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Burushaskiera Burushaski, Burushaski, Bourouchaski

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Burushaskiera Burushaski, Burushaski, Bourouchaski BURUSHASKIERA BURUSHASKI, BURUSHASKI, BOUROUCHASKI Language family: isolate. Language codes: ISO 639-1 none ISO 639-2 - ISO 639-3 bsk Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: ) biltum alt burushaski [BSK]. brushaski alt burushaski [BSK]. burucaki alt burushaski [BSK]. burucaski alt burushaski [BSK]. burushaki alt burushaski [BSK]. burushaki alt burushaski [BSK]. burushaski [BSK] hizk. Pakistan; baita India ere. burushki alt burushaski [BSK]. khajuna alt burushaski [BSK]. kunjut alt burushaski [BSK]. PAKISTAN burushaski (brushaski, burushaki, burucaki, burushki, burucaski, biltum, khajuna, kunjut) [BSK] 55.000 / 60.000 hiztun (1981). Bi herrialdeetako populazio osoa 55.000 / 60.000. Hunza-Nagar eskualdea eta Yasin eskualdea Gilgit Distriktuan, Ipar Eskualdeak. Halaber hiztun sakabanatuak Gilgit, Kashmir eta hainbat hiritan. Halaber mintzatua Indian ere. Hizkuntza isolatua. Dialektoak: nagar (nagir), hunza, yasin (werchikwar). Werchikwarra geografikoki beste dialektoetatik aparte dago. Nagar eta hunzak lexikoan % 91/94ko antza dute. Werchikwarrek % 67/72ko antz lexikala du hunzarekin, % 66/71koa nagarrarekin eta baliteke hizkuntza bereizia izatea. Werchikwardunak zertxobait elebidun dira khowarrarekin. Urdueraren ezaguera mugatua da emakumezkoen eta beste batzuen artean. Herriari burusho deritza. SOV. Hizkuntza / lengua: burushaskiera / burushaski / burushaski, buruchaski. Hiztunak / hablantes (2000): 87.000 (Wikipedia). Herrialdea / país: Pakistan, India. oOo HISTORIA. Buruxaskiak 4 frontera elkartzen diren eremu batean bizi dira: afganiar Wakhanen punta Pakistanen ipar muturreraino iritsi eta Sin-Kiangen gune hegoaldekoenean amaitzen dena. Hemendik gertu errusiar Turkestan dago zeini korridorea xor baitio Wakhanek. Gaur burushaskiera Yasin eta Houza ibarretan bakarrik mintzatzen da. Hazkundea demografikoak herritar asko atzerrira bidali ditu eta garrantzizko kolonia bat Gilgit burgu handian aurkitzen da, ibar hauetara eta Islamabad-Rawalpindira etaKaratxira iristeko nahitaezko pasabidea. Burushaskiera hizkuntza isolatua da eta gaur arte ezin izan zaio ahaderik aurkitu. Gainera ez dago dokumentu zaharrik eta ez dute literatura oralik ere sortu. Beren egunerokoak shinera erabiltzen dute maiz. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. A) Burushaskierak 5 bokal nagusi ditu: /i e a o u/. Hainbat kontrakzio gertatzen dira bokal luzeetan; bokal azentuatuek ez azentuatuak baino luzeagoak eta gutxiago irekiak izateko jeora dute ([i e a o u] eta [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]) oposatuz. B) Maileguetan ere badira bokal luzeak eta halaber termino onomatopeiko gutxitan ere. C) Bokal guztiek dituzte sudurkari homologatuak Hunzan eta Nagarren (baita izen nagusi eta beste hainbat hitzetan ere). Morfosintaxia. A) Morfema batzuk, erabiliena -um da, adjektiboak egiteko balio dute. B) Gaur burushaskierak mailegu asko ditu ingelesekoak eta baita sanskritokoak ere, hauek via urduera jasoak. C) Hizkuntza dardikoak ere burushaskieraren mailegu ugariren zordun dira. D) Burushaskiera nolabait ia forma perifrastikoak bakarrik erabiltzen dituen euskararekin erkatu ohi da. E) Aditzak bi boz