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Dog Breeds - Volume 3

A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents

1 Galgo Español 1 1.1 Description ...... 1 1.1.1 Appearance ...... 1 1.1.2 Temperament ...... 3 1.1.3 Health ...... 3 1.2 History ...... 3 1.3 Roles ...... 7 1.3.1 Galgos as ...... 7 1.4 References ...... 8 1.5 External links ...... 8

2 Can de Palleiro 9 2.1 External links ...... 9

3 11 3.1 Characteristics ...... 11 3.2 History and use ...... 11 3.3 See also ...... 12 3.4 References ...... 12 3.5 External links ...... 12

4 Georgian Shepherd 13 4.1 Characteristics ...... 13 4.2 History ...... 13 4.3 References ...... 13

5 German Longhaired 14 5.1 Description ...... 14 5.1.1 Appearance ...... 14 5.1.2 Temperament ...... 14 5.2 Care ...... 15 5.3 Health ...... 15 5.4 History ...... 15 5.5 See also ...... 16

i ii CONTENTS

5.6 References ...... 16 5.7 External links ...... 16

6 German 17 6.1 Description ...... 17 6.2 History ...... 17 6.2.1 Extinct varieties ...... 18 6.3 Health and temperament ...... 19 6.3.1 Temperament ...... 19 6.3.2 Health ...... 20 6.4 References ...... 20 6.5 External links ...... 21

7 Stichelhaar 23 7.1 Appearance ...... 23 7.2 Personality ...... 23 7.3 Notes ...... 23 7.4 References ...... 23

8 24 8.1 Description ...... 24 8.1.1 Intelligence ...... 25 8.2 Temperament ...... 25 8.2.1 Aggression and biting ...... 25 8.3 Modern breed ...... 26 8.3.1 Controversy ...... 26 8.4 Use as working ...... 27 8.5 History ...... 29 8.6 Etymology ...... 30 8.7 Popularity ...... 31 8.8 Health ...... 32 8.9 In popular culture ...... 35 8.10 See also ...... 35 8.11 References ...... 35 8.12 Further reading ...... 37 8.13 External links ...... 38

9 German Shorthaired Pointer 40 9.1 Coat and color ...... 40 9.2 Temperament ...... 40 9.3 Health ...... 41 9.3.1 Care ...... 41 9.4 History ...... 42 CONTENTS iii

9.5 In art and literature ...... 42 9.6 See also ...... 42 9.7 References ...... 42 9.8 External links ...... 43

10 German 44 10.1 History ...... 44 10.2 Description ...... 45 10.3 Temperament ...... 45 10.4 Outside ...... 45 10.5 References ...... 46 10.6 External links ...... 47

11 German 48 11.1 The breed ...... 48 11.2 The German Spitz type ...... 48 11.3 Appearance ...... 50 11.4 History ...... 50 11.5 References ...... 50 11.6 External links ...... 50

12 German Wirehaired Pointer 51 12.1 Description ...... 51 12.1.1 Appearance ...... 51 12.1.2 Temperament ...... 51 12.1.3 Color ...... 52 12.2 Health ...... 52 12.3 History ...... 52 12.4 See also ...... 53 12.5 References ...... 53 12.6 External links ...... 53

13 Giant 54 13.1 History ...... 54 13.2 Description ...... 55 13.2.1 Appearance ...... 55 13.2.2 Temperament ...... 55 13.3 Health ...... 56 13.4 See also ...... 56 13.5 References ...... 56 13.6 External links ...... 58

14 Glen of Imaal 59 iv CONTENTS

14.1 Appearance ...... 59 14.2 Health ...... 60 14.3 Temperament and behavior ...... 61 14.4 Relationship to other breeds ...... 62 14.5 References ...... 62 14.6 External links ...... 62

15 Golden 64 15.1 Characteristics ...... 64 15.1.1 British type ...... 64 15.1.2 American type ...... 65 15.1.3 Canadian type ...... 65 15.1.4 Coat and colour ...... 65 15.1.5 Temperament ...... 67 15.2 Health and lifespan ...... 68 15.2.1 Common health problems ...... 69 15.2.2 Grooming ...... 69 15.3 Activities ...... 70 15.4 Origins and history ...... 71 15.4.1 In ...... 71 15.4.2 In the ...... 71 15.4.3 In Canada ...... 71 15.4.4 In Scotland ...... 72 15.4.5 Notable ...... 73 15.5 References ...... 73 15.6 External links ...... 74

16 Gordon 75 16.1 Description ...... 75 16.1.1 Appearance ...... 75 16.1.2 Temperament ...... 75 16.2 Health ...... 76 16.3 History ...... 77 16.3.1 Origins ...... 77 16.3.2 Breed development ...... 79 16.4 References ...... 81 16.5 Reading list ...... 81 16.6 External links ...... 81

17 Gran Mastín de Borínquen 85 17.1 History ...... 85 17.2 External links ...... 85 CONTENTS v

18 Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir 86 18.1 Appearance ...... 86 18.2 History and use ...... 86 18.3 Health and temperament ...... 86 18.4 See also ...... 87 18.5 References ...... 87 18.6 External links ...... 87

19 Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange 88 19.1 Appearance ...... 88 19.2 History and use ...... 88 19.3 Health and temperament ...... 88 19.4 See also ...... 88 19.5 References ...... 89 19.6 External links ...... 89

20 Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore 90 20.1 Appearance ...... 90 20.2 History and use ...... 90 20.3 Health and temperament ...... 90 20.4 Tricolour ...... 90 20.5 See also ...... 91 20.6 References ...... 91 20.7 External links ...... 91

21 Grand Griffon Vendéen 92 21.1 Notes ...... 92 21.2 References ...... 93 21.3 External links ...... 93

22 94 22.1 History ...... 94 22.1.1 dog ...... 94 22.1.2 Name change ...... 95 22.2 Description ...... 95 22.2.1 Coat colors ...... 96 22.2.2 Temperament ...... 98 22.3 Exercise ...... 98 22.4 Health ...... 99 22.5 Cultural significance ...... 101 22.6 See also ...... 102 22.7 References ...... 102 22.8 External links ...... 104 vi CONTENTS

23 Great 105 23.1 Description ...... 105 23.1.1 Temperament ...... 106 23.1.2 Upkeep ...... 106 23.2 In popular culture ...... 108 23.3 See also ...... 110 23.4 References ...... 110 23.5 External links ...... 111

24 Greater 112 24.1 History ...... 112 24.1.1 Breed history ...... 112 24.1.2 Selective breeding ...... 113 24.1.3 Renewal of breed ...... 114 24.1.4 20th century development ...... 116 24.2 Appearance ...... 117 24.2.1 Coat ...... 117 24.2.2 Size ...... 118 24.2.3 ...... 118 24.3 Temperament ...... 121 24.4 Health ...... 121 24.4.1 Urinary incontinence ...... 121 24.4.2 Eyelash issues ...... 122 24.4.3 Lick fit ...... 122 24.4.4 Epilepsy ...... 122 24.4.5 Abdominal health issues ...... 122 24.4.6 Dysplasias ...... 123 24.4.7 Rage Syndrome ...... 123 24.5 Lifespan ...... 123 24.6 and registry recognition ...... 123 24.7 Four breeds of Sennenhund ...... 124 24.8 Similar breeds ...... 124 24.9 See also ...... 124 24.10References ...... 124 24.11External links ...... 127

25 Greek Harehound 128 25.1 Appearance ...... 128 25.2 Temperament ...... 128 25.3 Health ...... 129 25.4 References ...... 129 25.5 External links ...... 129 CONTENTS vii

26 Dog 130 26.1 Description ...... 130 26.1.1 Appearance ...... 130 26.1.2 Temperament ...... 130 26.1.3 Stamina ...... 130 26.2 History ...... 130 26.3 See also ...... 131 26.4 References ...... 132 26.5 External links ...... 132

27 134 27.1 Description ...... 134 27.1.1 Appearance ...... 134 27.1.2 Temperament ...... 134 27.1.3 as pets ...... 134 27.2 Roles of the breed ...... 136 27.2.1 Coursing ...... 136 27.2.2 Racing ...... 136 27.2.3 Companion ...... 138 27.3 Health and physiology ...... 138 27.3.1 Anatomy ...... 139 27.4 History ...... 139 27.5 In culture ...... 139 27.5.1 As mascot ...... 140 27.5.2 Other ...... 142 27.6 Further reading ...... 142 27.7 See also ...... 142 27.8 References ...... 143 27.9 External links ...... 144

28 Griffon Bleu de Gascogne 145 28.1 Appearance ...... 145 28.2 History ...... 145 28.3 Health and temperament ...... 145 28.4 See also ...... 145 28.5 References ...... 146 28.6 External links ...... 146

29 Griffon Bruxellois 147 29.1 History ...... 147 29.2 Description ...... 147 29.2.1 Temperament ...... 147 viii CONTENTS

29.3 Health ...... 149 29.3.1 Birthing ...... 149 29.3.2 Cleft palate ...... 150 29.3.3 Eyes ...... 151 29.3.4 Heat Stroke ...... 151 29.3.5 Syringomyelia ...... 152 29.4 Griffon Bruxellois in popular culture ...... 152 29.5 See also ...... 152 29.6 References ...... 152 29.7 External links ...... 153

30 Griffon Fauve de Bretagne 154 30.1 Appearance ...... 154 30.2 History ...... 154 30.3 Health and temperament ...... 154 30.4 See also ...... 154 30.5 References ...... 155 30.6 External links ...... 155

31 Griffon Nivernais 156 31.1 Appearance ...... 156 31.2 History ...... 156 31.3 Health and temperament ...... 156 31.4 See also ...... 156 31.5 References ...... 157 31.6 External links ...... 157

32 Guatemalan Dogo 158 32.1 History ...... 158 32.2 Appearance ...... 158 32.3 Behaviour ...... 158 32.4 Utilization ...... 158 32.5 References ...... 159

33 Gull Terrier 160 33.1 Description ...... 160 33.2 Ailments ...... 160 33.3 Livelihood ...... 160 33.4 Temperament ...... 160

34 Hamiltonstövare 162 34.1 General Appearance ...... 162 34.1.1 Characteristics ...... 162 CONTENTS ix

34.1.2 Head and Skull ...... 162 34.1.3 Eyes ...... 162 34.1.4 Ears ...... 162 34.1.5 Mouth ...... 162 34.1.6 Neck ...... 163 34.1.7 Forequarters ...... 163 34.1.8 Body ...... 163 34.1.9 Hindquarters ...... 163 34.1.10 Feet ...... 163 34.1.11 Tail ...... 163 34.1.12 Coat ...... 163 34.1.13 Colour ...... 163 34.2 Gait/Movement ...... 163 34.3 Temperament ...... 163 34.4 Size ...... 164 34.5 Faults ...... 164

35 Hanover 165 35.1 Description ...... 165 35.1.1 Appearance ...... 165 35.1.2 Temperament ...... 165 35.2 References ...... 165 35.3 External links ...... 165

36 Hare Indian Dog 166 36.1 Appearance ...... 166 36.2 Temperament ...... 167 36.3 History ...... 168 36.4 See also ...... 169 36.5 References ...... 170 36.6 External links ...... 170

37 (dog) 171 37.1 Description ...... 171 37.1.1 Appearance ...... 171 37.1.2 Temperament ...... 171 37.2 Health ...... 171 37.3 Care ...... 171 37.3.1 Exercise ...... 172 37.4 History ...... 172 37.5 References ...... 172 37.6 External links ...... 173 x CONTENTS

38 Havanese 174 38.1 Description ...... 174 38.1.1 Appearance ...... 174 38.1.2 Temperament ...... 176 38.2 Health ...... 177 38.3 History ...... 178 38.4 Havanese at work ...... 179 38.5 Care ...... 179 38.6 See also ...... 183 38.7 References ...... 183 38.8 External links ...... 184

39 Hawaiian Poi Dog 185 39.1 History ...... 185 39.2 Usage ...... 185 39.3 See also ...... 185 39.4 Footnotes and references ...... 186 39.5 Further reading ...... 186 39.6 External links ...... 186

40 Himalayan Sheepdog 187 40.1 Temperament ...... 187 40.2 Health ...... 187 40.3 History ...... 187 40.4 See also ...... 188 40.5 External links ...... 188 40.6 References ...... 188

41 (dog) 189 41.1 Appearance ...... 189 41.2 Temperament ...... 189 41.3 History ...... 189 41.4 Health ...... 191 41.5 See also ...... 191 41.6 References ...... 191 41.7 External links ...... 191

42 Hortaya borzaya 192 42.1 Description ...... 192 42.1.1 Appearance ...... 192 42.1.2 Temperament ...... 192 42.2 Health ...... 193 42.3 Use and activity ...... 194 CONTENTS xi

42.4 Breeding ...... 194 42.5 History ...... 195 42.6 References ...... 196 42.7 External links ...... 196

43 197 43.1 Description ...... 197 43.1.1 Appearance ...... 198 43.1.2 Temperament ...... 198 43.2 History ...... 198 43.2.1 Thirteenth century ...... 198 43.2.2 Fifteenth century ...... 199 43.2.3 Twentieth century ...... 199 43.3 Miscellaneous ...... 199 43.4 References ...... 200 43.5 External links ...... 200

44 201 44.1 Appearance ...... 201 44.2 Skills ...... 202 44.3 History ...... 202 44.4 General information ...... 202 44.5 References ...... 202 44.6 External links ...... 203

45 Hygenhund 204 45.1 Conformation ...... 204

46 205 46.1 Description ...... 205 46.1.1 Appearance ...... 205 46.1.2 Temperament ...... 206 46.2 Health ...... 206 46.3 History and use ...... 206 46.4 In folk culture ...... 207 46.5 References ...... 208 46.6 External links ...... 208

47 209 47.1 Description ...... 209 47.1.1 Appearance ...... 209 47.1.2 Temperament ...... 210 47.2 Activities ...... 211 xii CONTENTS

47.3 History ...... 211 47.4 Miscellaneous ...... 212 47.5 References ...... 212 47.6 External links ...... 213

48 Indian pariah dog 214 48.1 Traits ...... 214 48.2 Temperament ...... 214 48.3 Health ...... 216 48.4 Appearance ...... 216 48.5 Behaviour ...... 216 48.6 Hunting and diet ...... 216 48.7 See also ...... 217 48.8 References ...... 217 48.9 External links ...... 218

49 Indian Spitz 219 49.1 Origins ...... 219 49.2 Specs ...... 219 49.3 Behavior ...... 219 49.4 Differences between the Pomeranian and Indian Spitz in ...... 219 49.5 Roles in the Movies ...... 221 49.6 Lifespan ...... 221 49.7 References ...... 221 49.8 External links ...... 222

50 Irish Red and White Setter 224 50.1 Function ...... 224 50.2 History ...... 224 50.2.1 Origins ...... 224 50.2.2 Revival ...... 226 50.3 Description ...... 227 50.3.1 Appearance ...... 227 50.3.2 Temperament ...... 228 50.4 Health ...... 229 50.4.1 Hereditary concerns ...... 229 50.4.2 Outcross programme ...... 230 50.5 See also ...... 231 50.6 References ...... 231 50.7 External links ...... 232

51 233 51.1 Description ...... 233 CONTENTS xiii

51.1.1 Appearance ...... 233 51.1.2 Temperament ...... 233 51.2 History ...... 235 51.3 Uses ...... 236 51.3.1 Working Red Setter ...... 237 51.4 Health ...... 237 51.5 Miscellaneous ...... 238 51.6 Notable ...... 238 51.7 References ...... 239 51.8 Further reading ...... 239 51.9 External links ...... 240

52 241 52.1 Description ...... 241 52.1.1 Appearance ...... 241 52.1.2 Temperament ...... 243 52.2 History ...... 244 52.3 Care ...... 245 52.4 Health ...... 246 52.5 Appearances in arts and culture ...... 247 52.6 References ...... 247 52.7 External links ...... 247

53 248 53.1 Description ...... 248 53.1.1 Appearance ...... 248 53.1.2 Temperament ...... 248 53.2 History ...... 248 53.3 Suitability as a pet ...... 249 53.4 Activities ...... 250 53.5 Irish Water Spaniel Club of Ireland ...... 250 53.6 Irish Water Spaniel Club of America ...... 250 53.6.1 IWSCA Breeders ...... 250 53.7 IWS Health Foundation ...... 250 53.8 References ...... 251 53.9 External links ...... 251

54 252 54.1 Appearance ...... 252 54.2 Temperament ...... 253 54.3 Health ...... 253 54.4 History ...... 254 xiv CONTENTS

54.4.1 Pre-19th century ...... 256 54.4.2 Modern wolfhound ...... 257 54.5 References in modern culture ...... 259 54.6 See also ...... 259 54.7 References ...... 259 54.8 Further reading ...... 261 54.9 External links ...... 261

55 Istrian Coarse-haired Hound 262 55.1 Description ...... 262 55.1.1 Appearance ...... 262 55.1.2 Temperament ...... 262 55.2 History ...... 262 55.3 See also ...... 262 55.4 References ...... 263

56 Istrian Shorthaired Hound 264 56.1 Appearance ...... 264 56.2 History ...... 264 56.3 Health and temperament ...... 265 56.4 See also ...... 265 56.5 References ...... 265

57 266 57.1 Description ...... 266 57.1.1 Appearance ...... 266 57.1.2 Temperament ...... 266 57.1.3 Activities ...... 268 57.2 Grooming ...... 268 57.2.1 Oral ...... 269 57.3 Health ...... 269 57.4 History ...... 270 57.5 Cultural significance ...... 270 57.6 See also ...... 272 57.7 References ...... 272 57.8 External links ...... 273

58 274 58.1 History ...... 274 58.1.1 Sporting parson ...... 274 58.1.2 After John Russell ...... 275 58.1.3 Post World War II ...... 276 58.2 Description ...... 277 CONTENTS xv

58.2.1 Differences with related breeds ...... 278 58.3 Temperament ...... 280 58.4 Health ...... 281 58.4.1 Eye disorders ...... 281 58.4.2 Musculoskeletal conditions ...... 282 58.5 Well-known Jack Russell ...... 283 58.5.1 On screen and in literature ...... 285 58.6 See also ...... 286 58.6.1 Clubs and associations ...... 287 58.7 Footnotes ...... 287 58.8 References ...... 290 58.9 External links ...... 290

59 291 59.1 Description ...... 291 59.1.1 Appearance ...... 291 59.1.2 Temperament ...... 291 59.2 History ...... 291 59.3 References ...... 293 59.4 External links ...... 293

60 Jämthund 294 60.1 Appearance ...... 294 60.2 Temperament ...... 294 60.3 Exercise ...... 294 60.4 Grooming ...... 294 60.5 History ...... 295 60.6 References ...... 295

61 296 61.1 History ...... 296 61.2 Description ...... 296 61.2.1 Appearance ...... 296 61.2.2 Temperament ...... 298 61.3 Health ...... 298 61.4 Care ...... 300 61.5 Gallery ...... 300 61.6 See also ...... 301 61.7 References ...... 301 61.8 External links ...... 301

62 302 62.1 Appearance ...... 302 xvi CONTENTS

62.1.1 Size variations ...... 302 62.2 History ...... 303 62.3 Health ...... 303 62.3.1 Mortality ...... 303 62.3.2 Temperament ...... 304 62.4 Care ...... 304 62.4.1 Grooming ...... 305 62.5 Famous Japanese Spitzes ...... 305 62.6 References ...... 305 62.7 External links ...... 308

63 309 63.1 Description ...... 309 63.1.1 Appearance ...... 310 63.1.2 Temperament ...... 310 63.2 History ...... 310 63.3 External links ...... 311

64 Kaikadi (dog) 312 64.1 Appearance ...... 313 64.2 References ...... 313

65 314 65.1 Description ...... 314 65.1.1 Appearance ...... 314 65.1.2 Temperament ...... 314 65.2 History ...... 314 65.3 In popular culture ...... 314 65.4 See also ...... 315 65.5 References ...... 316 65.6 External links ...... 316

66 Kangal dog 317 66.1 Origins ...... 317 66.2 Appearance ...... 317 66.3 Temperament ...... 318 66.3.1 Protective behavior ...... 318 66.4 Kangal/Anatolian Shepherd ...... 318 66.5 The Kangal internationally ...... 319 66.6 See also ...... 320 66.7 References ...... 320 66.8 External links ...... 321 CONTENTS xvii

67 322 67.1 Description ...... 322 67.1.1 Appearance ...... 322 67.2 Temperament ...... 322 67.3 History ...... 322 67.4 References ...... 323

68 Karakachan (dog) 324 68.1 ...... 324 68.2 History ...... 324 68.3 Etymology ...... 324 68.4 Appearance ...... 325 68.4.1 Head ...... 325 68.4.2 Body ...... 326 68.4.3 Tail ...... 327 68.4.4 Limbs ...... 327 68.4.5 Gait/movement ...... 328 68.4.6 Skin ...... 328 68.4.7 Coat ...... 328 68.4.8 Height at the withers ...... 328 68.4.9 Weight ...... 328 68.4.10 Faults ...... 328 68.5 Effectiveness ...... 329 68.6 Creation of new breeds ...... 330 68.7 Popular culture ...... 331 68.8 Notes ...... 331 68.9 References ...... 331 68.10External links ...... 331

69 Karelian Dog 332 69.1 History ...... 332 69.2 Description ...... 332 69.2.1 Appearance ...... 332 69.2.2 Temperament ...... 332 69.3 Related breeds ...... 333 69.4 Notes ...... 334 69.5 External links ...... 334

70 335 70.1 Appearance ...... 335 70.2 Temperament ...... 335 70.3 History ...... 336 xviii CONTENTS

70.4 See also ...... 337 70.5 References ...... 337 70.6 External links ...... 337

71 338 71.1 Description ...... 338 71.1.1 Appearance ...... 338 71.1.2 Temperament ...... 340 71.2 Health ...... 341 71.3 Grooming ...... 342 71.4 History ...... 342 71.5 Miscellaneous ...... 343 71.5.1 Pronunciation ...... 343 71.5.2 Colored Keeshonden ...... 343 71.6 References ...... 344 71.7 External links ...... 344

72 Kerry 345 72.1 Description ...... 345 72.1.1 Appearance ...... 345 72.1.2 Temperament ...... 346 72.2 History & use ...... 346 72.3 References ...... 346 72.3.1 Footnotes ...... 346 72.3.2 Bibliography ...... 346 72.4 External links ...... 346

73 347 73.1 Description ...... 347 73.1.1 Appearance ...... 347 73.1.2 Coat ...... 347 73.1.3 Temperament ...... 347 73.2 Health ...... 349 73.3 History ...... 349 73.3.1 National Dog of Ireland ...... 350 73.4 See also ...... 350 73.5 References ...... 350 73.6 External links ...... 351

74 352 74.1 History ...... 352 74.1.1 17th century and Charles II ...... 354 74.1.2 After Charles II ...... 355 CONTENTS xix

74.1.3 19th century and the Blenheim Spaniel ...... 355 74.1.4 Conformation showing and the 20th century ...... 358 74.2 Description ...... 360 74.3 Temperament ...... 361 74.4 Health ...... 361 74.4.1 Eye and heart conditions ...... 361 74.4.2 Other common issues ...... 362 74.5 References ...... 362 74.6 External links ...... 365

75 King Shepherd 366 75.1 Description ...... 366 75.1.1 Size ...... 366 75.1.2 Temperament ...... 366 75.2 Care ...... 366 75.3 Origin ...... 367 75.4 Other information ...... 367 75.5 References ...... 367

76 (dog) 368 76.1 Genetic evidence ...... 368 76.2 Characteristics ...... 368 76.2.1 Temperament ...... 369 76.3 History ...... 369 76.4 Accreditation ...... 369 76.5 See also ...... 370 76.6 References ...... 370 76.7 External links ...... 370

77 371 77.1 Description ...... 371 77.1.1 Appearance ...... 371 77.1.2 Temperament ...... 371 77.2 Health ...... 371 77.2.1 Grooming ...... 372 77.2.2 Exercise ...... 373 77.3 History ...... 373 77.4 ...... 374 77.5 Gallery ...... 374 77.6 See also ...... 374 77.7 References ...... 374 77.8 External links ...... 375 xx CONTENTS

78 376 78.1 Etymology and history ...... 376 78.2 Description ...... 376 78.3 Appearance ...... 378 78.4 Temperament ...... 378 78.5 Uses ...... 379 78.6 Training ...... 379 78.7 In popular culture ...... 379 78.8 See also ...... 379 78.9 References ...... 379 78.10External links ...... 380

79 381 79.1 Description ...... 381 79.1.1 Appearance ...... 381 79.1.2 Temperament ...... 381 79.2 Health ...... 381 79.3 History ...... 382 79.4 References ...... 383 79.5 External links ...... 384

80 385 80.1 Description ...... 385 80.1.1 Appearance ...... 385 80.1.2 Coat ...... 385 80.1.3 Colouring ...... 387 80.1.4 Temperament ...... 387 80.2 Health ...... 388 80.2.1 Medical research ...... 388 80.3 Herding technique ...... 389 80.4 History ...... 390 80.4.1 Exports ...... 391 80.5 See also ...... 391 80.6 Notes ...... 391 80.7 References ...... 392 80.8 Further reading ...... 393 80.9 External links ...... 393

81 394 81.1 Description ...... 394 81.1.1 Appearance ...... 394 81.1.2 Feet ...... 395 CONTENTS xxi

81.1.3 Gait ...... 395 81.1.4 Temperament ...... 396 81.1.5 Height & weight ...... 398 81.1.6 Tail ...... 398 81.2 History ...... 398 81.2.1 Hunting ...... 398 81.2.2 As police and military dogs ...... 399 81.2.3 Anecdotes on loyalty of Jindos ...... 399 81.3 See also ...... 399 81.4 References ...... 399 81.5 External links ...... 400

82 Kromfohrländer 401 82.1 Appearance ...... 401 82.1.1 Size ...... 402 82.2 Temperament ...... 402 82.3 Health ...... 402 82.4 History ...... 402 82.5 External links ...... 403

83 Kumaon Mastiff 404 83.1 Origin ...... 404 83.2 Appearance ...... 404 83.3 Temperament ...... 404 83.4 Endangered Breed ...... 404 83.5 See also ...... 404 83.6 References ...... 404 83.7 External links ...... 405

84 Kunming 406 84.1 Appearance ...... 406 84.1.1 Temperament ...... 406 84.2 Breed history ...... 406 84.3 See also ...... 407 84.4 References ...... 407

85 Kurī 408 85.1 See also ...... 408 85.2 References ...... 408 85.3 External links ...... 408

86 409 86.1 Description ...... 409 xxii CONTENTS

86.1.1 Appearance ...... 409 86.1.2 Temperament ...... 409 86.2 History ...... 411 86.2.1 Possible origins of the breed name ...... 411 86.3 Grooming ...... 411 86.4 Health ...... 412 86.5 Popular culture ...... 412 86.6 Gallery ...... 412 86.7 Similar Breeds ...... 412 86.8 References ...... 412 86.8.1 Notations ...... 412 86.8.2 Footnotes ...... 413 86.9 External links ...... 413

87 Kyi-Leo 414 87.1 History ...... 414 87.2 Description ...... 415 87.2.1 Appearance ...... 415 87.2.2 Temperament ...... 415 87.3 Health ...... 415 87.4 Notable dogs ...... 415 87.5 See also ...... 415 87.6 References ...... 416 87.7 External links ...... 416

88 Labrador 417 88.1 Appearance ...... 417 88.2 Temperament ...... 417 88.3 Health ...... 418 88.4 Origin ...... 418 88.5 Grooming and Living Area ...... 419 88.6 Rescue ...... 419 88.7 See also ...... 419

89 420 89.1 Early descriptions ...... 420 89.2 Name ...... 421 89.3 Historical landmarks ...... 421 89.4 History of subtypes ...... 422 89.4.1 Yellow (and similar shades) ...... 422 89.4.2 Chocolate Labradors ...... 423 89.5 Description ...... 423 CONTENTS xxiii

89.5.1 Appearance ...... 423 89.6 Temperament ...... 430 89.6.1 Exploration ...... 431 89.6.2 Use as working dogs ...... 431 89.7 Health ...... 434 89.7.1 Inherited disorders ...... 434 89.7.2 Obesity ...... 435 89.8 Appearance around the world ...... 435 89.8.1 Demography ...... 437 89.8.2 US Military Working Dogs (War Dogs): Labrador in the Vietnam War ...... 438 89.9 Famous labradors ...... 439 89.10See also ...... 440 89.11References ...... 441 89.12Further reading ...... 444 89.13External links ...... 444

90 447 90.1 Description ...... 447 90.1.1 Appearance ...... 447 90.1.2 Temperament ...... 447 90.2 Grooming ...... 448 90.3 Show grooming ...... 449 90.4 Health ...... 449 90.5 History ...... 449 90.6 Notes and references ...... 449 90.7 External links ...... 449

91 451 91.1 Description ...... 451 91.1.1 Appearance ...... 451 91.1.2 Temperament ...... 451 91.2 History ...... 451 91.3 Famous Lakelands ...... 453 91.4 References ...... 453 91.5 External links ...... 453

92 454 92.1 Description ...... 454 92.1.1 Appearance ...... 454 92.1.2 Personality ...... 454 92.2 Health ...... 454 92.3 History ...... 454 xxiv CONTENTS

92.4 Activities ...... 456 92.5 References ...... 456 92.6 External links ...... 456

93 Landseer (dog) 457 93.1 Temperament ...... 457 93.2 History ...... 457 93.3 Body ...... 458 93.4 Nana (Peter Pan) ...... 458 93.5 Continental Type ...... 459 93.6 References ...... 459 93.7 Literature ...... 459

94 462 94.1 Appearance ...... 462 94.2 Temperament ...... 462 94.3 Activities ...... 462 94.4 History ...... 462 94.5 See also ...... 463 94.6 References ...... 463

95 464 95.1 Description ...... 464 95.1.1 Appearance ...... 465 95.1.2 Size, proportion, and substance ...... 465 95.1.3 Head ...... 466 95.1.4 Topline ...... 466 95.1.5 Coat ...... 466 95.1.6 Colour ...... 466 95.1.7 Temperament ...... 467 95.1.8 Movement ...... 467 95.1.9 Care and maintenance ...... 467 95.2 Health ...... 468 95.2.1 Longevity ...... 469 95.3 History ...... 469 95.4 Popular culture ...... 470 95.5 Further reading ...... 470 95.6 References ...... 471 95.7 External links ...... 472

96 473 96.1 Appearance ...... 473 96.2 Temperament ...... 473 CONTENTS xxv

96.3 History ...... 474 96.4 Shedding ...... 476 96.5 Health ...... 476 96.6 In pop culture ...... 478 96.7 References ...... 479 96.8 External links ...... 480

97 Lithuanian Hound 481 97.1 References ...... 481

98 Longhaired 482 98.1 Description ...... 482 98.1.1 Appearance ...... 482 98.1.2 Exercise ...... 482 98.2 History ...... 482 98.2.1 Recognition ...... 483 98.3 Health ...... 484 98.4 References ...... 484 98.5 External links ...... 484

99 Löwchen 485 99.1 Description ...... 485 99.1.1 Lion cut ...... 486 99.1.2 Temperament ...... 487 99.2 History ...... 487 99.3 External links ...... 488 99.4 References ...... 488

100Magyar agár 491 100.1Naming ...... 491 100.2Description ...... 491 100.2.1 Temperament ...... 491 100.3History ...... 492 100.4Modern uses ...... 492 100.5References ...... 492 100.6External links ...... 492 100.7Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses ...... 494 100.7.1 Text ...... 494 100.7.2 Images ...... 511 100.7.3 Summary ...... 513 100.7.4 Content license ...... 523 Chapter 1

Galgo Español

The Galgo Español (Spanish galgo) or Spanish greyhound is an ancient breed of dog, specifically a member of the family. The English greyhound is possibly a descendant of the Spanish greyhound and, for several years in the 20th century, some breeders did cross-breed Galgos and Greyhounds in order to produce faster and more powerful Galgos, specifically for track racing purposes.

1.1 Description

Spanish Galgo in “barcino”colour

1.1.1 Appearance

Galgos are similar in appearance to Greyhounds, but are distinctly different in their conformation. Galgos are higher in the rear than in the front, and have flatter muscling than a Greyhound, which is characteristic of endurance runners. They also tend to be smaller, lighter in build, have longer tails and have a very long, streamlined head that gives the

1 2 CHAPTER 1. GALGO ESPAÑOL

A Spanish Galgo

impression of larger ears. Their chests are not as deep as a Greyhound's and should not reach the point of the elbow *[1] Unlike Greyhounds, Galgos come in two coat types: smooth and rough. The rough coat can provide extra protection from skin injuries while running in the field. They come in a variety of colors and coat patterns. Main colors are “barcino”or“atigrado”(),“negro”(black),“barquillo"(golden),“tostado"(toasted),“canela”(cinnamon), “amarillo"(yellow), “rojo"(red), “blanco”(white), “berrendo”(white with patches) or “pío”(any colour with 1.2. HISTORY 3

An example of a rough-coated Galgo

white muzzle and forehead).

1.1.2 Temperament

Galgos have a very similar nature to Greyhounds. They are calm, quiet, gentle and laid back; happy to sleep their day away on their backs on a sofa. More than 90% of Galgos can be considered cat-friendly and are therefore an ideal choice for the hound lover who also owns cats. Almost all Galgos are also friendly towards other dogs and small dogs. Galgos are also very good with children, being calm in the house so there is less risk of a child being knocked over or jumped on than with a more excitable breed. They are very gentle and tolerate the often over-enthusiastic attentions of children with little risk of retaliation from the dog. Galgos have a very reserved personality and they have a tendency towards shyness, so it is very important that they be socialized early in life so that they grow up to be comfortable around strange people, dogs and locations.*[1]

1.1.3 Health

Like many other , Galgos are a fairly healthy breed although they are sensitive to anaesthesia. As such, proper care should be taken by the owner to ensure that the attending veterinarian is aware of this issue. Although Galgos are big dogs, their history of selection as a working sighthound, their light weight, and their anatomy keep them safe from . These dogs must run regularly to keep in perfect health, combined with their characteristic tendency to sleep all the rest of the day.

1.2 History

The Galgo is not only “the Spanish greyhound”but also “the Spanish dog”. Its name is probably derived from the Latin “Canis Gallicus”or “Dog from ”. The Spanish word for all kinds of Greyhounds - including the Galgo - is “lebrel”, which means “harrier”or “dog for chasing hares”, since “liebre”is Spanish for hare. We can see the same derivative in the Italian “levriero”and the French “lévrier”. The first written references to an 4 CHAPTER 1. GALGO ESPAÑOL

Galgos are a fairly healthy breed. ancient Celtic sighthound, the “vertragus”, in the Cynegeticus of Flavius Arrianus (Arrian), Roman proconsul of Baetica in the second century, may refer to the Galgo, or more likely to its antecedent.

Roman denarius showing a vertragus type or Galgo-like dog

The author Arrian, during his personal experience in , describes hare hunting with Galgos in a manner almost identical to that used nowadays in Spain, adding that it was a general Celtic tradition not related to a social class. He indicates that there were not only smooth haired types of the vertragus but also coated ones. There is little evidence on the Galgo or its antecedent in the first centuries of the Middle Age but it appeared to survive and flourish in the second half of this period. In the 9th and 10th centuries great spaces in Castilla were colonized, coinciding with the Reconquista, resulting in the 1.2. HISTORY 5

Christian military repossession of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. This open land introduces a new character to hunting with dogs: while the North of Spain is mountainous, the regions progressively recovered from the Muslims were flat, open areas full of small animals like hares, which provided the Galgo a useful opportunity to hunt. At this time, it is considered a noble dog, and kept mainly by aristocracy, both in the Christian and the Muslim Kingdoms in which the Spanish territory was still divided at the time. It is likely that the Galgo and were interbred at this period. The great esteem in which the Galgo was held is visible in the many laws of the time designed to punish the killing or theft of this dog: Fuero of Salamanca (9th century); Fuero of Cuenca; Fuero of Zorita de los Canes; Fuero of Molina de Aragón (12th century); Fuero of Usagre (12th century). In the Cartuario of Slonza we can read a will written in Villacantol, in which, using an odd mixture of Latin and Spanish, the Mayor Gutiérrez bequeaths a Galgo to Diego Citid in the year 1081:

"Urso galgo colore nigro ualente caetum sólidos dae argento"; “a black Galgo with patches of silver";

The fact that this dog was a significant item in a noble's will, demonstrates the great value that it was given at the time.

Galgos represented in the church of San Baudelio of Berlanga, Soria

The mural paintings at the Hermitage of San Baudelio de Berlanga, in Soria, dating from the 12th century show a hunting scene with three Galgos apparently identical to the ones that we can see today. In the Renaissance Martínez del Espinar writes in his book“Arte de Ballestería y Montería”(“The Art of Hunting and Archery”):

"Muchas maneras hay de matar estos animales". (las liebres) "Muchas, diré las que en España usan: correnlas con galgos, que aquí los hay ligerísimos, y así mismo lo son algunas liebres, que se les escapan sin poderlas alcanzar; y no porque corren hoy dejan de volver a sus querencias; antes estas liebres corredoras las continúan, porque tienen conocido el camino de su uida, y por la mayor parte se encaman cerca de alguna senda o camino, orilla de algún soto, monte o ladera, o tierra pedregosa, y así huyen de ellas y de ir cuesta abajo que las alcanzan luego en las laderas y tierra tiesa, parece que vuelan".

“there is a large variety of ways to kill these animals". (the hares) "Nevertheless, I will tell of those that are used in Spain: they hunt them with Galgos, since here there are some extremely swift ones, although some hares are as swift as them, and sometimes do get away from them. But even having run and got scared today, these 6 CHAPTER 1. GALGO ESPAÑOL

hares will come back to their homes tomorrow. They know the way back. They spend the night in some quiet place: a road, a hill, a stony field. In fact they are sometimes surprised in such places by the dogs; then they run away down to the plain, and the dogs try to chase them over the flat ground. They seem to fly".

The Galgo appears to have developed first in the Castillian plains, both in the north (Valladolid, Zamora, Ávila Salamanca, Segovia, Soria, Burgos and Palencia) and the south (Toledo, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid and Ciudad Real) of Castilla. And, afterwards, in more southern territories: La Mancha and Andalusia. It became the typical of the Spanish interior, while the plays the same role in the coast regions.

Spanish Galgo looking at its Iberian habitat

The Galgo appears not only in hunting books but also in common Spanish expressions, as well as in Literature. Maybe the most famous reference is the one contained in the opening sentence of “Don Quixote de La Mancha":

"En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no ha mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgo de los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor. "

“In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind, there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack, an old buckler, a lean hack, and a galgo for coursing.”

There are plenty of common expressions in Spain that name the Galgo. For example "A galgo viejo, echadle liebre, no conejo" which means " use old Galgos for chasing hares instead of rabbits" suggests that it is best to use experienced people for hard tasks and challenges. “Galgo que va tras dos liebres, sin ninguna vuelve”meaning “if a Galgo tries to chase two hares, it will return with none”recommends focussing on a single effort, otherwise by distraction, failing. Although the breed did not apparently experience any significant change in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was kept in its vocation as a swift , maybe the most telling proverb which mentions the Galgo, is the one dating from the first years of the nineteenth Century:

"A los galgos del Rey no se les escapa la liebre"; 1.3. ROLES 7

Meaning

"The hare never escapes from the King's Galgos";

Which was used at first to satirize the corrupt Government of Fernando VII, considered to cheat in everything it did. In the first years of the 20th century, large scale crossbreeding occurred between the Galgo and the English Greyhound in order to create faster dogs for professional track racing. This certainly affected the purity of the breed, the resulting dogs were just a bit faster, but did lose their long-distance-running abilities. Finally breeders came to the conclusion that it was not worth crossbreeding. The pure bred Galgo kept its major presence in the Spanish villages as an excellent hunting type. Despite its antiquity and importance, the Spanish Galgo has only recently been acknowledged by the cynological associations. The English Greyhound has tended to outshine the Galgo. Spain has suffered catastrophic events during the last century, such as the Spanish Civil War and the 40-year-long Francisco Franco fascist dictatorship, which allowed this breed to be kept relatively unknown both inside and outside of its native country, at least until democracy led to greater social and cultural equality and development. The breed faces the 21st century being progressively more appreciated at home and abroad, as contemporary Spain becomes more conscious of the uniqueness and heritage of this splendid animal.

1.3 Roles

1.3.1 Galgos as pets

An adopted Spanish Galgo

Due to their primary role as hunting dogs in the Spanish countryside, the Spanish Galgos are sometimes treated a little better than commodities. However, some people argue that Galgos are mistreated and abused in their native Spain. Galgueros (breeders), as they are normally called, will often select from a litter that show the most propensity for hunting or racing, while abandoning the rest in the streets. The puppies that do get selected often do not live very long lives, as the galgueros often consider the dog too old to hunt once it has achieved two or three years of age-often after hunting season ends, they are either abandoned, shot, or hanged. For all these reasons, many associations in defense of the Galgo have appeared with the aim to save these dogs from a terrible fate, provide much needed rehabilitation, and adoptive homes, usually in the cities. Some associations will adopt them to other locations in , including , the UK, Germany, and the . 8 CHAPTER 1. GALGO ESPAÑOL

Female Spanish Galgo and her puppies

Because they tend to be quiet and docile, Galgos make very nice house pets. In Spain they have a well earned reputation as gentle dogs, with sweet temperaments and solid health. They tend to get along well with people and other dogs, and they can be well-behaved around cats if properly socialized. Outside of sunny Spain, they require a warm coat to keep them warm in cold winter weather: like all greyhound type breeds, they have little body fat and short coats, so extra warmth is preferred for colder climates Galgos excel at performance activities like and racing. They are eligible to compete in lure coursing events sanctioned by the American Sighthound Field Association, entered in the Limited class. They also make very nice show dogs and have enjoyed success in the European show ring, although they are not as well known in the American show world due to their rarity outside Europe.

1.4 References

[1] Little Lobito Kennel

1.5 External links

• Galgo Rescue International Network • Love, Hope, Believe, Galgo Rescue Inc.

• Video: How Galgos hunt Chapter 2

Can de Palleiro

Can de Palleiro also known as Galician Shepherd is a originating in Galicia. Commonly known as Can de Palleiro (Dog of the straw-loft), is well appreciated among Galicians and well recognized by its name in this northern region of Spain. At present, this dog breed is in potential danger of extinction due its limited number. Individuals through associations like “Club Can de Palleiro”are struggling to preserve this breed. General Specifications This animal is of Indo-European, rustic and strong trunk, of lupoid type (Mégnin, P., 1897), of straight profile, with a length of about 60–62 cm to the cross; with harmonic proportions and strong constitution, with wide bones, characteristic of its rusticity. The females have slighter aspect and long line proportions. In spite of presenting strong bones their movements are fast and have of good musculation Behavior Shepherd and guardian, because as much he goes with the cows, guiding and keeping them, he also takes care of the house. Guardian of proverbial intelligence, presents a strong and reserved character with the strangers, being in addition brave, characteristic that makes it great collaborator guiding and guarding the . This dog shows great fidelity towards its master and with the people in the house with whom he becomes sweet and calm. It is necessary to emphasize the stability and balance of this animal, characteristics of the cattledogs.

