movements of model figures. S. G. AKL (1980), "Professor Jevons and his Logical Machine," Tech. Report 80-95, Dept. of Computing and Information Science, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario (28 Jan. 1980). lOp. Provides a good well-illustrated account of the mechanism and operation of the 'logical machine' built by Jevons in 1869. F. L. ALT (194 7), "Operating Characteristics of the Aberdeen Machines," in File No. 22. Association for Computing Machinery. New York (29 Dec. 1947). (Summary of a paper delivered at the Meeting of the Eastern Association for Computing Machinery. Aberdeen. Md .. December 11-12, 1947.) 2p. Gives interesting statistics about the reliability of ENIAC. the Bell Labs Com­ puter and the IBM Relay Calculators. the amount of time devoted to setting­ up new problems. etc. "The ENIAC. in spite of the high proportion of trouble, is the outstanding performer. Even under very unfavourable conditions it does the work of 500 human computers. The Bell machine has not given a single wrong result in eight months of operations except where operators have interfered with its normal running." F. L. ALT (1948), "A Bell Telephone Laboratories' Computing Machine." MTAC 3, pp.1-13.69-84 (1948). (Reprinted in full in Randell (1973) and in the present volume.) General description of. the fifth Bell Labs. Relay Computer - the first one which was a general purpose programmed computer. Contains significant material on the programming (including branching). and on comparisons of "set-up time" on this machine as contrasted with the Harvard series, and ENIAC. F. L. ALT (1972). "Archaeology of Computers - Reminiscences. 1945-1947." Comm. ACM 15 (7). pp.693-694 (1972). Anecdotes concerning the use of ENIAC, including a description of the tech­ nique of setting up programs on the function tables. 432 T. ANDERSON (1932), "Forsta Svenska Raknemaskinen," Daedalus, pp.106-109 (1932). An account of how Georg Scheutz learnt of Babbage's Difference Engine in 1833, decided to design an improved machine, built a first model (in perhaps 1840) and with his son designed a difference engine that was built at J. W. Bergstrom's workshop in Stockholm and completed in 1853. T. ANDERSON (1933), "Wibergs Raknemaskin," Daedalus, pp.98-99 ( 1933). A brief account of the life of Martin Wiberg (1826-1905) with quotations from his own writings about his difference engine. E. G. ANDREWS (1951), "The Bell Computer, Model VI," pp. 20-31 in Proc. of a Second Symp. on Large Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, 13-16 Sept. 1949. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard Univ., Vol. 26, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1951). Well-illustrated general description of the Model VI. E. G. ANDREWS (1952), "A Review of the Bell Laboratories Digital Computer Developments," pp. 101-105 in Review of Electronic Digital Computers. Joint AlEE-IRE Computer Conf., Dec. 10-12, 1951 , American Insl. of Electrical Engineers, New York (1952). A useful. well-illustrated account of the series of Bell Labs. Calculators. E. G. ANDREWS (1963), "Telephone Switching and the Early Bell Laboratories Computers," Bell System Tech. J. 42, pp.341-353 (1963). An account of the historical development of the Bell Labs. Relay Computers. and of the basic facilities of each model. E. G. ANDREWS and H. W. Box (1950), "Use of Relay Digital Com- puter," Electrical Engineering 69, pp.158-163 (1950). A description of some of the problems solved using the Bell Laboratories Model V computer. including a brief description of how the computer was programmed. I. A. ApOKIN and L. E. MAISTROV (1974), Rasvitie Vyichislitelnyih Mashin. Nauka. Moscow (1974). 400p. An account of the history of digital computing from the earliest aids to cal­ culation to the modern computer. Chapter 1 includes discussion of the abacus in China. Europe and Russia. while Chapter 2. on mechanical calcula­ tors. discusses the work of Jakobson. Tchebichef and Odhner. as well as Schickard. Pascal and Leibniz. Chapter 3 covers tabulating machines and electromechanical desk calculators. The next chapter 'The Birth of Elec­ tronic Computing,' names M. A. Bonch-Bruevitch as having invented an elec­ tronic trigger circuit in 1918. describes such projects as the Harvard Mark I. the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. ENIAC . EDVAC. etc. Chapter 5 describes early stored program computers. The final four chapters discuss transistorized and integrated circuit computers. computer applications. and the future of computer technology. A large number of references are listed. to both Rus­ sian and English language sources. N. APRAXINE (1932), " Machine d Calculer mue Electriquement." Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 195. pp.857-858 (Nov. 1932). Brief general account of an accumulator. with multiple decimal digits. com­ posed of electromechanical relays. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1935). "Bibliographia de Mathemalicis X: Charles 433 Babbage (1792-1871}." Scripta Mathematica 3 . pp.266-267 (1935). A brief bibliography. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1947). "P. G. Scheutz. Publicist. Author. Scientific Mechanician. and Edvard Scheutz. Engineer. - Biography and Bibliogra­ phy." MTAC 2. pp.238-245 (1947). Brief biography of George Scheutz and his son. and a very good annotated bibliography. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1947b). " Martin Wiberg. his Tables and his Difference Engine." MTAC 2. pp.371-373 (1947). Brief biography of Wiberg. and discussion of the mathematical tables he pro­ duced using his difference engine. R. C. ARCHIBALD (1948). Mathematical Table Makers. Scripta Mathematica. Yeshiva IJniv .. New York (1948). Bio-bibliographical notes on 53 compilers of mathematical tables. including Babbage. Burgi. Comrie. and Napier. H. ARKIN (1935). "Development and Principles of the Punched Card Method." pp. 1-20 in Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities. (ed. G. W. Baehne). Columbia Univ. Press. New York (1935). Very brief account