ditu: aktiboa eta pasiboa. F) Numeralek urduerazkoak dituzte lehian. G) Hona hemen burushaskieraz lehenengo 10 zenbakiak: hek (1), altó (2), iskí (3), walté (4), cendí/cindí (5), bišínde (6), thalé (7), altambé (8), hutí (9), tórum (10). Idazkera. Orain gutxi arte, burushaskieraz apenas idatzi den. Urdu alfabetoaren aldaera bat erabili izan da. *** HISTORIA. Los burushaskis viven en una zona donde se tocan 4 fronteras: la punta de Wakhan afgano que llega extremo norte de Pakistán y termina en una de las zonas más meridionales de Sin-Kiang. No lejos se extiende el Turkestán ruso a quien Wakhan le debe el corredor. Hoy el burushaski sólo se habla en los valles de Yasin y Hounza. La expansión demográfica ha obligado a burushaskis a expatriarse. Una importante colonia se encuentra en el gran burgo de Gilgit, paso obligado para llegar a estos valles y también a Islamabad-Rawalpindi y a Karachi. El burushaski es una lengua aíslada y hasta el momento no se le ha podido hallar parentesco alguno. Además se carece de documentos antiguos y no han creado literatura oral. En su vida cotidiana utilizan a menudo la lengua shina. LENGUA. Principales características. Fonética. A) Burushaski posee 5 vocales fundamentaes: /i e a o u/. Se dan varias contracciones en vocales largas; vocales acentuadas tienden a ser más largas y menos abiertas que las no acentuadas ([i e a o u] como opuestas a [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]). B) También se dan vocales largas en préstamos y en unas pocas palabras onomatopéyicas. C) Todas las vocales poseen nasales homólogas en Hunza (en algunas palabras espresivas) y en Nager (incluso en nombres propios y en otras pocas palabras). Morfosintaxis. A) Algunos morfemas, el más usado es - um, permiten formar adjetivos. B) Hoy burushaski posee numerosos préstamos del urdu y también del inglés y sánkrito vía urdu. C) Igualmente lenguas dárdicas contienen numerosos préstamos recibidos del burushaski. D) El burushaski se compara en cierto modo con el vasco que prácticamente sólo usa formas perifrásticas. E) El verbo posee dos voces: la activa y pasiva. F) Los numerales sufren la concurrencia de los del urdu. G) Los 10 primeros números en burushaski son: hek (1), altó (2), iskí (3), walté (4), cendí/cindí (5), bišínde (6), thalé (7), altambé (8), hutí (9), tórum (10). Escritura. Hasta hace poco, era raro que se escribiera en burushaski. Se ha utilizado una versión del alfabeto urdu. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK CENTRAL ASIA PHRASEBOOKS, languages of the silk road, uyghur, uzbek, kyrgyz, kazhak, pashto, tajik, tashkorghani, turkmen, burushaski, khowar, mandarin, mongolian, shina, wakhi, Lonely Planet, author: Justin Jon Rudelson, 1st edition, 14x9, 239 or., Victoria (Australia), 1998. PARLONS BOUROUCHASKI, État présent sur la culture et la langue des Bourouchos (Pakistan), Étienne Tiffou, L’Harmattan, gramatika eta hiztegia, 21,5x13, 377 or., Paris, 1999. Parlons bourouchaski liburuaren sinopsia: Langue d’origine mystérieuse, le bourouchaski est parlé là où quatre frontières se touchent, au nord de l’ancien empire des Indes. Il est actuellement situé dans la partie la plus septentrionale du Pakistan et les locuteurs qui l’utilisent dépassent 100.000. Étant donné sa position particulière dans les langues du monde, il était normal que le bourouchaski fascinât certains