2.1 External links

• www.clubcandepalleiro.com

• Xunta de Galicia (Consellería do Medio Rural) - Can de Palleiro

9 10 CHAPTER 2. CAN DE PALLEIRO

Can de Palleiro pups. Chapter 3

Gascon Saintongeois

This page is about the breed of dog. For the type of cattle, see Gascon cattle. For type of language see Gascon language The Gascon Saintongeois (FCI No.21) is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, recognised in two sizes, Grand (large) and Petit (smaller than the Grand, but not a small dog.) Originating in France, the breed is used for hunting in packs and descends from the old Hound of Saintonge type of large hunting dog.

3.1 Characteristics

The breed is a very typical French hound, with a lean and muscular body, long legs, long drop ears and pendulous flews (lips). Size for the Grand is 65 to 72 cm (25.6 to 28.3 ins) at the withers, females at total 24 to 26 inches; size for the Petit is 56 to 62 cm (22 to 24.4 ins) at the withers, making it still a fairly large dog; females are slightly smaller. Grands weigh 66 to 71 pounds. The eyes are dark chestnut. It has an elongated head. Its black nose is well-developed, and the lips are pendent. It has a deep chest, and a strong back. The tail is elegant and saber. The colour of the coat is white with black patches, sometimes speckled or ticked with black. Ears and face around the eyes are black and the cheeks are tan, but there should not be a tricolour appearance. Two tan markings are above the eyes, and sometimes a tan marking is found on the base of the upper thigh, which is called the “roe buck mark” . Faults, which indicate the dog should not be bred, include lack of substance, weak back, deviated tail, cow hocked, or legs that are too angulated or straight, which would impede running ability, as well as being off-colour or overly aggressive or overly shy.*[1] The breed is noted for its good nose, excellent voice, and beautiful gallop, important attributes in a hunting dog. It is instinctively a pack dog.*[1] It is audacious, resistant, aristocratic, and is very affectionate off the hunting fields.

3.2 History and use

Only three old Saintongeois survived the French Revolution, two dogs and a bitch. Count Joseph de Carayon- Latour in the mid-19th century crossed the last of the old Hound of Saintonge with a few of the remaining old type Bleu de Gascogne. The hounds that were white with black ticking were retained and later given the name Gascon- saintongeois.*[2] In the middle of the 20th century, hunters in the south west of France selected smaller dogs from litters of Grand Gascon Saintongeois for hunting hare and other small . These became the Petit Gascon Saintongeois.*[2] The Grand Gascon Saintongeois is used for hunting including Wild boar, Roe deer and sometimes , usually in a pack. The Petit Gascon Saintongeois is a versatile hunter, usually used on hare and rabbit, but also for big game.*[1]

11 12 CHAPTER 3. GASCON SAINTONGEOIS

3.3 See also

• Anglo French Hounds

• Dog terminology

3.4 References

[1] Breed Standard

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. pp. 230– 231. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

3.5 External links

• Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Gascon Saintongeois

• Petit Gascon Saintongeois in Northern Italy

• Gascon Saintongeois in France Chapter 4

Georgian Shepherd

The Georgian Shepherd (Georgian: ქართული ნაგაზი qartuli nagazi) is an Aboriginal dog from the Georgian mountains in the Caucasus. It is an ancient working breed from .*[1] The Georgian shepherd is related to the and the Russian “Caucasian Ovcharka”. There are two kinds of Georgian mountain dog: short haired kazbegian dog called“Nagazi"; long haired Georgian mountain dog. The shorter coated Georgian Mountain Dog is an ancient working breed from Georgia.

4.1 Characteristics

As one of the giant dog breed, Georgian Shepherds are some of the biggest dogs on the planet. Because of their stature, Georgian shepherds fall into the Molosser category. Male Georgian mountain dogs grow between 75-85 centimeters in height, and 65-85 kilograms in weight. Physically, these dogs are strongly-boned, muscular, and athletic, with a large head and powerful legs. Georgian mountain dogs tend to be assertive, brave, and alert. Shepherds traditionally used Georgian mountain dogs for defending from predators.

4.2 History

Georgians were calling this dog "Nagazi". It has been used as a sheep for centuries. The breed is extremely popular in Georgia. The Cynological Federation of Georgia has had a strict battle with the Russian federation of Cynologs about Caucasian Shepherd dog. In 2012, the International Cynological Federation will decide which national breed is the Caucasian Shepherd Dog as a result of this heated discussion. After removing most of the Georgian Nagazi from Georgia, Georgian enthusiasts with support from the Ministry of Environment began expeditions to the regions of Georgia to describe and take photos of the remaining Georgian shepherds. Georgia started advertising the breed using television broadcasting and printing articles about Georgian shepherds in order to popularize the breed. After the soviet collapse, Georgia began once more to popularize this dog. Today the Georgian main goal is to breed Georgia's ancient white shepherds (also other Georgian shepherds) which are rare.*[2] Unfortunately, Georgian shepherds are still used in dog fighting.

4.3 References

[1] “Ancient Times And Origins”. Kennel director in . Retrieved Aug 8, 2008.

[2] “Georgian Mountain Dog history”. Cynological Federation of Georgia. Retrieved Dec 28, 2011.

13 Chapter 5

German Longhaired Pointer

The German longhaired pointer (GLP) is a breed of dog. It was developed in Germany, and is used as a gundog. It is closely related to its cousin, the German Shorthaired Pointer, or the GSP.

5.1 Description

5.1.1 Appearance

The GLP should be muscular, elegant, and athletic. It should not be bulky or cumbersome, and it should be able to move with great speed and freedom. It has moderate bone, but has substance, and must never look frail or weak. Like all German pointers, they have webbed feet. Watch out for aggression in years.

Coat and color

The coat is medium length, about 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long on the body, with the feathering somewhat longer. The coat is slightly wavy, but must not be curly. It is not silky or soft, but rather firm and shiny. It always has a double coat, with the undercoat being quite dense, but not so profuse as to make the guard hairs stand out from the body. The color is solid with white permitted on the chest, paws, and down the top of the muzzle, or dark brown , with large patches of solid brown, especially on the head, ears, back, and base of the tail.

Size

The GLP is between 60–70 cm (24–28 in) at the withers for males, and 58–66 cm (23–26 in) for females. It weighs approximately 30 kilograms (66 lb).

Gait

The strides should be long and free, with strong drive from the hindquarters, and good reach from the front.

5.1.2 Temperament

GLPs are a kind, gentle, friendly, and intelligent breed. They are very affectionate, and may experience separation anxiety. They only make good pets when properly exercised, as they need a “job”to do, and do not adapt well to a sedentary life. The GLP is an excellent family pet, as it enjoys playing with children. It is very sociable with dogs.

14 5.2. CARE 15

5.2 Care

The GLP is very trainable, and loves to work. Because of this, it needs large amounts of exercise daily, needing more than most pet owners can give. It is not well suited for urban life, as it thrives on having lots of room to run and swim. Its ideal setting would be in a rural area, with an active owner who hunts with the dog on a regular basis. GLPs need a moderate amount of grooming about once or twice a week. They are highly intelligent, very trainable, and athletic, traits which make them suitable for many dog sports, especially field trials, obedience, and agility.

5.3 Health

GLPs, because they are quite rare in most parts of the world, and thus are unprofitable to irresponsible breeders such as puppy mills and backyard breeders, do not have any genetic disorders that are prevalent in the breed. Their ears are mildly prone to infection, a problem which is easily avoided by cleaning the dog's ears on a regular basis, as well as after swimming.

5.4 History

A German longhaired pointer

The GLP was developed in Germany for use as a pointer. It was originally a rather slow dog, and was crossed with setters and English Pointers in the 19th century to improve speed. It was very stubborn and temperamental, and has since been bred for a steady, friendly temperament. It was first shown in 1878 in Frankfurt, and at this time the first breed standard was written. Breeders then began to focus their efforts on producing dogs that performed equally well in the field and the show ring, an endeavour that is continued by breeders today. The Large Munsterlander was developed from the GLP after it was decided that GLPs must only be brown-and-white, the black-and-white strain became the ancestors of the Large Munsterlander. 16 CHAPTER 5. GERMAN LONGHAIRED POINTER

5.5 See also

• German shorthaired pointer

• German wirehaired pointer

5.6 References

5.7 External links

• German Longhaired Pointer Club Chapter 6

German Pinscher

The (original name Deutscher Pinscher, FCI No. 184) is a medium-sized breed of dog, a Pinscher type that originated in Germany. The breed is included in the origins of the , the , the Affenpinscher, the (and, by extension, the and ). The breed is rising in numbers in the U.S., mainly due to their full acceptance to AKC in 2003. In , the breed is established with a rise in popularity becoming evident.

6.1 Description

The German Pinscher is a medium-sized dog, usually weighing between 25 and 45 pounds and typically 17–20 inches in height, with a short coat.*[2] Colors for this breed include black and rust, red, fawn, and blue and tan. The ideal German Pinscher is elegant in appearance with a strong square build and moderate body structure, muscular and powerful endurance and agility.*[3] For all countries where the Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard applies, only black and rust and solid red are allowed colors. Colors that became extinct during the world wars of the twentieth century include solid black, salt-and-pepper, and harlequin. German customarily have their tails docked and ears cropped, as has been done for over 200 years, in countries where the procedures are legal.*[4] Historically,*[5] tail was thought to prevent , strengthen the back, increase the animal's speed, and prevent injuries when working. For utilitarian reasons, ears also were cropped,*[6] to prevent injuries while working and increase the intense appearance of the canine and eliminate the subdued, “puppy”look of droopy ears. Today, these are both done mainly for cosmetic reasons, though many accounts of injuries to undocked tails and uncropped ears of unaltered dogs have been reported and recognized by the .*[7] and docking should only be done by a licensed veterinarian. While the altered or natural state of a German Pinscher should not affect a judge's decision in the show ring, prejudices do exist. Even many foreign judges who officiate at AKC events comment on how they appreciate seeing dogs docked and cropped.

6.2 History

The Wire Haired and Smooth Haired Pinschers, as the Standard Schnauzer and German Pinscher were originally called, were shown in dog books as early as 1884. However drawings of the German Pinscher date back to at least 1780,*[8] and the breed likely traces its roots to varieties of ratters well established on farms in Germany as far back as the 15th century.*[9] These medium-sized dogs descended from early European herding and guardian breeds. The source of the German Pinscher can be traced back to 1836 when this breed surpassed the Mops in popularity. Pinschers were used as guardians for coaches. They also lived in homesteads where they were used to kill vermin, a job they did by instinct, as such behavior did not need to be trained into the breed. Even today you can observe German Pinschers searching for and finding rats in open areas and in homes. This high prey drive is a good reason not to leave a German Pinscher off lead outside of a fenced area. The Standard Schnauzer (then referred to as the Wire Haired Pinscher) was originally born in the same litter as the German Pincher. Over time, breeders decided to separate the “varieties,”changing them to actual “breeds”.

17 18 CHAPTER 6. GERMAN PINSCHER

Westminster Kennel Club's first German Pinscher Best of Opposite Sex winner, 2003*[1]

After three generations of the same coat were born, the Pinscher-Schnauzer club allowed them to be registered as their respective “breed”. From 1950 to 1958, no litter had been registered. Credit is attributed to Werner Jung for collecting several of the breed in 1958 to continue the German Pinscher as we know the breed today. The German Pinscher came to breeders in the United States in the early 1980s, though accounts of singular German Pinschers appearing in the country before then have been noted. In 1985, the German Pinscher Club of America was started by various German Pinscher fanciers, most of whom are no longer active in the breed. At this time, the German Pinscher was shown in rare breed shows. They were also recognized by the United Kennel Club. The German Pinscher gained full acceptance by the in 2000. The CKC named Ch Othello des Charmettes its first Champion on April 20, 2000. The German Pinscher gained full acceptance by the American Kennel Club in 2003. The AKC named Ch Riward's Rollin Rocs Rusty (Jambo de la Capelliere *[10] x Windamir's Zarra) its first Champion on January 8, 2003. In 2004, the German Pinscher competed at its first Westminster Kennel Club show. The Best of Breed winner was Ch. Windamir Hunter des Charmettes(Windamir's Sayzar x Lot T Da Des Charmettes). The Best of Opposite Sex to Best of Breed was Ch. Windamir's Chosen One (Tanner's Morning Star x Windmir's A-blazin at RG's).

6.2.1 Extinct varieties

There are several now-extinct varieties of the German Pinscher:*[11] 6.3. HEALTH AND TEMPERAMENT 19

Westminster Kennel Club's first German Pinscher Best of Breed winner, 2003*[1]

•

• Schweizer Pinscher (also called the Jonataler Pinscher, Pfisterlinge, Silberpinsch, Swiss Salt and Pepper Pin- scher, Swiss Shorthair Pinscher)

• Seidenpinscher (also called the German Silky Pinscher, Silky Pinscher)

Some of these may have recently been re-formed from the German Pinscher and marketed as rare breeds for those seeking unique pets.

6.3 Health and temperament

6.3.1 Temperament

A well-bred German Pinscher will be a loving companion with an even temperament. Temperament is hereditary. When considering adding a German Pinscher to a family, it is advised to be able to meet and touch the mother of the puppy you are offered. German Pinschers are generally friendly dogs. They are highly intelligent, quick learners who do not enjoy repetition in training. A well-bred German Pinscher can be trusted with small animals and children, though no dog should ever be left unsupervised with either. If the puppy shies away when faced with strangers, it may be a sign of poor breeding. German Pinschers are very energetic working dogs, in many cases requiring several hours of exercise a day. Accord- ingly, a large, securely fenced yard is highly recommended for anyone considering the breed as a pet. 20 CHAPTER 6. GERMAN PINSCHER

Drawing of a German Pinscher and a Miniature Pinscher (Pinscher und Zwergpinscher), 1888.

German Pinschers and water do not go well together. This breed will tolerate baths just to make their owner happy; otherwise, they shun water at all costs. This dog will not unnecessarily.

6.3.2 Health

Due to the small gene pool of the German Pinscher, breeders should health test their dogs for hereditary cataracts, hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia, , thyroid disorder, and with the increased incidences of cardiac disease*[12] due to irresponsible breeding practices, German Pinschers suspect for heart issues should be removed from all breeding programs.

6.4 References

[1] “2004 Breed Results: German Pinscher”. The Westminster Kennel Club. Retrieved 2013-01-29.

[2] “German Pinscher: Frequently Asked Questions”. The German Pinscher Club of America.

[3] American Kennel Club. “German Pinscher - American Kennel Club”. akc.org.

[4] “Tail docking information from the Council of Docked Breeds”. Cdb.org. Retrieved 2013-01-29.

[5] “Frequently asked questions about canine tail docking”. Archived from the original on 16 Mar 2009. Retrieved 7 Nov 2014.

[6] http://bakaridobes.westhost.com/publiceducation/PECEars.html

[7] http://www.akc.org/pdfs/canine_legislation/position_statements/Ear_Cropping_Tail_Docking_and_Dewclaw_Removal.pdf 6.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 21

[8] The German Pinscher Club of America, “Breed History”. Retrieved 07/03/2009

[9] Sharon Morgan & Dee Gannon, “The German Pinscher (Comprehensive Owners Guide)" Kennel Club Books - Special edition, ISBN 978-1-59378-355-6 (November 29, 2006), p. 9.

[10] http://windamirsgermanpinschers.com/capelliere/jambo.jpg

[11] “Deutscher Pinscher”. geocities.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009.

[12] “Orthopedic Foundation for Animals”. Offa.org. Retrieved 2013-01-29.

6.5 External links

• German Pinscher at DMOZ 22 CHAPTER 6. GERMAN PINSCHER

German Pinscher at the beach

Pinscher puppy sleeping Chapter 7

Stichelhaar

The German Roughhaired Pointer (Deutsch Stichelhaar) is a versatile hunting dog that originated in Frankfurt, Germany. The breed was developed in the early 1900s and is a cross between German sheepdogs and rough-haired “standing dogs”.*[1]

7.1 Appearance

The Stichelhaar is a medium-sized dog, weighing around 44 lb (20 kg). They are 24 to 26 in (61 to 66 cm) around the withers. The eyes are oval and chestnut colored and the ears are flat against the head. They may have brown, white, mixed or chestnut coloring. Their coat is 1.5 in (3.8 cm) long and bristly.*[1]

7.2 Personality

Stichelhaars are tough and very dominant. They are very aggressive towards strangers and will accept only one master. This breed has not become popular because of a tendency to bite. They are better outdoor dogs.*[1]

7.3 Notes

[1] Pugnnetti, Gino 1980, page 341.

7.4 References

• Pugnnetti, Gino (1980). Simon & Schuster's Guide to: Dogs, Simon & Schuster Inc.

23 Chapter 8

German Shepherd

The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt]) is a breed of large- sized that originated in Germany. The breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language, sometimes abbreviated as "GSD", and was also formerly known as the Alsatian and Alsatian Wolf Dog in Britain.*[4] The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time, however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and even acting.*[5] The German Shepherd is the second-most popular breed of dog in the United States*[6] and fourth-most popular in the .*[7]

8.1 Description

German Shepherds are large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.*[1]*[8]*[9] The weight standard is 30–40 kilograms (66–88 lb) for males and 22–32 kilograms (49–71 lb) for females.*[1] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle and a black nose. The jaws are strong, with a scissor-like bite. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent and self-assured look. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.*[8] German Shepherds have a variety of colors, the most common of which are tan/black and red/black. Most color varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic“saddle”to an over-all“blanket.” Rarer colour variations include the sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver and blue varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.*[10] German Shepherds sport a double coat. The outer coat, which sheds all year round, is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants; medium and long. The long-hair gene is recessive, making the long- hair variety rarer. Treatment of the long-hair variation differs across standards; they are accepted but not competed with standard coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while they can compete with standard coated dogs but are considered a in the American Kennel Club.*[8]*[10]*[11] The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b - while short-haired type is listed as the variety a.*[12]

• German Shepherds are large sized dogs.

• Close-up of a German Shepherd's face showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes

• The adult German Shepherd's ears are large and stand erect, but 14-week-old puppies' ears are often not completely erect yet.

• A 2 year old black German Shepherd

24 8.2. TEMPERAMENT 25

German Shepherds have black masks and black body markings.

8.1.1 Intelligence

German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence,*[13] a trait for which they are now famous.*[5] In the book , author Stanley Coren ranked the breed third for intelligence, behind Border and .*[14]*[15] He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions and obeyed the first command given 95% of the time.*[5] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other large breeds.*[16]

8.2 Temperament

German Shepherds are highly active dogs and described in breed standards as self-assured.*[10] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.*[17] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient.*[18]

8.2.1 Aggression and biting

Well-trained and socialized German Shepherds have a reputation of being very safe. However, in the United States, one 1996 source suggested that German Shepherds are responsible for more reported bitings than any other breed and have a tendency to attack smaller breeds of dogs.*[19] An Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales.*[20] 26 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

A German Shepherd with a baby

According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a , over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265– 328 lbf), a , 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)).*[21]

8.3 Modern breed

The modern German Shepherd breed is criticized by some for straying away from von Stephanitz's original ideology for the breed:*[22] that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.*[23] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.*[24] Although the show dogs have been bred for traits that do not help or even hurt their working abilities, and many pets have misbred by irresponsible breeders who have caused many diseases for the breed, the working dogs, such as the ones used by police and militaries, have maintained their performance and stuck to the original intentions of the breed. Some critics believe that careless breeding has promoted disease and other defects.*[22] Under the breeding programs overseen by von Stephanitz, defects were quickly bred out.

8.3.1 Controversy

The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show-strain breed.*[25] The show-strains have been bred with an extremely sloping topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. Working-pedigree lines, such as those in common use as service dogs, generally retain the traditional straight back of the breed. The debate was catalyzed when the issue was raised in the BBC documentary, , which said that critics of the breed describe it as “half dog, half frog”. An orthopedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a 8.4. USE AS WORKING DOG 27

The show-line dogs usually have an extremely sloping topline show ring that they were “not normal”. 's position is that“this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement.”*[25] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalize dogs suffering these problems.*[26] It is also insisting on more testing for hemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.

8.4 Use as working dog

German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. Usually trained for scout duty, they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.*[27] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft*[28] or as anti-tank weapons. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.*[24] A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen, who were impressed by its intelligence.*[24] The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine de- tection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.*[27] At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost ex- clusively to be used as a for the visually impaired. When formal guide began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.*[29] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability and ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behavior and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behav- 28 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

German Shepherd at an agility competition

A German Shepherd swimming ior. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.*[30] Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide 8.5. HISTORY 29

Dogs of America are German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.*[31] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom states that crosses between Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers make the best guide dogs, although they also train some German Shepherds, as well as some other breeds.*[32] Guide Dogs for the Blind in the United States trains only Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.*[33] Guide Dogs Queensland in Australia also trains only Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.*[34] German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as HGH (Herdengebrauchshund) herding utility dog trials.*[35]

• A German night-watchman from 1950 with his German Shepherd • Swedish German Shepherds during demonstrations in Stockholm on National Day 2007 • Urban Search and Rescue Task Force dog works to uncover at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks • A German Shepherd Military Working Dog locates hidden explosives inside a car during a training exercise

8.5 History

Illustration of a German Shepherd from 1909

In Europe during the 1850s, attempts were being made to standardize breeds.*[36] The dogs were bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting flocks from predators.*[24] In Germany this was 30 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

practiced within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was recognized that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell.*[24] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.*[36] To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.*[24] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;*[24] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.*[37] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently. With the rise of large, industrialized cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.*[24] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.*[24] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Veterinary College, was an ex- member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.*[24] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.*[24] In 1899, Von Stephanitz was attending a when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.*[24] Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what Von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.*[36] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and Von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for the German Shepherd Dog).*[36] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.*[24] Horand became the centre-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from , and Wurttemberg.*[24] Fathering many pups, Horand's most successful was Hektor von Schwaben.*[24]*[38] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf and Pilot, who later fathered a total of eighty-four pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.*[24] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.*[24] In the original German Shepherd studbook, Zuchtbuch für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SZ), within the two pages of entries from SZ No. 41 to SZ No. 76, there are four Wolf Crosses.*[39] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to Von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.*[40]

8.6 Etymology

The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund by von Stephanitz, literally translating to “German Shepherd Dog” . The breed was so named due to its original purpose of assisting shepherds in herding and protecting sheep. At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde or Old German Shepherd Dogs. The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the official ; however, at the conclusion of , it was believed that the inclusion of the word“German”would harm the breed's popularity,*[41] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.*[42] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to“Alsatian Wolf Dog”,*[41] after the French-German border area of Alsace-Lorraine.*[24] This name was also adopted by many other international kennel clubs. Eventually, the appendage“wolf dog”was dropped,*[41] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog would affect the breed's popularity and legality.*[24] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,*[41] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.*[4] The word “Alsatian”still appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name and was only removed in 2010.*[43] 8.7. POPULARITY 31

2-year-old black German Shepherd

8.7 Popularity

When the UK Kennel first accepted registrations for the breed in 1919, fifty-four dogs were registered and by 1926 this number had grown to over 8,000.*[36] The breed first gained international recognition after the decline of World War 32 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

German Shepherd Dogs. Female (left), Male (right).

I; returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors and Strongheart popularised the breed further.*[44] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland; however, her offspring suffered from defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to suffer a decline in popularity during the late 1920s.*[44] Popularity increased again after the German Shepherd Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to suffer another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment of the time.*[44] As time progressed, their popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2012, the German Shepherd is the second most popular in the US.*[44]*[45] Additionally, the breed is typically among the most popular in other registries.*[44] The German Shepherd Dog's physique is very well suited to athletic competition. They commonly compete in shows and competitions such as agility trials.

8.8 Health

Many common ailments of the German Shepherds are a result of the inbreeding practiced early in the breed's life (although this was necessary to preserve other traits for the breed).*[46] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may lead to the dog experiencing pain in later life and may cause arthritis.*[47] A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although the sample studied was small.*[48] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.*[49] Due to the large and open nature of their ears, German Shepherds are not prone to ear infections because there is no hair in the outer ear canal to hold debris or moisture.*[50] According to a recent survey in the UK, the median life span of German Shepherds is 10.95 years,*[3] which is normal for a dog of their size. Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for Degenerative Myelopathy. The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. A small 8.8. HEALTH 33

A German Shepherd

study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic GSDs to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.*[51] Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance. The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds, but can be performed on DNA from any dog on samples collected through swabbing the inside of the animal's cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Now that there is a test available, prospective German Shepherd buyers can request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder known to test their dogs.*[52] Additionally, German Shepherds have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder.*[53] Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas. It is estimated that 1% of the UK GSD population suffers from this disease.*[54] Treatment is usually in the form of pancreatic 34 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

A 9-week-old German Shepherd puppy

A German Shepherd with a football

supplements being given with food. 8.9. IN POPULAR CULTURE 35

8.9 In popular culture

German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.*[55] In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the .*[56] German Shepherds were used in the popular Canadian series The Littlest Hobo. Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,*[57] through 1964.*[58] Between 1964 and 2007, his appearances were sporadic. A German Shepherd called Inspector Rex, is the star of Austrian Police procedural drama program, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.*[59] The show was aired in many languages.*[60] In Call of Duty: Ghosts, there is a dog named Riley who is a playable character in some levels. In I Am Legend (novel), Robert Neville has a female dog named Sam (played by two different dogs, Abbey and Kona in the film).

8.10 See also

• Czechoslovakian Vlcak̶A breed recognized by the FCI, originating by a crossing of 48 German Shepherd Dogs and 4 Carpathian • King Shepherd̶A breed not recognized by any major kennel club, originating from German Shepherd Dogs

• Shiloh Shepherd̶A breed not recognized by any major kennel club, originating from German Shepherd Dogs • White Shepherd̶A breed recognized by the UKC in the United States, originating from white-coated German Shepherd Dogs • (Berger Blanc Suisse)̶A breed recognised by the FCI, originating from white- coated German Shepherd Dogs

• List of dog breeds with photos

8.11 References

[1] “USA German Shepherd Dog Standard”. United Clubs of America. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008.

[2] Jones, Bretaigne,“Science of breeding”, Royal Canin (American Kennel Club), archived from the original on 3 September 2014, retrieved 3 September 2014

[3] O'Neill et al., (2012).“Longevity of UK Dog Breeds”(PDF). Royal Veterinary College, University of London. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[4] “German Shepherd ̶The Ultimate Service Dog”. German Culture. Retrieved 15 July 2008.

[5] Coren, p. 134

[6] “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”.

[7] “KC Dog Registration Statistics” (PDF).

[8] “FCI Standard No 166”. Australian National Kennel Council. 23 March 1991. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

[9] Breed Standard For The White German Shepherd Dog, White German Shepherd Dog Club Of America, Inc., September 1997

[10] “German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 July 2008.

[11] “Rasse-Lexikon Deutscher Schäferhund” (in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2008.

[12] Group 1. FCI. Retrieved 1 June 2014.

[13] von Stephanitz, p.12

[14] “Ranks 1 to 10 – Brightest Dogs”. Petrix. Retrieved 15 July 2008. 36 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

[15] “The Top 10 Smartest Dog Breeds In The World”. Pet Meds Online. Retrieved 15 July 2008.

[16] “About the Breed”. White Paws: German Shepherd. Retrieved 15 July 2008.

[17] “Breed Standard ̶German Shepherd”. Kennel Club. Retrieved 19 July 2008. While the dog should be approachable and friendly, he does not make immediate friendships with strangers.

[18] Dogwise: The Natural way to Train your Dog (1992), John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 0-285-63114-4

[19] Ross, John; McKinney, Barbara (1996). Puppy Preschool: Raising Your Puppy Right̶right from the Start. St. Martin's Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-312-14029-0.

[20] “Reported Dog Attack Survey” (PDF). New South Wales Department of Local Government. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2008.

[21] “Dog Bites: Information and Statistics”. 26 January 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Cites a National Geographic study.

[22] Conan, p.43

[23] The first standard of the German Shepherd Dog Society, written by von Stephanitz said“A pleasing appearance is desirable, but it can not put the dog's working ability into question ... German Shepherd breeding is working , or it is not German Shepherd breeding"Harder, Aimee. “GSD vs. WGSD ̶It's not a black or white issue!". White German Shepherd Dog Club of America. Retrieved 20 July 2008.

[24] Kern, Francis G. (1990). German Shepherds. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-86622- 865-9.

[25] “German Shepherd Dogs – The Soundness Issue”. The Kennel Club. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[26] “German Shepherd Dogs – Judges Training Programme”. The Kennel Club. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[27] Strickland, p. 17–28

[28] “It's a dog's life in the Army”. The New Zealand Herald. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.

[29] Ascarelli, Miriam (2010). Independent Vision: Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-563-4.

[30] Case, Linda P. (2013). The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-70120-1.

[31] “Breeds and Matching Process”. An International Guiding Eyes Program. Guide Dogs of America. 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.

[32] “Our breeds”. Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.

[33] “Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping”. Dog Programs. Guide Dogs for the Blind. 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2013.

[34] “Our Breeding Program”. Guide Dogs. Guide Dogs Queensland. Retrieved 21 July 2013.

[35] Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.

[36] “History of the Breed”. German Shepherds.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.

[37] Rice, p.11

[38] Stevens, p.11

[39] “Progency list for V Beowulf”. Pedigree Database. Retrieved 14 August 2008.

[40] Willis, p.5

[41] Palika p.22

[42] Rice p.12

[43] “Change Of Name – German Shepherd Dog”. The Kennel Club. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.

[44] Palika p.25

[45] “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 July 2008. 8.12. FURTHER READING 37

[46] Willis, p.31

[47] “German Shepherd Problems”. Dog Biz. Retrieved 19 July 2008.

[48] Steffen, F.; Hunold, K.; Scharf, G.; Roos, M.; Flückiger, M. (2007). “A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 (10): 1529–1533. doi:10.2460/javma.231.10.1529. PMID 18020994.

[49] “Hip Dysplasia Statistics”. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.

[50] “German Shepherd”. PetHealth101. July 2008.

[51] Holder, A. L.; Price, J. A.; Adams, J. P.; Volk, H. A.; Catchpole, B. (2014).“A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK”. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology 1: 10. doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-10.

[52] “Degenerative Myelopathy German Shepherd Dogs”. University of Florida 1998. Retrieved 11 April 2009.

[53] “Von Willebrand's Disease (vWD): A Type of Hemophilia in Dogs”. Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. Retrieved 10 May 2009.

[54] “Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency”. Genetic welfare problems of companion animals. Retrieved 20 March 2014.

[55] “List of films with German Shepherds”.

[56] Choron, p. 40

[57] Irvine, Alex; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). “1950s”. DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Batman No. 92 (July 1955) Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in “Ace, the Bat-Hound!" In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace.

[58] “Ace the Bat-Hound appearances”. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

[59]

[60] rexchienfc.net

8.12 Further reading

• Brazil-Adelman, Dr. Mary Belle (2000). The German Shepherd Dog Handbook. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational. ISBN 0-7641-1332-1.

• Cree, John (1977). Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner. Pelham. ISBN 0- 7207-0993-8.

• Hart, Ernest H. (1985). The German Shepherd Dog. New Jersey: T. F. H. ISBN 0-86622-031-3.

• Rice, Dan (1999). Training Your German Shepherd Dog. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0852-2.

• Stevens, Katrina (2002). The German Shepherd Dog. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 1-57223-512-8.

• von Stephanitz, Max; Revised by Schwabacher, Joseph (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-99932-80-05-7.

• Willis, Malcolm (1976). The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics. K and R Books. ISBN 0-903264-15-3. 38 CHAPTER 8. GERMAN SHEPHERD

8.13 External links

• Harder, Aimee. “GSD vs. WGSD ̶It's not a black or white issue!". White German Shepherd Dog Club of America. Retrieved 8 February 2014. • “FCI Standard No 166 Translated by German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia”. Australian National Kennel Council. 23 March 1991 (updated 20 August 2013). Retrieved 10 February 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)

•“Extended Breed Standard of The German Shepherd Dog”(PDF). German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with Australian National Kennel Council. 3 February 2007 (updated 26 March 2012). Retrieved 10 February 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)

• Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V. – The original registrar of the German Shepherd Dog 8.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 39

Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars Chapter 9

German Shorthaired Pointer

The German Shorthaired Pointer (GSP) is a medium to large sized breed of dog developed in the 19th century in Germany for hunting.*[1] The breed is streamlined yet powerful with strong legs that make it able to move rapidly and turn quickly. It has moderately long floppy ears set high on the head. Its muzzle is long, broad, and strong, allowing it to retrieve even heavy game. The dog's profile should be straight or strongly Roman nosed; any dished appearance to the profile is incorrect.*[2] The eyes are generally brown, with darker eyes being desirable; yellow or “bird of prey” eyes are a fault. The tail is commonly docked, although this is now prohibited in some countries. The correct location for docking for GSP is after the caudal vertebrae start to curl, leaving enough tail to let the dog communicate through tail wagging and movement. The docked tail should not be too long or too short but should balance the appearance of the head and body. The GSP tail is carried at a jaunty angle, not curled under. When the GSP is in classic point stance, the tail should be held straight out from the body forming a line with the pointing head and body. Like all German pointers, GSP have webbed feet. They are known for going after water fowl in the water. The German Shorthaired Pointer is a member of the Sporting Group.*[3]

9.1 Coat and color

The German Shorthaired Pointer's coat is short and flat with a dense undercoat protected by stiff guard hairs making the coat water resistant and allowing the dog to stay warm in cold weather. The color can be a dark brown, correctly referred to in English as “liver”(incorrectly as “chocolate”or “chestnut”), black (although any area of black is cause for disqualification in American Kennel Club sanctioned shows), or either liver and white or black and white. The American Kennel Club recognizes only a solid liver or liver and white coat.*[3] Commonly the head is a solid or nearly solid color and the body is speckled or “ticked”with liver and white, sometimes with large patches of solid color called “saddles”. Roan coats are also common, with or without patching. Solid liver and solid black coats also occur, often with a small blaze of ticking or white on the chest. While the German standard permits a slight sandy coloring (“Gelber Brand”) at the extremities, this coloring is rare, and a dog displaying any yellow coloring is disqualified in AKC and CKC shows. The colouring of the GSP provides camouflage in the winter seasons.

9.2 Temperament

Since the German Shorthaired Pointer was developed to be a dog suited to family life as well as a versatile hunter, the correct temperament is that of an intelligent, bold, boisterous, eccentric, and characteristically affectionate dog that is cooperative and easily trained. Shyness, fearfulness, over submissiveness, aloofness, lack of biddability, or aggression (especially toward humans) are all incorrect traits. The GSP is usually good with children, although care should be taken because the breed can be boisterous especially when young. These dogs love interaction with humans and are suitable pets for active families who will give them an outlet for their considerable energy; they must be avidly run multiple times a week. Most German shorthaired pointers make excellent watchdogs. The breed generally gets along well with other dogs, though females appear to be much more dominant during interbreed interaction. A strong hunting instinct is correct for the breed, which is not always good for other small pets such as cats or rabbits. With training, however, the family dog should be able to discern what is prey and what is not, and they can live quite amicably with other family pets.

40 9.3. HEALTH 41

The German Shorthaired Pointer needs plenty of vigorous activity and thrives with lots of exercise and running. This need for exercise (preferably off lead) coupled with the breed's natural instinct to hunt, means that training is an absolute necessity. The GSP's distinctly independent character means that any unused energy will likely result in the dog amusing itself, most probably in an undesirable manner. Failure by the owner to give this active and intelligent dog sufficient exercise and/or proper training can produce a German shorthaired pointer that appears hyperactive or that has destructive tendencies. Thus the breed is not a suitable pet for an inactive home or for inexperienced dog owners. Although these dogs form very strong attachments with their owners, a bored GSP that receives insufficient exercise may feel compelled to exercise himself. These dogs are athletic and can escape from four foot and sometimes six foot enclosures with little difficulty. Regular hunting, running, , bikejoring, , , dog scootering or other vigorous activity can alleviate this desire to escape. The natural instinct to hunt may result in the dog hunting alone and sometimes bringing home occasional dead trophies, such as cats, rats, pigeons and other urban animals. In addition to exercise, especially formal hunting, the GSP needs to be taught to distinguish legitimate prey and off limits animals. Like the other German pointers (the German wirehaired pointer and the less well known German longhaired pointer), the GSP can perform virtually all gundog roles. It is pointer and retriever, an upland bird dog and . The GSP can be used for hunting larger and more dangerous game. It is an excellent swimmer but also works well in rough terrain. It is tenacious, tireless, hardy, and reliable. German Shorthaired Pointers are proficient with many different types of game and sport, including trailing, retrieving, and pointing pheasant, quail, grouse, waterfowl, raccoons, possum, and even deer.*[3] The GSP is intelligent and bred for a certain amount of independence (e. g., when a dog is working out of sight or sound of its handler in the field). Along with its superb hunting ability and companionable personality, the intelligence and the obedience of the GSP make it one of the more popular large breeds.

9.3 Health

Most German shorthaired pointers are tough, healthy dogs, but according to Mayor B. Loney, DVM (NAVHDA Versatile Hunting Dog Magazine, April, 2003) the breed can be subject to a number of hereditary disorders due to their breeding. A few individuals may suffer from hip dysplasia, genetic eye diseases, epilepsy, skin disorders and cancerous lesions in the mouth, on the skin and other areas of the body. As with other breeds, unspayed female GSPs are prone to breast . This risk is reduced if they are spayed. Like many other deep-chested dogs, German shorthaired pointers are highly prone to gastric torsion, AKA bloat. Correct precautions, such as refraining from feeding immediately before or after exercise, feeding several smaller meals throughout the day instead of a single, large one and avoiding the consumption of large amounts of water with dry food, should always be taken. As with any other hunting dog, contact with game can cause the spread of fungi and bacteria that can easily colonise in the gums or cause infections on open wounds and small cuts from scratching against plants and bushes during a regular hunting session.

9.3.1 Care

German Shorthaired Pointers along with other sporting dogs requires a lot of exercise and space to run. GSPs have a lot of energy and if not given the right amount of attention, can become bored and destructive. GSPs do not do well left alone all day or if relegated to a kennel without plenty of human interaction. GSPs are a very clean breed. The short GSP coat needs very little grooming, just occasional brushing. They typically shed constantly. GSPs should be bathed only when needed. (One necessary time would be after hunting.) Like all dogs with flop ears, GSP can be prone to ear infections and their ears require regular checking and cleaning. The GSP has a median lifespan of 9 years in a Danish survey and 12 years in a UK survey. In the UK survey about 1 in 8 lived to >15 years with the longest lived dog living to 17 years.*[4] As the GSP is a medium/large, active breed, the dogs can require considerable food. Older or less active GSPs can also become obese if fed more than suitable for the individual's activity levels. A healthy weight should permit the last two ribs to be felt under the coat and the dog should have a distinct waist or “tuck-up”. Due to the short GSP coat, body heat management is not generally a problem. However, the GSP's high levels 42 CHAPTER 9. GERMAN SHORTHAIRED POINTER

of activity require the breed to drink considerable amounts of water to prevent dehydration. Early symptoms of dehydration show itself as thick saliva and urine with an excessively strong and distinct smell.

9.4 History

The precise origin of the German Shorthaired Pointer is unclear. According to the American Kennel Club,*[3] it is likely that the GSP is descended from a breed known as the German Bird Dog, which itself is related to the old Spanish pointer introduced to Germany in the 17th century. It is also likely that various German hound and tracking dogs, as well as the English Pointer and the Arkwright Pointer also contributed to the development of the breed. However, as the first studbook was not created until 1870, it is impossible to identify all of the dogs that went into creating this breed. The breed was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1930.*[3]

9.5 In art and literature

Thomas Mann's great love for his German Shorthaired is told in the book Bashan and I. Robert B. Parker's most popular mystery series features a Boston detective known only as Spenser who has had a series of three solid-liver German shorthairs, all named Pearl: one who stood with him during a bear charge in his rural youth; one given to his girlfriend by her ex-husband; and the third Pearl, to keep company with Spenser and his girlfriend in their late middle age. Author Parker appears on many of the Spenser dustjackets with a solid-liver GSP male identical to the three incarnations of Pearl in the series. Rick Bass's ruminations on living and hunting with a German shorthaired pointer in Montana can be found in the book Colter: The True Story of the Best Dog I Ever Had. Sportswriter Mel Ellis' memoir Run, Rainey, Run, explores the extraordinary relationship he had with an extremely intelligent and versatile hunting German shorthaired pointer. The 1978 film "Days of Heaven,”written and directed by Terrence Malick, features a brief scene of dogs hunting the prairie. The GSP shown is Jocko von Stolzhafen, twice GSP National Champion (Field) and perhaps the best GSP of his era. A year or so later Jocko vanished while running at a training camp, presumably stolen. The logo of the Westminster Kennel Club is a Pointer, not a German shorthaired pointer, though frequently mistaken for the latter.

9.6 See also

• German Longhaired Pointer

• German Wirehaired Pointer

•

9.7 References

[1] Maxwell, C. Bede 1987. “The New German Shorthaired Pointer”Howell Book House Inc. ISBN 0-87605-157-3; p.13

[2] “GSP breed standard”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 May 2014.

[3] “Get to Know the German Shorthaired Pointer”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 30 April 2014.

[4] “Breed Longevity Data”.

• Alderton, David (1984). The Dog. Quill Publishing; Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0.

• Barnes, Duncan (ed.) (1983). The AKC's World of the Pure-Bred Dog. Nick Lyons Books. ISBN 0-87605- 406-8. 9.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 43

• Brown, Joan (1996). Simon the Pointer. Viking US. ISBN 0-670-86662-8.

• Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3. • Ellis, Mel (1985). Run, Rainey, Run. Top Dogs: Northword Publishing. ISBN 0-942802-11-X.

• Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). The new Encyclopedia of the Dog. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130- 7.

• Marder, Amy, VMD (2004). The Complete Dog Owner's Manual. Fog City Press. ISBN 1-74089-313-1. • Maxwell, C Bede (1982)“The New German Shorthaired Pointer”Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-157-3.

• Palmer, Joan (1994). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Wellfleet Press. ISBN 0-7858-0030-1. • Rollston, Dr. Christopher A. “A Brief History of the German Shorthair (Deutsch Kurzhaar).”_Shorthair Journal_ Volume 7 Issue 6 (2006):8-10.

• Schuler, Elizabeth Meriwether (ed.) (1980). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Dogs. Fireside: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-25527-4.

9.8 External links

• German Shorthaired Pointer at DMOZ Chapter 10

German Spaniel

The , also known as the Deutscher Wachtelhund (German quail dog), is a breed of dog that was developed in Germany around 1890, and is used as a hunting dog. Descended from the old German breed, the Stoeberer (lit. “rummager”), which became popular with commoners following the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, who required a versatile hunting dog. Stoeberer is now a type of hunting dog in Germany with the Wachtelhund being its sole member. The breed is not very well known outside of Germany, but was recognised by the United Kennel Club in 1996. A well built breed, its coat comes in brown shades with occasional white markings. It can be trained to retrieve game, as well as for tracking. It is related to the Small Münsterländer (″Heidewachtel″) and the , all of which are descendants from the quail dog that at least date back to the 15th century.

