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Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin1 PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1 POW OR MIA? –SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN “You shall not be overbold When you deal with Arctic cold.” — Waldo Emerson “On his second journey (1819-1822) the party ran out of food and were forced to eat the leather parts of their clothes. When Franklin returned to England, the public was thrilled by the stories of the terrible journey and he became a national hero.” 1.Refer to the chapter “The Lost-Boy Complex in 19th-Century Exploration” in Eric Leed’s SHORES OF DISCOVERY: HOW EXPEDITIONARIES HAVE CONSTRUCTED THE WORLD (NY: HarperCollins BasicBooks, 1995). HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1786 April 16, Easter Sunday: John Franklin was born near Spilsby in Lincolnshire, the 12th and youngest son of a family of British gentry. 1791 Jane Griffith was born into a family of well-to-do silk weaving Huguenots. 1800 John Franklin became a midshipman in the British Navy. He would fight in the battles of Trafalgar and of New Orleans. 2 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1805 October 21: At a naval battle against a combined French and Spanish force off Cape Trafalgar between Cadiz and the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, the ships of Lord Horatio Nelson established British naval supremacy for the next century by sinking or capturing 22 ships while only 11 escaped. This engagement would be considered to have balanced Napoleon’s defeat of the Austrians at Ulm in the same month, and of both the Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz in December. John Franklin served in this naval engagement. When at 11:15AM the admiral ordered that his flagship HMS Victory put up the semaphores that signalled “Nelson Expects That Every Man Will Do His Duty,” the signal crew wasn’t able to get together enough flags to spell out both N-E-L-S-O-N and D-U-T-Y and resorted to the flagset for “England” instead of the admiral’s name. The signal was according to a telegraphic code originated by Sir Home Riggs Popham in 1800 that had been adopted in 1803. The sequence required twelve “lifts” from the poop deck and took some four minutes to complete. Starting with the stand-by flag to indicate that a telegraph-type message was to follow, “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 3 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN they hauled up the flagset for “England” (which consisted of the #2, #5, and #3 flags), followed by the #2, #6, and #9 flags for “expects,” followed by the #8, #6, and #3 flags for “that,” 4 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN followed by the #2, #6, and #1 flags for “every,” followed by the #4, #7, and #1 flags for “man,” followed by the #9, #5, and #8 flags for “will,” “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 5 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN followed by the #2, the ditto (indicating a repeat of the #2), and #0 flags for “do,” followed by the #3, #7, and #0 flags for “his,” followed by the #4 flag and then the #2 and #1, and concluding with the #1 and #9 followed by the #2 and #4, 6 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN to complete the conceit “D-U-T-Y”: Since this was to be the final order before the battle leaving the “T” and the “Y” of D-U-T-Y still flying, there would not have been occasion to haul up an “end-of-message” flag. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 7 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN At some later point, Benjamin West would paint his “The Death of Nelson”: If this isn’t sentimental enough to make your eyes roll, also, on a following screen, West’s “The Immortality of Nelson,” in which the inscription on the scroll at the center of the painting, held by Britannia, is legible enough to be read as “The Royal Assent to Earl Nelson’s Annuity Bill of five thousand pounds — one hundred and twenty thousand for the purchase of a splendid domain for the family.” (The really fascinating thing is that we have no basis at all to infer that any of this painting was done in mockery.) 8 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 9 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1810 The mail from Prince Edward’s Island was brought to Pictou in Nova Scotia on the ice (except for half a mile). BOYS’ OWN BOOK recorded British ice hockey rules. Sir John Franklin would later provide an account of his playing ice hockey in Kingston, Ontario.Thomas Chandler Haliburton graduated from King’s College School in Windsor (his later comment about remembering “playing hurley on the ice” there is taken as the first known reference to hockey in Canada, and is the basis of Windsor’s claim to being the town that fathered that sport). SKATING 10 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1815 Spring: General Andrew Jackson belatedly won the battle of New Orleans after the War of 1812 had been over for a number of weeks. John Franklin served at the battle. “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 11 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1818 For Commander David Buchan’s seeking of the North Pole, Lieutenant John Franklin was placed in command of the HM brig Trent. THE FROZEN NORTH Midshipman George Back’s initial expedition to the Arctic, the “Coppermine Expedition” to survey the northern coast of North America, would be exploring into 1822. Back, who had been refused a promotion aboard the HMS Bulwark, was a midshipman aboard Franklin’s Trent in the expedition’s eastern branch, the one in which Commander Buchan was planning to take the Dorothea and the Trent across the Arctic Ocean 12 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN from Spitsbergen to Bering Strait. Meanwhile Commander John Ross would be taking the western branch of the expedition in an attempt at a northwest passage by way of Davis Strait. CARTOGRAPHY 1819 The British Admiralty selected Lieutenant John Franklin to lead a survey party overland from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean. From this year into 1822 he would be exploring and mapping the Coppermine River and the coastline from there to Bathurst Inlet. This would be the 1st step in the mapping of the arctic seaboard. CARTOGRAPHY THE FROZEN NORTH May 23, Sunday: Lieutenant John Franklin led an overland expedition to explore the north coast of America from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Repulse Bay. Midshipman George Back set out with Sir John for York Factory on the Hudson’s Bay Company ship Prince of Wales. The expedition would pass its first winter at Cumberland House and its second at a base camp they had built by Winter Lake, “Fort Enterprise” between Great Slave Lake and the Coppermine River. CARTOGRAPHY THE FROZEN NORTH Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 23rd of 5 M / Our morning meeting was well attended D Buffum was very lively in testimony & Hannah Dennis appeared twoce & I believe it was a solemn time to some minds present. — Between meetings wrote to Uncle & Aunt Stanton - informing them that Sister Sally was put to bed this morning about 6 OC with a fine healthy daughter. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project 13 HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN 1820 In London, the Surrey House of Correction opened at Brixton Hill. This would be the 1st English prison to use the treadmill. At the original panorama at Leicester Square in London, Henry Aston Barker presented a depiction of Sir John Franklin’s and Buchan’s attempt to sail to the North Pole by way of the Spitzbergen Islands. 1821 January 14, Sunday: Lieutenant John Franklin’s party ventured in two canoes from Fort Enterprise down the Coppermine River to the sea, and then along the coast as far east as Bathurst Inlet. Running low on supplies, the party then ventured across the barren tundra in the general direction of Fort Enterprise. Lieutenant George Back went ahead to search for natives, found some, and sent them to the main group with supplies. Ten men died before the supplies arrived. In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 14th of 1st M / The funeral of Esther Bowen was this 14 Copyright 2013 Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF WALDEN: SIR JOHN AND LADY JANE FRANKLIN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN forenoon & tho’ the day was very stormy the Meeting was very pretty full & it proved a season of favor & Solemnity not soon to be forgotten, our frd D Buffum & Father Rodman were engaged in public testimony, I Thought with life & Authority.
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