esprits. Le présent ouvrage s’attache à initier ceux qui en on le goût à une langue dont la structure diffère sensiblement de celles qu’on nomme indo-européennes. un état présent des études qui ont été menée sur celles qu’on nomme indo- européennes. Il propose également un état présent des études qui ont été menées sur celle-ci et sur la civilisation dans laquelle elle s’est épanouie. Aussi le début du livre offre-t-il des présentations d’orde géografique, historique et anthropologique. L’étude de la langue proprement dite porte sur les deux dialectes du bourouchaski, mais s’intéresse essentiellement à celui du Yasin auquel l’auteur s’est surtout consacré BURUSHASKIERA BURUSHASKI LANGUAGE Fonologia / Phonology Alveolo- Bilabial Dental Retroflex Velar Uvular Glottal palatal Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ṅ /ŋ/ kh qh aspirated ph /pʰ/1 th /tʰ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ Plosive /kʰ/ /qʰ/2 plain p /p/ t /t/ ṭ /ʈ/ k /k/ q /q/ voiced b /b/ d /d/ ḍ /ɖ/ g /g/ aspirated3 ch /͡tsʰ/ ćh /͡tɕʰ/ cḥ /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ Affricate plain c /͡ts/ ć /͡tɕ/ c ̣/ʈ͡ʂ/ voiced j /d͡ ʑ/4 j ̣ /ɖ͡ʐ/5 voiceless s /s/ ś /ɕ/ ṣ /ʂ/ h /h/ Fricative voiced z /z/ ġ /ʁ/ Trill r /r/ w Approximant l /l/ y [j]6 ỵ /ɻ/7 [w]6 Izenak / Nouns Burushaskieraz izenak 4 generotan daude banatuak: giza maskulinoa, giza femeninoa, objektu zenbakarriak eta zenbakaitzak (masa-izenen antzekoak). Izen batzuk zenbakarri eta zenbakaitzen generokoak izan daitezke, esanahia aldatuz. Adibidez, balt izenak zenbakarria denean ‘sagarrra’ esan nahi du eta zenbakaitza denean, ‘sagarrondoa’ (Grune, 1998). Indoeuroparretan ez bezala, burushaskieraz izen mailak 4 “genero” gramatikalekin daude loturik: m → gizaki arrak, jainkoak eta espirituak f → gizaki emeak eta espirituak x → animaliak, izen zenbakarriak y → kontzeptu abstraktuak, jariakinak, izen zenbakaitzak *** Nouns in Burushaski are divided into four genders: human masculine, human feminine, countable objects, and uncountable ones (similar to mass nouns). Some words can belong both to the countable and to the uncountable class, producing differences in meaning. For example, when countable, balt means 'apple' but when uncountable, it means 'apple tree' (Grune 1998). Unlike Indo-European, the nominal classes in Burushaski are associated with four grammatical "genders": m → male human beings, gods and spirits f → female human beings and spirits x → animals, countable nouns y → abstract concepts, fluids, uncountable nouns Aditzak / Verbs Burushaskieraz aditzek 3 erro oinarrizko dituzte: lehenaldia, orainaldia eta kontsekutiboa. Iraganaren erroa zitazio forma da eta berdin balio du agintera eta nominalizaziorako; kontsekutiboaren erroa partizipio burutuaren antzekoa da eta koordinaziorako balio du. Komunztadurak 2 ezaugarri ditu, nominatiboa eta ergatiboa: aditz trantsitiboek perpausaren subjektua eta objektua biak markatzen dituzte eta intrantsitiboek, aldiz, beren gai bakarra nahiz biak subjektua eta objektua. Guztira, aditz batek 4 aurrizki eta 6 atzizki har ditzake. Burushaski verbs have three basic stems: past tense, present tense, and consecutive. The past stem is the citation form and is also used for imperatives and nominalization; the consecutive stem is similar to a past participle and
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