10.1 History

Frederick Roberth, a German dog breeder, is credited with creating the modern Deutscher Wachtelhund around 1890. While several breeds feature in its makeup, the most prominent dog breed to be bred into the modern breed is the now extinct Stoeberer. The Stoeberer has been mentioned in literature as far back as 1719, and was thought to have a nose as powerful as a Bloodhound. Following the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the common man in the German states was allowed to hunt and needed a versatile hunting dog; this dog was the Stoeberer. In the late 19th century when Roberth was working on his new breed, he found specimens of the Stoeberer in Bavaria, and these dogs were crossed with water dogs and sporting to become the modern German Spaniel.*[1] In 1903, the Deutscher Wachtelhund was recognised as a breed, and following this the German breed club, the Verein fur Deutsche Wachtelhund (VDW), was organised. The term Stoeberer has since become a category of hunting dog in Germany with the Wachtelhund being the sole member of that category.*[1] In 1910, the VDW selected four male dogs and seven female dogs upon which to base the breed standard for the Wachtelhund. These dogs were selected from all over Germany, one coming from each region with two coming from Hannover. All of the modern registered German Spaniels today are descended from these eleven dogs.*[2] John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain owned a German Spaniel named Pincher, thought to be his favourite dog, which was painted by Edwin Henry Landseer.*[3] The dog originally belonged to his son William Henry, but became his constant companion. Lord Eldon would write of Pincher's behaviour in correspondence, for example to Lady F. J. Bankes in December 1831, “When I got to Southampton, Pincher, who sends his kindest regards, marched up to the bed-room, in which I slept the last two times I was there. The chambermaid provided another room for me, the house being full of company, there being a ball at Southampton. Pincher was uneasy at this, and out of humour, and if he could speak, he would not have allowed it.”*[4] Following Lord Eldon' death, a sum was left to his daughter Lady Frances specifically to pay for the care of the dog.*[5] Not usually kept as pets, these dogs owned by German foresters and professional hunters. In the 1960s and 70s several German Spaniels were imported into the United States, and descendants of those dogs are now used in Canada to track down and flush out .*[1] A further pair of dogs were brought to the United States in 1994, and the United Kennel Club recognised the breed in 1996, placing it in the Gundog Group.*[6] There is thought to be about 100 German Spaniels in .*[1]

44 10.2. DESCRIPTION 45

A German Spaniel photographed in 1915.

10.2 Description

The Deutscher Wachtelhund is a strong boned, muscular, medium sized gundog with long thick wavy hair. It is solidly-built which allows it to retrieve heavy game such as hares and foxes. The ears are fairly long and should reach from half way to the nose, to the tip of the nose. The size is approximately 18–21 inches (46–53 cm) at the withers.*[1] Body length, from the nose to the base of the tail is twice the length of the dogs height. Average weight for both males and females of the breed is between 44–66 pounds (20–30 kg).*[1] The coat is short and fine on the head, and long on the body, where it is strong, thick, wavy or curly, with enough undercoat to provide protection. It has a well feathered coat which is usually either brown or brown roan. Although brown, it can have white markings chest and/or legs, and may have white ticking anywhere on its body.*[1] Other colors that the coat can come in include red and white, and solid red. Plain black coats do not occur in the breed.*[7]

10.3 Temperament

The Deutscher Wachtelhund is a versatile . *[8] They are lively with a very strong hunting instinct and have a friendly attitude towards humans and other dogs. The Wachtelhund is quick to learn and adapt to new situations and has a great deal of courage. While not able to match the abilities of more specialized spaniels and retrievers they are able to hunt upland game, retrieve, track and blood trail large game successfully, making them popular among hunters who need a dog able to fulfil many roles adequately.

10.4 Outside Germany

This breed has gained numbers in along with the increase of the wild boar population in the south of the country, as well as the creation of with native spitzhounds to produce tough and brave dogs that will both 46 CHAPTER 10. GERMAN SPANIEL

A modern German Spaniel give chase and “stop”or “stand down”the boar giving the hunter the chance to sneak in to kill the prey. They will also give a death bark or take down wounded game if trained to.

10.5 References

Specific

[1] “German Spaniel Information”. Sarah's Dogs. Retrieved 29 January 2011.

[2] Pepe, Dave. “What is A Deutscher Wachtelhund?". Deutscher Wachtelhund of North America. Retrieved 29 January 2011.

[3] The Literary Gazette; A Journal of the Belles Letters, It's Sciences &c for the year 1840. London: Moyles and Barcy. 1840. p. 348.

[4] Twiss, Horace (1844). The Public and Private Life of Chancellor Eldon III. London: John Murray. p. 161.

[5] Tait's Edinburgh Magazine XI. Edinburgh: William Tait. 1844. p. 661.

[6] “Deutscher Wachtelhund (German Spaniel) Revised July 1, 2009”. United Kennel Club. Retrieved 29 January 2011.

[7] Kienle, Armin. “Der Deutsche Wachtelhund - ein Porträt der Rasse”(PDF) (in German). Verein fur Deutsche Wachtel- hund. Retrieved 29 January 2011.

[8] “German Spaniel - Royal Canin”. Royal Canin. Retrieved 3 November. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) 10.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 47

A three-month-old puppy, showing the variation in the shades of color in the breed

General

Deutscher Wachtelhund of North America, http://www.deutscherwachtelhund.org wachtelhund

10.6 External links

• German Spaniel at DMOZ Chapter 11

German Spitz

German Spitz is used to refer to both a breed of dog and category or type of dog. Several modern breeds have been developed from the German Spitz, and are either registered as separate breeds or as varieties of German Spitz. All the German Spitz type dogs are dogs of the Spitz type of German origin. The Großspitz, Mittelspitz, and Kleinspitz breeds of German Spitz type are also called the German Spitz in English.

11.1 The German Spitz breed

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes the German Spitz (Deutscher Spitz) under Group 5, Section 4, European Spitz. The Deutscher Spitz is one breed; names differentiate sizes and colour:*[1]

• Keeshond or Wolfsspitz - wolf grey with black points; 49 ± 6 centimetres (19.3 ± 2.4 in) at withers; ca. 20 kilograms (44 lb).

• Großspitz (Giant/Large Spitz) - white, brown or black; 46 ± 4 centimetres (18.1 ± 1.6 in) at withers; 15 to 20 kilograms (33 to 44 lb).

• German Spitz (Mittel) (Medium/Standard Spitz, incl. ) - black, white, cream, brown, sable, parti-colour and more; 34 ± 4 centimetres (13.4 ± 1.6 in) at withers; 7 to 10 kilograms (15 to 22 lb).

• German Spitz (Klein) (Miniature Spitz) - white, brown or black, orange, grey-shaded and other colours; 26 ± 3 centimetres (10.2 ± 1.2 in) at withers; 4 to 5 kilograms (8.8 to 11.0 lb).

• Zwergspitz (Dwarf Spitz) or Pomeranian - orange, cream, black, white, sable, parti-colour, etc. 20 ± 2 cen- timetres (7.87 ± 0.79 in) at withers; 3 kilograms (6.6 lb).

11.2 The German Spitz type

Since there is no one German Spitz breed type,“German Spitz”can also be considered a subtype of the Spitz. Dogs descended or bred from various German Spitze are included in this grouping. The Wolfspitz is also called the Keeshond and is registered as a separate breed by the Kennel Club (UK) and other registries. The Großspitz (Grossespitz) or Giant Spitz is 46 ± 4 centimetres (18.1 ± 1.6 in) high and weighs 15 to 20 kilograms (33 to 44 lb). The Keeshond and the Giant Spitz are divided primarily by colour, though the Keeshond tends to have a fuller coat and is taller and heavier. The Mittelspitz or Medium/Standard Spitz is the ancestor of, and is sometimes taken to include, the American Eskimo Dog. The American Eskimo Dog is allowed to be registered as Mittelspitz by some registries. Only the Canadian Kennel Club and the two major American kennel clubs recognize the American Eskimo Dog as a separate breed. The German Spitz (Klein) (sometimes known as the Kleinspitz) is allowed more colours than the larger German Spitz under the Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard. The Japanese Spitz, also bred from the German Spitz, is very similar to the Spitz Klein but is limited to the white colour and has a different breed history. The Zwergspitz, the Pomeranian, is also registered as a separate breed in the UK and North America.

48 11.2. THE GERMAN SPITZ TYPE 49

An orange Miniature German Spitz (Klein), 9 months-old.

The Kennel Club (UK) and the Australian Kennel Club recognize only the Kleinspitz and Mittelspitz. In those coun- tries the Grossespitz is not recognized, and the Pomeranian (Zwergspitz) and Keeshond (Wolfspitz) are separate breeds. In many countries the Miniature (Klein) Spitz is also confused with the Pomeranian (Zwergspitz). Some registries and breed clubs allow various sizes of German Spitz to be interbred, others do not. 50 CHAPTER 11. GERMAN SPITZ

11.3 Appearance

German Spitz are similar in appearance but vary in colour. The German Spitz is usually Black, /Cream and black or White-ish, but the Standard, Small and Dwarf can have various colour combinations as well. All German Spitzen have a wolf/-like head, double coat, highset triangular ears and a tail that is curled over the back. Although the Kleinspitz and the Pomeranian look alike, they are not the same dog. Also, although the American Eskimo Dog and Japanese Spitz look almost alike, they are in fact two different breeds with different lineages and breed histories.

11.4 History

German Spitz, like all spitzen, have many physical features found in oldest stone age fossil dogs in Central Europe, leading experts at the time to believe that the spitz is the oldest dog type. However, modern genetic evidence places them in a much more recent lineage, dating the Wolfsspitz-type to the 1800s.*[2] The German Spitz was later brought to America, and was renamed American Eskimo Dog due to the widespread anti-German sentiment during World War I, although other breeds (“White ”and Pomeranians, along with Japanese Spitz) were also used in the formation of the breed. The American Kennel club recognizes the breeds as separate.

11.5 References

[1] Fédération Cynologique Internationale website (accessed 06 September 2010)

[2] Ostrander, Elaine A. (September–October 2007). “Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species”. American Scientist (online). www.americanscientist.org. pp. also see chart page 4. Retrieved 2008-09-22.

11.6 External links

• German Spitz World in the UK

• German Spitz Breeders & Owners Club in the UK Chapter 12

German Wirehaired Pointer

The German Wirehaired Pointer is a medium to large-sized griffon type breed of dog developed in the 19th century in Germany for hunting. It became a leading gun dog in Germany in the later part of the 20th century. It is the result of the careful mixing of the griffon, Deutscher Stichelhaar, Deutscher Kurzhaar, and the hunting in the late 19th century.

12.1 Description

12.1.1 Appearance

The German Wirehaired pointer is a well muscled, medium to large-sized dog of distinctive appearance. Balanced in size and sturdily built, the breed's most distinguishing characteristics are its weather resistant, wire-like coat and its facial furnishings. Typically pointer in character and style, the German wirehaired pointer is an intelligent, energetic and determined hunter. The tail is typically docked to two-fifths of the natural length. In countries where docking is prohibited the tail should be of sufficient length to reach down to the hocks. Like all German pointers, they have webbed feet. This dog is sometimes confused with the .

Coat

The functional wiry coat is the breed's most distinctive feature. A dog must have a correct coat to be of correct type. The coat is weather resistant and, to some extent, water-repellent. The undercoat is dense enough in winter to insulate against the cold but is so thin in summer as to be almost invisible. The distinctive outer coat is straight, harsh, wiry and flat lying, and is from one to two inches in length. The outer coat is long enough to protect against the punishment of rough cover, but not so long as to hide the outline of the dog. On the lower legs the coat is shorter and between the toes it is of softer texture. On the skull the coat is naturally short and close fitting. Over the shoulders and around the tail it is very dense and heavy. The tail is nicely coated, particularly on the underside, but devoid of feather. Eyebrows are of strong, straight hair. Beard and whiskers are medium length. The hairs in the liver patches of a liver and white dog may be shorter than the white hairs. A short smooth coat, a soft woolly coat, or an excessively long coat is to be severely penalized when showing. While maintaining a harsh, wiry texture, the puppy coat may be shorter than that of an adult coat. The coat of the puppy should be shorter than 1 inch the adult coat should be kept at 1 inch long.

Gait

The dog should be evaluated at a moderate gait. The movement is free and smooth with good reach in the forequarters and good driving power in the hindquarters. The topline should remain firm.

12.1.2 Temperament

The German Wirehaired pointer is affectionate, lively, very determined, active and intelligent. Eager to learn and loyal to its family, it needs a handler who is consistent in approach. They like to be occupied, are vigorous and enjoy

51 52 CHAPTER 12. GERMAN WIREHAIRED POINTER working for their owners. They are friendly with those they know, but are naturally aloof with strangers and should be socialized at an early age.' This is one breed of dog that does not do well in a kennel environment. German Wirehaired pointers are happiest and most well behaved when they are part of the family and can spend time with their people. They can be rather willful and they like to roam. Powerful and energetic, they can become bored and hard to manage without enough exercise. The German Wirehaired pointer is a good all-around gun dog, able to hunt any sort of game on any sort of terrain. This dog has a good nose and can track, point, and retrieve on both land and water. Loyal and playful, the German Wirehaired Pointer thrives on human companionship. These dogs should have the correct temperament to live with children of all ages.*[3]

12.1.3 Color

The Colors are: Solid liver, black and white ticked, liver and white ticked.However, any black in the coat is to be severely penalized in USA Only.Black roan brown roan are accepted by the official German Breed club*[4]

12.2 Health

Von Willebrands Disease type 2, hip dysplasia, heart disease.

12.3 History

German Wirehaired pointers trace their origins back to 1880. They originated in Germany, where breeders wanted to develop a rugged, versatile hunting dog that would work closely with either one person or a small party of persons hunting on foot in varied terrain; from the mountainous regions of the Alps, to dense forests, to more open areas with farms and small towns. The breed the Germans desired had to have a coat that would protect the dogs when working in heavy cover or in cold water, yet be easy to maintain. Careful crosses of the German pointer with many other breeds. Sources differ on the exact lineage, though the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Pudelpointer, Stichelhaar, and Deutscher-Kurzhaar are commonly accepted as the most likely contributors. This is a dog that can fully respond to the needs of its hunter. The goal was to develop a wire-coated, medium-sized dog that could:

• Search for, locate and point upland game

• Work both feather and fur with equal skill and retrieve water fowl

• Be a close-working, easily trained gun dog

• Be able to track and locate wounded game

• Be fearless when hunting “sharp”game such as fox

• Be a devoted companion and pet; and

• Be a watchdog for its owner's family and property.

Some consider the“Drahthaar”to be a different type of dog than the German wirehaired pointer. While the breeds are genetically indistinguishable,“drahts”have to meet rigorous hunt and show tests before being eligible for breeding. These tests include tracking wounded game such as fox, rabbit, deer and boar, which may not be required of a dog that hunts birds predominantly. A desire to recover and retrieve game stands out in both styles of dog (GWP and Drahthaar). In double blind studies, the tracking capabilities of Drahthaar and GWP's has shown to be statistically indistinguishable. For upland (i.e. non-waterfowl) bird work, many GWPs have distinguished themselves with all-breed Field Cham- pionships and Master Hunter titles. Unlike many sporting breeds, there is no “breed split”with Wirehairs (though individuals have varying talents). Dual Championships (both field and show) are not uncommon in the breed. 12.4. SEE ALSO 53

12.4 See also

• German shorthaired pointer

• German longhaired pointer

12.5 References

[1] “Individual Breed Results for Dog Health Survey”. The Kennel Club.

[2] Proschowsky, H. F.; Rugbjerg, H.; Ersbøll, A. K. R. (2003). “Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark” . Preventive Veterinary Medicine 58 (1–2): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2. PMID 12628771.

[3] “German Wirehaired Pointer AKC”. www.akc.org.

[4] “German Wirehaired Pointer Breed Standard”. American Kennel Club. 2007. Retrieved 2012-10-15.

12.6 External links

• German Wirehaired Pointer at DMOZ Chapter 13

Giant Schnauzer

The Giant Schnauzer is a working breed of dog developed in the 17th century in Germany. It is the largest of the three breeds of Schnauzer, with the other two breeds being the Standard Schnauzer and the Miniature Schnauzer. Numerous breeds were used in its development, including the black Great Dane, the , and the German Pinscher. Originally bred to assist on farms by driving to market and guarding the farmer's property, the breed eventually moved into the city, where it worked guarding breweries, butchers' shops, stockyards and factories. It was unknown outside of Bavaria until it became popular as a military dog during World War I and World War II. They have dense coarse coat that protects them from the weather and from vermin. Giant come in two color patterns: Solid black, and a color known as pepper and salt, where banded hairs of alternating white and black, appearing gray hairs at a distance. Where legal, they are shown with cropped ears and docked tails. Like other schnauzers, they have a distinct beard and eyebrows. Today, the Giant Schnauzer participates in numerous dog sports, including Schutzhund. It is also used as a .

13.1 History

The first Giant Schnauzers emerged from Swabia in the German state of Bavaria, and Württemberg in the 17th cen- tury.*[5]*[6] These original Giant Schnauzers were considered a rough-coated version of the German pinscher breeds, and their hair was thought to help them withstand the harsh German winters and bites from vermin.*[1] The origins of the breed are unclear, but sources speculate it originated through some combination of black Great Danes,*[1] German Shepherds,*[1] ,*[1] Dobermans,*[1] Boxers,*[1] Bouvier des Flandres,*[1] Thuringian Shep- herds,*[2] and the Standard Schnauzer.*[2] The Giant Schnauzer was originally bred as a multipurpose farm dog for guarding property and driving animals to market.*[7] By the turn of the 20th century the Giant Schnauzer was being used as a watchdog at factories, breweries, butcheries, and stockyards throughout Bavaria.*[1]*[6] It was unknown outside Bavaria until it was used as a military dog in World War I and World War II.*[1]*[6] The first Giant Schnauzers were imported to America in the 1930s, but they remained rare until the 1960s,*[8] when the breed became popular. In 1962, there were 23 new Giant Schnauzers registered with the American Kennel Club; in 1974 this number was 386; in 1984 it was over 800 and in 1987 is was around 1000 animals.*[9] In 2012, there were 94 new dogs registered, down from 95 in 2011.*[10] In modern times, the Giant Schnauzer is used as a police dog; is trained for obedience, , herding, search and rescue, and schutzhund; and is shown in conformation shows.*[6]*[8] They are also used for carting.*[7] In Europe, the breed is considered to be more of a working dog than a .*[9] The focus in many European Schnauzer clubs is not so much on conformation shows, but on the working ability of the breed.*[9] In several countries, including Germany, dogs must achieve a Schutzhund Champion title before they can qualify to be a conformation champion.*[9]

54 13.2. DESCRIPTION 55

Two Giant Schnauzers

13.2 Description

13.2.1 Appearance

Although the Giant Schnauzer is called 'Giant', this is not in comparison to other large dog breeds such as the Great Dane or the Rottweiler, but instead in comparison to the Standard and Miniature Schnauzers.*[1] The AKC breed standard calls for males to stand from 25.5 to 27.5 inches (65 to 70 cm) at the withers, and for females to stand from 23.5 to 25.5 inches (60 to 65 cm).*[5] Giant Schnauzers are square in shape,*[3] and should resemble a larger version of the Standard Schnauzer.*[6] The tail is long and the ears are small button ears carried high on the head.*[7] Where it is legal, it is possibly docked and the ears cropped.*[3] The head is 1/2 the length of the dog's back, when the back is measured from the withers to the base of the tail.*[6] The cheeks are flat, but well muscled.*[6] The coat is dense, wiry, and weather resistant.*[3]*[5] The fur on the Giant Schnauzer's face forms a distinct “beard”and eyebrows.*[6] Its stride is long and crisp.*[2] Giant Schnauzers come in two colors: solid black, and a pattern called pepper and salt, where banded hairs of black and white hairs cover the body, giving it the appearance of having been peppered and salted.*[5]

13.2.2 Temperament

Giant Schnauzers are usually a quiet breed.*[2] Due to its breeding, the Giant Schnauzer is inherently suspicious of strangers and can be very territorial.*[1]*[2] Once introduced, it is usually accepting of novel people or situations.*[1] It has the potential to be aggressive,*[1] but Giant Schnauzers are usually reserved*[2] - they are“amiable in repose, and a commanding figure when aroused”*[6] Giant Schnauzers have been described as trustworthy with children.*[2] They are very intelligent, and can become bored easily.*[1] They are also very energetic and highly spirited,*[6] which, when coupled with boredom, can lead to unwanted and destructive behavior.*[1] They are easily trained, and deeply loyal to their owner.*[6] Some breeders believe that pepper and salt colored Giant Schnauzers are more docile than their black-furred counterparts.*[4] 56 CHAPTER 13. GIANT SCHNAUZER

The Giant Schnauzer should be “amiable in repose, and a commanding figure when aroused”*[6]

13.3 Health

Giant Schnauzers require regular grooming.*[5] Their beard can collect drool and food particles, making frequent cleanings essential.*[11] If being shown, their coat needs to be stripped every two to four weeks.*[7] If they are simply a companion animal, the coat can be clipped instead.*[7] Some Giant Schnauzers have an allergy to shampoo.*[12] Hip and elbow dysplasia are common.*[3]*[7] Giant Schnauzers are also prone to eye problems such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, cataracts, multifocal retinal dysplasia, and generalized progressive retinal atrophy.*[12] They are also prone to skin diseases, such as seasonal flank alopecia, , and follicular cysts.*[12] Cancer of the skin is com- mon in dark-colored dogs, with the most frequently occurring varieties being of the limbs and digits, and squamous cell carcinoma of the digit.*[12] This susceptibility occurs because melanoma is caused by a defect in the melanocytes, the cells that darken the color of the skin.*[13] Noncancerous skin tumors are also common.*[12] Some Giant Schnauzers develop central diabetes insipidus, autosomal recessive hypothyroidism, selective malabsorption of cobalamin, narcolepsy, cataplexy, and various seizure disorders.*[7]*[12] Some are also sensitive to sulphonamides and gold.*[12] Bone diseases and joint problems are also an issue.*[14] The most common causes of death in Giant Schnauzers are lymphoma and liver cancer, followed by heart attacks and heart failure.*[15]

13.4 See also

• Standard Schnauzer

• Miniature Schnauzer

13.5 References

[1] Stahlkuppe, Joe; Earle-Bridges, Michele (March 1, 2002). Giant Schnauzers: Everything About Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Training, and Wellness. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–11. ISBN 0-7641-1884-6. OCLC 47289437. Retrieved February 9, 2013. 13.5. REFERENCES 57

Riesenschnauzer or Giant Schnauzer

[2] Rice, Dan (March 1, 2001). Big Dog Breeds. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-7641- 1649-5. OCLC 44860848. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[3] Kern, Kerry V.; Vriends, Matthew M. (1988). The New Terrier Handbook: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, Behavior, and Training. New York: Barron's Educational Series. p. 115. ISBN 0-8120-3951-3. OCLC 17508196. Retrieved February 3, 2013.

[4] Welton, Michele (October 15, 2000). Your Purebred Puppy, Second Edition: A Buyer's Guide, Completely Revised and Updated. Neptune City, NJ: Macmillan. p. 137. ISBN 0-7938-3094-X. OCLC 50295276. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[5] “Giant Schnauzer”. AKC Meet The Breeds. American Kennel Club. Retrieved February 3, 2013.

[6] Giant Schnauzer. The Complete Dog Book: 20th Edition (Random House Digital, Inc). December 18, 2007. ISBN 978-0- 345-47626-5. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[7] Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs - The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, Inc. pp. 250–251. ISBN 0-470-00921-7.

[8] “The Westminster Kennel Club | Breed Information: Giant Schnauzer”. The Westminster Kennel Club. 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[9] Brown, Catherine (1988). “Origin and History of the Giant Schnauzer”. Giant Schnauzer Club of America. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[10] “AKC DOG REGISTRATION STATISTICS”. American Kennel Club. 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[11] Bailey, Gwen (March 6, 2009). “Giant Schnauzer”. Training Your Superdog. Penguin. p. 40. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[12] Gough, Alex; Thomas, Alison (2004). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. Oxford, UK; Ames, Iowa, USA; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 133–137. ISBN 1-4051-0748-0.

[13] “Cancer in Canines”. Airedale Health Foundation. Retrieved July 27, 2013. 58 CHAPTER 13. GIANT SCHNAUZER

[14] Stall, Sam (April 28, 2005). “Schnauzer (Giant)". The Good Bad, and the Furry: Choosing the Dog That's Right for You. Quirk Books. pp. 169–170. Retrieved February 3, 2013.

[15] “Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Giant Schnauzers”(PDF). Report from the Kennel Club/ British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. The Kennel Club. August 18, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2013.

13.6 External links

• Giant Schnauzer at DMOZ Chapter 14

Glen of Imaal Terrier

The (Irish: Brocaire Uí Mháil) is a breed of dog of the terrier category and one of four Irish terrier breeds. It is sometimes called the Irish Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Wicklow Terrier, and the name of the breed is often shortened by fanciers to just Glen. The breed originates in, and is named for, the Glen of Imaal in County Wicklow, Ireland. It was recognised first by the in 1934 and most recently by the American Kennel Club in 2004. Reportedly, the Glen's history began during the reign of Elizabeth I, who hired French and Hessian mercenaries to put down a rebellion in Ireland. After the conflict, many of these soldiers settled in the Wicklow area. They brought with them their low-slung hounds, which they bred with the local terrier stock, eventually developing a distinctive breed that became known as the Glen of Imaal Terrier. Glens were originally used for eradicating vermin such as rat, fox, badger, and otter, and also as a general-purpose farm dog for herding and family companionship. Unlike many other terriers, they are “strong dogs”rather than “sounders”̶they were bred to work mute to ground, going silently into dens after their quarry rather than barking at it to alert their handlers. In hunting trials, which used to be required by many kennel clubs for championships, Glens were disqualified if they sounded at the quarry. According to Irish lore, Glen of Imaal Terriers were also used as turnspit dogs to turn meat over fires for cooking. Evidence for this is scarce, and engravings of such dogs from the 19th century do not bear much resemblance to the Glen as it is known today. It is, regardless, repeated in many descriptions of the breed and often used in color commentary by dog show announcers. The breed almost died out before being revived in the early twentieth century by breeders in its homeland. Today, the Glen of Imaal Terrier is still one of the rarest breeds of dog*[1] (in the US, living registered animals number in the hundreds) and the least-known Irish terrier breed.

14.1 Appearance

A“big dog on short legs,”the Glen of Imaal Terrier is a dwarf breed. It is more substantial than might be expected from photographs; a typical adult Glen weighs about 36 pounds and stands 14”tall at the withers. The AKC breed standard specifies a height of 12”to 14”and a weight of “approximately”35 pounds for males and “somewhat less”for females, with a length-to-height ratio of 5:3. Many champion Glens are larger than breed standard, with some individuals exceeding 40 or even 45 pounds. With three growth stages, a Glen can take up to four years to reach full maturity. Glens have a large head, with rose or half-prick ears; short, bowed legs; and a straight topline that rises slightly toward the tail. The shoulders, chest, and hips are sturdy and muscular, and the front feet are turned out. The breed is considered unrefined, with antique features that were common in early terriers but which have since fallen out of favor with fanciers and breeders. On their back, Glens have a unique double coat: wiry with a soft undercoat. The head, sides, and legs have only the softer coat. The color of the coat may be wheaten or blue (usually with brindling), with both wheaten and blue encompassing a range of shades. Other colorings do occasionally occur in Glens (including a mixture of wheaten and blue referred to as “grizzle”and a “blue and tan”that is blue on top with wheaten furnishings) but these rare

59 60 CHAPTER 14. GLEN OF IMAAL TERRIER variations are not favored by fanciers.

Wheaten Glen of Imaal Terrier puppy with black highlights in coat

Wheaten Glen of Imaal puppies often have black highlights in their fur, and when young may show a“dorsal stripe” of darker fur down the middle of their backs, but this usually does not appear in their adult coat. The Glen of Imaal terrier does not molt or shed much, and needs to be brushed or combed every week or two to keep the soft coat in good condition and free of matting. It is also typical to strip excess hair from the hard coat two to four times per year; this “dead”hair pulls out easily and painlessly with the proper tools. Although some extra grooming is needed for showing (for example, the soft undercoat is often “carded”from the back to bring out the appearance of the darker wiry coat), the Glen is intended to have a “rough and ready” appearance, and show grooming requires less effort than in many other breeds. Glens should look tidy but natural, never manicured or clipped, in the conformation ring. Historically, the breed's tail was typically docked to a length just sufficient to serve as a handhold for pulling the dog out of a badger hole. Docking is still standard in the United States, though some breeders have stopped doing it, and an intact tail is not a fault in AKC conformation showing. Many countries, however, ban docking for showing completely. Ireland has banned showing of dogs whose tails were docked on or after March 6, 2014 (the procedure is also itself illegal with very limited exceptions). In the UK, working terriers can still be shown with docked tails, but dogs kept as pets cannot.

14.2 Health

A genetic test is available for progressive retinal atrophy (type crd3), a congenital disorder that gradually results in blindness beginning at about five years of age. As blindness from this cause did not become apparent until well into the breeding years, it was difficult to breed out this trait before the advent of the test. Completely eliminating the defective gene will be tricky even now, as breeding only clear-to-clear would severely restrict choices in an already small gene pool. It is possible, however, to produce litters that will never be affected by this type of PRA, even though some individuals in the litter may carry the gene, and responsible breeders are doing so. (Because the trait is 14.3. TEMPERAMENT AND BEHAVIOR 61

Blue brindle Glen of Imaal Terrier puppy recessive, animals with only one copy of the defective gene do not develop PRA.) Responsible breeders continue to test their animals' eyes annually to validate the test and to monitor for other eye problems. Heart problems are virtually nonexistent in the breed. Glen of Imaal Terriers suffer from allergies and skin itching especially on paws, the typical problem with paws is redness, itching and sores during spells of wet weather. *[2]*[3] Hip dysplasia, though occasionally seen, is usually mild and does not usually result in lameness due to the breed's typically muscular build. However, responsible breeders use OFA or PennHIP evaluations to ensure that their breeding stock's hips are healthy. Because they are achondroplastic and front-heavy with turned-out front feet, young Glens are particularly suscepti- ble to growth plate injuries that can significantly affect the development of front leg bones. Owners are advised to discourage their Glens from jumping off sofas, chairs, and beds until at least a year of age and to consult a vet at the first sign of limping. After the age of 12 months, Glens generally do best on a diet lower in protein than other breeds.

14.3 Temperament and behavior

Glen of Imaal terriers are energetic and tenacious, but they tend to be more even-tempered, more easygoing, and less vocal than most other terriers. While they love activity, they are not demanding, and are happy to relax by their owner's side. Their bark is deep and authoritative, like that of a much larger dog, and they are said to be good watch dogs. The “Glen sit,”in which the dog sits on its hind end and holds its entire body vertical, is a posture not commonly seen in other breeds. As terriers, Glens can have a stubborn streak, but they respond well to a firm hand and can withstand correction when necessary. They are intelligent, learn quickly, and socialize easily. They are typically fearless and loyal, and are superb with people, including children. However, some can be dog-aggressive, especially when provoked. By maturity, most Glens develop a high prey drive and will readily go for vermin such as rats, so they need to be well-socialized with other animals when young̶particularly with household pets that they might mistake for quarry, 62 CHAPTER 14. GLEN OF IMAAL TERRIER such as cats and rabbits. Glens often do well at Earthdog trials, Barn Hunt, and in agility. Although not typically strong swimmers due to their short legs, some Glens can work in water, and others have been trained to herd and drive sheep and cattle.

14.4 Relationship to other breeds

Though the exact origin of the Glen of Imaal Terrier is lost to history, some say that the breed may be related to the Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, another Irish terrier breed (in fact, some sources claim all Irish terrier breeds to be derived from the Soft-Coated Wheaten). The “low-slung hounds”in the Glen's heritage are sometimes held to be forerunners of the PBGV. Though it a passing resemblance to Scotland's , and even comes in two colors similar to the Dandie's “mustard”and “pepper,”it does not seem to be particularly closely related to that breed. Based on DNA evidence alone, the Glen of Imaal Terrier seems more closely related to the Molossers than to other small terriers.*[4]

14.5 References

[1] “World's Rarest Dog Breed”. PetMedsOnline.Org. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[2] http://www.yourpurebredpuppy.com/health/glenofimaalterriers.html

[3] http://www.freewebs.com/seriousproblem/glenhealth.htm#413371599

[4] Bridgett M. vonHoldt, John P. Pollinger, Kirk E. Lohmueller, Eunjung Han, Heidi G. Parker, Pascale Quignon, Jeremiah D. Degenhardt, Adam R. Boyko, Dent A. Earl, Adam Auton, Andy Reynolds, Kasia Bryc, Abra Brisbin, James C. Knowles, Dana S. Mosher, Tyrone C. Spady, Abdel Elkahloun, Eli Geffen, Malgorzata Pilot, Wlodzimierz Jedrzejewski, Claudia Greco, Ettore Randi, Danika Bannasch, Alan Wilton, Jeremy Shearman, Marco Musiani, Michelle Cargill, Paul G. Jones, Zuwei Qian, Wei Huang, Zhao-Li Ding, Ya-ping Zhang, Carlos D. Bustamante, Elaine A. Ostrander, John Novembre & Robert K. Wayne (8 April 2010). “Neighbour-joining trees of domestic dogs and grey wolves”. Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication. The Journal Nature. doi:10.1038/nature08837. Retrieved 13 May 2013.

14.6 External links

• Glen of Imaal Terrier at DMOZ 14.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 63

Glen of Imaal terrier demonstrating the “Glen sit”. Chapter 15

Golden Retriever

For other uses, see (disambiguation).

The Golden Retriever is a large-sized breed of dog bred as gun dogs to retrieve shot waterfowl such as ducks and upland game birds during hunting and shooting parties,*[1] and were named 'retriever' because of their ability to retrieve shot game undamaged. Golden Retrievers have an instinctive love of water, and are easy to train to basic or advanced obedience standards. They are a long-coated breed, with a dense inner coat that provides them with adequate warmth in the outdoors, and an outer coat that lies flat against their bodies and repels water. Golden Retrievers are well suited to residency in suburban or country environments. Although they need substantial outdoor exercise, they should be housed in a fenced area because of their instinctual tendency to roam.*[2] They shed copiously, particularly at the change of seasons, and require fairly regular grooming. The breed is a prominent participant in conformation shows for purebred dogs. The Golden Retrievers' intelligence makes them a versatile breed and allows them to fill a variety of roles – common ones being guide dog for the blind, for the deaf, hunting dog, , and search and rescue participant. The breed's friendly, gentle temperament means it is unsuited to being a professional guard dog, but its temperament has also made it the third- most popular family dog breed (by registration) in the United States,*[3] the fifth-most popular in Australia,*[4] and the eighth-most popular in the United Kingdom.*[5] Golden Retrievers are rarely choosy eaters, but require ample exercise (of two or more hours a day).*[6] The breed is fond of play but also highly trainable.

15.1 Characteristics

The Golden Retriever is a large, strongly built breed with a dense, water-repellant wavy coat.*[7] As a dog with origins in pedigree breeding, and due to its widespread historical popularity, some regional variations have emerged in the breed; therefore, the three subtypes of the Golden Retriever reflect the typical variations in dimensions and coat. However, all Golden Retrievers are blonde, yellow, or gold in colour and all subtypes are susceptible to the same health problems.*[8] Golden Retrievers also are very smart dogs that are loyal and friendly to their caregivers.

15.1.1 British type

British-type Golden Retrievers are prevalent throughout Europe and Australia,*[9] and are distinguished from the North American lines by the official breed standards. The muzzle of the British dog is wider and shorter, and its forehead is blockier. Its legs are shorter, its chest is deeper, and its tail is slightly shorter. Due to these features, a British type usually weighs more than an American or Canadian. Males stand between 56 and 61 cm (22 and 24 in) at the withers; females are slightly shorter, between 51 and 56 cm (20 and 22 in). Acceptable or expected weights are not specified in the UK standard, but the Kennel Club standard calls for a level topline and straight hindquarters without the slight rear angulation found in American lines.*[10]*[11] The eyes of the British type are noted for their roundness and darkness, which is in contrast to the triangular or slanted composition of their American counterparts. A Golden Retriever of British breeding can have a coat colour of any shade of gold or cream; red or mahogany are not permitted. Originally, cream was an unacceptable colour in the UK standard, but the standard was revised in 1936 to include cream. At the time of this revision, the exclusion of cream

64 15.1. CHARACTERISTICS 65

The Golden Retriever was first bred in Scotland. British-type Golden Retrievers are stockier than North American varieties, with thick coats and larger weights. as a colour was agreed to as a mistake, as the original“yellow”retrievers of the 19th century were actually lighter in colour than was permitted by the standards used before 1936. As with American lines, white is an unacceptable colour in the show ring.*[12] The British Kennel Club standard is used in all countries except the USA and Canada.*[11] Golden Retrievers have muscular bodies with great endurance, owing to their origins as hunting and gundogs.

15.1.2 American type

American Golden Retrievers are taller than the British type, but retain its thick coat. The American Goldens are lankier and less stocky than British types. Males stand between 23 and 24 in (58 and 61 cm) in height at the withers; females are 21.5 to 22.5 in (55 to 57 cm) tall. Their coats are dense and water-repellent, and occur in various shades of lustrous gold with moderate feathering. When trotting, they have a free, smooth, powerful, and well- coordinated gait; as the dog runs, its feet converge towards the center of the line of balance.*[13] The American standard also makes requirements about the proportion, substance, head and skull, neck, body, topline, forequarters, and hindquarters; in these respects, the American-type Retriever is the same as Golden Retrievers that conform to other national standards. American breeders of Golden Retrievers sometimes import their dogs from Britain to take advantage of the temperament and appearance of the British types.

15.1.3 Canadian type

The Canadian Golden Retriever has a thinner and darker coat and stands taller than other varieties. As with American Golden Retrievers, Canadians are often taller and leaner than their British counterparts.

15.1.4 Coat and colour

As indicated by their name, their coats occur in light golden to dark golden colours. The topcoat is water-resistant and slightly wavy, and sheds in small amounts throughout the year. The undercoat is soft and keeps the retriever cool in summer and warm in winter; it sheds in the spring and fall.*[14] It usually lies flat against the belly. The Golden's coat should never be too long, as this may prove to be a disservice to it in the field, especially when retrieving game.*[13] 66 CHAPTER 15. GOLDEN RETRIEVER

American Golden Retriever

Canadian Golden Retriever

Golden Retrievers have mild feathering on the backs of their fore legs and heaver feathering on the fronts of their necks, backs of their thighs and the bottoms of their tails.*[2] 15.1. CHARACTERISTICS 67

The American Kennel Club (AKC) standard states the coat is a“rich, lustrous golden of various shades”, disallowing extremely light or extremely dark coats. This leaves the outer ranges of coat colour up to a judge's discretion when competing in conformation shows. Therefore, “pure white”and “red”are unacceptable, as is black.*[12] The Kennel Club (UK) also permits cream as an acceptable coat colour.*[10] Judges may also disallow Goldens with pink noses, or those lacking pigment. The Golden's coat can also bea mahogany, referred to as“redhead”, although this is not accepted in the British show ring.*[10] As a Golden grows older, its coat can become darker or lighter, along with a noticeable whitening of the fur on and around the muzzle. Puppy coats are usually much lighter than their adult coats, but a puppy with darker ear tips may indicate a darker adult color.

• Golden Retrievers vary in colour, with a fair-haired dog shown here beside a mahogany one • The coat is “rich, lustrous golden of various shades” • A four-month-old white golden retriever • A light golden puppy • A dark golden coat

15.1.5 Temperament

The Golden Retriever is instinctively fond of swimming, owing to its history as a game retriever.

The temperament of the Golden Retriever is a hallmark of the breed, and is described in the standard as “kindly, friendly and confident”.*[10] Golden Retrievers make good family pets, particularly as they are patient with chil- dren.*[2] They are not “one-man dogs”and are generally equally amiable with both strangers and those familiar to them.*[15] Their trusting, gentle disposition makes them a poor guard dog.*[16] Any form of unprovoked aggression or hostility towards either people, dogs or other animals, whether in the show ring or community, is considered un- acceptable in a Golden Retriever and is not in keeping with the character of the breed, nor should a Golden Retriever be unduly timid or nervous.*[13]*[15] The typical Golden Retriever is calm, naturally intelligent and biddable, and with an exceptional eagerness to please. 68 CHAPTER 15. GOLDEN RETRIEVER

Golden Retrievers are also noted for their intelligence. The breed ranks fourth in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs – following the Border , , and German Shepherd – as one of the brightest dogs ranked by obedience-command trainability. Typical Golden Retrievers are active and fun-loving animals with the exceptionally patient demeanour befitting a dog bred to sit quietly for hours in a hunting blind. Adult Goldens love to work, and have a keen ability to focus on a given task. They will work until they collapse, so care should be taken to avoid overworking them. Other characteristics related to their hunting heritage are a size suited for scrambling in and out of boats and an inordinate love for water. Golden Retrievers are exceptionally trainable̶due to their intelligence, athleticism and desire to please their handlers̶and excel in obedience trials. They are also very competitive in agility and other performance events. Harsh training methods are unnecessary, as Golden Retrievers often respond very well to positive and upbeat training styles.*[17] Golden Retrievers are compatible with other dogs, cats, and most livestock. They are particularly valued for their high level of sociability towards people, calmness, and willingness to learn. Because of this, they are commonly used as guide dogs, mobility assistance dogs, and search and rescue dogs.

Newborn Golden Retriever puppies, shown here suckling: Golden Retriever litters typically contain five to 10 puppies.

15.2 Health and lifespan

The average lifespan for a Golden Retriever is about 11 to 12 years.*[18]*[19]*[20] They are susceptible to specific ailments, so should be taken to a veterinarian for yearly checkups. Golden Retrievers are known to have genetic disorders and other diseases. Hip dysplasia is common in the breed; when buying a puppy, the pedigree should be known and be examined by the OFA or by PennHIP for hip disease. Obesity is also common in the breed because Golden Retrievers love to eat. Puppies should eat about three cups of food a day and adults three to five cups, depending on the food and how active the dog is.*[14] 15.3. ACTIVITIES 69

Like most large breeds of dog, Goldens have an abundance of energy and require plenty of exercise. They excel at dog agility.

15.2.1 Common health problems

Cancer, the most common being hemangiosarcoma, followed by lymphosarcoma, mast cell tumour, and , was the cause of death for 61.4% of American Goldens according to a 1998 health study conducted by the Golden Retriever Club of America, making it the breed's biggest killer.*[18] A 2004 survey by the UK Kennel Club puts this number at 38.8%.*[19] Although most puppies are screened for the disorders before being sold (by reputable breed- ers), hip and elbow dysplasia afflict one-fifth of dogs.*[21]*[22] Eye diseases are also possible in the breed; cataracts are the most common eye disease,*[21] but they can also be afflicted with progressive retinal atrophy, glaucoma, distichiasis,*[23] ,*[23] corneal dystrophy,*[23] and retinal dysplasia.*[23] They may suffer from heart disease, especially subvalvular aortic stenosis,*[21] and cardiomyopathy and joint dis- eases, including patella luxation, osteochondritis, panosteitis, and cruciate ligament rupture. In addition to the heavy shedding they experience (and their constant lighter shedding throughout the year), Golden Retrievers can suffer from skin diseases; the most prevalent skin problem is allergies (often leading to acute moist dermatitis or "hot spots"), with the most common allergy being to fleas.*[18] They can also suffer from seborrhoea, sebaceous adenitis, and self-inflicted lick granuloma. Haemophilia*[24] and Lyme disease is possible, although the latter is not typically detected until the dog reaches the late stages of kidney failure.

15.2.2 Grooming

Golden Retrievers require regular grooming and occasional baths.*[25] They should be groomed at least once a week, and every day during heavy shedding. They should be bathed every two months. Their coats shed somewhat during the year, but are known to shed profusely twice a year. They also need to have their ears cleaned regularly, or ear infections might occur. While shedding is unavoidable, frequent grooming (daily to weekly) lessens the amount of hair shed by the animal. Severe shedding resulting in bald patches can be indicative of stress or sickness. 70 CHAPTER 15. GOLDEN RETRIEVER

Golden Retriever

A Golden Retriever

15.3 Activities

The Golden Retriever's eagerness to please has made it a consistent, top performer in the obedience and agility rings. Its excellent swimming ability makes it proficient at dock jumping. A natural retrieving ability means it is also competitive in flyball and field trials.*[26] 15.4. ORIGINS AND HISTORY 71

The first three dogs ever to achieve the AKC Obedience Champion title were Golden Retrievers; the first of the three was a female named 'Ch. Moreland's Golden Tonka'.*[27] Since Golden Retrievers are so trainable, they are used for many important jobs, such as guide dogs for blind people, drug or bomb sniffing at airports, or helping to rescuing people from earthquakes and other natural disasters.*[14] This breed is also used in water rescue/lifesaving, along with the Leonberger, Newfoundland and Labrador Retriever dogs.*[28]

15.4 Origins and history

The Golden Retriever was originally bred in Scotland in the mid-19th century.*[1]*[26] At that time, wildfowl hunting was a popular sport for the wealthy Scottish elite, but the existing retriever breeds were inadequate for retrieving downed game from both water and land. Retrieving from both land and water was necessary because the hunting grounds of the time were pocketed with marshy ponds and rivers. Consequently, the best water spaniels were crossed with the existing retrievers, resulting in the establishment of the breed today known as the Golden Retriever.*[29] The Golden Retriever was first developed near Glen Affric in Scotland, at “Guisachan”, the highland estate of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth.*[30] For many years, what breeds were originally crossed was disputed, but in 1952, the publication of Marjoribanks' breeding records from 1835 to 1890 dispelled the myth concerning the purchase of a whole troupe of Russian tracker sheepdogs from a visiting circus, instead it details a careful line- breeding program.*[26] Commonly, the breed is said to have originated from the Russian tracker.*[31]*[32] Improvements in guns during the 1800s resulted in more fowl being downed during hunts at greater distances and over increasingly difficult terrain, leading to more birds being lost in the field. Because of this improvement in firearms, a need for a specialist retriever arose, as training setter and pointer breeds in retrievals was found to be ineffective. Thus, work began on the breeding of the dog to fill this much-needed role.*[15] The original cross was of a yellow-coloured retriever, 'Nous', with a female dog, 'Belle'.*[33] The Tweed Water Spaniel is now extinct, but was then common in the border country. Marjoribanks had purchased Nous in 1865 from an unregistered litter of otherwise black wavy-coated retriever pups. In 1868, this cross produced a litter that included four pups; these four became the basis of a breeding program which included the Irish Setter, the sandy-coloured Bloodhound, the St. John's water dog of Newfoundland, and two more wavy-coated black retrievers. The bloodline was also inbred and selected for trueness to Marjoribanks' idea of the ultimate hunting dog. His vision included a more vigorous and powerful dog than previous retrievers, one that would still be gentle and trainable. Russian sheepdogs are not mentioned in these records, nor are any other working dog breeds. The ancestry of the Golden Retriever is all sporting dogs, in line with Marjoribanks' goals. The Golden Retriever was active and powerful and had a gentle mouth for retrieving games while on hunts.*[2] Organisations other than clubs are dedicated to Golden Retrievers, such as breed-specific adoption sites. One such organisation is the Golden Retriever Club of Scotland, which in August 2013 assembled 222 Golden Retrievers at the historical home of the first Golden Retrievers.*[34]

15.4.1 In England

Golden Retrievers were first accepted for registration by The Kennel Club of England in 1903, as Flat Coats – Golden. They were first exhibited in 1908, and in 1911 were recognized as a breed referred to as Retriever (Golden and Yellow).

15.4.2 In the United States

It took another 14 years for the breed to be recognized in America, and in 1925, the American Kennel Club did so. In 1938, the Golden Retriever Club of America was founded.

15.4.3 In Canada

The Honourable Archie Marjoribanks took a Golden Retriever to Canada in 1881, and registered 'Lady' with the AKC in 1894. These are the first records of the breed in these two countries. The breed was first registered in Canada in 1927, and the Golden Retriever Club of Ontario (GRCO) was formed in 1958. The cofounders of the GRCO were 72 CHAPTER 15. GOLDEN RETRIEVER

Golden Retrievers were bred to retrieve, which has led to the soft mouth-grip it has today.

Cliff Drysdale, an Englishman who had brought over an English Golden, and Jutta Baker, daughter-in-law of Louis Baker, who owned Northland Kennels.*[35] The GCRO in later years expanded to become the Golden Retriever Club of Canada.

15.4.4 In Scotland

In July 2006, the Golden Retriever Club of Scotland organized a gathering of Golden Retriever enthusiasts at the ancestral home, Guisachan House. A photograph taken by photographer Lynn Kipps to commemorate the occasion captured 188 Golden Retrievers, so holds the record for most Golden Retrievers in one image.*[36] 15.5. REFERENCES 73

15.4.5 Notable dogs

Liberty, the presidential pet of President Gerald R. Ford,*[37] and Victory, the presidential pet of Ronald Rea- gan,*[38]*[39] were Golden Retrievers. The breed has also featured in a number of films and TV series, including the Air Bud film series, Full House, Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey and Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco, Fluke, Napoleon, Up, Pushing Daisies, The Drew Carey Show, and Cats & Dogs. Cash from The Fox and the Hound 2 was also a mix of this breed, as was Whopper from Pound Puppies.

15.5 References

[1] Sporting Breeds: Golden Retriever. Animal Forum.com. Retrieved on November 30, 2007.

[2] Dogs In Canada Annual Magazine (2010 issue)

[3] AKC Dog Registration Statistics. AKC.org Retrieved on July 20, 2011.

[4] “Pedigree Dogs Exposed – FAQ”. RSPCA Australia. Retrieved August 3, 2010.

[5] “Top twenty breeds in registration order for the years 2008 and 2009” (PDF). The Kennel Club. Retrieved August 1, 2010.

[6] The Kennel Club (2013). Breed information centre – Retriever (Golden). Retrieved on August 23, 2013.

[7]“Golden retriever”, 2003, in The Macmillan Encyclopedia, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom.

[8]Golden Retrieverʼ2005, in Black's Veterinary Dictionary, A&C Black, London, United Kingdom.

[9] ANKC Golden Retriever standard. ANKC. Retrieved on December 16, 2007.

[10] KC Golden Retriever standard. UK Kennel Club. Retrieved on November 30, 2007.

[11] American and the British Golden Retrievers – the same breed? Brighton Goldens.com. Retrieved on December 8, 2007.

[12] White Golden Retrievers Golden Retriever Club of America. Retrieved on January 27, 2008.

[13] American Kennel Club website, breed standards – Golden Retriever. American Kennel Club. Retrieved on February 4, 2007.

[14] Golden Retrievers/by Brekka Hervey Larrew

[15] Golden Retriever Extended Breed Standard: Origin of the Breed. ANKC.org.au Retrieved on December 16, 2007.

[16] Canada's Guide to Dogs: Golden Retriever. Canadasguidetodogs.com Retrieved on December 17, 2007.

[17] Golden Retriever. www.fetchdog.com Retrieved on September 16, 2008.

[18] The Golden Retriever Club of America, National Health Survey: 1998–1999 (PDF). The Golden Retriever Foundation. Retrieved on February 4, 2007.

[19] “2004 Purebred Dog Health Survey for Golden Retrievers” (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary As- sociation. Retrieved August 4, 2010.

[20] oʼNeill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). “Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England”. The Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020.

[21] Acquiring a Golden Retriever. The Golden Retriever Club of America. Retrieved on February 4, 2007.

[22] “Orthopedic Foundation for Animals”. Offa.org. Retrieved December 10, 2011.

[23] Golden retriever. University of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved on February 4, 2007.

[24] Project Outline: Golden Retriever Hemophilia A Study 2004–2005. Golden Retriever Club of America. Retrieved on February 7, 2007.

[25] Dogs In Canada Magazine (2010 issue)

[26] Golden Retrievers: History. K9web.com. Retrieved on November 30, 2007. 74 CHAPTER 15. GOLDEN RETRIEVER

[27] Golden Retriever Did You Know? AKC.org. Retrieved on December 7, 2007.

[28] “Bonewatch: The doggy lifeguards that leap from helicopters to save stranded swimmers”. Daily Mail (London). August 27, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[29] A Spot-it Guide to Dogs/by Mary Ross

[30] Baldwin, Lorna (August 7, 2013) Golden Retrievers GoHomeʼfor Gathering in Scottish Highlands Public Broadcasting System, Newshour, Retrieved July 4, 2014

[31]“A Complete Introduction to Golden Retrievers”, by Kerry V. Donnelly, p. 14

[32]“The guide to owning a golden retriever”, by Joanne P. Huxley, p. 2

[33] Golden Retrievers: Everything You Need To know. goldenretriever-dog.com

[34] Kloster, Ulla (August 13, 2013). “101 dalmatians? They've got nothing on us: 222 golden retrievers gather outside the Highland house where they originate”. Daily Mail (London).

[35] History. Golden Retriever Club of America. Cool Retrieved on February 4, 2007.

[36] “Golden Retriever Club of Scotland”. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

[37] Remarks at a Dinner Honoring William W. Scranton in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - The American Presidency Project at UCSB

[38] Stanley Coren, Why Does My Dog Act That Way?, Simon and Schuster, 2007, ISBN 0-7432-7707-4. pp 6.

[39] Stanley Coren, Why We Love the Dogs We Do: How to Find the Dog That Matches Your Personality, Simon and Schuster, 2000, ISBN 0-684-85502-X. pp. 5.

15.6 External links

• Golden Retriever at DMOZ Chapter 16

Gordon Setter

The is a large breed of dog, a member of the setter family that also includes both the better-known Irish Setter and the . Setter breeds are classified as members of either the Sporting or Gundog Group depending on the national kennel club or council. The original purpose of the breed was to hunt gamebirds. Their quarry in the United Kingdom, may be partridge or grouse, pheasant, ptarmigan, blackgame, snipe or woodcock: whilst overseas bird dogs are worked on quail, willow grouse, sand grouse, guinea fowl, sagehen, francolin and any other bird that will sit to a dog - that is to say, will attempt to avoid a potential predator by concealment rather than by taking to the wing at the first sign of danger. It is this combination of a bird that will sit fast in front of a dog that will remain on point that makes bird dog work possible.

16.1 Description

16.1.1 Appearance

Gordon setters, also known as "black and tans,”have a coal-black coat with distinctive markings of a rich chestnut or mahogany colour on their paws and lower legs, vents, throat, and muzzles; one spot above each eye; and two spots on their chest. A small amount of white is allowed on the chest. Although uncommon, red Gordons are occasionally born to normal-coloured parents, the result of expression of a recessive red gene. Predominantly tan, red, or buff dogs are ineligible for showing. A Gordon's coat is straight or slightly waved (but not curly), long and silky, with chest, stomach, ear, leg, and tail feathering. According to the AKC breed standard,“the bearing is intelligent, noble, and dignified.”They are the heaviest of the setter breeds, with males reaching 27 inches (69 cm) at the withers and up to 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight.

16.1.2 Temperament

The AKC describes the Gordon Setter temperament as “alert, interested, and confident. He is fearless and willing, intelligent, and capable. He is loyal and affectionate, and strong-minded enough to stand the rigors of training.” Gordons are intensely loyal to their owners; thrive in an attentive, loving environment; and are good family dogs. Puppies and adult dogs can be quite boisterous, and although they are patient by nature, may not be suitable for households with very young children. Gordons are sensitive and empathic, eager to learn, and need firm but gentle handling. Early socialisation and obedience training is important. They are known as great talkers. The breed is one of the slowest to mature, not hitting prime until three years of age or more, and will show puppy-like characteristics well into their older years. Gordons were bred to run, and require 60 to 80 minutes of vigorous exercise daily. Young dogs should not be over- exercised or begin agility training until they are at least 18 months old, to avoid joint problems later in life. Because of their hunting instincts, Gordons should not be allowed to roam freely if unsupervised, as they are apt to wander into a potentially dangerous traffic situation while following a scent.

75 76 CHAPTER 16. GORDON SETTER

Gordon Setter

16.2 Health

Although not as prone to hip dysplasia as many of the larger breeds, Gordons can suffer from the condition. Other health issues can include hypothyroidism, gastric torsion (bloat) and eye diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and cataracts. Life expectancy for the breed is generally about 10 to 12 years.*[1] At the beginning of 2009, a report was issued to all of the Breed Clubs in the UK concerning cases of late onset PRA in Gordon Setters. On March 14, 2011, Animal Health Trust (AHT) made a DNA test available.*[2] The mutation is termed rcd4 (for rod-cone degeneration 4) to distinguish it from other, previously described forms of rod-cone degeneration. It is recessive, and 19 out of the 21 Gordons in their study who had clinical signs of PRA were homozygous for this mutation, indicating it is the major cause of PRA in the breed. 16.3. HISTORY 77

Gordon Setter running

As many as 50% of Gordon Setters may be carriers.*[2]

16.3 History

16.3.1 Origins

Domesticated Dogs Finding Their Game By Scent, But Not Killing It, Being Chiefly Used In Aid Of The Gun. The Dog In Health & Disease - Longmans, Green & Co 1859 This is the title of the chapter covering pointers and setters in Stonehenge's work on dogs published around a hundred and fifty years ago. The term 'Gun Dogs' would pretty well cover all the dogs described in the chapter. Many of the gun dogs described by Stonehenge are no longer to be found in the United Kingdom or have been absorbed into one of the other breeds. The Russian Setter, the Welsh Setter, Northern Irish Water Spaniel, Southern Irish Water Spaniel and English Water Spaniel, the Spanish Pointer and the have all disappeared in the past hundred and fifty years, and the pictures of some of the breeds that are still with us show considerable differences to the breed as we see them today. Edward Laverick wrote in The Setter, published in 1872: 'the setter is but an improved spaniel'; while the Rev Pearce in The Dog, published in the same year, said, 'he is a direct descendant of the Spaniel: “a Setting Spaniel”was the first Setter'. Since then this is the generally agreed with conclusion that the Setter was primarily derived from the old Land Spaniel, so called so as to distinguish it from the Water Spaniel. It is however likely that outside crosses with Hounds or Pointers did influence its development. William Taplin in The Sportsman's Cabinet (1803–04) maintained that it was 'originally produced by a commixture between the Spanish pointer and the larger breed of the English spaniel'. We now really need not to go back to the Spaniel and its specialised development into the setting-dog, as it was called, and can be found in the work by the famous French sportsman, Gaston de Foix, Vicomte de Béarn (1331–91), who it is said owned about 1500 dogs 'brought from all countries of Europe' and was known as 'Gaston Phèbus' owing to his love for the chase. This work is called Livre de Chasse or Miroir de Phèbus, and was started in 1387. This work was the bases of The Master of Game written between 1406 and 1413 by Edward III's grandson, Edward, second Duke of York, who acknowledged his debt to de Foix. Below is the main passage referring to the Spaniel and the Setting-dog, as republished in 1904: 'Another kind of dog is that is called falcon-dog or spaniel [espaignols in the French original] 78 CHAPTER 16. GORDON SETTER

Gordon Setter 16.3. HISTORY 79

because it comes from Spain, notwithstanding that there are many in other countries.... 'A good spaniel should not be too rough, though his tail should be rough. The good qualities that such a dogs are these: They love well their masters and follow them without losing, although they be in a great crowd of men, and commonly they go before their master, running and wagging their tail, and raise or start fowl and wild beasts. But their right craft is of the partridge and of the quail. It is good for a man that has a noble goshawk, or a tierecel, or a sparrowhawk for the partridges to have such dogs; and also, when they are taught to be couchers (chiens couchants in the original French - ed.), they are good for taking partridge and quail with the net...' (Baillie-Grohman, p66). The modern Gordon Setter is a predominantly black dog with rich tan marking on the muzzle, legs and chest. A little bigger and heavier than either the Irish or English, he is nevertheless descended from the same genetic mixing pot, which undoubtedly has its origins among those setting spaniels we met earlier. The Kennel Club applied the name 'Gordon Setter' to the breed in 1924. Before that they were known as black and tan setters, and were found in many kennels beside those of the Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon (1743–1827). Indeed, as we shall see, there is plenty of evidence that the majority of the setters at Gordon Castle during the Duke's time were tri-coloured rather than pure black and tan. The breed was brought to the United States by George Blunt and Daniel Webster in 1842, with the purchase of two dogs named Rake and Rachel from the Duke's kennels. The American Kennel Club officially recognised the breed in 1892.*[3]

16.3.2 Breed development

The Gordon Setter as a Gundog in the United Kingdom

Among the many changes which took place in sport and country affairs during the last century where those concerned with the method of shooting and consequent role of the gundog. These changes were accelerated after the Second World War, prior to which there were manydogging moorsʼin the north of the UK, especially in Scotland. Walking up game became largely superseded by driving and field-craft by marksmanship. The function of the gundog was as a result limited to the recovery of dead or wounded birds and – in the age of specialisation – this meant that the Labrador Retriever came to the forefront while the number of working Pointers and Setters declined year after year. Besides the modernisation of the style of shooting and the work required of gundogs, the situation was altered by the new developments that also took place in farming, which helped to bring about a marked reduction in the partridge population. This came about with the introduction of modernisation such as early cutting of silage, the use of fast-moving mechanical equipment, the burning or ploughing of stubble-fields soon after harvest, the destruction of hedgerows and the use of chemical sprays for -killing. The hedgerows had provided shelter and nesting sites; the weeds and other herbage supplied food and cover; whilst the stubble-fields had been a primary source of winter food; so the partridges were deprived of some important assets, whilst the wide use of chemicals on the land exercised a direct harmful effect. It will be obvious to the reader that these changes significantly affected the status of Setters and Pointers, not least that of the Gordon. Though often used as a general purpose gundog, the Gordon Setter is essentially a wide-ranging dog employed in the UK to locate red grouse and ptarmigan on the Scottish or North of England moors and partridges on the stubble-fields of the south of England. Up to the late 1930s most Gordons were kept for this type of work, so that the majority were to be found in Scotland and the north of England; but now they are more evenly distributed and there are no large working kennels. The function of the Setter is well summarised by Captain Blaine as follows: The work required of the setter and pointer differs from that of all other breeds of dog. It is their business to range and hunt independently for game, at a distance from the sportsman, using their own initiative and intelligence to find it, and having done so, to remain staunchly “on point”awaiting his approach. They must search for the body, and not for the foot scent, and be able to maintain a fast steady gallop for long periods without fatigue. For the purpose a dog should have independence of character, speed, endurance, and a sensitive nose, combined with natural ability for hunting the terrain, in the best method of finding gameʼ(Croxton Smith, 1932, p70). Only one Gordon Setter has achieved the title of Dual Champion since the second World War. This was a bitch whose registered name was Amscot Irresista Belle; her pet name was Trisca.*[4]*[5] The Kennel Club regulations state this title can only be claimed by dogs who have achieved the title of Show Champion and Champion.*[6] Perhaps one of the best descriptions of the Setter at work in the field is a poem by the poet William Somerville (1675–1742) in the following lines: 80 CHAPTER 16. GORDON SETTER

When autumn smiles, all beauteous in decay, And paints each chequered grove with various hues, My setter ranges in the new shorn fields, His nose in air erect; from ridge to ridge, Panting, he bounds, his quartered ground divides In equal intervals, nor careless leaves One inch untried. At length the tainted gale His nostrils wide inhale, quick joy elates His beating heart, which, awed by discipline Severe, he dares not own, but cautious creeps Low-cowering, step by step; at last attains His proper distance, there he stops at once, And points with his instructive nose upon The trembling prey. On wings of wind and upborne The floating net unfolded flies; then drops, And the poor fluttering captives rise in vain.ʼ

The Gordon Castle and other historically important kennels

Alexander, the 4th Duke of Gordon (1743–1827), established his kennel of Black and Tan Setters at Gordon Castle, which was situated near Fochabers, not far from the River Spey and a few miles from the coast of Moray. The exact date when this occurred is not known. A Colonel Thornton visited the place during his tour of the Highlands in 1786. He makes no mention of any kennel of Setters at that time, although he does note that The Duke of Gordon still keeps up a diversion of falconry.I saw, also, here a true Highland greyhound, which is now become very scarce.ʼ .*[7] The Duke was indeed devoted to country pursuits and was among the last of his day in Scotland to keep hawks and practise falconry; he was celebrated for his Scottish Deerhounds as well as his Setters. However all that can be inferred from the Colonelʼs remarks is that there are unlikely to have been any Setters of note at the Castle in 1786. There is much on record that seems reliable about the origin or derivation of the Duke of Gordonʼs Setters, though verification at this late date is of course impossible. Most of this evidence comes from Samuel Brown, the Veterinary Surgeon of Melton Mowbray, who was a great authority on the breed. In a letter toʼThe Fieldʼʼof 12 November 1864 Samuel Brown stated: An old gentleman sportsman, and one too who has shot over the same breed for fifty years and knew them during his boyhood, assures me that the late Duke of Gordon, Marquis of Anglesey, and several other noblemen, had their original stock of setters from the late Mr Coke of Longford, and that the colour was usually black-white-and –tan. Mine are descended from the original breed of Mr Coke, the Gordon ʼRegentʼʼand ʼ Fanʼʼ, and within the last five years from a black-white-and –tan bitch which I got direct from the Beaudesart kennelʼ (i.e. the Marquees of Angleseyʼs – Ed.). Five years late, in another letter to the same journal, the Rev F. W. Adye wrote: Mr Brown was told by Mr Coke himself that he often sent dogs to the Duke of Gordon and received others in exchange, in order now and then to obtain fresh bloodʼ(ʼThe Field,ʼʼ8 January 1870). These facts were well known to J. H. Walsh (Stonehengeʼ), Editor of ʼThe Fieldʼʼand a leading authority on sporting dogs, for it is he who mentions in the first chapter of his book ʼThe Dogs of the British Islandsʼʼ(1867) a Setter from Mr Coke of Norfolk and doubtless related to the late Duke of Gordonʼs kennel, as Mr Coke and the duke bred together and interchanged setters frequentlyʼ. Therefore it does appear to be reasonably established that Mr Coke provided most of the original Setters for the Dukeʼs kennel. The Rev Hutchinson, who wrote under the pseudonym Sixty-oneʼ, insisted that the original setter taken or sent to Gordon Castle by the first Marquis of Angleseaʼ(ʼ The Fieldʼʼ, 29 January 1870), however what has been seen is that, according to Samuel Brownʼsold gentleman sportsmanʼ, the Marquees of Anglesey likewise had his original stock of Setters at Beaudesart from Mr Coke – probably, although this cannot be confirmed, some years before the Gordon Castle kennel was founded; for in 1869 the Beaudesart Setters were said to have been maintained for sixty years pure and unmixed with any bloodʼ(ʼ The Fieldʼʼ, 11 December 1869). It is most unlikely that the Duke obtained his setters from only one source, we know that he interbreed with other kennels besides Mr Cokeʼs, notably with Lord Lovatʼs.

• Gordon Setters exercising

• Gordon Setter running in the fields

• Gordon Setter after a bath

• Gordon Setter running on the beach 16.4. REFERENCES 81

• Gordon Setter retrieving a stick

16.4 References

[1] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”.

[2] “Progressive retinal atrophy in Gordon Setter”. Animal Health Trust. Retrieved April 16, 2011.

[3] Harper, Lavonia (2001). Gordon setter. Dorking, Surrey, UK: Interpet. p. 16. ISBN 1-903098-69-6.

[4] “Only dual champion Gordon dies”. Dog World. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

[5] McDonald, Christine. “First Dual Ch Gordon”. Our Dogs. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

[6] “Regulations for entries in the Stud Book, Champions and warrants” (PDF). The Kennel Club. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

[7] Thornton, Thomas (1804). A Sporting Tour through the Northern Parts of England and Great Part of the Highlands of Scotland. London. p. 196.

• BaillieGrohman, William A. and F (Ed.), The Masters of Game: Edward, Second Duke of York: The Oldest English Book on Hunting, limited edition with 4 plates, London 1904. Popular edition, London, 1909: pp302, illus.

• Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3.

• Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130- 7.

• Smith, A. Croxton (Editor), Hounds and Dogs; Their Care, Training and Working (vol xii of the Lonsdale Library of Sports, Games and Pastimes), Londoin, n.d. (1932): pp320, illus (pp 77–80: The Gordon Setter by Capt. L.C.R. Cameron). • Stonehenge, The Dog in Health and Disease Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 1887

• Thornton, Thomas, Col. A Sporting Tour through the Northern Parts of England and Grest Part of the Highlands of Scotland...., London, 1804

• Animal Health Trust, February 2011

16.5 Reading list

• Argue, Derry, Pointer and Setters, Swan Hill Press, 1993 ISBN 1-85310-239-3

• Hudson, David. Working Pointers and Setters, Swan Hill Press, 2004 ISBN 1-904057-40-3 • Jean Sanger Look & Anita Lustenberger The Complete Gordon Setter, Howell Book House, 1984 ISBN 0- 87605-158-1 • Schweppe, Frederick. Gordon Setters, T.F.H. Publications, Inc., 1990 ISBN 0-86622-690-7

• Sorby, Suzanne & Sorby, Norman “The Field Gordon Setter: The Black and Tan Bombshell”, Xlibris Publishing, 2005 ISBN 978-1-41349-180-7

16.6 External links

• Gordon Setter at DMOZ 82 CHAPTER 16. GORDON SETTER

Gordon Setter portrait 16.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 83

Gordon Setter 84 CHAPTER 16. GORDON SETTER

A Gordon Setter puppy Chapter 17

Gran Mastín de Borínquen

The Gran Mastín de Borinquen, also known as the Puerto Rican Mastiff, Mastín Borincano, Becerillo de Borinquen and Perro Barsino de Hacienda, is the only breed native to the island of Puerto Rico. The Borinquen Mastiff is a blend of Spanish War Mastiffs, traditional island dogs (Perros Jíbaros) and Latin American Molossers, all brought to the island for protection from colonial times until the early 20th century.

17.1 History

Rarely available today, El Gran Mastín was established as an internationally recognized rare breed by la Sociedad Cynológica Caribeña ( S.C.C.) in 1979. A tremendous amount of interest has been generated by the work being done to carefully restore the dog to its place among the Caribbean dog fancy. It was only during the last part of the 19th century that local recognition began with the overseer's of the Sugar Cane, Tobacco and Coffee plantations. El Gran Mastín de Borinquen are by origin and type the“Old Country”dogs tuned to cold rain forest region mountains, hot “campo”hills and the tropical valley lands of Puerto Rico. Country folk would come from near and far to acquire a pup- in exchange for produce, game chickens, goats, hogs or just plain friendship and a handshake. This magnificent breed's ancestry is deeply rooted in the history of the Spanish conquest of the . For cen- turies Spanish Landlords and Noblemen kept these Molossi (referred to as bloodthirsty) for protection and bloodsport. They are adept at bringing down feral steer, boar and dogs; fighting to the finish if allowed to, just as they did during the colonization servicing the as gladiators and war dogs. During those days their quarry was most of the time human, particularly during the “Spanish Encomendado"- early 16th century. Helping enforce the Spanish reign in Latin America, the El Gran Mastín de Borinquen did this out of loyalty and desire to please his master, on the other hand many lacking proper human contact they were actually as bloodthirsty as described by Friar Bartolomé de las Casas. The Mastín is noble, courageous and loyal- many died protecting their masters during the Spanish-Indian Wars. A perfect example is the case of Don Sancho de Arango in 1513, mentioned in the “, Conquest and Colonization of Puerto Rico”and in “Apuntes para la Historia de Humacao”both by Dr. Ricardo E. Alegría. These make reference to the Carib attack (cannibals) made against the plantations on the Cayarabón River, now called Loíza. The attack was so violent that despite a heroic defence many were killed by Carib arrows. The Indians captured Don Sancho de Arango, but the fierce attacks of his dog Becerillo (legendary terror of Borinquen), forced them to release the master, who fled. The brave animal, who some say was really owned by Ponce de León, fought to the end, as did his son - Leoncillo. Both died in the aftermath of the terrible battle felled by poisoned arrows.

17.2 External links

• Molosser World

85 Chapter 18

Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir

The Grand anglo-français blanc et noir (FCI No.323) translated into English as the Great Anglo-Francais White and Black Hound, is a breed of dog used in hunting as a scenthound, usually in packs. It is one of the Anglo-French hound breeds which were created by crossing French scenthounds with English (Anglo) .

18.1 Appearance

A big, powerful hound in general appearance, with long legs, long drop ears, and a long tail. Their short, double coat is tricolour, black, white and tan. They stand 62–72 cm (24.4-28 ins) at the withers.*[1] Coat colour is white with a black mantle and black markings, including black or blue ticking on the body and tan ticking on the lower legs. Frequently a tan marking is found on the base of the upper thigh, which is called the 'roe buck mark'. Faults are listed as deviations in appearance or structure that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as the appearance, and indicate that the dog with such faults should not be bred. Some of the faults listed are aggression or shyness, lack of pigmentation, off-colour, excessive dewlap, and frail limbs.*[1]

18.2 History and use

Grand anglo- français blanc et noir is descended from crosses between the old Saintongeois hound and Foxhounds, a type called the Bâtard anglo-saintongeois. The names of all the various Anglo-French hound breeds and varieties were all officially described with the term “anglo- français”in 1957.*[2] They are used as a pack dog to hunt large game such as Roe Deer, boar, or smaller animals such as fox. Although these are large dogs, “Grand”does not necessarily refer to the size of the dogs. “In most cases it is simply a label for a pack that is used for larger game” .*[2] Grand anglo- français blanc et noir is recognised in its country of origin by the Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club)*[3] and internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in Group 6, Scenthounds. In France it is bred and kept primarily as a hunting dog, not as a pet or showdog, and there are “twenty or more”working packs and around 2000 registered dogs.*[1] The breed has been exported to North America, where it is recognised by the United Kennel Club in its Scenthound Group. It is also registered by minor kennel clubs and internet dog registry businesses, and is promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

18.3 Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. Temperament of individual dogs may vary, but in general dogs bred to be pack hunting dogs do not make good pets.

86 18.4. SEE ALSO 87

18.4 See also

• Dog terminology

• Anglo-French hounds

18.5 References

[1] Breed Standard

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 87. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[3] Société Centrale Canine, Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore

18.6 External links

• Search DMOZ links for clubs and information about the Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore Chapter 19

Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange

The Grand anglo-français blanc et orange (FCI No.324) translated into English as the Great Anglo-Francais White and Orange Hound, is a breed of dog used in hunting as a scenthound, usually in packs. It is one of the Anglo-French hound breeds which were created by crossing French scenthounds with English (Anglo) foxhounds.

19.1 Appearance

A big, powerful hound that shows the influence of the English in general appearance. The breed has long legs, long drop ears, and a long tail. They stand 60–70 cm (24-28 ins) at the withers.*[1] Coat colour is white with white-lemon or white-orange marks, the orange should not appear to be red. Faults are listed as deviations in appearance or structure that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as the appearance, and indicate that the dog with such faults should not be bred. Some of the faults listed are aggression or shyness, butterfly nose, off-colour, excessive dewlap, and tail curved or deviated to the side.*[1]

19.2 History and use

Grand anglo-français blanc et orange is descended from crosses between the and Foxhounds in the late 1800s. The names of all the various Anglo-French hound breeds and varieties were all officially described with the term “anglo- français”in 1957.*[2] They are used as a pack dog to hunt large game such as Roe Deer, boar, or smaller animals such as fox. Although these are large dogs, “Grand”does not necessarily refer to the size of the dogs. “In most cases it is simply a label for a pack that is used for larger game”.*[2] Grand anglo-français blanc et orange is recognised in its country of origin by the Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club)*[3] and internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in Group 6, Scenthounds. It is bred and kept primarily as a hunting dog, not as a pet or showdog. The breed has been exported to North America, where it is recognised by the United Kennel Club in its Scenthound Group. It is also registered by minor kennel clubs and internet dog registry businesses, and is promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

19.3 Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. Temperament of individual dogs may vary, but in general dogs bred to be pack hunting dogs do not make good pets.

19.4 See also

• Dog terminology • Anglo-French hounds

88 19.5. REFERENCES 89

19.5 References

[1] Breed Standard

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 87. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[3] French Kennel Club

19.6 External links

• Search DMOZ links for clubs and information about the Grand anglo-français blanc et orange Chapter 20

Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore

The Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore is a breed of dog used in hunting as a scenthound, usually in packs. It is one of the Anglo-French hound breeds which were created by crossing French scenthounds with English (Anglo) foxhounds.

20.1 Appearance

A typical hound in general appearance, with long legs, long drop ears, and a long tail. Their short, double coat is tricolour, black, white and tan. They stand 60–72 cm (24–28 in) at the withers and weigh between 34.5-35.5 kg (76-78 lbs).*[1]

20.2 History and use

The Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore is descended from crosses between tricoloured Poitevins and Foxhounds. This combination has strongly influenced this breed in many ways. These animals are strong and compact in stature like the foxhound with a black blanketed tri-colour coat. They were used as a pack dog to hunt large game such as Red Deer, Wild Boar and Roe Deer or smaller animals such as Fox. “Grand”does not necessarily refer to size, “in most cases it is simply a label for a pack that is used for larger game”.*[2] The breed is recognised in its country of origin by the Société Centrale Canine (French Kennel Club)*[3] and inter- nationally in 1983 by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in Group 6, Scenthounds. In France it is bred and kept primarily as a hunting dog, not as a pet or showdog. The breed has been exported to North America, where it is recognised by the United Kennel Club in its Scenthound Group. It is also registered by numerous minor registries and internet dog registry businesses, and is promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

20.3 Health and temperament

This large Anglo-French hound requires an immense amount of exercise. They are normally kept in large packs in rural areas and may not adapt well to city or family life, although they are said to be good natured. Letting them off the lead may be hazardous as the hunting instinct is very high.

20.4 Tricolour

A tricolour coat is a pattern of some shade of black or brown, some shade of red often called tan, and some white. Eumelanin and phaeomelanin pigmentation occurs on the same dog; “the back is black from eumelanin pigment being made and the belly is tan or red from phaeomelanin pigment being made”.*[4]

90 20.5. SEE ALSO 91

20.5 See also

• Dog terminology

20.6 References

[1] Breed standard

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 87. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[3] Société Centrale Canine, Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore

[4] Tricolour genetics

20.7 External links

• Pack of French hounds in a hunting magazine • Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore hounds in a French magazine

• Search DMOZ links for clubs and information about the Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore Chapter 21

Grand Griffon Vendéen

A Grand Griffon Vendéen is a breed of hunting dog originating in France. It existed as early as the 16th Century,*[1] and was the first of the Vendée griffons to be bred. It is a descendant of the Canis Segusius used by the , through the so-called King's whites and the Griffon Fauve de Bretagne, which is also an ancestor of the Basset Fauve de Bretagne.

A 19th-century painting of a Grand Griffon Vendéen.

There are also several other breeds of Griffons from Vendée, all of them smaller: the Briquet Griffon Vendéen, and the Grand and Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen. Related Griffon breeds include the Basset Fauve de Bretagne, the Griffon Bleu de Gascogne and the Griffon Nivernais.

21.1 Notes

[1] “Grand Griffon Vendéen”FCI-Standard N° 282, 18 February 2000;

92 21.2. REFERENCES 93

21.2 References

• “Grand Griffon Vendéen”FCI-Standard N° 282, 18 February 2000 Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation) standard; • Choron, Sandra and Choron, Harry (2005) Planet Dog: A Doglopedia Houghton Mifflin Books, Boston, ISBN 0-618-51752-9 p. 180;

21.3 External links

• Grand Griffon Vendéen photos • Club du Griffon Vendéen - In french Chapter 22

Great Dane

For other uses, see The Great Dane.

The Great Dane is a large German breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) known for its enormous body and great height. The German name of the breed is Deutsche Dogge, which means German Mastiff. Dogs resembling the Great Dane are present in Egyptian monuments dating back to 3,000 BC. The Great Dane is one of the world's tallest dog breeds. The world record holder for tallest dog was a Great Dane called Zeus (died September 2014; aged 5), who measured 112 cm (44 in) from paw to shoulder. Their large size belies their friendly nature, as Great Danes are known for seeking physical affection from their owners.

22.1 History

Dogs resembling the Great Dane have been seen on Egyptian monuments dating back to 3,000 BC.*[1] Extremely large boarhounds resembling the Great Dane appear in ancient ; in frescoes from Tiryns dating back to 14th– 13th centuries BC.*[2]*[3]*[4] The large boarhound or Molossian hound continues to appear throughout in subsequent centuries right up to the Hellenistic era.*[5]*[6]*[7]*[8] The Molossian hound, the Suliot dog and specific imports from Greece were used in the 18th century to increase the stature of the boarhounds in Austria and Germany and the wolfhounds in Ireland.*[9]*[10]*[11]*[12]*[13]*[14]*[15] Bigger dogs are depicted on numerous runestones in Scandinavia, on coinage in Denmark from the 5th century AD and in the collection of Old Norse poems, known in English as Poetic Edda. The University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum holds at least seven skeletons of very large hunting dogs, dating from the 5th century BC going forward through to the year 1000 AD.

22.1.1 Hunting dog

In the middle of the 16th century, the nobility in many countries of Europe imported strong, long-legged dogs from England, which were descended from crossbreeds between the English Mastiff and the Irish Wolfhound. They were dog hybrids in different sizes and phenotypes with no formal breed.*[16] These dogs were called Englische Docke or Englische Tocke - later written and spelled: Dogge - or Englischer Hund in Germany. The name simply meant “English dog”. After time, the English word “dog”came to be the term for a molossoid dog in Germany*[17] and in France.*[18] Since the beginning of the 17th century, these dogs were bred in the courts of German nobility, independently of England.*[19]*[20] The dogs were used for hunting bear, boar and deer at princely courts, with the favorites staying at night in the bedchambers of their lords. These Kammerhunde (chamber dogs) were outfitted with gilded collars, and helped protect the sleeping princes against assassins.*[21]*[22] During the hunt for boar or bears, the Englische Dogge was used after the other hunting dogs to seize the bear or boar and hold the animal in place until the huntsman killed it. When the hunting customs changed, particularly because of the use of firearms, many of the involved dog types disappeared. The Englische Dogge became rare, and was kept only as a dog of hobby or luxury.

94 22.2. DESCRIPTION 95

A chamber dog with a gilded collar, Brandenburg (Germany), 1705

22.1.2 Name change

In the 19th century, the dog was known as a“German boarhound”in English speaking countries.*[23] Some German breeders tried to introduce the names “German Dogge”and “German Mastiff”on the English market, because they believed the breed should be marketed as a dog of luxury and not as a working dog.*[19] However, due to the increasing tensions between Germany and other countries, the dog later became referred to as a “Great Dane”, after the grand danois*[24] in Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière in 1755.

22.2 Description

The Great Dane is a large German breed*[1]*[25]*[26]*[27]*[28]*[29]*[30] of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) known for its giant size.*[31] As described by the American Kennel Club:

The Great Dane combines, in its regal appearance, dignity, strength and elegance with great size and a powerful, well-formed, smoothly muscled body. It is one of the giant working breeds, but is unique in that its general conformation must be so well balanced that it never appears clumsy, and shall move with a long reach and powerful drive.*[1] The Great Dane is a short haired breed with a strong galloping figure.*[32]

In the ratio between length and height, the Great Dane should be square. The male dog should not be less than 30 in (76 cm) at the shoulders, a female 28 in (71 cm). Danes under minimum height are disqualified.*[1] From year to year, the tallest living dog is typically a Great Dane. Previous record holders include Gibson, Titan, and George; however, the current record holder is a black Great Dane named Zeus who stands 112 cm (44 in) at the 96 CHAPTER 22. GREAT DANE

From the German Electorate of Hesse imported “Boar Hounds”in Great Britain, 1807

shoulder.*[33] He is also the tallest dog on record (according Guinness World Records),*[33] beating the previous holder, the aforementioned George who stood 110 cm (43 in) at the shoulder. The minimum weight for a Great Dane over eighteen months is 120 lb (54 kg) for males, 100 lb (45 kg) for fe- males.*[32]*[34] Unusually, the American Kennel Club dropped the minimum weight requirement from its stan- dard.*[35] The male should appear more massive throughout than the female, with a larger frame and heavier bone.*[1] Great Danes have naturally floppy, triangular ears. In the past, when Great Danes were commonly used to hunt boars, cropping of the ears was performed to make injuries to the dogs' ears less likely during hunts. Now that Danes are primarily companion animals, cropping is sometimes still done for traditional and cosmetic reasons. In the 1930s when Great Danes had their ears cropped, after the surgery two devices called Easter Bonnets were fitted to their ears to make them stand up.*[36] Today, the practice is common in the United States but much less common in Europe. In some European countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Germany, parts of Australia, and in New Zealand, the practice is banned, or controlled to only be performed by veterinary surgeons.

22.2.1 Coat colors

There are three colour varieties with five to six (depending on the standard) show-acceptable coat colors for Great Danes:*[1]*[37]

• Fawn and Brindle

• Fawn: The color is yellow gold with a black mask. Black should appear on the eye rims and eyebrows, and may appear on the ears. • Brindle: The color is fawn and black in a chevron stripe pattern. Often also they are referred to as having a stripe pattern.

• Harlequin and Black 22.2. DESCRIPTION 97

Fawn Great Dane (female)

• Black: The color is a glossy black. White markings at the chest and toes are not desirable and considered faults. • Harlequin: The base color is pure white with black torn patches irregularly and well distributed over the entire body; a pure white neck is preferred. The black patches should never be large enough to give the appearance of a blanket, nor so small as to give a stippled or dappled effect. Eligible, but less desirable, are a few small grey patches (this grey is consistent with a marking) or a white base with single black hairs showing through, which tend to give a salt and pepper or dirty effect. Grey merle (Grautiger) dogs are acceptable in conformation shows under the FCI as the grey merle dogs can produce correctly marked black/white harlequin dogs, depending on the combinations. The aim for deleting the color grey merle as a disqualifying fault is to provide a wider gene pool.*[38] Their status is that they are“neither desirable nor to be disqualified”.*[39] Consequently this color must never obtain the highest grading at dog shows.*[38] • Mantle (in some countries referred to as Bostons due to the similar coloration and pattern as a ): The color is black and white with a solid black blanket extending over the body; black skull with white muzzle; white blaze is optional; whole white collar preferred; a white chest; white on part or whole of forelegs and hind legs; white tipped black tail. A small white marking in the black blanket is acceptable, as is a break in the white collar.

• Blue: The color is a pure steel blue. White markings at the chest and toes are not desirable and considered faults.

Other colors occur occasionally but are not acceptable for conformation showing, and they are not pursued by breeders who intend to breed show dogs. These colors include white, fawnequin, brindlequin, merle, merlequin, blue merle, fawn mantle, and others. Some breeders may attempt to charge more for puppies of these “rare”colors.. The breeding of harlequin, merle and especially white (homozygous merle) Great Danes is controversial, as these colors are associated with the merle gene. In some European countries, such as Germany, the mating of two merle specimens 98 CHAPTER 22. GREAT DANE

Brindle Great Dane (male)

is forbidden by animal protection laws, because this will produce a litter of puppies with a quarter of“double merles” , which are often deaf or blind.

22.2.2 Temperament

The Great Dane's large and imposing appearance belies its friendly nature. They are known for seeking physical affection with their owners, and the breed is often referred to as a “gentle giant”.*[1]*[40] Great Danes are generally well disposed toward other dogs, other non-canine pets, and familiar humans. They gener- ally do not exhibit extreme aggressiveness or a high prey drive.*[41] The Great Dane is a very gentle and loving animal and with the proper care and training is great around children, especially when being raised with them. However, if not properly socialized a Great Dane may become fearful or aggressive towards new stimuli, such as strangers and new environments.*[42] Great Danes are a breed recommended for families provided that they get trained early and onwards, regarded by animal experts due to their preference for sitting on and leaning against owners as 'the world's biggest 'lapdog.'*[40]

22.3 Exercise

Like most dogs, Great Danes require daily walks to maintain their health. However, it is important not to over exercise this breed, particularly when young. Great Dane puppies grow very large, very fast, which puts them at risk of joint 22.4. HEALTH 99

Blue puppy and bone problems. Because of a puppy's natural energy, Dane owners often take steps to minimize activity while the dog is still growing.*[43]*[44] Given their large size, Great Danes continue to grow (mostly gaining weight) longer than most dogs. Even at one year of age a Great Dane will continue to grow for several more months.*[44]

22.4 Health

Great Danes, like most giant dogs, have a fairly slow metabolism. This results in less energy and less food consumption per pound of dog than in small breeds. They have some health problems that are common to large breeds, including bloat (gastric dilatation volvulus(GDV)). Their average life span is 6 to 8 years; however, some Great Danes have been known to reach 10 years of age or more.*[45]*[46] Like many larger breeds, Great Danes are at particular risk for hip dysplasia. (DCM) and many congenital heart diseases are also commonly found in the Great Dane, leading to its nickname: the Heartbreak breed, in conjunction with its shorter lifespan. Great Danes also may carry the merle gene, which is part of the genetic makeup that creates the harlequin coloring.*[47] The merle gene is an incomplete dominant, meaning only one copy of the gene is needed to show the merle coloring; two merle genes 100 CHAPTER 22. GREAT DANE

Black Great Dane

A harlequin Great Dane 22.5. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 101

produce excessive white markings and many health issues such as deafness, blindness, or other debilitating ocular issues. Great Danes can also develop something called “wobblers disease”that can affect their vertebral column. Since these dogs do grow at a rapid rate, the bones in their vertebae can push up against the spinal cord and cause a little bit of weakness in the legs. This can be treated with surgery or it may straighten itself out.

22.5 Cultural significance

Merle Great Dane

Animation designer Iwao Takamoto based the Hanna-Barbera character Scooby-Doo on a Great Dane. He derived his illustrations from sketches given to him by a Hanna-Barbera employee who bred this dog. Scooby closely resembles a Great Dane, although his tail is longer than the breed's, bearing closer resemblance to a cat's tail.*[48]*[49] The Great Dane was named the state dog of Pennsylvania in 1965,*[50] and the University of Iowa had Great Danes, Rex I and Rex II, as mascots before the Hawkeye was chosen.*[51]

• Singer, the main but tragic hero of The Guardian, a novel by Nicholas Sparks. • Fang, Hagrid's dog from the Harry Potter series, is a boarhound, another name for Great Danes. Though in the movie, the role was played by a Neapolitan Mastiff. • Manchester United goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel was nicknamed the “Great Dane”. • The athletic teams of the University at Albany have been known as the Great Danes since 1965. Damien The Great Dane has been the mascot since that time. In 2003, the school added Lil' D, a smaller Great Dane, to help Damien entertain the crowds. 102 CHAPTER 22. GREAT DANE

• Astro, the dog in The Jetsons.

• Duke and Turk were the captain's dogs in Disney's Swiss Family Robinson (1960).

• Brutus in Disney's The Ugly , a Great Dane raised by a Dachshund mother (1966).

• Einstein in Disney's Oliver & Company, a gray Great Dane belonging to a group of good-hearted thieving dogs and who later befriends an orange Tabby kitten named Oliver (1988).

• Marmaduke is a newspaper comic strip drawn by Brad Anderson from 1954 to the present day. The strip revolves around the Winslow family and their Great Dane, Marmaduke.

• An unnamed Great Dane knocks Rousseau to the ground in Reveries of a Solitary Walker; he describes the singular feeling of peace and suspended identity that the shock of the collision brings about in him.

• Elmer, a Great Dane in Oswald the Lucky Rabbit by Walter Lantz

• In each film version of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles, a Great Dane was cast as the cursed hellhound that kills the Baskerville family.

• Ace the Bat-Hound, from the Batman TV series, was depicted as a Great Dane mix. In the animated series Batman Beyond, Bruce Wayne owns a black Great Dane mix he picked up on the street, also named Ace.

• Ben, Hōgen, and Genba from Japanese anime and manga, Ginga Nagareboshi Gin and Ginga Densetsu Weed.

• Just Nuisance who was the only dog to be officially enlisted in the Royal Navy. Done mainly as a morale booster for World War II enlisted troops, Nuisance proved to be a lasting legacy of the small Cape Town suburb of Simon's Town.

• Chestnut: Hero of Central Park revolves around the inventive ways the Great Dane is kept hidden from his new owners.

• Pinkerton is the title character in a series of picture books by Steven Kellogg.

• In the manga/anime JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Jonathan Joestar, the series' first titular protagonist, owns a harlequin Great Dane named Danny who is his best friend. Danny is abused & later burned alive by Dio Brando, first as an act of and then revenge for losing a fight against Jonathan.

22.6 See also

• Reichshund, term used in Germany for Bismarck's Great Danes and for a while the entire breed

• Brindlequin

22.7 References

[1] “Great Dane Breed Standard”. American Kennel Club. 1999.

[2] Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of a Mycenaean with horse & wild boar hunting dog from the Tiryns, Greece. 14th - 13th century BC. Athens Archaeological Museum. | Photos Galler...

[3] Tiryns Fresco | Flickr - Photo Sharing!

[4] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Tiryns_fresco.JPG

[5] Thaumazein: The Hunt For The Calydonian Boar

[6] The Hind of Ceryneia Diana's Pet Deer | Flickr - Photo Sharing!

[7] http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/Hpix/1992.06.0122.jpeg

[8] http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/image/28792061 Pergamon 22.7. REFERENCES 103

[9] 1840, Dogs, or Genus Canis of Authors, including The Genera Hyaena and Proteles, Vol. II., Mammalia Vol.X, by Lieut-Col. Chas Hamilton Smith, with Portrait and Memoir of Don Felix D'azara|http://books.google.co.uk/books?id= AgsOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Naturalist'{}s%20Library%20PARROTS%20jardine%20BEWICK&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q= Suliot&f=false

[10] Archive

[11] Archive

[12] Archive

[13] http://www.davidhancockondogs.com/archives/archive_240_309/276.html Great Danes Giant Hounds by D. Hancock

[14] The Sporting review, ed. by 'Craven'. - Google Books

[15] Morris, Desmond. Dogs – The Ultimate Dictionary of Over 1,000 Dog Breeds. Ebury Press, 2001. ISBN0-09-187091-7. Page 618.

[16] Ludwig Beckmann in: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes, Volume 1, 1895, p. 6 (German)

[17] the German standard term for “dog”is “Hund"; the term “Dogge”is only in use for dogs of the mastiff-type

[18] the French standard term for “dog”is “chien"; the term “dogue”is only in use for dogs of the mastiff-type

[19] Ludwig Beckmann in: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes, Volume 1, 1895, p. 7 (German)

[20] German: Johann Täntzer in: “Jagdbuch oder der Dianen hohe und niedrige Jagdgeheimnisse”, Abschnitt: “Von den Englischen Hunden.”, Kopenhagen, 1682, (written in German): “Jetziger Zeit werden solche Hunde jung an Herrenhöfen erzogen, und gar nicht aus England geholet.“ English translation: Johann Täntzer in:“Hunting book or Dianas high and low hunting secrets”, Copenhagen, 1682, Heading: “On the English dogs”In this time were such dogs young nurtured at nobleman's courts, and not anymore fetched from England.”cited in Ludwig Beckmann in: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes, Bd 1, 1895, p. 7

[21] Johann Täntzer in: “Jagdbuch oder der Dianen hohe und niedrige Jagdgeheimnisse”, Abschnitt: 'Von den Englischen Hunden.”, Kopenhagen, 1682, diverse Neuauflagen: - cited in Ludwig Beckmann in: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes, Volume 1, 1895, p. 9 English translation: Johann Täntzer in: “Hunting book or Dianas high and low hunting secrets”, Copenhagen, 1682, Heading: “On the English dogs”cited in Ludwig Beckmann in: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes, Volume 1, 1895, p. 9

[22] in another source: Johann Friedrich von Flemming in: Der vollkommene teutsche Jäger., Abschnitt: “Von denen Englis- chen Docken.”, Leipzig, 1719, Volume 1, p. 169 are the collars of the “Cammer-Hunde”(chamber dogs) upholstered with velvet and spangled with letters of silver and the collars of the “Leib-Hunde”(favourite dogs) are upholstered with plush and spangled with brass letters

[23] S. William Haas in: Great Dane: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring for Your Dog (Series:Comprehensive Owner's Guide), Kennel Club Books, 2003, p. 13

[24] depiction of Buffon's grand danois (Bibliothèque nationale de France)

[25] Standards and Nomenclature, Group 2, Section 2, Molossoid breeds: 5. Germany: Deutsche Dogge (235) (Great Dane)

[26] Diane McCarty: Great Danes,TFH Publications, 1997, p. 6, ISBN 978-0793823130

[27] Jore Stahlkuppe: Great Danes (Complete Pet Owner's Manual), Publisher: Barron's Educational Series, 2012, p. 7, ISBN 978-0764147463

[28] Jill Swedlow: New Owners Guide Great Danes (New Owner's Guide To...),Publisher: TFH Publications, 1997, p. 8, ISBN 978-0793827640

[29] Charlotte Wilcox: The Great Dane, Capstone, 1997, p. 5, ISBN 1560655437

[30] J. Allen Varasdi: Myth Information: More Than 590 Popular Misconceptions, Fallacies, and Misbeliefs Explained!, Google eBook, 2011

[31] Becker,The Great Dane - Embodying a Full Exposition of the History, Breeding Principles, Education, and Present State of the Breed (a Vintage Dog Books Breed Classic): Embodying a Full Exposition the History, Breeding Principles, Education, and Present State of the Breed, Published by READ BOOKS, 2005, ISBN 1-905124-43-0.

[32] “UK Kennel Club Breed Standard” 104 CHAPTER 22. GREAT DANE

[33] “By Zeus! 7'4 Great Dane and 2'6 bull from Armagh in latest Guinness Book of Records”. Irish Independent. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.

[34] “ standard”

[35] Cunliffe, Juliette (2005). The Complete Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. UK: Parragon Publishing. ISBN 1-4054-4389-8.

[36] “Easter Bonnets for Dogs Make Ears Stand Erect”Popular Mechanics, December 1934

[37] FCI Breed Standard N° 235 Great Dane (Deutsche Dogge) (PDF)

[38] Circular 67/2013 of the FCI, 23/12/2013 (PDF)

[39] F.C.I. Standard N° 235, P. 7

[40] Dogs 101: Great Dane : Video : Animal Planet

[41] Great Dane: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring for Your Dog, Kennel Club Book, 2003, ISBN 1-59378-273-X

[42] Biniok, Janice. Great Dane : a practical guide for the Great Dane. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 079384178X.

[43] “The Great Dane Adoption Society, Care Advice”

[44] “All about Great Danes.com”. All about Great Danes.com Exercise Advice. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-05.

[45] “Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Great Danes” (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.

[46] “National Health Survey” (PDF). Great Dane Club of America. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.

[47] “The Merle Gene and Multiple Ocular Abnormalities”. Eye Care for Animals.

[48] “Iwao Takamoto, 81, the Animation Artist Who Created Scooby-Doo, Dies”, by Susan Stewart, 10 January 2007,

[49] “Iwao Takamoto, cartoonist who created Scooby-Doo, dies at 81”, The Associated Press, 9 January 2007, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

[50] State Symbols USA, www.statesymbolsusa.org

[51] “Pop quiz: How well do you know the UI campus? - fyi ̶University Relations Publication ̶The University of Iowa”. uiowa.edu.

22.8 External links

• Giant George is the World's Biggest Dog Chapter 23

Great Pyrenees

This article is about the dog breed. For the mountains, see Pyrenees.

The , known as the Great Pyrenees in North America, is a large breed of dog used as a . It should not be confused with the Pyrenean Mastiff. The Great Pyrenees is a very old breed that has been used for hundreds of years by shepherds, including those of the Basque people, who inhabit parts of the region in and around the Pyrenees Mountains of southern France and northern Spain.*[2] One of the first descriptions of the breed dates from 1407, and from 1675 the breed was a favorite of The Grand Dauphin and other members of the French aristocracy.*[3] By the early nineteenth century there was a thriving market for the dogs in mountain towns, from where they would be taken to other parts of France. It was developed to be agile in order to guard sheep on steep, mountainous slopes.*[4] As late as 1874 the breed was not completely standardized in appearance, with two major sub-types recorded, the Western and the Eastern.*[5] They are related to several other large white European livestock guardian dogs (LGD), including the Italian Maremma Sheepdog, Kuvasz (), Dog () and Polish Tatra or Polski Owczarek Podhalański, and somewhat less closely to the Newfoundland and St. Bernard. According to the Great Pyrenees Club of America, the Great Pyrenees is naturally nocturnal and aggressive with any predators that may harm its flock. However, the breed can typically be trusted with small, young, and helpless animals of any kind due to its natural guardian instinct.*[6] The Great Pyrenees breed has experienced a dramatic fall off in the number of U.S. AKC breed registrations from 2000 to 2010.*[7] The breed was ranked at #45 in 2000 and by 2010 Great Pyrenees had dropped to #71. In 2013 the breed was ranked #69. Other large breeds in the same working group classification, Newfoundland and St. Bernard, have fared far better in maintaining their breed rankings. In 2010 Newfoundland and St. Bernard were ranked #44 and #45 respectively.

23.1 Description

Males grow to 110–120 pounds (50–54 kg) and 27–32 inches (69–81 cm), while females reach 85–100 pounds (39–45 kg) and 25–29 inches (64–74 cm).*[6] On average, their lifespan is 10 to 11 years.*[8] The weather resistant double coat consists of a long, flat, thick, outer coat of coarse hair, straight or slightly undulating, and lying over a dense, fine, woolly undercoat. The coat is more profuse about the neck and shoulders where it forms a ruff or mane, which is more pronounced in males so that it may fend off wolf attacks. The longer hair on the tail forms a plume. There is also feathering along the back of the front legs and along the back of the thighs, giving a “pantaloon”effect. The hair on the face and ears is both shorter and of finer texture. The main coat color is white and can have varying shades of gray, red (rust), or tan around the face (including a full face mask), ears and sometimes on the body and tail. As Great Pyrenees mature, their coats grow thicker and the longer colored hair of the coat often fades. Sometimes a little light tan or lemon will appear later in life around the ears and face. Being a double-coated breed, the undercoat can also have color and the skin as well. The color of the nose and on the eye rims should be jet black.*[9] Grey or tan markings that remain lend the French name,“blaireau” , (badger) which is a similar grizzled mixture color seen in the European badger. More recently, any color is correctly

105 106 CHAPTER 23. GREAT PYRENEES

Puppy, approx. two months old termed “Badger”or “Blaireau”.*[10] One singular characteristic of the Great Pyrenees is the unique double dew claws on each hind leg.*[4]

23.1.1 Temperament

In nature, the Great Pyrenees is confident, gentle (especially with children), and affectionate. While territorial and protective of its flock or family when necessary, its general demeanor is of composure and patience and loyalty. It is a strong willed, independent and reserved breed. It is also attentive, quite fearless and loyal to its duties. The Great Pyrenees' size makes it an imposing guardian. A dog of this breed will patrol its perimeter and may wander away if left off its leash in an unenclosed space. The Great Pyrenees protects its flock by barking, and being nocturnal, tends to bark at night unless trained against such behavior.*[4] The Great Pyrenees can be slow to learn new commands, slow to obey, and somewhat stubborn to train. For this reason the breed is ranked #64 (out of 79 ranks covering 131 breeds) in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs. Despite this relative stubbornness, it is quite unusual for the Great Pyrenees to become aggressive or turn on its master. It is wary of strangers if the person is not allowed in the house, but will settle down if the owner of the dog seems comfortable with the stranger. This dog was originally bred to be a livestock guard dog, and can still be found doing that job on farms and ranches.

23.1.2 Upkeep

When domesticated, the Great Pyrenees' coat needs brushing once or twice a month. The breed needs moderate exercise but tends to be somewhat lazy especially in warm weather. They particularly enjoy cold weather and snow. Like similar breeds, some Great Pyrenees tend to drool, especially with exercise.*[4] 23.1. DESCRIPTION 107

A Great Pyrenees 108 CHAPTER 23. GREAT PYRENEES

A Great Pyrenees in the mountain

23.2 In popular culture

• Belle, from Cécile Aubry's Belle et Sébastien novel is a Great Pyrenees. • The 2004 film Finding Neverland used a Great Pyrenees to represent J. M. Barrie's Landseer . • In the television series, King of Queens, a Great Pyrenees is a recurring customer of Holly the dog walker. • In the 1965 film Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines, a Great Pyrenees is the household dog at the Lord Rawnsley estate. • In the Marx Brothers' Horse Feathers, a Great Pyrenees appears in the dog catcher's wagon. • In the Korean variety show Happy Sunday - 1 Night 2 Days, Sang Geun, a Great Pyrenees, is the mascot of the show and recently appointed as “Nation's Pet”. • A popular Korean singer, Hero Jaejoong from TVXQ owns a Great Pyrenees named Vick. • In the 2009 Disney movie Santa Buddies, a Great Pyrenees puppy named Puppy Paws is the leading character. • Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees owned a Great Pyrenees named Barnaby who was in their television movie Cucumber Castle and the video for their song “Lonely Days”. • In the Jim Carrey movie Dumb and Dumber, a Great Pyrenees appears in the dog-mobile. • Webcomic artist Jeph Jacques owns a Great Pyrenees named Shelby, who has appeared in his webcomic Questionable Content on occasion. He appears almost exactly the same as Mr. Tadakichi of anime fame (see below). • In Hanazakari no Kimitachi e, the male lead had a Great Pyrenees named “Yu Ci Lan”for a pet. • Many Japanese manga and anime series have dogs that are either this breed or based on its appearance: • Alexander from Fullmetal Alchemist • Tadakichi-san (Mr. Tadakichi in the English version), owned by Chiyo Mihama in Azumanga Daioh • Akamaru from Naruto is Kiba Inuzuka's pet Great Pyrenees. • Cherry, owned by Minami Iwasaki in Lucky Star. 23.2. IN POPULAR CULTURE 109

A Great Pyrenees guarding sheep

• Baron from Noein is Haruka Kaminoga's pet Great Pyrenees. • Peace, a dog belonging to one of Ashirogi Muto's assistants appears in Bakuman.

• The Japanese series Ginga Densetsu Weed features a Great Pyrenees named Hiro, who is nicknamed the“The Castrator”, due to his signature attack of neutering his opponents.

• In the book Between Mom and Jo by Julie Anne Peters, the family takes in a stray Great Pyrenees. 110 CHAPTER 23. GREAT PYRENEES

• In the book Futures and Frosting by Tara Sivec, Carter's parents buy him, Claire and Gavin a Great Pyrenees puppy. Claire exaggeratingly describes it as a “900-pound animal”, “almost the same size as Gavin”and “looks like a polar bear”.

• The logo of the Sea Dog Brewing Company represents the founders' late Great Pyrenees.*[11]

• During the live simulcast of the Stephanie Miller Show radio show on Free Speech TV, Stephanie's two Great Pyrenees, Max and Fred, are often seen on camera and are a subject of discussion.

• In the 2014 Great Pyrenees known as Duke the Dog becomes mayor of small Minnesota town Cormorant

*[12] *[13] *[14]

23.3 See also

• Akbash Dog

• Kuvasz

• Maremma Sheepdog

• Mountain dog

• Mucuchies

• Polish Tatra Sheepdog

• Pyrenean Mastiff

• Slovak Cuvac

23.4 References

[1] greatpyrenees.com

[2] “Early History of the breed”. Clubs.akc.org. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[3] “Great Pyrenees Connection-Great Pyrenees Colors”. Greatpyrenees.com. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[4] Coile, D. Caroline (2005). Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, second edition. Barron's. ISBN 0764157000.

[5] Durr, Mark. Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship - 2004 Page 161.

[6] “Great Pyrenees Club of America: Livestock Guardian Dog”. Great Pyrenees Club of America. 2010-01-10. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[7] “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[8] “Great Pyrenees Club of Americaʼs 2006 Health Survey Results” (PDF).

[9] “American Kennel Club Profile”. Akc.org. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[10] “A description of the breed”. Clubs.akc.org. Retrieved 2012-03-17.

[11] Sea Dog Brewing Company

[12]

[13] Dog becomes mayor of minnesota town

[14] Duke the dog. Mayor of Cormorant MN 23.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 111

23.5 External links

• Great Pyrenees at DMOZ

• Great Pyrenees Library : interesting and useful articles on breeding, behavior, livestock guardians, Great Pyre- nees rescue and medical information

• GreatPyr.com : Great Pyrenees Information & Resources. Photo Gallery, Forums, and Breed Information

• Great Pyrenees Connection: Great Pyrenees breed information, photographs, history of the breed in France and the Netherlands, links to international Great Pyrenees breeders and Great Pyrenees clubs

• Livestock Guardian Dog Association Chapter 24

Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (German: Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund or French: Grand Bouvier Suisse) is a dog breed which was developed in the Swiss Alps. The name Sennenhund refers to people called Senn or Senner, dairymen and herders in the Swiss Alps. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are almost certainly the result of indigenous dogs mating with large Mastiff types brought to Switzerland by foreign settlers. At one time, the breed was believed to have been among the most popular in Switzerland.*[1] It was assumed to have almost died out by the late 19th century, since its work was being done by other breeds or machines, but was rediscovered in the early 1900s.*[2] The breed is large and heavy-boned with great physical strength, but is still agile enough to perform the all-purpose farm duties it was originally used for.*[2] Its breed standard calls for a black, white, and rust colored coat. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is sociable, active, calm, and dignified, and loves being part of the family. It is relatively healthy for its size and tends to have far fewer problems than more popular breeds in its size range.*[1] Among the four Sennenhunde, or Swiss mountain dogs, this breed is considered the oldest, and is also the largest.

24.1 History

24.1.1 Breed history

A painting of an Alpine Mastiff which was brought to Britain in 1815.

112 24.1. HISTORY 113

The origin of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is not definitively known.*[3] The Swiss people themselves cannot be clearly defined as belonging exclusively to one of the European tribes; they are inhabitants of a typical transit country.*[3] Beginning in 1515, the remote valleys of Switzerland were more or less isolated from world history for three centuries. Specific dog breeds were created by inbreeding, and puppies were given to neighbors and family members.*[3] There are several theories regarding the origin of the four Sennenhund breeds.*[1] The most popular theory states the dogs are descended from the Molosser, a large Mastiff-type dog, which accompanied the Roman Legions on their invasion of the Alps more than 2000 years ago.*[1] A second theory is that in 1100 BC, the Phoenicians brought a large dog breed with them to settlements in Spain. These dogs later migrated eastward and influenced the development of the Spanish Mastiff, Great Pyrenees, , and Sennenhund breeds.*[1] A third possibility is that a large dog breed was indigenous to central Europe during the Neolithic Period,*[1] when humans grew wild and domestic crops and used domesticated animals. Whether or not a domesticated large breed existed in the Alpine area when the Romans invaded,*[1] Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are almost certainly the result of the mating of native farm dogs with large Mastiff-type dogs brought to Switzerland by foreign settlers. The early ancestors of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog were used by farmers, herdsmen and merchants in central Europe.*[1] The breed was bred as a draught dog to pull heavy carts, to guard and move dairy cattle, and as a watchdog and family companion.*[1]

24.1.2 Selective breeding

These two Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs, forming a double team, have collar harnesses, with the shaft between their legs. The driver is in the wagon.

Selective breeding was based on a dog's ability to perform a particular function, such as pulling loads or guarding.*[1] The Swiss farmer needed a strong, multi-purpose dog capable of contributing to daily life on the farm.*[1] Large, sturdy and confident, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed that is robust and agile enough to perform farm work in very mountainous regions.*[2] The breed was also used as a butcher's dog, having been“popular with butchers, cattle dealers, manual workers and farmers, who used them as guard dogs, droving or draught dogs and bred them as such.”*[4] Its popularity as a draft dog led to the nickname“the poor man's horse”. By the 19th century, the ancestors of the modern Greater Swiss Mountain Dog were widely used in central Europe by farmers and tradesmen.*[1] 114 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

24.1.3 Renewal of breed

Prevailing theory

At one time, the breed's ancestors were believed to have been among the most popular dogs in Switzerland.*[1] It was assumed that the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog had almost died out by the late 19th century, because their work was being done by other breeds or machines, but they were rediscovered in the early 1900s.*[2] In 1908, on the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Swiss Kennel Club (Schweizerische Kynologische Gesellschaft or SKG), two short-haired Bernese Mountain Dogs were shown by Franz Schertenlieb*[5] to an advocate of the Swiss mountain dogs, geology professor (April 12, 1849 – August 31, 1937).*[6] Heim recognized them as representatives of the old, vanishing, large mountain dog, whose ancestors had been widely spread across Europe, and bred as guard dogs, draft dogs, and droving-cattle dogs.*[6] Heim was a Sennenhund expert, and started to encourage breeders to take an interest in them. These efforts resulted in the re-establishment of the breed. In 1909, the dogs were recognized as a separate breed by the Swiss Kennel Club and entered as “Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund”in Volume 12 of the Swiss stud book.*[6] The first breed club was formed in 1912 to promote the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog.*[4] The and the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog are two of four distinctive farm-type dogs of Swiss origin who were saved from extinction and revitalized by Schertenlieb in the late 1800s.*[7]

Secondary theory

There is little information about the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog written before 1907.*[3] Until 1913, it was only mentioned in reports by exhibition judges, such as Dr. Albert Heim, who is credited with introducing them into official dog breeding.*[3] Heim was sure that the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was the most widely kept dog in the mountain areas of Switzerland between 1860 and 1870, but the prevailing theory asserts that within 30 years, it had nearly disappeared.*[3] Dr. Hans Raber commented on this discrepancy in his book, Die Schweizer Hunderassen:

If this dog was commonly kept around 1870, it is unbelievable that only 30 years later you could only find him in remote valleys in the Bern area. A well known and working dog cannot disappear in such a short time, especially not if he had all the good qualities he is credited with. Furthermore, this dog was not limited to Switzerland. He also was known in southern Germany, where today the Rottweiler is his noble successor, and in other areas. ̶Dr. Hans Raber, Die Schweizer Hunderassen

This theory asserts that systematic breeding did not occur.*[3] Farmers did not typically take their in-season females to selected males, so breeding was left to chance.*[3] From the litter, puppies who were likable and looked suitable were chosen.*[3] Because of this strict selection, and because puppies were often kept in their original neighborhood, the appearance and character of the dogs remained stable.*[3] Practical matters were important when selecting the dog and dictated appearance.*[3] It isn't known how much attention was given to colors, but it is possible that irregularly or asymmetrically marked dogs were considered less desirable.*[3] Although Heim has said that the big butcher dogs, Metzgerhund, went extinct after foreign imports became more popular, there is speculation over whether farmers would get an expensive foreign dog.*[3] In 1889 an International Dog Show was held in Winterthur, northern Switzerland; various Sennenhunde were exhibited.*[8] Raber is sure the dogs were present in 1900 as draft dogs for peddlers and people going to market, watch dogs for farmers and droverʼs dog for butchers; they were rarely tri-colored.*[3] Everywhere the dogs had short, rough coats; nearly all were brown, yellow or black with white and brown markings.*[3] Lons' description of the northern and central German butcher dog also fits the Sennenhunde at the beginning of pure breeding; this applies to the Austrian butcher dog of Linz, and the French and Belgian Matin.*[3] It is to their credit that Heim and Schertenleib selected one variation of the butcher dog – possible the most beautiful – and started it on the road to a pure breed.*[3] In 1908 the Swiss mountain dog appeared for the first time in public.*[3] At a show in Langenthal, Switzerland, Franz Schertenleib – a breeder of the Berner – showed an extraordinarily strong, short-haired Berner Sennenhund.*[3] He had seen this dog and bought him as an oddity.*[3] He was eager to hear what the Langenthal judge, Professor Heim, would say about this short-haired Berner.*[3] Bello vom Schlossgut was beautifully marked, 26 in (66 cm) high, sturdy, and with attractive colors.*[3] Heim's first look saw the possibility of a new breed of Sennenhunde.*[3] He remembered having seen similar dogs in the 1860s in various parts of Switzerland.*[3] He said to Schertenleib,“The 24.1. HISTORY 115

Professor Albert Heim 116 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

Bello v Schlossgut, SSB 3965, first shown in 1908.

dog belongs in a different category; he is too gorgeous and thoroughbred to push him aside as a poor example of a Berner. He is an example of the old-time, almost extinct, butcher dog.”*[3] Heim wrote in his judgeʼs notes:“Bello is a marvelous, old Sennen (Butcher) hund of the large, almost extinct breed. Had he been entered under “other breeds”I would have recognized him as grossen Sennenhund and awarded him first prize with pleasure. Since he was entered among the Durrbachs, I cannot give this interesting dog more than second prize. This dog is out of place here.”*[3] Heim gave Bello the name Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund and dismissed the first representative of a newly named breed from the ring.*[3] Heim wrote the first standard based on Bello, and Schertenleib started to search for other members of the new breed.*[3] He found two short-haired bitches and breeding began.*[3] The first Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs were stockier and rougher than the modern dogs; the skulls were wider than desirable today and showed a marked stop.*[3] Judging from old pictures, the coloring was bad; the black coat was mixed with yellow wool at the neck, flanks and rear.*[3]

24.1.4 20th century development

Throughout the early 20th century, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog population in Europe grew slowly, and it remains a rare breed both in its native Switzerland and the U.S.*[1] During World War II the breed was used by the Swiss Army as a draft dog.*[1] In 1945 over 100 puppies were registered, indicating the existence of about 350-400 dogs of the breed at that time.*[4] The breed was first recognised internationally in 1939, when the Swiss Standard was first published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.*[6] In 1968 J. Frederick and Patricia Hoffman imported the first Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs to the U.S.*[1] The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America was formed; the club promotes careful, selective breeding to gradually increase the strength and popularity of the breed.*[1] In 1983 the club held the first 24.2. APPEARANCE 117

Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America (GSMDCA) National Specialty; the club registry contained 257 dogs.*[1] In 1985 the breed was granted entrance to the American Kennel Club (AKC) Miscellaneous Group.*[1] In 1992 the GSMDCA started to work toward full AKC recognition, and in July 1995 the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was officially granted full recognition in the AKC Working Group.*[1] Oscar The Grouch,*[9] Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was featured in the front page of the Wall Street Journal *[10] as he prepared to compete at the Westminster dog show. According to the AKC, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are 88th in popularity as a breed.*[11]

24.2 Appearance

The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed;*[2] it is a large, heavy-boned dog with incredible physical strength.*[1] Despite being heavy-boned and well-muscled, the dog is agile enough to perform the all-purpose farm duties of the mountainous regions of its origin.*[2]

24.2.1 Coat

The coloration on a puppy

There is black on top of the dog's back, ears, tail and the majority of the legs.*[6] There should be rust on the cheeks, a thumb print above the eyes, and also rust should appear on the legs between the white and black.*[6] There should be white on the muzzle, the feet, the tip of the tail, on the chest, and up from the muzzle to pass between the eyes.*[6] Symmetrical markings are preferred by breeders. The double coat has a dense outer coat of about 1.25 to 2 in (3.2 to 5.1 cm) long. Textures of the topcoat can range from short, straight and fine to longer, wavier and coarser.*[1] The under coat is thick and ranges from the preferred dark gray to light gray to tawny, and must be on the neck, but can be all over the body*[2] – with such a thick coat, Sennenhunde shed throughout the year and they have a major shedding once or twice a year.*[12]*:5 118 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

Desired coloration

While the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Standard calls for a black, white and rust dog; they do come in other colors which include blue, white and tan tri-color; and rust and white bi-color.*[1] On the blue tri-color dogs, blue replaces where black would be and tan replaces where the rust would normally be.*[1] On the rust bi-color dogs, the dog is solid rust and white markings with a total absence of black coloring.*[1]

24.2.2 Size

Males range between 25.5 to 28.5 in (65 to 72 cm) at the shoulder and females range between 23.5 to 27 in (60 to 69 cm) at the shoulder.*[1] There is no standard for weight in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; males tend to range between 120 to 155 lb (54 to 70 kg) and females range between 100 to 115 lb (45 to 52 kg).*[1] Body length to height is approximately a 10 to 9 proportion; they are slightly longer than tall.*[2]

24.2.3 Conformation

Head

Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs have an animated and gentle expression.*[2] Their eyes are almond shaped, vary in color from hazel to chestnut – dark brown is preferred – medium-sized, and neither deep set nor protruding.*[2] Eyelids are close fitting and eyerims are black.*[2] The medium-sized ears are set high, triangular in shape, gently rounded at the tip and hang close to the head when relaxed.*[2] When alert, the ears are brought forward and raised at the base.*[2] The top of the ear is level with the top of the skull.*[2] The skull is flat and broad with a slight stop.*[2] The backskull and muzzle are approximately equal in length; the backskull is approximately twice the width of the muzzle.*[2] The muzzle is large, blunt and straight, and most often has a slight rise before the end.*[2] In adult dogs the nose leather is always black.*[2] 24.2. APPEARANCE 119

This Greater Swiss Mountain Dog has a fine, straight coat, a properly hanging tail and the desired level back.

The lips are clean and as a dry-mouthed breed, flews are only slightly developed.*[2] They should not drool.*[1] The teeth meet in a scissors bite.*[2]

Neck, topline and body

The neck is of moderate length, strong, muscular and clean.*[2] The topline is level from the withers to the croup*[2] – the croup is the fused sacral vertebrae that form the roof of the pelvis and the first few vertebrae of the tail.*[13] The croup is long, broad and smoothly rounded to the tail insertion.*[2] The tail is thicker at the base, tapering to a point as it reaches the hocks; it is carried down in repose.*[2] When alert and in movement, the tail may be carried higher and curved slightly upward; it should not curl over the back.*[2] The bones of the tail should be straight.*[2] The chest is deep and broad with a slightly protruding breastbone, with well-sprung ribs.*[2] The depth of the chest is approximately one-half the height of the dog at the withers,*[2] and the deepest point of the chest should lie between the elbows, not above them.*[1]

Forequarters

The shoulders of a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog are long, sloping, strong, moderately laid back, flat and well- muscled.*[2] Their forelegs are straight and strong.*[2] A dog walks on its toes like a horse does; a dog's pastern and paws are analogous to the back of a human's hand and fingers, respectively.*[14] The pasterns slope very slightly, but are not weak.*[2] Feet are round and compact with well-arched toes; the feet turn neither in nor out.*[2] 120 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

This Greater Swiss Mountain Dog has strong, well-muscled shoulders; straight, strong forelegs; slightly sloping pasterns and well- rounded feet. 24.3. TEMPERAMENT 121

Hindquarters

The thighs are broad, strong and muscular;*[2] broad, strong and muscular hindquarters, and proper angles between the stifles and hocks are essential for a draft dog to provide powerful rear-drive during movement.*[1] The breed standard 'bend of stifle' refers to where the upper and the lower thighs meet.*[15] The stifles are moderately bent and taper smoothly into the hocks.*[2] The hocks are well let down and straight when viewed from the rear.*[2] The hock joint corresponds to the human ankle and first short bones in the foot; the dog does not walk on the heel as people do.*[16] Feet are round and compact with well-arched toes; they turn neither in nor out.*[2] Dewclaws should be removed.*[2]

Gait

The gait of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog should have movement with a level back.*[17] Their gait should have good reach in front with a powerful drive in the rear.*[17] Soundness, balance and efficiency which accompany correct structure and good condition are crucial factors in their movement, not speed.*[1] Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs were bred to work all day on a farm and need stamina.*[1] They are a large breed; because of their history as farm dogs in mountainous terrain, they are extremely agile and this is apparent in their gait.*[17]

24.3 Temperament

The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is happy with an enthusiastic nature and strong affinity to people and children.*[1] This breed is sociable, active, calm and dignified.*[18] They do need plenty of room to exercise.*[18] They will not be happy confined to kennel life; they want to enjoy their family. They crave attention and physical contact.*[1] Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are bold, faithful and willing workers*[2] and are eager to please. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is confident in nature; the breed is gentle with children.*[1] They can be stubborn and determined.*[18] The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is an intelligent breed and is a quick learner.*[18] They can be difficult to housebreak, taking up to 6 months or more; and tend to try to eat just about anything, edible or not.*[18] The activity level in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is variable.*[1] They are capable of being athletic, but usually that activity is in bursts; they are active for short periods of time followed by napping.*[1] They want to be with their owners and to participate; their activity level most often matches the activity level of the family.*[1] As a working dog, they like having a job to do and enjoy participating in hiking, carting, obedience trials, herding, and backpacking with their owners.*[2] Being alert and vigilant,*[2] the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a good watchdog.*[1] They tend to notice everything in their surroundings and are quick to sound alarm.*[1] Faced with a threat, they will stand their ground and put on a show that will intimidate those unfamiliar with the dog.*[1] Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are accepting of a non- threatening stranger.*[1] They are confident and comfortable in unfamiliar locations, and are stable around strange noises and unfamiliar people.*[1] They are accepting of other dogs and species, and are reluctant to bite.*[1] This giant breed matures slowly in both mind and body, taking anywhere from 2 to 3 years. The objective in training this dog is for the owner to build trust through humane methods. As youngsters, they can be quite boisterous and they do require steady and reliable training to develop manners and physical self-control.*[1] As with all large, active working dogs, this breed should be well socialized early in life with other dogs and people, and be provided with regular activity and training.*[1]

24.4 Health

For the most part, this breed is relatively healthy for their size; Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs have far fewer problems than more populous breeds in the similar size range.*[1]

24.4.1 Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as involuntary urination, and most often occurs in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs as leaking of urine while sleeping; it is a non-life-threatening condition.*[1] It seems that more than 20% of the females are affected, usually after being spayed.*[1] Incontinence is occasionally found in males as well.*[1] 122 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

Incontinence can occur for many reasons, such as a weak bladder sphincter – generally the most common cause in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs – urinary tract infection, excessive water consumption, congenital structural defects and spinal cord disease.*[1]

24.4.2 Eyelash issues

The two most common eye issues that Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs face are distichiasis and entropion, with distichi- asis being the most common issue.*[1] Distichiasis is the presence of extra eyelashes along the eyelid.*[1] Distichiasis has been reported in 19%, of the breed and in the vast majority of cases it is non-symptomatic and does not cause an issue for the dog.*[1] Extra eyelashes can be seen along the eyelid; sometimes extra eyelashes grow so that they irritate the eye.*[1] Treatment varies from vet to vet, some choosing to freeze the affected hair follicles and others choosing to use electrocautery.*[1] Entropion, found in about 3% of the breed, is the rolling in of the eyelids, which causes the eyelashes to irritate the eye.*[1] Entropion is a condition that often requires surgery to fix, but once corrected causes no future issues for the dog.*[1]

24.4.3 Lick fit

Lick fit is the frantic licking to which Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs can be prone.*[1] This has been reported in 17% of the breed.*[1] When in the middle of a lick fit, the dog will lick anything they can ̶carpet, floors, walls ̶and will eat anything they can find, including grass, leaves, dirt, carpet, and will gulp air and swallow constantly.*[1] Their actions make it obvious they are in severe gastrointestinal discomfort.*[1] Many owners are able to prevent lick fits by ensuring the dog never has an empty stomach by frequent, smaller meals and large dog biscuits as between meal snacks.*[1]

24.4.4 Epilepsy

Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE) is the condition of frequent seizures with no identifiable cause.*[1] Seizures occur when nerve cells in the brain become hyperexcited and send rapid-fire messages to the body.*[1] Treatment of IE depends on the severity of the case and may involve daily administration of anticonvulsant drugs.*[1] IE is present in all Greater Swiss Mountain Dog lines; it typically surfaces between the ages of 1 to 3 years, but it can become evident as early as 12 months and as late as 5 years.*[1]

24.4.5 Abdominal health issues

Bloat, a.k.a. gastric dilatation-volvulous (GDV), is the greatest killer of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog.*[1] GDV occurs in deep-chested breeds and requires immediate veterinary care.*[1] It can be caused by wolfing down too much water, too much food too fast, exercise after eating, stress or unknown conditions.*[1] Symptoms are distended abdomen, excessive salivating, depression and lethargy.*[1] When bloat occurs it cuts off the esophagus, and blood supply to the heart is lessened causing low blood pressure as well as other cardiac problems; the dog can go into shock.*[1] Organ damage can occur as well and the stomach may rupture causing peritonitis to set in.*[1] If not treated, the dog may die.*[1] The spleen is located in the left cranial abdomen and is held loosely in place by ligaments.*[19]*:1 Primary diseases of the spleen are splenic torsion and splenic tumors.*[19]*:2 Splenic torsion occurs when the spleen twists along the axis of the blood supply.*[19]*:2 Symptoms of splenic torsion include lethargy, abdominal distension and pale mucous membranes.*[19]*:2 One theory for the development of splenic torsion is that for dogs with chronic intermittent gastric dilatation, the dilation causes the spleen's ligaments to stretch and increases the spleenʼs mobility within the abdomen.*[19]*:8 The spleen becomes torsed because it is no longer anchored in its correct location.*[19]*:8 In a normal Greater Swiss Mountain Dog the spleen is smooth and uncreased; it is about 6 to 8 in (15 to 20 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm), and less than 1 in (2.5 cm) thick.*[1] Most of the spleens removed from Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are 18 to 24 in (46 to 61 cm) by 8 to 10 in (20 to 25 cm) and very thick.*[1] This size spleen is not an abnormal finding in this breed.*[1] It seems apparent that many dogs of the breed suffer enlarged spleens for no obvious reason other than the spleen may have been constantly twisting, folding and unfolding.*[1] 24.5. LIFESPAN 123

24.4.6 Dysplasias

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is the irregular formation of the joint that joins the femur – the longest bone in the body – to the hip socket.*[1] The hip is a ball-and-socket joint and the femoral head must fit well into the socket for the joint to function properly.*[1] Early signs of CHD include a reluctance to go up and down stairs or to jump; difficulty rising or lying down; and bunny hopping when running – both hind limbs move together.*[1] CHD is among the principal orthopedic diseases in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; it is rarely severe and crippling.*[1] Unless x-rays are taken many owners are not aware that they have a dysplastic dog.*[1] A goal for raising a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog from puppyhood is to feed them so they mature more slowly than smaller breeds to help avoid hip and other orthopedic problems in adulthood.*[20] The form of Canine Elbow dysplasia most often diagnosed in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs appears to be a degerative joint disease – a slowly progressive form of cartilage degeneration usually caused by trauma or abnormal wear on the joint.*[1] Evidence suggests that most dogs of this breed diagnosed with degenerative joint disease by x-rays of the elbows have the mildest form Grade I.*[1] They don't display clinical signs such as pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion or lameness.*[1] Osteochondrosis is a disturbance in the normal development of cartilage; cartilage becomes abnormally thickened, and small fissures and cracks may develop.*[1] Dissecans is when cartilage becomes dissected resulting in cartilage flaps, which may remain attached or become loose and fall into the joint space.*[1] In Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs most of these cases occur in the shoulder joints and occasionally in elbows and hocks.*[1] Except for very mild cases without flap development, the clinical signs are persistent or intermittent lameness.*[1] The dog may be stiff after resting and the lameness is usually aggravated by exercise.*[1] It is diagnosed by x-rays, and treatment depends on the severity of the case.*[1] Mild cases without cartilage flaps may be treated and heal with several weeks of rest and treatment with medication and supplements.*[1] Many cases require surgery to remove the flaps and loose fragments, and scraping and smoothing of the defective surface.*[1] Surgical repair of the shoulder usually has excellent results, surgical results involving other sites are not as predictable.*[1]

24.4.7 Rage Syndrome

Sudden Onset Aggression (SOA) or Rage Syndrome has been reported in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs. *[21]

24.5 Lifespan

Heavier dogs such as the Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs tend to have shorter lifespans than medium- and small-sized dogs;*[22] longevity is inversely related to breed size.*[23] Two websites list the life expectancy for Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs at 10 to 11 years;*[24] another lists it as 8–10 years.*[18] A survey by the US breed club shows a median lifespan of 6.75 years.*[25] Dog lifespans may vary in different countries, even in the same breed.*[26]

24.6 Kennel club and pet registry recognition

• The Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund, or Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI).*[6] They are in Group 2, Section 3 Swiss Mountain and Cat- tle Dogs; standards are dated March 25, 2003.*[6] The first standard was published not before February 5, 1939.*[6]

• The American Kennel Club (AKC) fully recognized the breed in 1995,*[2] and classifies them in the Working Group.*[27]

• The Canadian Kennel Club recognized the breed in 2006, and also places the breed in the Working Group.*[28]

• The United Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1992; they place the breed in the Guardian Dog Group.*[29]

• The Kennel Club, based in the United Kingdom, classifies the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog in the Working Group.*[30] 124 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

• The Continental Kennel Club (CKC) lists the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog and provides minimal information about the breed.*[31]

• The America's Pet Registry Inc. (APRI) does have a classified ad section for Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs.*[32] • The American Canine Registry (ACR) lists the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog as an acceptable breed under their American Canine Registry section.*[33]

• As of May 2010 the breed is not recognised by the New Zealand Kennel Club or the Australian National Kennel Council.

24.7 Four breeds of Sennenhund

Main article: Swiss mountain dog The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is considered the oldest of the Swiss breeds.*[1] It is the largest of the four Sennenhund breeds; all four have the same colors and markings but are different sizes. Evolutionary hierarchy suggests breeds should genetically cluster into groups sharing recent common ancestry.*[34] A genetic clustering algorithm could not easily distinguish between the obviously related pairs of Greater Swiss Mountain Dog and the Bernese Mountain Dog.*[34] The four breeds of Sennenhund, with the original breed name followed by the most popular English version of the breed name, and their size:

• Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. Males range between 25.5 to 28.5 inches (65 to 72 cm) at the shoulder and females range between 23.5 to 27 in (60 to 69 cm) at the shoulder.*[1] There is no standard for weight in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; males tend to weigh between 100 to 140 lb (45 to 64 kg) and females weigh between 80 to 115 lb (36 to 52 kg).*[1]

• Berner Sennenhund, Bernese Mountain Dog. This is the only one of the four with a long coat; it is the second- largest with males at 25 to 27.5 in (64 to 70 cm) high and 90 to 130 lb (41 to 59 kg).*[12]*:6 Females are 23 to 26 in (58 to 66 cm) tall and weigh 75 to 100 lb (34 to 45 kg).*[12]*:6

• , Appenzeller

• Entlebucher Sennenhund, . Males are 17 to 21 in (43 to 53 cm) tall, and females are 16 to 20 in (41 to 51 cm).*[35]

24.8 Similar breeds

In addition to the three breeds mentioned in the previous section, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are related to other mountain dogs: Boxers, Bullmastiffs, Doberman Pinschers, Great Danes, Great Pyrenees, , Kuvaszes and Mastiffs.*[36] The breed probably contributed to the development of the St. Bernard and the Rottweiler.*[37]

24.9 See also

• Carting

24.10 References

[1] Wallace, Anna. “The Beginner's Guide to the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog”. Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[2] “AKC Meet the Breeds: Greater Swiss Mountain Dog”. America Kennel Club. Retrieved April 30, 2010. 24.10. REFERENCES 125

Greater Swiss Mountain Dog standing next to an Entlebucher Mountain Dog

[3] Raber, Hans (1971). Die Schweizer Hunderassen. p. Chapter 6 (revised) History of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

[4] Great Swiss Mountain Dog (in English), Vertebrate Animals Department, Naturhistoriches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern

[5] Also spelled Schertenleib

[6] Fédération Cynologique Internationale for Dogs Worldwide. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

[7] Ostrander, Elaine A. (2007). The Dog and its Genome. p. 141. ISBN 9780879697815. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[8] Origin and Historical Background of Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs (Report). Greater Swiss Mountain.Com. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[9] http://www.swissyisland.com

[10] Cohen, Ben (February 13, 2012). “Local Guy Is a Westminster Underdog to Root For”. The Wall Street Journal. 126 CHAPTER 24. GREATER SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

[11] “American Kennel Club Announces Most Popular Dogs in the U.S.”. Retrieved February 6, 2014.

[12] Riggsbee, Nikki (2007). Bernese Mountain Dogs: Everything About Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training. Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manual. ISBN 9780764135927. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[13] Shaw, Linda (2003). The Illustrated Standard of the German Shepherd Dog: The Hindquarters (Report). Archived from Hindquarters/The_Hindquarters.html the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[14] “Canine feet”. Dog Owner's Guide. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[15] Lanting, Fred (2001). The Stifles (Report). Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[16] Lanting, Fred (1995). Orthopedic Problems in Hocks (Report). Mastiff Reporter. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[17] “Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs”. Retrieved April 30, 2010.

[18] “Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Information”. JustDogBreeds.com. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[19] Perkins, Ranetta (2009). Splenic Torsion in a 3 year old male intact Greater Swiss Mountain dog (Report). Retrieved October 14, 2012.

[20] Dodman, Nicholas H.; Lindner, Lawrence (2007). Puppy's First Steps: The Whole-Dog Approach to Raising a Happy, Healthy, Well-Behaved Puppy. p. 87. ISBN 9780618663040. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[21] http://www.gsmdca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Website-healthsurveyconclusions.pdf

[22] Cassidy, Kelly M. Dog Longevity, 2007

[23] Chase, Kevin; Jones, Paul; Martin, Alan; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Lark, Karl G. (March 25, 2009). “Genetic Mapping of Fixed Phenotypes: Disease Frequency as a Breed Characteristic”. Journal of Heredity 100 (suppl_1): S37–41. doi:10.1093/jhered/esp011. PMC 3139361. PMID 19321632. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[24] “Greater Swiss Mountain Dog”. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[25] “Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America Breed Health Survey 2000 & 2001: Conclusions”(PDF). Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America Health Committee. October 2002. Retrieved April 6, 2011.

[26] Cassidy, Kelly M. (December 26, 2007). “Survey Comparisons”. Dog Longevity. Retrieved April 3, 2011.

[27] Clotfelter, Ethan D.; Hollis, Karen L. (May 2008). “Cognition in Domestic Dogs: Object Permanence & Social Cueing Cognition in domestic dogs”70 (5). The American Biology Teacher.

[28] Canadian Kennel Club (PDF). Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[29] United Kennel Club. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[30] The Kennel Club. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[31] Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. Continental Kennel Club. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[32] Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (Report). America's Pet Registry, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Re- trieved May 5, 2010.

[33] Welcome to the American Canine Registry, Home on the Web (Report). Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[34] Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wayne, Robert K. (2005). The canine genome (Report). Genome Research. doi:10.1101/gr.3736605. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[35] AKC Parent Breed Club for the Entlebucher Mountain Dog. p. Breed Standard. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[36] Adopt a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. Petfinder. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

[37] Marien-de Luca, Catherine. “Swiss Mountain Dogs (Sennenhund Breeds)". Bulldoginformation.com. Retrieved May 5, 2010. 24.11. EXTERNAL LINKS 127

24.11 External links

• Greater Swiss Mountain Dog at DMOZ

• Historical photos of the Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund from the Bern Naturaidogsarebad History Museum • More information about geologist and indigenous Swiss dog breeds advocate Albert Heim (1849-1937), in- cluding a photo with Swiss Mountain Dogs in 1929 (in German) Chapter 25

Greek Harehound

The Greek Harehound (FCI No. 214) is a rare breed of dog that only comes in a black and tan color, originally bred as a for tracking and chasing hare in Southern Greece.

25.1 Appearance

The Greek Harehound is a scent hound with a shorthaired black and tan coat. It is a medium-sized dog, weighing between 17-20 kg. Males and females should have a height of 47-55 cm and 45-53 cm at the withers respectively.*[1]

• Head: The skull, which is relatively flat, is the same or slightly shorter than the muzzle's length. Its forehead is generally broad.

• Jaws: The Greek Harehound has powerful jaws. Its teeth should either be in a scissor or pincer bite and evenly spaced.*[2]

• Eyes: This breed possess bright brown-colored eyes that are medium-sized. The eyes should neither be set too deep or bulging.

• Ears: The ears are set high, and should hang down halfway along the head.

• Coat: The Greek Harehound has a short, dense coat that has a slightly hard texture. Its coat is usually only black and tan in color, yet a small white patch may be present in some individuals.*[2] No trimming or stripping is required.

• Tail: The tail's length should not exceed the point of the hock. It is set high, thick at the base and tapering by a little at the tip.

25.2 Temperament

The Greek Harehound has a lively, confident and outgoing temperament. These dogs are skilled, fearless hunters, and have a keen sense of smell as well as excellent strength and stamina. Their activity level is high and require regular physical stimulation and a large space to exercise. The Greek Harehound is also devoted to its owner, and generally makes a fine family pet, although they are better with older children. Since the Greek Harehound was originally bred to hunt in packs, it is placid with other dogs, yet they may be wary and suspicious around strangers. Like other scent hound breeds, the Greek Harehound is independent and strong-willed at times. Males in particular require a confident owner to be in charge. These dogs can also be stubborn and impatient at times, so they should be trained at an early age. Positive reinforcements and proper discipline is necessary when training a Greek Harehound and rough handling should be avoided.*[3] Due to their original hunting purposes, the Greek Harehound is vocal and

128 25.3. HEALTH 129 extremely loud, and may enjoy chasing small animals and moving things. They may also show destructiveness when bored or left alone for a prolonged period of time. Overall speaking, these dogs can be challenging to train and are not recommended for the inexperienced dog owner as well as apartment life. They are more suitable as hunting dogs than house pets.

25.3 Health

The Greek Harehound is a healthy breed with no known genetic defects. But like other dogs with pendulous ears, their ears are more prone to infections and need to be cleaned frequently. Their life span is around eleven years.

25.4 References

[1] “The Furry Critter Network: Hellenic Hound”. Retrieved 11 September 2011.

[2] “United Kennel Club: Hellenic Hound”. Retrieved 11 September 2011.

[3] “Dr. Doogle: Hellenikos Ichnilatis”. Retrieved 11 September 2011.

25.5 External links Chapter 26

Greenland Dog

The (Danish: Grønlandshunden, also known as Greenland Husky) is a large breed of husky-type dog kept as a and for hunting polar bear and seal. This is an ancient breed, thought to be directly descended from dogs brought to Greenland by the first settlers.

26.1 Description

26.1.1 Appearance

The Greenland Dog is a powerful, heavy-built dog. It has a broad, wedge-shaped head, slightly tilted eyes and small, triangular ears covered with thick fur that prevents frostbite. It has strong, muscular, short-haired legs. The tail is usually rolled along/across its back, but it may also hang down in a wolflike manner. When it lies down and curls up to rest, the tail often covers the nose. Its coat is of medium length and consists of two layers. The inner layer consists of short wool-like fur, the outer layer of longer, coarser, water-repellent fur. A characteristic of most Greenland Dogs is the "úlo”, a triangular shaped area on the shoulders. It is named after a common womanʼs-knife from Greenland which is of the same shape. Males are significantly larger than females at between 58 and 68 cm (23–27 in) at the withers; females are between 51 and 61 cm (20–24 in).

26.1.2 Temperament

In Greenland this breed exists in much the same condition as it had when originally arriving there, and is kept as chiefly as a working dog valued for its strength and speed rather than a malleable temperament.*[1] As a result of living in a pack structure, the Greenland dog takes a very firm and confident owner to make a good pet.*[1] Once one has won their respect, however, they can be very loyal and protective of their owners, especially if in a pack.

26.1.3 Stamina

As is common among sled dogs, Greenland Dogs are able to traverse very difficult terrain with ease and with a high tempo. As working dogs they are especially valued for their physical strength and endurance.

26.2 History

The Greenland Dog originates from the coastal area of the regions of Northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland.*[2] Archaeological evidence has proven the dog first reached Greenland with the Sarqaq people between 4000 and 5000 years ago.*[2] Sundry artifacts found within the Inuit people's areas confirm that the Inuit people, along with their sledges and dogs originated from Siberia. Remains have been found in the New Siberian Islands that have been carbon dated to around 7000 BC. This makes the Greenland dog one of the oldest breeds in the world.

130 26.3. SEE ALSO 131

Puppies eating muskox scraps. Puppies in Greenland run free until they reach adulthood. They are subsequently chained and trained for work.

The Vikings were the first Europeans to settle in Greenland and subsequently became aware of these dogs. Then others like the early European whalers, explorers and fur traders in Canada and North America trained dog-sledding skills from the natives of the Arctic region, and used with great success the Greenland dog when hunting, exploring and traveling across the Arctic regions. Greenland dogs belong to the Spitz breeds, a group of dogs characterized by their prick ears, curly tails and thick coats and are among the oldest known dog breeds in the world today. The Greenland dog has been a draught animal in the Arctic regions for centuries and consequently they have developed a powerful body and heavy coats, with a natural capacity for load pulling and endurance in a harsh working environment. It is thought that the first dogs were brought to Britain around 1750; an Esquimaux bitch was exhibited at one of the earliest dog shows held in Darlington on 29 July 1875, which was reported in the Live Stock Journal and Fanciers Gazette published on the 6th of August 1875. They were recognized by the Kennel Club at its foundation in 1880.*[2] Greenland dogs have been used on many expeditions by explorers, the most famous being . Nansen recorded in his book På ski over Grønland, Greenland dogs being used as working dogs by the Greenland Native. Nansen was a successful polar explorer and used the dogs on his famous voyage across the in the equally famous ship . used the Greenland Dogs as well on his expedition to the . Amundsen carefully chose 97 Greenland dogs to accompany him and his team on his expedition to and in his sub- sequent expedition.*[2] Both men started with more dogs than they technically needed to pull as sledge, intending to feed the weakest dogs to the strong ones during the voyage.

26.3 See also

•

• Labrador Husky (This is NOT a mix between a Labrador Retriever and a .)

•

• Samoyed 132 CHAPTER 26. GREENLAND DOG

Sled dogs from Sisimiut work only during winter, gathering strength during the summer period of inactivity.

26.4 References

[1] National Geographic “Arctic Hunters”

[2] The Greenland Dog Club of Great Britain

26.5 External links

• Greenland Dog Club of the UK • National Geographic gallery of the breed in Greenland 26.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 133

Sled dogs in Ilulissat, Greenland.

Puppy of Greenland dog Chapter 27

Greyhound

This article is about the breed of dog. For other uses, see Greyhound (disambiguation).

The Greyhound is a very old European breed of dog, a sighthound which has been historically bred for coursing game and latterly . Since the rise in large scale adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, particularly in North America from the end of the 20th century, it has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet. It is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds in excess of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph).*[1]*[2]*[3] The Greyhound can reach a full speed of 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) within 30 metres or six strides from the boxes, traveling at almost 20 metres per second for the first 250 metres of a race. There are few mammals that can accelerate faster over a short distance, such as the , which can reach speeds of 109 kilometres per hour (68 mph) over 3-4 strides from a standing start,*[4] and pronghorn with an alleged top speed of 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph)*[5]

27.1 Description

27.1.1 Appearance

Males are usually 71 to 76 centimetres (28 to 30 in) tall at the withers and weigh around 27 to 40 kilograms (60 to 88 lb). Females tend to be smaller with shoulder heights ranging from 68 to 71 centimetres (27 to 28 in) and weights from less than 27 to 34 kilograms (60 to 75 lb). Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain. There are approximately thirty recognized colour forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn, black, red and blue (gray) can appear uniquely or in combination.*[6] Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is relatively long in comparison to its breadth, and an elongated muzzle.

27.1.2 Temperament

The Greyhound is not an aggressive dog, as some may believe due to muzzles worn during racing. Muzzles are worn to prevent injuries resulting from dogs nipping one another during or immediately after a race, when the 'hare' has disappeared out of sight and the dogs are no longer racing but still excited. The thin skin of the Greyhound can tear easily from a small nick from teeth, so even a minor skirmish can result in stitches and time out from racing. Greyhounds with a high prey drive occasionally wear muzzles outside the racetrack; owners aware that their Greyhound has a high tendency to chase small prey will protect the prey by applying the muzzle. Contrary to popular belief, adult Greyhounds do not need extended periods of daily exercise, as they are bred for sprinting rather than endurance. Greyhound puppies that have not been taught how to utilize their energy, however, can be hyperactive and destructive if not given an outlet, and they require more experienced handlers.*[7]

27.1.3 Greyhounds as pets

Greyhound owners and adoption groups consider Greyhounds to be wonderful pets.*[8]

134 27.1. DESCRIPTION 135

Greyhounds are quiet, gentle, and loyal to owners. They are very loving creatures, and they enjoy the company of their humans and other dogs. Whether a Greyhound enjoys the company of other small animals or cats depends on the individual dog's personality. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals; those lacking a high 'prey drive' will be able to coexist happily with breeds and/or cats. Many owners describe their Greyhounds as “45 mile per hour couch potatoes”.*[9] Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments. They do well in families with children as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly and with politeness and appropriate respect. Greyhounds have a sensitive nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods. Greyhounds cope well as three legged dogs.*[10] Occasionally, a Greyhound may bark; however, Greyhounds are generally not barkers, which is beneficial in suburban environments, and they are usually as friendly to strangers as they are with their own family.*[11] A very common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive. In retired racing Greyhounds, this is usually not the case.*[12] Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space and sleep close to 18 hours per day. In fact, due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better“apartment dogs”than smaller, more active breeds. At most race tracks, Greyhounds are housed in crates for sleeping. Most such animals know no other way of life than to remain in a crate the majority of the day. a retired Greyhound in a home is therefore generally extremely easy. Many Greyhound adoption groups recommend that owners keep their Greyhounds on a leash whenever outdoors, except in fully enclosed areas.*[13]*[14]*[15]*[16]*[17]*[18]*[19]*[20] This is due to their prey-drive, their speed, and the assertion that Greyhounds have no road sense.*[21] In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for Greyhounds to be allowed off-lead , even in off-lead dog parks, so it is important to be familiar with the relevant local laws and regulations. However, a good run at least once a week is important, especially for younger Greyhounds, and suitable areas can usually be found. Due to their size and strength, adoption groups recommend that fences be between 4 and 6 feet, to prevent them from jumping out.*[13] 136 CHAPTER 27. GREYHOUND

Margaret Gorman with her pet Greyhound, “Long Goodie”, in April 1925

27.2 Roles of the breed

27.2.1 Coursing

Main article:

The original primary use of Greyhounds, both in the and on the Continent of Europe, was in the coursing of deer. Later, they specialized in competition hare coursing.*[22] Some Greyhounds today are still used for coursing, although artificial lure sports like lure coursing and racing are far more common and popular. However, many breeders of racing Greyhounds argue that coursing is still important. This is the case particularly in Ireland, where many of the worldʼs leading breeders are based. A bloodline that has produced a champion on the live hare coursing field is often crossed with track lines in order to keep the early pace (e.g. speed over first 100 yards), which Greyhounds are renowned for, prominent in the line. Many of the leading sprinters over 300 yards to 550 yards have bloodlines traceable back through Irish sires within a few generations that won events such as the Irish Coursing Derby or the Irish Cup.*[23]*[24] The majority of pure-bred Greyhounds are whelped in Ireland. Researching via Greyhound data websites will note coursing champions within a few generations in the pedigree of track racing champions.

27.2.2 Racing

Main article: Greyhound racing Until the early twentieth century, Greyhounds were principally bred and trained for hunting and coursing. Dur- 27.2. ROLES OF THE BREED 137

A racing Greyhound at full extension

Greyhound in double suspension

ing the 1920s, modern Greyhound racing was introduced into the United States and England (Belle Vue Stadium, Manchester, July 1926), as well as Northern Ireland (Celtic Park (Belfast), April 1927) and the Republic of Ireland (Shelbourne Park, Dublin). Australia also has a significant racing culture.*[25]*[26] Aside from professional racing, many Greyhounds enjoy success on the amateur race track. Organizations like the Large Gazehound Racing Asso- ciation (LGRA) and the National Oval Track Racing Association (NOTRA) provide opportunities for Greyhounds and other sighthound breeds to compete in amateur racing events all over the United States*[27]*[28] 138 CHAPTER 27. GREYHOUND

27.2.3 Companion

Historically, the Greyhound has, since its first appearance as a hunting type and breed, enjoyed a specific degree of fame and definition in Western literature, heraldry and art as the most elegant or noble companion and hunter of the canine world. In modern times, the professional racing industry with its large numbers of track bred Greyhounds, as well as the international adoption programs aimed at rescuing and re-homing dogs surplus to the industry, have redefined the breed in their almost mutually dependent pursuit of its welfare, as a sporting dog that will supply friendly companionship in its retirement.*[29] Outside the racing industry and coursing community, the Kennel Clubs' registered breed still enjoys a modest following as a show dog and pet. There is an emerging pattern visible in recent years (2009–2010) of a significant decline in track betting and multiple track closures in the US, which will have consequences for the origin of future companion Greyhounds and the re-homing of current ex-racers.*[30]*[31]

27.3 Health and physiology

Greyhounds are typically a healthy and long-lived breed, and hereditary illness is rare. Some Greyhounds have been known to develop esophageal achalasia, bloat (gastric torsion), and osteosarcoma. If exposed to E. coli, they may develop Alabama rot. Because the Greyhound's lean physique makes it ill-suited to sleeping on hard surfaces, owners of both racing and companion Greyhounds generally provide soft bedding; without bedding, Greyhounds are prone to develop painful skin sores. The average Greyhound lifespan is 9 to 11 years.*[32]*[33] Due to the Greyhound's unique physiology and anatomy, a veterinarian who understands the issues relevant to the breed is generally needed when the dogs need treatment, particularly when anesthesia is required. Greyhounds cannot metabolize barbiturate-based anesthesia as other breeds can because they have lower amounts of oxidative enzymes in their livers.*[34] Greyhounds demonstrate unusual blood chemistry, which can be misread by veterinarians not familiar with the breed; this can result in an incorrect diagnosis.*[35] Greyhounds are very sensitive to insecticides.*[36] Many vets do not recommend the use of flea collars or flea spray on Greyhounds if it is a pyrethrin-based product. (See Dog fleas.) Products like Advantage, Frontline, Lufenuron, and Amitraz are safe for use on Greyhounds and are very effective in controlling fleas and ticks.*[37]

Illustration of the Greyhound skeleton

Greyhounds also have higher levels of red blood cells than other breeds. Since red blood cells carry oxygen to 27.4. HISTORY 139

the muscles, this higher level allows the hound to move larger quantities of oxygen faster from the lungs to the muscles.*[38] Conversely, Greyhounds have lower levels of platelets than other breeds.*[39] Veterinary blood services often use Greyhounds as universal blood donors.*[40] Greyhounds do not have undercoats and thus are less likely to trigger dog allergies in humans (they are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "hypoallergenic"). The lack of an undercoat, coupled with a general lack of body fat, also makes Greyhounds more susceptible to extreme temperatures (both hot and cold); because of this, they must be housed inside.*[41]

27.3.1 Anatomy

The key to the speed of a Greyhound can be found in its light but muscular build, large heart, and highest percentage of fast-twitch muscle of any breed,*[42]*[43] the double suspension gallop and the extreme flexibility of the spine. “Double suspension rotary gallop”describes the fastest running gait of the Greyhound in which all four feet are free from the ground in two phases, contracted and extended, during each full stride.*[44]

27.4 History

The breed's origin is romantically reputed to be connected to Ancient , where depictions of smooth-coated sighthound types have been found which are typical of (Persian Greyhound) or Sloughi (tombs at Beni Hassan c. 2000 BCE). However, analyses of DNA reported in 2004 suggest that the Greyhound is not closely related to these breeds, but is a close relative to herding dogs.*[45]*[46] Historical literature on the first sighthound in Europe (Arrian), the vertragus, the probable antecedent of the Greyhound, suggests that the origin is with the ancient from Eastern Europe or Eurasia. Greyhound-type dogs of small, medium, and large size, would appear to have been bred across Europe since that time. All modern, pure-bred pedigree Greyhounds are derived from the Greyhound stock recorded and registered, firstly in the private 18th century, then public 19th century studbooks, which ultimately were registered with coursing, racing, and kennel club authorities of the United Kingdom. Historically, these sighthounds were used primarily for hunting in the open where their keen eyesight is valuable. It is believed that they (or at least similarly named dogs) were introduced to the area now known as the United Kingdom in the 5th and 6th century BCE from Celtic mainland Europe although the Picts and other peoples of the northern area now known as Scotland were believed to have had large hounds similar to that of the deerhound before the 6th century BCE. The name“Greyhound”is generally believed to come from the Old English grighund.“Hund”is the antecedent of the modern “hound”, but the meaning of “grig”is undetermined, other than in reference to dogs in Old English and Old Norse. Its origin does not appear to have any common root with the modern word “grey”*[47] for color, and indeed the Greyhound is seen with a wide variety of coat colors. The lighter colors, patch-like markings and white appeared in the breed that was once ordinarily grey in color. The Greyhound is the only dog mentioned by name in the Bible; many versions, including the King James version, name the Greyhound as one of the“four things stately”in the Proverbs.*[48] However, some newer biblical translations, including The New International Version, have changed this to strutting rooster, which appears to be an alternative translation of the Hebrew term mothen zarzir. But also the Douay–Rheims Bible translation from the late 4th-century Latin Vulgate into English translates“a cock.” According to Pokorny*[49] the English name “Greyhound”does not mean “grey dog/hound”, but simply “fair dog”. Subsequent words have been derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *g'her- “shine, twinkle": English grey, Old High German gris “grey, old”, Old Icelandic griss “piglet, pig”, Old Icelandic gryja “to dawn”, gryjandi “morning twilight”, Old Irish grian “sun”, Old Church Slavonic zorja “morning twilight, brightness” . The common sense of these words is “to shine; bright”. In 1928, the very first winner of Best in Show at was Primley Sceptre, a Greyhound owned by H. Whitley.*[50]

27.5 In culture 140 CHAPTER 27. GREYHOUND

Sighthounds unleashed in Paolo Uccello's Night hunt (Ashmolean Museum)

27.5.1 As mascot

The Greyhound is often used as a mascot by sports teams, both professional and amateur, as well as many college and high school teams.

Professional

• Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (Ontario Hockey League)

• Ohio Valley Greyhounds (United Indoor Football) 27.5. IN CULTURE 141

“Gray-Hound”in a 1658 English woodcut

College

• Assumption College (in Worcester, Massachusetts) • University of Indianapolis • Loyola University Maryland • Eastern New Mexico University • Moberly Area Community College (in Moberly, Missouri) • Moravian College in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania • Yankton College (Yankton, South Dakota) • Athol Murray College of Notre Dame (Wilcox, Saskatchewan) • Mid-South Community College (West Memphis, Ark.) • Fort Scott Community College (Fort Scott Kansas.) • Kearsney College (Botha's Hill, KwaZulu-Natal) 142 CHAPTER 27. GREYHOUND

27.5.2 Other

• Greyhound Bus Lines bus company occasionally airs television commercials starring a talking computer- generated Greyhound.

• The Andhra Pradesh,(India) police force has a special ops unit named Greyhounds.

•“Greyhound”was the name of several roller coasters in the United States and Canada. None of these rides operate today.

• In Australia, racing Greyhounds are commonly known in slang terminology as “dish lickers”(e.g., “I just won 50 bucks at the dish lickers”).

• The Who's 1968 non-album singles “Dogs”and “Dogs (Part II)" are humorous references to Greyhound racing and the associated betting.

• The main-character family of the animated television series The Simpsons have a Greyhound named Santa's Little Helper.

• 1 Factory Radio, a car radio remanufacturer based out of Richmond, VA, prominently features a greyhound in their logo based on the real-life retired racer “mascots”, Star Terrific and Bob's Logo.

• The cover art of the 1994 Britpop album "Parklife" by Blur features Greyhounds.

• The M8 Light Armored Car, a US military vehicle, was nicknamed “Greyhound”by British armed forces during the Second World War.

• Kite, a character from the anime/manga series Ginga Densetsu Weed is supposedly a Greyhound mix.

• In French, the sexual position known as doggy style is known as Position de la levrette (Position of the (female) Greyhound).

27.6 Further reading

• “The Greyhound in 1864: ...”Walsh 1864

• “The Greyhound, ...”Dalziel 1887

• Of Greyhounds and of Their Nature, Chapter XV: “The Master of Game”Edward of York circa 1406

• “The Greyhound”Roger D. Williams, in The American Book of the Dog Editor George O. Shields. Chicago: Rand Mcnally 1891

27.7 See also

• Sighthound

• Lure coursing

• Coursing

• Greyhound racing

• Greyhound adoption

• Similar breeds:

• • • (Russian wolfhound) • Galgo Español (Spanish Greyhound) 27.8. REFERENCES 143

• Hortaya borzaya (Russian shorthaired sighthound) • Italian Greyhound • (Not a breed, but a type of dog with sighthound ancestry) • Magyar agár (Hungarian Greyhound) • Saluki (Persian Greyhound) • Sloughi • Whippet

27.8 References

[1] Gunnar von Boehn. “Shepparton (VIC) Track Records”. Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[2] Gunnar von Boehn. “Singleton (NSW) Track Records”. Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[3] Gunnar von Boehn. “Capalaba (QLD) Track Records”. Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[4] Kohnke, John. BVSc RDA. “GREYHOUND ATHLETE”. Greyhound Racing Betting. Retrieved 2012-01-06.

[5] Sharp, N.C. Craig. Animal athletes: a performance review. Veterinary Record Vol 171 (4) 87-94 2012

[6] “American Kennel Club - Breed Colors and Markings”. Akc.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[7] "Greyhound Rescue and Greyhound Adoption in South Florida FAQ". Friends of Greyhounds. Accessed Nov 5, 2014

[8] “Breed Standard - Greyhound - Hound”. NZKC. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[9] Chucksters Greyhounds

[10] Livinggood, Lee (2000). Retired Racing Greyhounds for Dummies, p. 143-144. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., Foster City, CA. ISBN 0-7645-5276-7.

[11] Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, p. 17-18. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605- 193-X.

[12]“The Greyhound Adoption Program (GAP) in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of owners' experiences with their greyhounds one month after adoption”Applied Animal Behaviour Science Elliott, 2010 vol:124 iss:3-4 pg:121 −135.

[13] “Greyhound Adoption League of Texas, Inc. - About the Athletes”. Greyhoundadoptiontx.org. Archived from the original on 27 Jan 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[14] “SEGA_Foster_Manual_V7_FINAL_JUne_2006.doc” (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[15] “FAQ”. Psgreyhounds.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[16] "Greyhound Adoption Program - Is a Greyhound Right for You?"

[17] How Safe is an Off-Lead Run?, Adopt a Greyhound

[18] Peanut. “View topic - Leash Rules”. CompassionforGreyhounds.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[19] “Greyhound Angels Adoption”. Greyhound Angels Adoption. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[20] Mid-South Greyhound Adoption Option

[21] “GRV Clubs - GAP”. Gap.grv.org.au. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[22] see p.246 Turbervile: A short observation ... concerning coursing https://archive.org/details/turbervilesbooke00turb

[23] Irish Greyhound Stud Book

[24] Gunnar von Boehn. “The Greyhound Breeding and Racing Database”. Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[25] http://www.agra.com.au/HallOfFameTribute.aspx?id=5

[26] http://www.grey2kusa.org/action/worldwide/australia.php

[27] “Large Gazehound Racing Association”. Lgra.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31. 144 CHAPTER 27. GREYHOUND

[28] “National Oval Track Racing Association”. Notra.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[29] Madden, Raymond (2010) 'Imagining the greyhound: 'Racing' and 'rescue' narratives in a human and dog relationship', Continuum, 24: 4, 503 ̶515 .

[30] Flaim, Denise (2010) 'Forward Thinking', Sighthound Review, Vol 1 Issue 1.

[31] “As Dog Racetracks Close, Where Do All the Greyhounds Go?". BlogHer. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[32]“Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Greyhounds”. http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/media/16506/ greyhound.pdf''. Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. n=69, median 9 years 1 month

[33] oʼNeill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). “Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England”. The Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. “n=88 median=10.8 IQR=8.1-12.0”

[34] Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Grey- hound, p. 416. American Greyhound Council, Inc., Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.

[35] Couto Veterinary Consultants Are Sighthounds Really Dogs? 2014

[36] Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, p. 99-101. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0- 87605-193-X.

[37] Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, p. 101-103. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-193-X.

[38] Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Grey- hound, p. 82. American Greyhound Council, Inc., Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.

[39] “Making Sense of Blood Work in Greyhounds”(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 5 Nov 2014.

[40] United Blood Services article about Greyhounds as blood donors.

[41] Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Grey- hound, p. 394. American Greyhound Council, Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.

[42] Snow, D.H. and Harris R.C. “Thoroughbreds and Greyhounds: Biochemical Adaptations in Creatures of Nature and of Man”Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism Berlin: Springer Verlag 1985

[43] Snow, D.H. “The horse and dog, elite athletes - why and how?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 44 267 1985

[44] Curtis M Brown. Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis. Wheat Ridge, Colorado: Hoflin 1986 ISBN 0-86667-061-0

[45] Mark Derr (May 21, 2004). "Collie or ? Study Finds the Genetic Code". The New York Times.

[46] Parker et al. (May 21, 2004). “Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog”. Science volume 304, pp. 1160–1164.

[47] Richardson, Charles (1839). A New Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford University. p. 357.

[48] Proverbs 30:29–31 King James version.

[49] Pokorny, Indogermanisches Woerterbuch, pp. 441–442.

[50] “Besti hundur sýningar á Crufts, frá árunum 1928-2002” (in Icelandic). Hvuttar.net. Retrieved 2009-12-28.

27.9 External links

• Greyhound at DMOZ Chapter 28

Griffon Bleu de Gascogne

The Griffon Bleu de Gascogne (FCI No.32) Is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France, and is a versatile hunting dog, used on small and large game, in packs or individually. The Griffon Bleu de Gascogne has a speckled, rough coat.

28.1 Appearance

The Griffon Bleu de Gascogne is a medium-large dog, 50 to 57 cm (10.5-22.4 ins) at the withers, with a distinctive rough (shaggy) blue speckled coat, drop ears that are not as long as those on other hounds, and a tail carried up and in a slight curve. The colour of the Griffon Bleu de Gascogne's coat is the same as the , white mottled with black, giving a slate blue overall appearance. There are black patches on either side of the head, with a white area on top of the head which has in it a small black oval. Tan“eyebrow”marks are over each eye give a 'quatreoeuillé' (four- eyed) effect, and tan is found on the cheeks, inside the ears, on the legs, and under the tail. Texture of the coat should be hard and rough, a little shorter on the head than on the body.Faults are deviations in appearance or temperament that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as an absence of expected features of colour, structure, and size, indicating that a dog with such faults should not be bred. Faults include timidity, soft topline, snipey muzzle, cowhocked, splayed feet, and a wolley coat.*[1]

28.2 History

The Griffon Bleu de Gascogne is descended from crosses between the Bleu de Gascogne and the Griffon Nervais, and possibly the Grand Griffon Vendéen as well.*[2] The breed declined for many years, but is now experiencing a revival.*[1] The breed has a good nose and a good voice, and is a good and very alert hunting dog for all kinds of hunting, not just as a pack hound for large game.*[2] Examples of the Griffon Bleu de Gascogne have been exported to other countries, where they are promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

28.3 Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The breed's temperament is described in the breed standard as being highly excitable, but affectionate. Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

28.4 See also

• Anglo French and French Hounds

145 146 CHAPTER 28. GRIFFON BLEU DE GASCOGNE

• Dog terminology

• Grand Bleu de Gascogne • Petite Bleu de Gascogne

• Basset Bleu de Gascogne

28.5 References

[1] Breed Standard

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 252. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

28.6 External links

• Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Griffon Bleu de Gascogne Chapter 29

Griffon Bruxellois

The Griffon Bruxellois or Brussels Griffon is a breed of toy dog, named for their city of origin: Brussels, Belgium. The Griffon Bruxellois may refer to three different breeds, the Griffon Bruxellois, the Griffon Belge and the Petit Brabançon.*[1] Identical in standard except for coat and colour differences, in some standards they are considered varieties of the same breed, much like Belgian Sheepdogs.

29.1 History

The three variations of this dog, the Brussels Griffon (Griffon bruxellois), the Belgian Griffon (Griffon belge), and the Petit Brabançon, all descend from an old type of dog called a Smousje, a rough coated, small terrier-like dog kept in stables to eliminate rodents,*[1] similar to the . The little wire-haired dog in the foreground of the Jan van Eyck painting The Arnolfini Marriage is thought to be an early form of this breed. In Belgium coachmen were fond of their alert little Griffons dʼEcurie (wiry coated stable dogs) and in the 19th century, they bred their Griffons with imported toy dogs. Breeding with the Pug and King Charles Spaniel brought about the current breed type, but also brought the short black coat that led to the Petits Brabançon, which was originally a fault in the breed. The spaniels also brought the rich red and black and tan colour of the modern Griffon Bruxellois and Griffon Belge.*[2] The Griffon Bruxellois grew in popularity in the late 19th century with both workers and noblemen in Belgium. The first Griffon Bruxellois was registered in 1883 in the first volume Belgium's kennel club studbook, the Livre des Origines Saint-Hubert (LOSH).*[1] The popularity of the breed was increased by the interest of Queen Marie Henriette, a dog enthusiast who visited the annual dog shows in Belgium religiously, often with her daughter, and became a breeder and booster of Griffon Bruxellois, giving them international fame and popularity. Many dogs were exported to other countries, leading to Griffon Bruxellois clubs in England (1897)*[3] and Brussels Griffon clubs in the U.S.A. (1945.)*[4] The First World War and Second World War proved to be a disastrous time for the breed. War time is difficult on any dog breed, and the recovering numbers after the First World War were set back by increased vigilance in breeding away from faults such as webbed toes. By the end of the Second World War, Belgium had almost no native Griffon Bruxellois left, and it was only through the vigilance of dedicated breeders (in the U.K. particularly) that the breed survived at all. The breed has never been numerous or popular, but had a brief vogue in the late 1950s, and now is generally an uncommon breed. There has been a recent increase in interest in the United States due to appearance of a Griffon in the movie, As Good as It Gets, and also because of a general increase in interest in toy dogs.

29.2 Description

29.2.1 Temperament

The Griffon Bruxellois is known to have a huge heart, and a strong desire to snuggle and be with his or her master. They display a visible air of self-importance. A Griffon should not be shy or aggressive; however, they are very emotionally sensitive, and because of this, should be socialized carefully at a young age. Griffons should also be alert,

147 148 CHAPTER 29.

Short hair Petit Brabancon inquisitive and interested in their surroundings. Griffons tend to bond with one human more than others. In fact, Griffons are very good with children provided they are not teased. They are not very patient but do love to play. Griffons tend to get along well with other animals in the house, including cats, ferrets, and other dogs. However, they can get into trouble because they have no concept of their own relative size and may attempt to dominate dogs much larger than themselves.

• A brown Griffon Bruxellois with beard

• Griffon Belge

• Petit Brabancon 29.3. HEALTH 149

• Brussels Griffon

29.3 Health

Griffon Bruxellois

Griffons have relatively few inherited health problems, but should still be tested for congenital defects, the most serious of which are Syringomyelia (SM) and Chiari-like malformation (CM).*[5] The typical life span of a Griffon is somewhere in the range of 10 to 15 years.*[6]

29.3.1 Birthing

Griffons usually have no trouble whelping on their own, but sometimes complications can cause a Caesarean section to be needed. The size of a litter is typically 1-3 puppies. The size of the litter often determines the extent of these complications. Litters of six are not unheard of. When they are born, the puppies only weigh but a few ounces and are small enough to fit in the palm of an adult's hand. It can get leg and heart problems from an early age. 150 CHAPTER 29. GRIFFON BRUXELLOIS

Petit Brabançon puppy.

Despite being a Toy dog, the breed is very active. Petit Brabancon.

29.3.2 Cleft palate

One issue that is typically fatal for the puppies is having a cleft palate. It results in the puppy not receiving nourishment from the mother and eventually starvation. It is uncommon but, depending on the size of the cleft, it is possible for the puppy to survive where as it becomes older surgery can be done to close the hole. 29.3. HEALTH 151

A Griffon puppy.

29.3.3 Eyes

Most have large eyes that may require rechecks from a veterinarian.

• Lacerations - Lacerations are a common issue amongst the breed. Because the Griffons have such large eyes and a short snout, there is very little there to protect their vision from foreign bodies. If a laceration is left untreated it can result in blindness.

• Cataracts - As with most breeds, cataracts are a common problem as the dog ages. For many breeders it is a disappointment that the cataracts typically develop long after the dog has already been bred.*[7]

• Lens Luxations - Lens luxations can be fairly common in the breed and result in secondary glaucoma*[7]

• Glaucoma - Glaucoma can also be a common issue amongst Griffons owing to the breed's facial features and eye size.*[7]

29.3.4 Heat Stroke

Although Griffons have a shortened snout, heat stroke is not a major concern for them as it is with other flat-faced breeds. The breed's shortened muzzle may cause respiratory problems in extreme heat, but overall they tolerate both hot and cold weather well. As with any breed, owners must use common sense and not leave them outdoors without protection from the elements or subject them to rigorous exercise during extreme temperatures, so let them in your house for cool air and some water (ice-cold water is bad for dogs' stomachs). 152 CHAPTER 29. GRIFFON BRUXELLOIS

29.3.5 Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia (SM) is a condition affecting the brain and spine, causing symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and partial paralysis. Syringomyelia is characterised by fluid filled cavities within the spinal cord. SM occurs secondary to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) especially if that obstruction is at the foramen magnum. To date the condition has been also reported in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, King Charles Spaniels, Yorkshire Terriers, Maltese Terriers, Chihuahuas, Miniature , Miniature/Toy Poodles, Frisé, , Shih Tzus, Pomeranians, Boston Terriers, French , a , a Miniature Pinscher, mixbreeds, and a couple of cats. Not all dogs with SM have clinical signs. The presence of signs is correlated to the width of the syrinx and extent of spinal cord dorsal horn damage. Syrinxes can progressively expand and a dog which is asymptomatic in early life may eventually experience pain.

29.4 Griffon Bruxellois in popular culture

• The American impressionist painter Mary Cassatt kept Brussels Griffons and frequently portrayed them in her paintings.*[8]

• In the film As Good as It Gets (1997), as Verdell, played by six Brussels Griffons, named Timer, Sprout, Debbie, Billy, Parfait, and Jill the star*[9]

• In the film Gosford Park, as Rolf Liechti's dog Kiki

• In the film Sweet November, as Sara's dog Ernie

• In the sitcom Spin City, as Carter's suicidal dog Rags, played by a smooth-coated Petit Brabançon named Wesley

• In the film Teaching Mrs. Tingle, as Mrs. Tingle's dog.

• Monkey, owned by record label owner and deejay Sarah Lewitinn and named “Best Dog Owned by a Club Personality”by The Village Voice*[10]*[11]

• Tazzie owned by Stanley Dangerfield, appearing on the television show The Good Companions*[12]

• In the film First Wives Club owned by Diane Keaton's character.

• In the sitcom "Mike and Molly" Mikes mom's dog, Jim is a Brussels Griffon mixed with a .

• The Southern craft brewery "The Bruery" brewed a sour brown ale called Griffon Bruxellois.

29.5 See also

• Toy Group

• Companion Group

•

• Dutch Smoushond

29.6 References

[1] Brief Historical Summary from the Fédération Cynologique Internationale breed standards. (DOC file)

[2] “American Kennel Club - Brussels Griffon History”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2008-01-07.

[3] The Griffon Bruxellois Club - Founded 1897

[4] American Brussels Griffon Association Chronology 29.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 153

[5] Health issues:, Canine Inherited Disorders Database, , Health advice on Brussels Griffons

[6] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”.

[7] Weiss, Seymour N. Brussels Griffon: A Complete and Reliable Handbook. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H Publications Inc.

[8]“Mary Cassatt was a fellow griffoniac”. NYC Brussels Griffon (self-published)). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.

[9] As Good As It Gets (1997) at the Internet Movie Database

[10] Elisabeth Donnelly (2006-11-10). “Hanging With”. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-11-27.

[11] Tricia Romano (2006-12-11). “Fly Life Night Life Awards”. Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-11-27.

[12] Raynham, Doone (1998). The Griffon Bruxellois. Kingdom Books England.

29.7 External links

• Griffon Bruxellois at DMOZ Chapter 30

Griffon Fauve de Bretagne

The Griffon Fauve de Bretagne (FCI No.66) translated into English as the Fawn Griffon, is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France in the region of Brittany.

30.1 Appearance

The Griffon Fauve de Bretagne is a medium-sized dog, 48 to 56 cm (19-22 ins, same for males and females) at the withers, with a distinctive rough (shaggy) pale coat, long drop ears, and a long tail carried up and in a slight curve. The body is short backed. The breed should appear bony and muscular. Colour of the coat can be any shade of fawn from golden to red.*[1]

30.2 History

Griffon Fauve de Bretagne were used in packs for hunting wolves and wild boar, and Francois I was known to keep a pack of Griffon Fauve de Bretagne.*[2] With the elimination of wolves in the nineteenth century, they nearly became extinct.*[2] In 1949, Marcel Pambrun founded the Club de Fauve de Bretagne to save the remains of the breed that had been kept alive by a few farmers and hunters.*[3] Since the 1980s the Griffon Fauve de Bretagne and the derived breed, the Basset Fauve de Bretagne, been successfully restored in numbers and are popular hunting dogs.*[1] The breed is a good hunting dog, still used in France to hunt boar, but is also a good family dog. Examples of the Griffon Fauve have been exported to other countries, where they are promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

30.3 Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The breed's ideal temperament is described in the breed standard as being wily and tenacious as a hunter on all terrains, but sociable and affectionate with people.*[1] Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

30.4 See also

• Dog terminology

• Griffon Bleu de Gascogne

• Basset Fauve de Bretagne

• Anglo French and French Hounds

154 30.5. REFERENCES 155

30.5 References

[1] Breed Standard, English

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 252. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[3] Club de Fauve de Bretagne, History (in French)

30.6 External links

• Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Griffon Fauve de Bre- tagne Chapter 31

Griffon Nivernais

The Griffon Nivernais (FCI No.17) is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France, and is a versatile hunting dog, used on small and large game, in packs or individually. Today's breed is a reconstruction of an ancient type of dog from the Nivernais region.

31.1 Appearance

The Griffon Nivernais is a medium-sized dog, 55 to 60 cm (21.7-23.6 ins) at the withers, with a distinctive rough (shaggy) coat, long drop ears, and a long tail carried up and in a slight curve. The body is longer than most French hounds, and is constructed more for endurance than for speed. As a reconstructed breed, the breed standard goes into much more detail with regards to body proportions, structure, and coat than is usual for a working dog. Colour of the coat is grizzled in general appearance, gris clair to gris sanglier, light grey to boar grey. The coat is agouti, with each hair darker at the base than the tip. White hairs are scattered through the coat. Colours are fawn very slightly overlaid with black (poil de lièvre, hare coat), sable overlaid with black (gris loup, wolf grey), and fawn overlaid with blue (gris bleu, grey blue). There may be a small white spot on the chest.*[1]

31.2 History

The Griffon Nivernais was a breed kept by French noblemen which disappeared after the French Revolution. The breed was reconstructed beginning in 1925, by some hunters in Morvan, modeling on the ancient types that came to Europe with the Crusaders and the type called“Canes Segusii”or the Celtic Hound by early dog writers. The original dogs were used to hunt wolves and wild boar in the fourteenth century, and were much larger than the modern-day breed. The reconstruction of the breed was done based on the Grand Griffon Vendéen.*[2] Other breeds used were the and Foxhounds. The breed was small in number for many years, but is now experiencing a revival.*[1] The breed has a good nose and a good voice, and is a good and very alert hunting dog for hunting in thickets and difficult terrain. Examples of the Griffon Nivernais have been exported to other countries, where they are promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

31.3 Health and temperament

No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The breed's ideal temperament is described in the breed standard as being courageous, and it is also described as obstinate and independent.*[1] Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

31.4 See also

• Anglo French and French Hounds

156 31.5. REFERENCES 157

• Dog terminology

• Griffon Bleu de Gascogne

31.5 References

[1] Breed Standard, English and Breed Standard, French

[2] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 253. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

31.6 External links

• Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Griffon Nivernais

• Club du Griffon Nivernais - France Chapter 32

Guatemalan Dogo

Guatemalan Dogo (Dogo Guatemalteco), formerly known as the Guatemalan (Bullterrier Guatemal- teco), is a Molosser-type dog breed originating in Guatemala. It is neither recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) nor the American Kennel Club (AKC). However, it has the official national recognition of the Asociación Canofila Guatemalteca (ACANGUA) where it belongs to the Group 2.2.1 - Mastiffs.*[1] As the unique breed originating in Guatemala, it is also the national dog of the country. Nowadays it has spread to various other countries,*[1] such as the USA.

32.1 History

The breed was created from crosses between the old type Bull Terrier, , and at the end of the 19th century. The two most remarkable breeders in the early history were the family Gerardi in the 1910s and the family Gallusser in the 1930s. Because of the significant Bull Terrier influence and similar appearance (the original Bull Terrier resembled more Latin American Dogos than the modern breed does), in the 20th century it was called Bullterrier Guatemalteco. Finally at the end of the 20th century, the ACANGUA officially changed the name to the Dogo Guatemalteco.*[1] Although the ACANGUA published the first official standard already in 1972,*[1] the FCI has still not considered the international recognition of the breed.

32.2 Appearance

The Guatemalan Dogo represents the Dogo subtype of mastiffs. It is a medium-sized, robust, strong and agile dog with an appearance similar to the Argentine Dogo and the Brazilian Dogo - however, these breeds are not closely related, but only share partially same ancestors. Males are 54 – 60 cm tall and weigh 40 – 45 kg; females 52 – 58 cm tall and weigh 35 – 40 kg. The short, shiny coat has a smooth and hard texture. The colour must always be white in the body, but in the head markings or spots of any other colour are preferred (although not required).*[1]

32.3 Behaviour

The Guatemalan Dogo is fearless, balanced and stable. Towards its family, it is obedient, tranquil, loyal, and affec- tionate. However, it is reserved and alert towards strangers and will usually accept only the friends of the family.*[1] It is very territorial and has a strong guarding instinct.

32.4 Utilization

The Guatemalan Dogo is used as a guardian, defence, service, and . In the early history of the breed, it was also used for bull-fighting.*[1]

158 32.5. REFERENCES 159

32.5 References

[1] ACANGUA. (August 15th 1972). Dogo Guatemalteco. Asociación Canofila Guatemalteca (ACANGUA). Researched May 2nd 2014. Chapter 33

Gull Terrier

The Gull Terrier also known as the Kohati Gultair is a breed of dog found in Pakistan. The Gull Terrier is closely related to the Hinks English Bull Terrier.These dogs are very loyal and protective to their family. They are medium size dog having very high jaw strength.

33.1 Description

In contrast to the Bull Terrier, which has an oval-shaped head, the Gull Terrier has a smooth, broad-shaped head. Gull Terriers have erect ears when fully mature and are usually pure white in color, although some have slight black dots. origin The Pakistani Bull Terriers (Gull Terrs) are cousins with the English Bull Terriers. When the sub-continent was under British rule, the British army brought their pure English Bull Terriers with them. These dogs were crossed with local breeds to produce the Pakistani Bull Terrier (Gull Terr). Not very common in other parts of the world, the Pakistani Bull Terriers have been used for bear baiting and dog fighting in Pakistan, however these types of games are illegal, so nowadays people mostly use the breed as a guard dog. The Pakistani Bull Terrier (Gull Terr) was one of the breeds used to create the Gull-Dongs (Pakistani Bull Dogs). Gull Terriers have been used for hunting wild boars, foxes and wolves in Pakistan. Gull Terriers are good with children, but should be supervised around those they do not know. They should not be trusted with other non-canine pets. Like all dogs, Gull Terriers should be socialized from an early age.

33.2 Ailments

Gull Terriers are generally healthy dogs, but deafness and mange are common problems.

33.3 Livelihood

Gull Terriers are bred in the Kohat and Punjab regions of Pakistan. These dogs are intelligent, agile and energetic. Similar to Pitbulls, Gull Terriers are fighting dogs and they are bred to be fearless and deadly.

33.4 Temperament

Pakistani Bull Terriers are often wary of strangers. They are very protective of their master and property. Talented and easily trained, they are gladiators and if pushed they will defend their family till their last breath. Good with kids in the family, but should be supervised around those they do not know. Socialize this breed from an early age to make them easier to handle when they are grown. They should not be trusted with other non-canine pets. Loyal, the Pakistani Bull Terrier likes to stay close to its master. If it senses something is wrong it will bark first to alert

160 33.4. TEMPERAMENT 161 the owners. With adequate training and discipline, these dogs can be used as ideal guard dogs. The Pakistani Bull Terrier is widely popular for its fast speed and accuracy. These dogs are agile, quick and always on their feet. They are excellent personal guard dogs. This breed thrives on firm, consistent leadership. They need very firm training and lots of exercise. Pakistani Bull Terriers must be given a lot of structure, or they may become destructive. Be sure to remain their pack leader 100% of the time, otherwise they can be extremely aggressive with other dogs. Chapter 34

Hamiltonstövare

The Hamiltonstövare is a breed of dog, bred as a hunting hound. The breed was developed in Sweden by the founder of the Swedish Kennel Club, Count Adolf Hamilton. Its ancestry includes several German hounds as well as English Foxhounds and Harriers. The breed is known by the white blaze on the head, down the neck, four white paws, and a white tail tip. He differs from an in that his frame is lighter.

34.1 General Appearance

Rectangular, well proportioned, giving impression of great strength and stamina. Tricoloured.

34.1.1 Characteristics

Handsome, upstanding dog of striking colouring. Hardy and sound.

34.1.2 Head and Skull

Head longish, rectangular, with slightly arched and moderately broad skull. Occiput not too prominent. Stop well defined but not over pronounced. Jowls not too heavy. Muzzle fairly long, large and rectangular. Bridge of nose straight and parallel to line of skull. Nose always black, well developed with large nostrils. Upper lips full but not too overhanging.

34.1.3 Eyes

Clear and dark brown with tranquil expression.

34.1.4 Ears

Set fairly high, when drawn alongside jaw, ears extend to approximately halfway along muzzle and should be raised only slightly above skull when responding to call. Soft with straight fall and fore edge not folded out.

34.1.5 Mouth

Jaws strong, with a perfect, regular and complete scissor bite, i.e. upper teeth closely overlapping lower teeth and set square to the jaws.

162 34.2. GAIT/MOVEMENT 163

34.1.6 Neck

Long and powerful, merging well into shoulders, skin on neck supple and close fitting.

34.1.7 Forequarters

Shoulders muscular and well laid back. When viewed from front forelegs appear straight and parallel. Upper foreleg long and broad and set at a right angle to shoulder blade. Elbows set close in to body.

34.1.8 Body

Back straight and powerful. Strong, broad, muscular loin. Croup slightly inclined. Chest deep, ribs moderately sprung, back ribs proportionately long. Belly slightly tucked up.

34.1.9 Hindquarters

Strong and parallel when viewed from behind. Well angulated, muscle well developed and broad when seen from side.

34.1.10 Feet

Short and hard. Pads firm and pointing straight forward.

34.1.11 Tail

Set on low, in an almost straight continuation of line of back. In length reaches hock. Fairly wide at base and narrowing off towards tip. Held in straight position or curving slightly in sabre-like shape. Not carried above the backline when moving.

34.1.12 Coat

Coat consists of two layers. Undercoat short, close and soft, especially thick during winter. Upper coat strongly weather-resistant lying close to body. On underside of tail, ordinary hair quite long but not forming a fringe. Ample hair between pads.

34.1.13 Colour

Upper side of neck, back, sides of trunk and upper side of tail black. Head and legs, as well as side of neck, trunk and tail brown. White markings as follows: blaze on upper part of muzzle, underside of neck, breast and tip of tail, lower legs and feet. A mixture of black and brown undesirable, as is a preponderance of any of the three permissible colours.

34.2 Gait/Movement

Free striding and long reaching. Hindlegs showing drive. Not moving close behind.

34.3 Temperament

A typical hound in temperament̶sweet and friendly to all̶the Hamiltonstövare is also a hardworking hunter. It is happy to be with its family, but it is also happy to be out hunting. 164 CHAPTER 34. HAMILTONSTÖVARE

The Hamiltonstövare is its“own hound,”and although it is friendly and gregarious, it naturally defers to doing what it wants rather than what might be requested of it. It takes enthusiasm and praise to persuade the Hamiltonstovare to comply with its owner's requests, but it'll do it if it's inspired.

34.4 Size

Dogs 53-61 cms (21-24 ins). The ideal size is 57 cms (22 ½ ins). Bitches 49-57 cms (19 ¼ - 22 ½ ins). The ideal size is 53 cms (21 ins).

34.5 Faults

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog. Chapter 35

Hanover Hound

The Hanover Hound is a breed of dog sometimes referred to as a Hanoverian Hound. It is a hunting and tracking dog descended from of medieval times. It was first introduced into France in the 1980s and is still a very rare breed. It was cross-bred with the Bavarian Hound, and given rise to the .

35.1 Description

35.1.1 Appearance

These short-haired dogs range in colour from light to dark reddish fawn with a brindled appearance. They may also have a mask. Overall, the Hanoverian Hound is sturdily built with a large head, strong jaws and a deep chest. Their weight ranges from 36–45 kg (80-99 lbs). Males range in size from 50–55 cm (19-22 inches) while females are slightly smaller, about 48–53 cm (18-21 inches).

35.1.2 Temperament

Like any working dog, the Hanover Hound fares best living in an area where he can get lots of exercise and would not be ideal for city living. They are calm and loyal, but described as persistent and single-minded when tracking.

35.2 References

1. “Hanoverian Hound”. Retrieved November 2005.

35.3 External links

• Hanoverian Hound Foto Album

165 Chapter 36

Hare Indian Dog

The Hare Indian dog is an extinct domesticated canid; possibly a breed of domestic dog, coydog, or domesticated ; formerly found and originally bred in by the Hare Indians for coursing. It had the speed and some characteristics of the coyote, but the domesticated temperament and other characteristics of a domestic dog. It gradually lost its usefulness as aboriginal hunting methods declined, and went extinct or lost its separate identity through interbreeding with dogs in the 19th century.

36.1 Appearance

Hare Indian dogs, as illustrated in The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society, 1830.

The Hare Indian dog was a diminutive, slenderly built domesticated canid with a small head*[2] and a narrow, pointed

166 36.2. TEMPERAMENT 167

Hare Indian dogs, as illustrated in Historical view of the progress of discovery on the more northern coasts of America: from the earliest period to the present time by Patrick Fraser Tytler, James Wilson, 1836

and elongated muzzle.*[3] Its pointed ears were erect and broad at the base, and closer together than those of the Canadian Eskimo dog.*[2] Its legs were slender and rather long. The tail was thick and bushy,*[3] and it curled upwards over its right hip,*[2] though not to the extent of the Canadian Eskimo dog. The fur was long and straight, the base colour being white with large, irregular grayish black patches intermingled with various brown shades. The outside of the ears was covered with short brown hair which darkened at the base. The fur in the inside of the ears was long and white. The fur of the muzzle was short and white, as with the legs, though it became longer and thicker at the feet.*[3] Black patches were present around the eyes. Like the wolves with which it was sympatric, it had long hair between its toes, which projected over the soles, with naked, callous protuberances being present at the root of the toes and soles, even in winter. In size, it was intermediate to the coyote and the American .*[2]

36.2 Temperament

The Hare Indian dog was apparently very playful, and readily befriended strangers,*[3] though it was not very docile, and disliked confinement of any kind. It apparently expressed affection by rubbing its back against people, similar to a cat.*[2] In its native homeland, it was not known to bark, though puppies born in Europe learned how to imitate the barking of other dogs.*[3] When hurt or afraid, it howled like a wolf, and when curious, it made a sound described as a growl building up to a howl.*[2]

The Hare-Indian Dog is very playful, has an affectionate disposition, and is soon gained by kind- ness. It is not, however, very docile, and dislikes confinement of every kind. It is very fond of being caressed, rubs its back against the hand like a cat, and soon makes an acquaintance with a stranger. Like a wild animal it is very mindful of an injury, nor does it, like a spaniel, crouch under the lash; but if it is conscious of having deserved punishment, it will hover round the tent of its master the whole day, without coming within his reach, even if he calls it. Its howl, when hurt or afraid, is that of the wolf; but when it sees any unusual object it makes a singular attempt at barking, commencing by a kind of growl, which is not, however, unpleasant, and ending in a prolonged howl. Its voice is very much like 168 CHAPTER 36. HARE INDIAN DOG

that of the prairie wolf [coyote]. The larger Dogs which we had for draught at Fort Franklin, and which were of the breed in common use at the fur posts, used to pursue the Hare-Indian Dogs for the purpose of devouring them; but the latter far outstripped them in speed, and easily made their escape. A young puppy, which I purchased from the Hare Indians, became greatly attached to me, and when about seven months old ran on the snow by the side of my sledge for nine hundred miles, without suffering from fatigue. During this march it frequently of its own accord carried a small twig or one of my mittens for a mile or two; but although very gentle in its manners it showed little aptitude in learning any of the arts which the Newfoundland Dogs so speedily acquire, of fetching and carrying when ordered. This Dog was killed and eaten by an Indian, on the Saskatchewan, who pretended that he mistook it for a fox. The most extraordinary circumstance in this relation is the great enduranceof the puppy, which certainly deserves special notice. Even the oldest and strongest Dogs are generally incapable of so long a journey as nine hundred miles (with probably but little food), without suffering from fatigue. ̶Sir John Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1829, p.79

In the above quote, the fact that the Indian claimed he thought it was a fox gives us a clear indication of the appearance and size of the breed.

36.3 History

Hare Indian dog, as illustrated in The Menageries: Quadrupeds Described and Drawn from Living Subjects, 1829

It is thought by one writer that the breed originated from a cross between native Tahltan dogs and dogs brought to the North American continent by Viking explorers, as it bears strong similarities to Icelandic breeds in appearance and behavior. Sir J. Richardson of Edinburgh, on the other hand, who studied the breed in the 1820s, in their original 36.4. SEE ALSO 169

Hare Indian dogs, as illustrated in Fauna Boreali-americana, Or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America, 1829

form before being diluted by crossings with other breeds, could detect no decided difference in form between this breed and a coyote, and surmised that it was a domesticated version of the wild animal. He wrote,“The Hare Indian or Dog bears the same relation to the prairie wolf [coyote] as the Esquimeaux Dog [Malamute] does to the great grey wolf.”*[4] The breed seemed to be kept exclusively by the Hare Indians and other neighboring tribes, such as the Bear, Mountain, Dogrib, Cree, Slavey and Chippewa tribes living in the Northeastern Territories of Canada and the United States around the Great Bear Lake, Southwest to Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior and West to the Mackenzie River.*[1] They were valued by the Indians as coursorial hunters, and they subsisted almost entirely on the produce of each hunt. Although not large enough to pose a danger to the and reindeer they hunted, their small size and broad feet allowed them to pursue large ungulates in deep snow, keeping them at bay until the hunters arrived.*[3] It was too small to be used as a beast of burden.*[2] It was the general belief among the Indians that the dog's origin was connected to the Arctic fox.*[5] When first examined by European biologists, the Hare Indian dog was found to be almost identical to the coyote in build (save for the former's smaller skull) and fur length. The first Hare Indian dogs to be taken to Europe were a pair presented to the Zoological Society of London, after Sir John Richardson's and 's Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822. Though originally spread over most of the northern regions of North America, the breed fell into decline after the introduction of firearms made its hunting abilities unnecessary. It gradually intermingled with other breeds such as the Newfoundland dog, the Canadian Eskimo dog and .*[3]

36.4 See also

• Tahltan Bear Dog

• Canadian Eskimo dog

• Interbreeding of dingoes with other domestic dogs 170 CHAPTER 36. HARE INDIAN DOG

36.5 References

[1] “Hare Indian dogs”. Song Dog Kennels. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[2] Fauna Boreali-americana, Or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions, Under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. By John Richardson, William Swainson, William Kirby, published by J. Murray, 1829.

[3] The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society, Published, with the Sanction of the Council, Under the Superintendence of the Secretary and Vice-secretary of the Society, by Edward Turner Bennett, Zoological Society of London, William Harvey, Illustrated by John Jackson, William Harvey, G. B., S. S., Thomas Williams, Robert Edward Branston, George Thomas Wright. Published by Printed by C. Whittingham, 1830.

[4] Encyclopedia Britannica 9th edition, 1875, in the 1891 Peale reprint, Chicago, Vol. VII p. 324, under the article “dog.”

[5] Rural sports by WM. B. Daniel, Vol. 1, 1801.

36.6 External links

• Hare Indian Dogs • The Hare Indian Dog Chapter 37

Harrier (dog)

This article is about the dog. For other uses, see Harrier (disambiguation).

The Harrier is a medium-sized dog breed of the hound class, used for hunting hares by trailing them. It resembles an English Foxhound but is smaller, though not as small as a Beagle.

37.1 Description

37.1.1 Appearance

The Harrier is similar to the English Foxhound, but smaller. Harriers stand between 21 and 24 inches at the shoulder, and adults weigh between 45 and 65 lbs. They do shed, have short hair and hanging ears, and come in a variety of color patterns.A humorous, yet fairly accurate shorthand description of a Harrier is that of “a Beagle on steroids.” It is a muscular hunting hound with a small, hard coat. It has large bones for stamina and strength. The Harrier is slightly longer than tall, with a level topline. The tail is medium-length, carried high, but is not curled over the back. The skull is broad with a strong square muzzle. The rounded ears are pendant, and the eyes are either brown or hazel. The wide nose is black. The expression is mellow when the dog is relaxed and alert when he is excited. The teeth should meet in a scissors or level bite. The feet are tight and cat-like, and the front toes may turn inward.

37.1.2 Temperament

The Harrier is cheerful, sweet-tempered, tolerant of people, and it is excellent with children. This pack dog is good with other dogs, but should be supervised with non-canine pets unless it is raised with them from puppyhood. It prefers life in a pack with people, dogs, or both. This active dog likes to go exploring, sniffing, and trailing, so be sure to keep it on a leash or in a safe enclosed area. Some Harriers like to bay.

37.2 Health

This breed's lifespan is generally 12–15 years. Hip dysplasia is known to occur in this breed.

37.3 Care

The coat needs only occasional brushing to remove dead hair

171 172 CHAPTER 37. HARRIER (DOG)

A Harrier at a dog show

37.3.1 Exercise

The Harrier requires daily exercise, such as long vigorous walks or runs. Allowing them to play in open space (so long as it is enclosed and safe) makes exercise fun and easy. Without appropriate exercise, the Harrier can become hyperactive, overweight and/or destructive. This dog was bred to run and work all day long and cannot be satisfied by a sedentary lifestyle.

37.4 History

Sources have widely conflicting stories about the origins of this breed. According to one, the earliest Harrier types were crossed with Bloodhounds, the Hound, and even the . According to another, the breed was probably developed from crosses of the English Foxhound with and Greyhound. And yet another, the Harrier is said to be simply a bred-down version of the English Foxhound. The first Harrier pack in England was established by Sir Elias de Midhope in 1260 and spread out as a hunting dog throughout the west of England and into Wales. Although there are many working Harriers in England, the breed is still not recognised in that country. In any case, today's Harrier is between the Beagle and English Foxhound in size and was developed primarily to hunt hares, though the breed has also been used in . The name, Harrier, reveals the breed's specialty. The Harrier has a long history of popularity as a working pack dog in England. The Harrier is the most commonly used hound by hunts in Ireland, with 166 harrier packs, 37 of them mounted packs and 129 of them foot packs, spread throughout the country. More commonly in Ireland it is used to hunt both foxes and hares, with some packs hunting mainly foxes. This breed of dog is recognized in 1885 by the American Kennel Club and is classified in the Hound Group.*[1]

37.5 References

[1] “AKC MEET THE BREEDS: Harrier”. www.akc.org. 1989. Retrieved 1989-02-01. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) 37.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 173

37.6 External links

• Harrier (dog) at DMOZ Chapter 38

Havanese

The Havanese, a breed of Bichon type, is the national dog of Cuba, developed from the now extinct Blanquito de la Habana (“little white dog of Havana”). The Blanquito descended from the also now extinct Bichon Tenerife. It is believed that the Blanquito was eventually cross-bred with other Bichon types, including the Poodle, to create what is now known as the Havanese. Sometimes referred to as “Havana Silk Dogs”, this was originally another name for the Blanquito de la Habana. The Havanese is small in size and sturdy in structure with a tail carried over its back and ears that drop and fold. The coat is abundant, long, and silky and comes in all colors.*[3] The Havanese has a spirited personality and a curious disposition, and is notable for its springy gait, a characteristic that distinguishes the breed from all others.*[4] The Havanese is considered an ideal family pet and a true companion dog.*[3] They are highly adaptable to almost any environment. Because of their strong social needs, Havanese will not thrive in an environment where they are isolated for several hours each day.

38.1 Description

38.1.1 Appearance

While a toy dog,*[3] Havanese are sturdy and not overly delicate. Most are 10 to 16 pounds (4.5 to 7.3 kg) and 8.5 to 11.5 inches (22 to 29 cm), with the ideal being 9 to 10.5 inches (23 to 27 cm) at the withers. The body, measured from point of shoulder to point of buttocks, is slightly longer than the height at the withers, giving the dog the appearance of being slightly longer than tall. The length of the body results from the long ribcage, not the loins. A unique aspect of the breed is the topline, which rises just slightly from withers to croup, creating a topline that is straight but not level. Renowned for their flashy, lively gait, when on the move, their strong rear drive and slightly shorter upper arm produce a springy motion rather than a far-reaching one. The angle of the topline does not change while moving at a natural gait. The muzzle is full and tapers slightly at the nose. It does not have the appearance of being short or snipy. Length of skull measured from stop to point of occiput is equal to the length of muzzle. The top of the skull is rather flat and the backskull is rounded. The length from foot to elbow is equal to the length from elbow to withers. The forechest is pronounced. When in a standing position, the sternum lines up with the elbows, creating a deep chest. Ribs are well-sprung and the abdomen is moderately tucked up.*[4] The Havanese has dark brown eyes and almond-shaped lids surrounded by black pigment. The ears, when extended, reach half way to the nose. They arc slightly upward at the base and hang down on the sides of the head without touching the face. The tail is carried arched forward up over the back. While the tail's long plume of hair falls on the body, the tail itself never touches the back. The breed standard notes that except for slight trimming around the feet to allow for a tidy foot, they are to be shown untrimmed;*[3] any further trimming, back-combing, or other fussing is against type and will not be allowed to the point of precluding placement in dog shows. The breed standard specifies that the tail may not be docked. The American Kennel Club Standard allows head furnishings above each eye to be held in two small braids secured with

174 38.1. DESCRIPTION 175

Havanese in the “Puppy Cut”which is favored by some non-show dog owners plain elastic bands. However, many owners prefer to clip their pet's hair short for easy upkeep.

Color and markings

Although there are a few arguments on whether the original Havanese were all white or of different colors, modern Havanese are acceptable in all coat colors and patterns. All colored dogs should have a black nose and black pigment around the eyes, with the exception of chocolate (brown) dogs, which may have dark brown pigment on their nose instead. Examples of coat colors are white, cream, fawn, red, chocolate brown, beige, gold, silver, blue, and black. The coat may be one solid color or have markings in one or more other colors. For example, sable, brindle, black & tan, Tri-color, Irish pied, parti colored, belton, or , black and white, beige black, and white.

Coat

The coat is long, soft, lightweight, and silky. The Havanese coat is slightly wavy, profuse, and undulating. Unlike other double-coated breeds, the Havanese outer coat is neither coarse nor overly dense, but rather soft and light. The undercoat is sometimes completely absent. The Havanese coat should be very soft, almost cool to the touch, like unrefined silk (compared to the Maltese coat, which feels like refined silk). However, in some dogs the coat can become too silky, looking oily. On the other end of the spectrum, Havanese coats can be too harsh or cottony, giving a frizzy appearance. Because of the tropical nature of the Havanese, the fine and lightweight coat is designed to act as a sunshade and cooling agent on hot days. This means that, though the coat is abundant and may appear warm, the Havanese must be protected from the cold. These dogs become cold very easily so keeping their coat longer in winter time is essential, especially since these dogs originate from hot weather. The coat is shown naturally brushed out, or in some countries it may be corded, a technique which turns the long 176 CHAPTER 38. HAVANESE

Black and white and brown and white Havanese. coat into cords of hair, similar to dreadlocks in humans. This corded look may be difficult to achieve for the first timer, so it is always recommended that someone interested in cording their Havanese consults someone who has done it before. Brushing out their fur is essential. This breed's fur grows very fast and without brushing it, the fur can become tangled easily. Also, even though this breed is hypoallergenic. Havanese have hair that doesn't fall off (shed) but it still needs to be groomed.

• Black and white Havanese

• Havanese

• Havanese

• Havanese Litter

38.1.2 Temperament

The Havanese is a toy dog *[5] It is smart and can be easily trained. It is best to train this dog at a young age, because some habits will stick as they become older. However, training these dogs while they are older is still possible. Like many toy breeds, the Havanese can be difficult to housebreak. However, Havanese can be trained to use a litter box, 38.2. HEALTH 177

The Havanese dogs become cold very easily so keeping their coat longer in winter time is essential. which can greatly reduce issues with . This breed is very smart and can be house trained faster than most toy dogs. The Havanese get very attached and are very loyal to their owners, and often attach to one person which they will closely follow. As a result, the Havanese does not do well in a household where it will be left alone all day. Although the Havanese is an active and lively dog, they are small enough that many of their exercise needs can be met in a house or yard, and therefore they do not require as much vigorous exercise as other breeds may. However, exercise is still necessary for this breed to be happy and healthy.*[3] The Havanese is satisfied when their owner is satisfied. They are very friendly dogs, and do not typically bark at strangers, but some individuals are more shy than others. The Havanese has a great personality and temperament, and loves to play outside and be around people.*[3] They are not a dog that can live exclusively outside and prefer being inside with their owner. They love to perform in front of others and have a great need for affection. This breed is not afraid to show affection*[3] and loves getting attention - they are great with people of all ages, always enjoyable, and can thrive in any type of home (big or small).

38.2 Health

Havanese are generally healthy and sturdy with relatively few serious health issues. They typically live 14 to 16 years. Havanese organizations, such as the Havanese Club of America, monitor genetic issues to prevent propagation within the breed. Havanese suffer primarily from , liver disease, heart disease, cataracts*[6] and retinal dysplasia.*[6] Havanese sometimes tear and may develop brown tear stains, especially noticeable on white or light coats. The Havanese Club of America developed a system to encourage widespread participation of seven recommended tests for eye disease (CERF), congenital deafness (BAER), patella luxation, cardiac diseases, hip dysplasia, hip joint disorder (Legg-Calve-Perthes), and elbow dysplasia. The Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) program pro- motes testing and reporting of health test results for the Havanese breed. CHIC is a centralized canine health database jointly sponsored by the AKC Canine Health Foundation (CHF) and the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). Testing required for a Havanese to receive a CHIC certificate includes OFA BAER, OFA Hips, OFA Patellas, and annual CERF exams. This provides an outstanding research tool for performing searches on individual dogs and 178 CHAPTER 38. HAVANESE

The Havanese is a member of the Bichon family of dogs.

also links health testing results of the dog's related pedigree information (parent, offspring, and sibling), when those related dogs have been health tested.

38.3 History

The Havanese is a member of the Bichon family of dogs. The progenitors of the breed are believed to have come from Tenerife.*[3] Ship manifests from Tenerife bound for Cuba list dogs as passengers brought aboard, and these dogs were most probably the dog of Tenerife. Some believe the entire Bichon family of dogs can be traced back to the Tenerife dog, while others theorize that the origins are in Malta, citing the writings of Aristotle, and other historical evidence of the early presence of such dogs in Malta. Whatever the actual origins of Bichon dogs, these little dogs soon became devoted companions to the Spanish colonists in Cuba and were highly admired by the nobility.*[4] As part of the Cuban Revolution, upper-class Cubans fled to the United States, but few were able to bring their dogs. When American breeders became interested in this rare and charming dog in the 1970s, the US gene pool was only 11 dogs.*[7] The American Kennel Club (AKC) only officially recognized the Havanese breed in 1996.*[3] With dedicated breeding, and the acquisition of some new dogs internationally, the Havanese has made a huge come- back and is one of the fastest growing breeds of dogs in the AKC. The 2013 AKC Statistics rank the Havanese as the 25th most popular pure-breed in the United States, a rise in popularity from 28th place in 2012.*[8] 38.4. HAVANESE AT WORK 179

The Havanese are generally healthy dogs.

38.4 Havanese at work

Because of the cheerful and readily trained nature, they are used for a variety of jobs involving the public, including:

• Therapy dogs • Assistance dogs, such as signal dogs for the hearing impaired. • Performing dogs • Mold and termite detection • Tracking

Havanese also compete in a variety of dog sports, such as

• Dog agility • • • Obedience training

38.5 Care

The profuse coat needs to be thoroughly combed at least twice per week. A Havanese with a dense or curly coat will be more prone to tangling and matting, thus requiring more frequent combing, than one with a silky, slightly wavy 180 CHAPTER 38. HAVANESE

coat. If not showing the dog, it can be trimmed shorter to require less brushing. Many pet owners clip their dogs into a 1–2 inch long “puppy cut”for ease of maintenance. 38.5. CARE 181

Havanese has a cheerful nature

If they go out in the snow, ice clumps will stick between their paw pads; just rinse off in warm water or buy booties. When you give them a bath, make sure to dry them. Some in shorter clips can blot and air dry, but most will need to be blown dry. You should also comb their hair out after bathing so as not to dry in mats. Use high air but low heat to protect their sensitive skin. Hot air can damage the skin. Hair that grows on the bottom of their feet between the paw-pads needs trimming to allow traction on smooth floors. Some develop tear staining. A veterinarian might suggest treating red yeast issues to help diminish or eliminate staining; sometimes diet allergens are to blame and switching to a food without common allergens can be helpful. Excess tearing is sometimes a result of hair getting into the eyes; it is recommended that hair below eyes be allowed to grow out instead of shaved out. Havanese can wear a topknot or small braids to keep the hair out of their eyes during everyday activities. As with any dog with dropped ears, the ears must be kept clean to help prevent ear infections. A cottonball can be placed just inside each ear before bathing to prevent excess water from entering in. After bathing, since it may be moist, pluck a few hairs inside the dog's ears to let air circulate through, preventing fungus from building. 182 CHAPTER 38. HAVANESE

Black & white Irish Pied Havanese puppy 38.6. SEE ALSO 183

Havanese in European Winner show

The Havanese is not a yappy dog, but will alert its owners to approaching people. Usually acknowledging that you have heard their alert is enough to make them cease. Some have strong attachment issues, known by their owners as "velcro dogs", following household members everywhere, even into the bathroom.

38.6 See also

• Bichon

• Lap dog

• Rare breed (dog)

• Companion dog

• Companion Dog Group

• Toy Group

38.7 References

[1] American Kennel Club Havanese, retrieved 2 May 2014 (English)

[2] Fédération Cynologique Internationale Standard No. 250 of 4 November 2008, retrieved 5 August 2011 (English)

[3] “Get to Know the Havanese”, 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 14 May 2014 184 CHAPTER 38. HAVANESE

Havanese puppy approximately 6 months old

[4] American Kennel Club standard, from The Havanese Club of America, the AKC Parent Club of the Havanese Breed

[5] AKC the havanese

[6] “Havanese”. Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 2 January 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2009.

[7] Chapter 1, History of the Havanese: In Cuba and Beyond, the Havanese, by Diane Klumb, published by BookSurge Publishing, 10 July 2006, ISBN 1-4196-4280-4, ISBN 978-1-4196-4280-7

[8] American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 14 May 2014

38.8 External links

• Havanese at DMOZ Chapter 39

Hawaiian Poi Dog

Not to be confused with Poi Dog Pondering.

The Hawaiian Poi Dog or ʻīlio (ʻīlio mākuʻe for brown individuals) is an extinct breed of pariah dog from Hawaiʻi which was used by Native Hawaiians as a spiritual protector of children and as a source of food.

39.1 History

The original Hawaiian poi dog derived its name from poi, a Hawaiian staple food made from kalo or taro root. Poi was used to fatten the dogs for use as food because meat was too valuable to be used as . Since the Hawaiian Islands did not have large land mammals other than feral hogs, Poi dogs weren't needed for hunting. The dogs were never deliberately bred to a standard, but human and natural selection still came into play. European explorers like Captain Cook encountered pot-bellied, short-legged poi dogs that freely associated with hogs in the village. The dogs had very short hair that could come in any color, but brown poi dogs were regarded as distinct enough to warrant a specific name. The dogs also had peculiarly flattened heads. The latter trait is sometimes ascribed to the diet of the dogs in some unspecified way. Considering that poi does not require chewing, the dogs might have lost the need to maintain strong temporalis muscles; a reduced temporal fossa will cause a dog's head to appear flattened.*[1] Poi dogs were considered rather dim-witted and sluggish*[2] – any good hunting dog with acute senses would neither make a good poi dog, nor be particularly useful on the islands – however, the dogs were strong-willed and not easily commanded. The poi dog was a two-purpose breed – used for food and as a lucky charm. Unsuited for anything else, the breed declined to extinction as the native religion was abandoned and eating became unfashionable. Feral dogs of European settlers interbred with the poi dogs, and by the early 20th century at latest, the breed disappeared as a distinct entity.

39.2 Usage

Today, the term“poi dog”is most often used to refer to mixed breed dogs, but also attribute specific characteristics to Poi dogs, including the ability to eat anything, a strong will, and a unique appearance composed of different breeds. The term “poi dog”is also colloquially used to describe people of mixed Hawaiian-Anglo heritage, although the more common term in use is hapa.

39.3 See also

• Kurī

185 186 CHAPTER 39. HAWAIIAN POI DOG

39.4 Footnotes and references

[1] Compare the high head of fighting dog breeds that typically have extremely strong temporalis muscles attaching to large and deep temporal fossae.

[2] Coren, Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs. Simon & Schuster (2005), p. 139.

39.5 Further reading

• Bay-Petersen, Jan (1983). “Competition for resources : the role of pig and dog in the Polynesian agricultural economy”. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 39 (77): 121–129. doi:10.3406/jso.1983.2793. • Bryan, William Alanson (1915). Natural History of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd.

• Titcomb, Margaret (1969).“Dog and man in the ancient Pacific, with special attention to Hawaii”59. Honolulu, HI: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publications.

39.6 External links

• Drawing of dog from Honolulu Zoo breeding program in Hemmer & Backhaus (1990): Domestication at Google Books Chapter 40

Himalayan Sheepdog

The Himalayan Sheepdog, also referred to as the Bhote Kukur, is a livestock guardian dog that originated from Nepal. This mountain dog breed is closely similar to Indian mastiffs and the Tibetan Mastiff and may be related to the long-haired Kinnaur Sheepdog of Tibet. Naturally, Himalayan Sheepdogs enjoy outdoor lifestyles and are rarely seen beyond the regions of India and Nepal. As a powerful and robust breed, the Himalayan Sheepdog is mainly used for herding purposes. The Himalayan Sheepdog is regionally popular as both a loyal companion as well as a working dog.

40.1 Temperament

Due to its active nature, this breed is not meant to keep indoors for a long period of time or in an apartment. The Himalayan Sheepdog is normally used as a herd dog or a watchdog and requires a great amount of outdoor exercise. This breed may require obedience training in order to domesticate them. Training this breed may be difficult due to its independent and stubborn nature. Trust and dominance should be enforced when training the Himalayan Sheepdog. To successfully train this breed, it is best to be stern when doing repetitive training exercises and to socialize them as puppies. Proper care of this breed includes daily exercise and training.*[1] Although this rustic breed may be inclined to be ferocious with strangers, they are loyal to their owners making them faithful companions. Aside from being alert and territorial, they are also affectionate and gentle to their owners, making them suitable family pets. It is advised that this breed should not be in the presence of other pets, as Himalayan Sheepdogs tend to show aggression and jealousy towards other animals.*[2]

40.2 Health

The life expectancy of the Himalayan Sheepdog is ten years. This breed is known to be relatively healthy due to their active lifestyles but is also prone to a few health concerns. Some common health problems include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, patellar luxation, arthritis, glaucoma, and obesity.*[1] Proper care of this breed includes daily exercise and training.

40.3 History

Although the exact origin of the Himalayan Sheepdog has not been well documented, they are believed to have a rich heritage in North India and Nepal. This breed is also believed to have been around since the ancient times of those regions. Local tribes within the regions of Nepal have used the dogs as guard dogs or herding dogs due to their known aggression and agility.*[1] The Himalayan Sheepdog was most commonly used to herd and guard cattle from predatory animals. Throughout their history, the breed was also used to hunt large game especially in the harsh terrains in its region. Currently, this breed is common only within the boundaries of India and Nepal.

187 188 CHAPTER 40. HIMALAYAN SHEEPDOG

40.4 See also

• Tibetan mastiff

40.5 External links

• Bhotia Breeds by Barbara Gard

• Himalayan Sheepdog Article Indiatimes Article • Toby Needs a Home Article by Czajkowski, Christine H.

40.6 References

[1] “All Breed Himalayan Sheepdog”. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

[2] “Himalayan Sheepdog”. Mastiff Dog Site. Retrieved February 6, 2013. Chapter 41

Hokkaido (dog)

The Hokkaido ( Hokkaidō-inu or Hokkaidō-ken) is a breed of dog. Other names for the breed include Ainu-ken, Seta, Ainu dog. In , its name is sometimes shortened to Dō-ken. The Hokkaido is native to the prefecture of the same name in Japan.

41.1 Appearance

The breed is medium in size, and has small, triangular, upright ears. The small eyes have a rising triangular outline. The Hokkaido has a coat of long, stiff fur, and a second, shorter coat of soft fur. Colors include red, white, black, tiger, sesame, black and tan and wolf-gray. Males are typically 50 cm tall, and females a few centimeters shorter, with body masses in the 20 kg range.

41.2 Temperament

The breed is known for fidelity to its owner, bravery, and the ability to withstand the cold, among other traits. It has an innate sense of direction and can therefore return to its master no matter how great the distance. This breed has the unusual capability of fighting against the Hokkaido , or Higuma to protect its master. The way in which the Ainu Dog accomplishes this is to attack the bear's back, then bite and hold the dorsal flesh of the bear's neck until the bear retreats. Despite its long history as a working breed, the Ainu Dog ideally combines the roles of family pet and hunter. This breed should not be allowed to run free around other animals. They are good with children if they are raised with them as pups. This dog is not recommended for apartment life. It is moderately active indoors and will do best with a large yard.

41.3 History

The Hokkaido is thought to have its roots in the Matagi-kenJapanese:hunting dog, Bear hunting dog, Deer hunting doga breed brought by the Ainu people from the Tohoku region in the Jōmon period. The later Yayoi people brought a different breed to the Tohoku, but the isolation of Hokkaido led to its line of Jōmon dog having the least influence from the Yayoi. In 1869, the English zoologist Thomas W. Blankiston gave the breed the name Hokkaido. The breed was useful in the search for survivors of an Army expedition that was caught in heavy snow crossing the Hakkōda Mountains of Aomori Prefecture in 1902. In 1937, the Ainu dog was designated in Japan as “a rare species protected by law”by the Ministry of Education and it was decided that the official name of the breed would be Hokkaido-Inu. However, the dogs are almost always called Hokkaido-Ken among the Japanese people. In 2007, Japanese telecom company SoftBank began using a white Hokkaido named Kai-kun () in its commercial campaigns for their White Plan where he stars as“Father”( Otōsan) or Jiro Shirato (

189 190 CHAPTER 41. HOKKAIDO (DOG)

A model of a Hokkaido named Kai-kun who is the star of a series of commercials for the SoftBank telecom company. 41.4. HEALTH 191

Shirato Jirō), the patriarch of the Shirato family, with his wife portrayed by Kanako Higuchi, children portrayed by Aya Ueto and Dante Carver, and mother portrayed by Ayako Wakao; Father's speaking voice is provided by Kin'ya Kitaōji. The commercial series won the 2008 ACC Grand Prix Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award. The American director, producer, screenwriter, and noted Japanophile, Quentin Tarantino, guest-starred in an installment of this series of commercials.

41.4 Health

The Hokkaido dog has a very high rate of Collie eye anomaly (CEA). About 1/3 of Hokkaidos are affected by CEA while 2/3 are carriers.*[1]*[2]

41.5 See also

• Hokkaido wolf •

41.6 References

[1] Mizukami, K. (2014).“Investigation of parallel and simultaneous selection for collie eye anomaly and ivermectin toxicosis” . Veterinary Record 175 (7): 174. doi:10.1136/vr.102015.

[2] Mizukami, Keijiro (2011). “Collie eye anomaly in Hokkaido dogs: case study”. Veterinary Ophthalmology 15 (2): 128–132. doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00950.x.

41.7 External links

• Hokkaido Dog Photos • Hokkaido Association of North America

• Hokkaido Breed information website (including CEA info) Chapter 42

Hortaya borzaya

The hortaya borzaya (Russian: Хо́ртая Борза́я; IPA: [ˈxortəjə bɐrˈzajə], Ruthenian and Ukrainian: Xopт, Lithua- nian: Kurtas, shorthaired sighthound) is an old Asian sighthound breed originating in the former Kievan Rus, later Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and Russian Empire. It is a dog of large size, of lean but at the same time robust build, of considerably elongated proportions. In its everyday life the hortaya is quiet and balanced. It has a piercing sight, capable of seeing a moving object at a very far distance. In spite of its calm temperament the dog has a very active reaction to running game. Hortaya are excellent, enduring hunting dogs endowed with a good, basic obedience and completely lacking aggression towards humans.

42.1 Description

42.1.1 Appearance

The hortaya is a sight hound of a large to very large size depending on breed type. The breed has five distinct types, with at least as many subtypes to each main type. The result of this is a broad variability, adapting the breed to the large variety of geography, climate and prey found across the huge expanse of its habitat. The short, dense fur can come in almost any color and color combination: white, black, cream of all shades, red, sable and brindle, solid or piebald (with white markings, or white with coloured markings). A black overlay and black mask, grey or red tan markings are normal. The nose is black, with light colours a brown nose is not a fault. Eyes always have a black or very dark rim. Atypical colors and markings, like brown or chocolate, a saddle or dapple pattern, and diluted colors (isabella) with blue or light eyes are not allowed. Hortaya males range from 26 to 30 inches (65 to 75 cm), females from 24 to 28 inches (61 to 71 cm). The weight depends largely on type and can range from 18 kilograms (Stavropol-type female) up to 35 kilograms (northern-type male). In general the hortaya is heavier than it looks. When not hunting the typical gait of the breed is a fluid, limber and effortless trot. When chasing the prey, hortaya gallop in fast leaps of great length.

42.1.2 Temperament

The hortaya borzaya is of a friendly, but distinctly Asian character. It is never aggressive or fierce towards humans, even though occasionally quite vigilant. Due the rigorous selection on hunting in a team with its owner, the hortaya belongs to the trainable sight hounds, showing a good basic obedience and high intelligence. It is very close to wolves in its pack behaviour. Thus it is usually no problem to keep even larger groups of hortaya together in a kennel; hortaya integrate easily. As rural people in Eurasia do not at all tolerate dogs which harm their livestock, properly socialized hortaya do not hunt domestic animals, and can easily be taught which animals are off limits to them.

192 42.2. HEALTH 193

42.2 Health

Female hortaya puppy, 8 weeks old, red with light mask

The breed is late in development, very vigorous and long-lived. It is not rare that older dogs, retired from active hunting, start their breeding career at an age of 8 or 9 years in perfect health and without any impairment. Breed- specific illnesses or hereditary diseases, such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia, are so far unknown. The life expectancy of the hortaya borzaya largely depends on its use.In regions where they are hunted on large prey, especially predators, there may be quite some dogs killed young during the hunt. If you subtract these dangers, 14-15 healthy years as an average is not uncommon. However, great care has to be taken in not over-feeding the hortaya pup and juvenile. The breed was formed on a meagre, extremely basic and low diet with but rare and small amounts of meat, especially high quality meat. Most of the year hortaya get little more than the scraps from the table, a gruel of oats, bread soaked in milk and whatever rodents they can hunt for themselves around the house. Only during the spring slaughter/lambing season and the main hunting season they get more meat: the innards and offals from what they hunt for their masters. As a result this breed has practically no tolerance for high quality, high protein dog foods and supplements, and especially the young, still growing dogs will suffer irreversible and lethal damage to their bone structure and cartilage when faultily fed. 194 CHAPTER 42. HORTAYA BORZAYA

42.3 Use and activity

In its original habitat, the hortaya borzaya is still purely a hunting sight hound. It is used on all game living in the steppe, especially for hunting hares, foxes, wolves and Saiga antelopes. It is extremely enduring, capable of working from early morning to late evening. Up to 8–10 runs on game in a day (including tracking prey together with the hunter across large distances) is a perfectly feasible workload. Unlike the Whippet or Greyhound, the hortaya is not a short distance sprinter. Game is usually chased for distances up to 4 km (2.5 mi) on the open steppe, and a hortaya can repeat such runs after only a short rest. Unlike most sight hounds, the hortaya does not hunt using sight alone; it often will track game it has lost sight of using its well-developed sense of smell.

Female red and white piebald hortaya borzaya

Hortaya hunt singly on smaller game, or as pairs and larger groups on wolves, antelopes and deer. Small game is hunted and killed immediately, larger game is cornered and held in place for the hunter. The hortaya has a “soft mouth”like the Retriever breeds. After a quick kill, the game must not be rent as native hunters also use the furs. In the CIS hunting sight hounds are regularly tested, judged and graded in so-called “hunt trials”. The first hortaya have recently been officially exported with full breeding papers to European countries, e.g. Czech Republic, , Germany (2004), Finland and Switzerland. In 2005, the first hortaya was also exported to the USA. Some of these dogs participate in racing and coursing, partly out of competition due to the lack of interna- tional FCI recognition. Hortaya owned by European owners have shown an aptitude for Agility, Breitensport and have proven to be excellent trail companions for horseback riders. The first registered litter outside of the hortaya's historical habitat was born in Europe in 2006.

42.4 Breeding

Contrary to the practice of Western breeding and breeders of other dog breeds, the hortaya is not regarded as an unfinished breed which still needs any amelioration or even formation. The shorthaired sightdog of the southern Eurasian steppes, which today trades under the name of hortaya borzaya, 42.5. HISTORY 195

Four-week-old hortaya puppies was bred in this habitat for thousands of years, is a breed as old as the Tazi/Saluki and only marginally younger than the Bakhmul/Afghan. For newcomers it would be unwise to be deceived by the relatively recent standard. Analogous to the oriental and Asian breeds of thoroughbred horses the original breeders of hortaya consider it right- fully as firmly consolidated. An improvement into any direction therefore is not part of breeding hortaya. This is an important and massive difference to the western way of dog breeding and it has far reaching, very positive consequences for the breeding practice. As no changes are striven for the breeding methods used among other breeds to achieve them, like incest, inbreeding or linebreeding, are practically non-existent. These methods are seriously frowned upon among hortaya breeders. It is extremely rare that ancestors appear twice among the first 4-6 generations of a pedigree. In fact, hortaya breeders try hard to achieve the farthest possible outcross. This is one important reason why the breed is so healthy in spite of its relatively small population. Another consequence is the application of the breed standard. It does not describe any “ideal dog”which should be bred for, as it is with other dog breeds. Instead the hortaya standard is a standard of exclusion: it only and very simply describes the boundaries outside of which a dog would not be considered acceptable. Anything else would be pointless, as it is the active endeavour of hortaya breeders to preserve the large variety of types and sub-types of the breed, which may seem being totally different breeds to the layman. Additionally, with the hortaya it is its hunting ability which is the measure of everything, anything else is quite secondary regarding selection. Looking at all this it also becomes clear, why an international acceptance of this breed by the FCI is not regarded as being very desirable by the majority of hortaya aficionados. The breed's breeding practice, its consolidated state and its truly extreme phenotypical diversity do not really fit into the actual breeding and judging practices of today's FCI or of any other major kynological federation. Any international FCI acceptance which would not result in immediate harm to the breed needs major, important groundwork and decades of preparation. Currently the direct and immediate consequence would be the undesirable separation into show and work lines, and into western and original hortaya.

42.5 History

The hortaya is an Asian dog breed, which developed over the centuries in the steppes north of the Black Sea, after spreading slowly from the mountains of westwards. Dogs of this type were bred by various peoples of this region, which extends from modern Ukraine and the south of Russia to the westernmost regions of . 196 CHAPTER 42. HORTAYA BORZAYA

Therefore it is not possible to attribute this breed to a specific people or country. In the east and southeast of its geographical spread it connects to the oriental rsp. Central Asian sight hounds, while it is considered the link to the western sight hound breeds close to the Polish frontiers. In the year 1951, the USSR laid down the first standard for the breed. Nowadays the Russian Kynological Federation (RKF), the national Russian FCI member association, officially maintains the standard. Currently there exist an estimated 2500-3500 hortaya borzaya worldwide, with less than a few dozen outside of the boundaries of the CIS. An international recognition by the FCI does not exist so far, however the breed is nationally recognized by all FCI member countries within the CIS and by many other middle European nations. In some of these states the studbook is maintained directly by the national member organisation of the FCI, in others the hortaya is registered by specialized hunting dog associations. The owners of these dogs are mostly local hunters, who live in remote, often isolated villages in the steppe. Few of them have any interest in shows. For them the hortaya is a valued co-worker who puts food on the table in winter. In the steppe a good hunting hortaya can be worth as much as a good riding horse. The hortaya borzaya belongs to the extremely rare sight hound breeds, which - up to our modern times - has been selected exclusively on its hunting abilities and qualities.

42.6 References

• MVDr Marika Stanovoi, Prag, On the Breed Standard • Biologist & breed judge Lada Ponomareva, Kursk, diverse articles

• Dr. Shubina, Moscow, diverse articles • Tariel Gabidzashvili, Moscow, diverse articles

• Jan Eduard http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chortaj - http://chortaj.nigilist.ru

42.7 External links

• Chortaj.com, an international website about the hortaya borzaya (English, German, Russian)] Chapter 43

Hovawart

The Hovawart is a medium to large size German dog breed. The name of the breed means “an estate guard dog,” which is the original use for the breed. The breed originated in the Black Forest region and was first described in text and paintings in medieval times.*[1]

43.1 Description

A black and gold Hovie. Black and Gold is the most popular color of Hovawart.

197 198 CHAPTER 43. HOVAWART

The three permitted colours

43.1.1 Appearance

The Hovawart is a medium-large dog. Male Hovawarts are 63–73 centimetres (25–29 in) and females 58–65 cen- timetres (23–26 in) at the withers. The weight is approximately 30–50 kilograms (66–110 lb). The correct color descriptions are Black, Black and Gold, and Blond.

43.1.2 Temperament

The Hovawart is an outstanding watch dog and somewhat reserved towards strangers. They make excellent family dogs as they are totally devoted to their family. They are a working dog breed, and require a consistent and loving yet strict training and meaningful activity throughout their lives.

43.2 History

43.2.1 Thirteenth century

One of the first documented recordings comes from the year 1210 when the German castle Ordensritterburg was besieged by Slavic invaders. The castle fell and its inhabitants including the Lord were slaughtered, however the Lord's infant son was saved by one of the castle's Hovawarts. In spite of being wounded itself, the dog dragged the tiny child to a neighbouring castle and thus saved the boy's life. This young boy, Eike von Repkow, grew up to become a legendary figure in the history of German law. He later published the Sachsenspiegel, the oldest Code of Law to survive from medieval Germany. Not surprisingly, the Hovawart is mentioned with praise. The Schwabenspiegel, a law text published in 1274 and based on Eike von Repkow's Sachsenspiegel, lists the Hovawart among the dogs you have to replace and pay restitution for if they are killed or stolen. 43.3. MISCELLANEOUS 199

43.2.2 Fifteenth century

By 1473, Heinrich Mynsinger described the Hovawart as one of“The Five Noble Breeds”and among its uses listed that it was useful for tracking the robber and miscreant. This along with references to the Hovawart in German law show that it was a readily identifiable breed and held in similar esteem to that of hunting dogs.

43.2.3 Twentieth century

A black-colored Hovawart

Following the medieval period, the popularity of the Hovawart began to decline. Newer breeds such as the German Shepherd Dog slowly replaced the Hovawart as a guard and working dog until it had almost disappeared by the be- ginning of the twentieth century. Around 1915 a group of enthusiasts decided to try to save the breed. Predominant in this group was the zoologist Kurt Friedrich König. They started by looking for dogs in the farms of the Black Forest region. König then started a careful breeding program using these dogs and crossed them with Kuvaszok, Newfoundlands, German Shepherd Dogs, , a Bernese Mountain Dog and an African Hunting Dog. Af- ter much work the group was rewarded in 1922 when the first Hovawart litter was entered into the German Breeding Registry. The enthusiasts continued their work and in 1937 the German Kennel Club officially recognised the Ho- vawart. All this work was almost undone with the outbreak of the Second World War. Because of their abilities many Hovawarts were used in the German war effort and perished. By 1945 only a few remained. Enthusiasm for the breed remained and in 1947, Otto Schramm and some fellow enthusiasts in Coburg formed a new club, the “Rassezuchtverein für Hovawart-Hunde Coburg”which is still in existence today. In 1964 the German Kennel Club recognised the Hovawart as the country's seventh working breed and around this time enthusiasm for the breed started to develop in other countries.

43.3 Miscellaneous

The Hovawart does exceptionally well in search and rescue, tracking and working dog activities. The females are generally lighter in build. In training and especially obedience work the trainer must keep positive reinforcement in mind all the time, as this mountain dog is not as eager to please as many other working dog breeds: it always needs some kind of motivation. It is important to realize that the Hovawart works with people and not for people. They do 200 CHAPTER 43. HOVAWART

A blonde working Hovawart. have the ability to think and act independently. Their guarding instinct for example does not require any real training; it is inherent, as it is what they were bred for. The Hovawart may easily become reluctant if training is built only on punishments. The owner of a Hovawart should ideally have previous experience in owning and training a dog and as such the Hovawart is not usually suitable as a first dog.

43.4 References

[1] Hovawart FCI-Standard N° 190

43.5 External links

• Hovawart at DMOZ • Hovawart Breed Introduction Chapter 44

Huntaway

A Huntaway competing in a Yard Dog Trial

The Huntaway is a large, strongly built breed of dog used for general sheep herding tasks in New Zealand, where they originate, but especially for driving sheep away from the shepherd, hence their name. They are usually black and tan coloured and were bred to use their loud, deep bark to herd sheep. The breed is relatively new, dating as a distinct breed from the late 19th century. Dogs that win at trials may be registered by the New Zealand Trial Association in their studbook,*[1] but the breed does not have a defined appearance or lineage, and is distinguished only on working ability.

44.1 Appearance

Huntaways are large, deep-chested dogs that generally weigh in the region of 25–40 kilograms (55–88 lb). Their coats can vary in colour; colours include black, black and tan (usually) with some white or brindle. Their coats can also come in different textures; they can be smooth, rough, or grizzly and they are generally floppy eared. A huntawayʼ s height is usually in the range of 56–66 centimetres (22–26 in).

201 202 CHAPTER 44. HUNTAWAY

44.2 Skills

They are required to have great intelligence, agility and stamina for days of working on steep, rough country over large distances, driving very large mobs of sheep. Their bark is deep and repeating, usually with a short pause between barks, which allows the barking to be sustained for very long periods.*[2]

44.3 History

The huntaway was developed as a breed in response to farming conditions found in the New Zealand high country. The vast pastoral runs or Stations, such as those in the high country of the South Island, required teams of dogs who could work mustering for days on end, covering great distances on rough steep country. High country stations typically cover many thousands of hectares, and were often unfenced.*[3]*[4] British sheepdogs used by early New Zealand farmers mostly worked sheep silently, but occasionally a dog would use its bark to herd sheep. This characteristic was liked by some farmers, especially for driving sheep on rough, steep hill country where a dog may disappear from view, making a dog that drives stock by sight less useful. Collies and other working sheepdogs with the barking trait would have been crossed with any other breed that had other desirable traits, including size, stamina and a steady barking ability, as these are the traits that differentiate the huntaway from the heading dog today, but the exact lineage is not known.*[1] The earliest references to huntaways are in the late 19th century. A with a specific class for huntaways was advertised in the Upper Waitaki in 1870.*[5]“Wanted”advertisements for“huntaway sheepdogs”were in the Otago Daily Times newspaper in 1884,*[6] heading and huntaway collies were advertised for sale in 1885.*[7] The huntaway was further developed as a separate breed from the heading dog during the 20th Century. As of August 2013 the Huntaway breed was recognised by the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZKC).*[8] This is the first recognition of a dog breed of New Zealand origin.*[9] *[10] There is an NZKC standard for the Huntaway breed, but the standard notes, “It is the opinion of the New Zealand Sheepdog Trial Association that a Huntaway should never be shown, due to the large variance in colour, type and size and the inability to prove in a show ring their core (and only) task of working stock. It is the opinion of the New Zealand Sheepdog Trial Association that a New Zealand Huntaway should not be kept solely as a pet. No changes to the official breed standard of the New Zealand Huntaway will be made without consultation with the New Zealand Sheepdog Trial Association.*[11]

44.4 General information

Huntaways generally live to around 12 to 14 years of age. They are generally very healthy, but some inheritable diseases have been identified in them, and are publicised to allow this to be monitored.*[12] They are intelligent, friendly, very energetic, active dogs that require a lot of exercise. They have been bred to muster in the hills and mountains of New Zealand where it is difficult to walk or ride, so worded commands and whistles are used to com- municate commands to these dogs when they are at a distance. They are well known for being a noisy dog, especially when working.*[2] They are becoming increasingly popular worldwide with a New Zealand Huntaway Club started in Japan and hunt- aways being bred and used in Australia for work and yard dog trials. Hunterville in the North Island of New Zealand is known for its statue of a Huntaway.*[13]

44.5 References

[1] Clive Dalton. 'Farm dogs - Heading dogs, huntaways and all-purpose dogs', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Mar-09 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/farm-dogs/1, Retrieved 4 August 2012

[2]“A Dog's Show”video, TVNZ http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/a-dogs-show-1981 Retrieved 4 August 2012

[3] Robert Peden. 'Farm fencing - Early fencing methods', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Mar-09 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/farm-fencing/2 Retrieved 25 August 2012

[4] Carl Walrond. 'Rural workers - Large sheep runs', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Mar-09 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-workers/1 Retrieved 25 August 2012 44.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 203

[5] http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=THD18700629.2.44&srpos=1 Timaru Herald, 29 June 1870, Papers Past, National Library, Retrieved 29 August 2012

[6] http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT18840825.2.2.3 Otago Daily Times, 24 Au- gust 1884, Papers Past, National Library, Retrieved 25 August 2012

[7] http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP18851007.2.46.8 Evening Post, 8 October 1885, Papers Past, National Library, Retrieved 25 August 2012

[8] URL: http://www.nzkc.org.nz/pdf/rules_regs/registration_regs.pdf, Retrieved 16 March 2014

[9] https://agrihq.co.nz/article/classic-farm-dog-recognised-?p=12,

[10] URL: http://www.nzkc.org.nz/, Retrieved 16 March 2014

[11] URL: http://www.nzkc.org.nz/breed_info/br535.html, Retrieved 11 March 2014

[12] Inherited Diseases of Huntaway Dogs, Massey University Centre for Service & Working Dog Health http://workingdogs. massey.ac.nz/diseases.html Retrieved 4 August 2012

[13] Hunterville Huntaway Festival

44.6 External links

• General Huntaway Information • Huntaway Club UK Chapter 45

Hygenhund

A Hygenhund is a Norwegian breed of dog from the hound group, created in the 19th century by Norwegian breeder Hygen from various other hound breeds. The Hygenhund is an endurance hunter who can traverse arctic terrain for long periods of time without fatigue.

45.1 Conformation

The Hygenhund stands approximately 19 to 24 inches (48 to 61 cm) high and weighs around 44 to 55 pounds (20 to 25 kg). They have a thick, shiny coat with straight hairs. They can be found in yellow and red, chestnut (with or without black shading) and black with bright chestnut colors, sometimes combined with white markings. Their heads are triangular, with a broad skull and dark eyes. The ears are wide, the muzzle medium-sized and the neck long and clean. They have level toplines and a solid, compact body. The legs are solid and muscular and the feet compact, and they move in a well-balanced, reaching motion. The tail is carried high, but not curled over the back. Their temperaments are energetic and free-spirited.

204 Chapter 46

Ibizan Hound

The Ibizan Hound (Catalan: ca eivissenc) is a lean, agile dog of the hound family. There are two hair types of the breed: smooth and wire. The more commonly seen type is the smooth. Some consider there to be a third type, long, but the longhair is most likely a variation of the wire.

46.1 Description

Two Ibizan hounds

46.1.1 Appearance

The Ibizan Hound is an elegant and agile breed, with an athletic and attractive outline and a ground-covering springy trot. Though graceful in appearance, it has good bone girth and is a rugged/hardy breed. Its large upright ears - a hallmark of the breed - are broad at the base and frame a long and elegant headpiece. The neck is long and lean. It has a unique front assembly with well laid-back shoulders and relatively straight upper arm. Coming in both smooth and wire-coated varieties, their coat is a combination of red and white with the nose, ears, eye rims, and pads of feet being a light tan color. Its eyes are a striking amber color and have an alert and intelligent expression. The Ibizan may range in height, depending on which Standard you follow, from 22 to 29 inches (56 to 74 cm) and weigh from

205 206 CHAPTER 46. IBIZAN HOUND

45 to 65 pounds (20 to 29 kg), males being larger than females. The Ibizan Hound coat can also range from smooth to Wire. wire coats are to be hard and can range from 1-3 inches in length.

46.1.2 Temperament

Ibizan Hounds are intelligent, active, and engaging by nature. They rank 53rd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of average working/obedience intelligence, but many Ibizan owners will enjoy giving you a multitude of examples of their problem solving abilities. They are true “clowns”of the dog world, delighting in entertaining their people with their antics. Though somewhat independent and stubborn at times, they do take well to training if positive methods are used, but will balk at punitive training methods. They are generally quiet, but will alarm bark if necessary, so they make good watch dogs. They are sensitive hounds, and very good around children and other dogs alike. They generally make good house dogs, but are active and athletic, therefore need a lot of daily exercise. They do not make good kennel dogs. Ibizan hounds are sweet, but they are very stubborn and independent. Ibizan Hounds are “escapologists": they are able to jump incredible heights from a stand still, so they need very tall fences. They also have been known to climb, and many can escape from crates, open baby gates and even locks. They have a strong prey drive, therefore they cannot be trusted off leash unless in a safely enclosed area. Once off the leash, they might not come back for a long time! A hound that knows where its home is and the surrounding area will usually return unscathed.

46.2 Health

The Ibizan Hound is typical of the Hound Group in that it rarely suffers from hereditary illness. Minor health concerns for the breed include seizures and allergies; very rarely, one will see axonal dystrophy, cataract, retinal dysplasia and deafness in the breed. Ibizan Hound owners should have their dogs' eyes tested by a veterinarian before breeding. CERF and BAER testing is recommended for the breed. Ibizan Hounds are sensitive to barbiturate anesthesia, and typically live between 12 and 14 years.*[1]

46.3 History and use

This breed originates in the island of Eivissa and has been traditionally used in the Catalan-speaking areas of Spain and France to hunt rabbits and other small game. The Ibizan Hound is a fast dog that can hunt on all types of terrain, working by scent, sound and sight. Hunters run these dogs in mostly female packs, with perhaps a male or two, as the female is considered the better hunter. Traditionally a farmer may have 1 dog and a very well off farmer 2 dogs to catch rabbits for food. However in the last 20 years it is seen as a sport where between 5 and 15 dogs can be seen in the chase of one rabbit. Mainly on weekends with pack owners from the towns, some of which are known for not treating their dogs with the respect they deserve. The Ibizan Hound authority Miquel Rosselló has provided a detailed description of a working trial which characterises their typical hunting technique and action,*[2] strikingly illustrated with action photos by Charles Camberoque*[3] which demonstrate hunt behaviour and typical hunt terrain. While local hunters will at times use one dog or a brace, and frequently packs of 6-8 or as many as 15, the working trial requires an evaluation of one or two braces. A brace is called a colla. The couples should be tested on at least 2 to 5 rabbits (not hares), without the use of any other hunting aid. An inspection and evaluation of the exterior, fitness, character and obedience of the dogs is recommended prior to the hunt. The trial is qualified as having 5 parts. The dogs should show: (1) careful tracking and scenting of the rabbit, without being distracted in the least, 0-30 points; (2) correct signalling of the game, patient stand, strong jump into the air, obedience 0-10 points; (3) chase, giving tongue, speed, sureness, anticipation 0-30 points; (4) putting the game to cover at close quarters, listening, waiting, obedience, correct attack 0-10 point; and (5) good catch, or correct indication of the gameʼs location, retrieval, obedience 0-20 points. Individual dogs are expected to show a great degree of discipline, obedience and co-operation. They should be extremely agile, have good speed and a powerful vertical jump from a stationary position in rough and often heavily covered ground. They should have excellent scent-tracking abilities, give tongue at the right time when approaching the game closely, and otherwise be silent so that they can locate the game by sound. The Ibizan Hound is similar in function and type to several breeds, such as the , the Cirneco dell'Etna, 46.4. IN FOLK CULTURE 207

Female Ibizan Hound

the , and the . The Ibizan Hound is the largest of these breeds, classified by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as primitive types. This breed is considered by most experts one of the most ancient dog breeds. It is believed the Ibizan Hound evolves from the , the ancient Egyptian hunting dog. Representations of this dog on the walls of ancient tombs show a striking similarity to the modern Ibizan Hound.*[4] These dogs would have been brought to the island of Eivissa by the Phoenicians, who founded settlements there as early as the 8th century BC.*[5] A recent DNA analysis*[6] did not find support for this opinion and did not include the Ibizan Hound among their identified ancient dog breeds.A more recent article*[7] argues that continued trait selective breeding may be behind this lack of support. Heidi G. Parker, the lead author of the original study has stated recently that indeed their original findings do not imply that the Ibizan Hound is not an ancient breed and that with better tools they would in all likelihood be able to trace a continuous lineage of thousands of years for many dog breeds and add them to their group of ancient dogs.*[8] In the United States, the Ibizan Hound is frequently competed in lure coursing through the AKC and ASFA, and also competes in LGRA straight racing and NOTRA oval track racing. Some parts of the country also use them for coursing live prey, generally jackrabbits. The Ibizan Hound breed is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, Continental Kennel Club, American Kennel Club, United Kennel Club, Kennel Club of Great Britain, Canadian Kennel Club, National Kennel Club, New Zealand Kennel Club, Australian National Kennel Council, America's Pet Registry, and American Canine Registry. It was fully recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1979.

46.4 In folk culture

According to journalist Norman Lewis, when an owner no longer wants to own one of these dogs (having too much of an appetite, for instance), it is considered very bad luck to kill the dog. Instead, they release the dog on the other side of the island, so that someone else might 'adopt' the animal.*[9] 208 CHAPTER 46. IBIZAN HOUND

46.5 References

[1] Coile, Caroline, Ph.D., Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, Barron's Educational Series, 2005. Page 80.

[2] Cà Eivessenc: lʼAlternativa/Podenco Ibicenco: La Alternativa. Palma de Mallorca: Caixa de Balears Sa Nostra 1987

[3] http://www.camberoque.net/site/page.php3?serie=Podencos+Ibizencos&debut=1

[4] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dogs_of_ancient_Egypt

[5] http://www.eivissaweb.com/reports/archaeological-sites/phoenician-settlement-of-sa-caleta/

[6] Parker, H.G.; Kim, L.V.; Sutter, N.B.; Carlson, S.; Lorentzen, T.D.; Malek, T.B.; Johnson, G.S.; DeFrance, H.B.; Ostran- der, E.A.; Kruglyak, L. (2004-05-21). “Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog” (PDF). Science 304 (5674): 1160–4. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949.

[7] Quignon, Pascale; Herbin L.; Cadieu, E.; Kirkness, E.F.; Hédan, B.; Mosher, D.S.; Galibert, F.; André, C; Ostrander, E.A.; Hitte, C.; (2007-12-19). Awadalla, Philip, ed. “Canine Population Structure: Assessment and Impact of Intra- Breed Stratification on SNP-Based Association Studies”. PLoS ONE 2 (12): e1324. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001324. PMC 2129117. PMID 18091995.

[8] http://www.bostonterrierclubofamerica.org/boston-terrier-health/genetic-structure-purebred-dog.htm

[9] Lewis, Norman (1986). “7”. (2nd ed.). London: Eland Publishing Ltd. pp. 83–90. ISBN 0-907871-43-7. Missing or empty |title= (help)

46.6 External links

• Ibizan Hound Photos

• Charles Camberoque: photos of Ibizans at work • Video: How Ibizans hunt

• Ibizan Hound Club (Eivissa) • Norwegian Ibizan Hound Club

• Swiss Ibizan Hound Club • German Ibizan Hound Club

• Ibizan Hound Rescue in Spain • Ibizan Hounds in the UK

• Additional information on the German language Wikipedia.(In German: “Podenco Ibicenco”) Chapter 47

Icelandic Sheepdog

The Icelandic sheepdog is a breed of dog of spitz type originating from the dogs brought to by the Vikings. It is of similar type to the and to the ancestor of the modern and . They are still commonly used to herd sheep in the Icelandic countryside.

47.1 Description

47.1.1 Appearance

These are the current breed standards:

• Neck: moderately long, muscular, arched, carried high. • Back: level, muscular, strong. • Chest: long, deep, well sprung; reaches its forearm • Belly: only a slight tuck upwards. • Tail: high-set, curled, touching back. • Forequarters: straight, parallel, strong forelegs. • Forefeet: oval-shaped toes, arched, tight, with well-developed pads. • Shoulders: oblique, muscular. • Hind legs: one or often two dew claws on each leg. • Gait: displays endurance and agility, driving action, covers ground effortlessly. • Head: strongly built, close-fitting skin, skull slightly longer than muzzle making it look triangular from side or above. • Nose: black, or dark brown in lighter-color breeds. • Muzzle: nasal bridge straight, slightly shorter than skull, tapers evenly towards nose to form triangle. • Lips: black, close-fitting. sometimes partially pink • Bite: scissor. • Cheeks: flat. • Eyes: medium, almond-shaped, brown, eye-rims are black. • Ears: erect, medium in size, triangular, very mobile as they move in sensitivity with dog's moods. very sensitive with hearing

209 210 CHAPTER 47. ICELANDIC SHEEPDOG

Icelandic Sheepdog

• Height: male: 46 cm female: 42 cm

• Color: tan, reddish-brown, chocolate, grey, black, with white as a required prominent color.

• Appearance from side: rectangular, length from shoulder to base of tail is greater than height at withers.

• Depth of chest: equal to length of foreleg.

• Coat: two types: long and short, both thick and waterproof.

47.1.2 Temperament

Icelandic sheepdogs are tough and energetic. Hardy and agile, they are extremely useful for herding and driving livestock or finding lost sheep. However, the dogs are not known for hunting. Icelandic sheepdogs are very alert and will always give visitors an enthusiastic welcome, without being aggressive. Friendly and cheerful, the Icelandic sheepdog is inquisitive, playful and unafraid. They generally get along well with children, as well as other pets. 47.2. ACTIVITIES 211

47.2 Activities

Icelandic Sheepdogs can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, , showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Icelandic Sheepdogs that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.*[2]

47.3 History

A photo of a dog described as an Iceland Dog, printed in W. E. Mason's Dogs of all Nations in 1915.*[3]

The Icelandic sheepdog very much resembles dogs found in graves in Denmark and Sweden from about 8000 B.C. Dog imports to Iceland were limited and from 1901 even forbidden. In 1650 Sir Thomas Brown wrote“To England there are sometimes exported from Iceland ... a type of dog resembling a fox ... Shepherds in England are eager to acquire them!" Plague and canine distemper destroyed over 75% of the breed in the late 19th century, leading to a ban on the 212 CHAPTER 47. ICELANDIC SHEEPDOG importation of dogs to Iceland. The purebred Icelandic sheepdog was again bordering extinction in the late 20th century and in 1969 the Icelandic Dog Breeder Association (HRFÍ)*[4] was established to preserve the breed, among other aims. The Icelandic sheepdog gained AKC recognition in June 2010, alongside the Leonberger and the .*[5]

47.4 Miscellaneous

The breed is sometimes denoted in Latin as canis islandicus even though it is a breed and not a species.

The Icelandic sheepdog often has two dewclaws on each hind leg.

As the name implies, it is a sheep dog, but is also used as a watch dog and general working dog. When herding, the Icelandic sheepdogs were not mainly used to take the sheep from one point to another, but to prevent animals from straying. Additionally, the dogs were in charge of herding horses and other animals as well. When herding failed, the dogs drove the animals by barking. Thus, they tend to bark when they want something, although this behaviour can be controlled by training. In the Icelandic landscape, sheep often get lost and it has historically been the dog's job to find them and return them to the herd. They are therefore used to working on their own and to figuring things out for themselves, so owners have to beware lest they learn things they should not. As a watch dog, their main task was to alert the inhabitants when somebody was coming, so these dogs tend to bark a lot when they see people approaching. The Icelandic sheepdog is very loyal and wants to be around its family constantly. It follows its owner everywhere. Unlike most working dogs, these calm down when indoors and will happily lie down at their master's feet.

47.5 References

[1] “Icelandic Sheepdog” (PDF). FCI. Retrieved 27 February 2015.

[2] Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.

[3] Mason, Walter, Esplin (1867). Dogs of all nations (1915). Retrieved 24 November 2010.

[4] “HRFÍ". hrfi.is.

[5] “AKC Welcomes the Cane Corso, Icelandic sheepdog and Leonberger”. akc.org. 47.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 213

47.6 External links

• Icelandic Sheepdog at DMOZ Chapter 48

Indian pariah dog

The Indian Pariah Dog (also pye dog, pie dog, or pi dog) is the aboriginal , or naturally selected “breed” of the Indian sub-continent. It is also called the Indian Native Dog and is nowadays referred to as the INDog by experts and enthusiasts. The term "pariah dog" is not derogatory in the canine context and refers to a class of primitive dogs of a specific appearance known as the “long-term pariah morph.” India's Pariah Dog, the dominant village breed in plains areas, is thought to be a descendant of an early Chinese immigrant according to Peter Savolainen, a professor of evolutionary genetics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. *[1] However the place of origin has not been determined so far. Urban Indian street dogs are of Indian Pariah Dog ancestry, but usually admixed with other breeds.

48.1 Traits

The Indian Native Dog (INDog) is an ancient autochthonous landrace of dog that is found all over India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and even beyond South Asia.*[2] It was featured on National Geographic Channel's film, Search for the First Dog along with the other related ancient types such as the of and the Australian . This is the original breed of the country, found free-living as a commensal of man all over the Indian subcontinent. Where not mixed with the blood of European dogs or other breeds and types, it is similar in appearance all across the entire country. The type represents one of the few remaining examples of mankind's original domestic dog and its physical features are the same as those of the dogs whose fossil remains have been found in various parts of the world, from very early remains in Israel and China to later ones such as those found in the volcanic lava at Pompeii, near Naples in Italy. In India these were the hunting partners and companion animals of the aboriginal peoples of India. They are still found with the aboriginal communities who live in forested areas. Since these dogs have never been selectively bred, their appearance, physical features and mental characteristics are created by the process of natural selection alone. The INDog has not been recognized by any kennel club although similarly ancient or 'primitive' dogs have been recognized such as the Azawakh and the both of which are also sighthound and Pariah. It has been recognized by the Primitive and Aboriginal Dog Society (PADS), a worldwide grouping of enthusiasts which is based in the USA.*[3]

48.2 Temperament

It is an extremely alert, very social dog. Its rural evolution, often close to forests where predators like tigers and were common, has made it an extremely cautious breed and this caution is not to be mistaken for a lack of courage. They make excellent watch dogs and are very territorial and defensive of their pack/family. They need good socializing as pups and do well with families and children if provided with such socialization. They are highly intelligent and easily trainable, but can get bored equally easily and not want to play typical, repetitive dog games like “fetch”. They are modest eaters and will rarely overeat. They are a very active breed and thrive with regular exercise and very long walks, several times a day. They bark at the slightest doubt or provocation and can hence be noisy.

214 48.2. TEMPERAMENT 215

Pet INDog/Indian Pariah Dog with his owners who belong to the Gond tribe. This picture was taken near Pench Tiger Reserve, Central India. 216 CHAPTER 48. INDIAN PARIAH DOG

48.3 Health

Being a naturally evolved, hardy and perfected breed, they have very few health concerns and thrive with minimal “maintenance”, especially in tropical weather. The skin needs very little grooming and the dogs themselves are relatively clean. They have no body odour. Genetic health ailments like hip dysplasia etc. are extremely rare since in a naturally evolved race only the fittest individuals breed and the flaws are bred out. They are generally very healthy and average life expectancy is over 15 years under good care.*[3] Dogs are a major cause of rabies in India, with up to 20,000 cases of rabies in humans a year, most cases occurs after the whelping season, in prevention, people often killed the dogs, but recently vaccinating and sterilizing them became more common.*[4] Unlike modern breeds, the pariah group of dogs, including the INDog, breeds only once a year. The female come into season corresponding with the Indian South-West Monsoon, around July to October, and the pups are whelped in winter from October to December.

48.4 Appearance

It is a medium-sized dog of square to slightly rectangular build and short coat. The dog has a double coat, a coarse upper coat and a soft undercoat. The most commonly observed colours are brown, range from dark to reddish- brown, with or without white markings. Solid blacks are rare but some dogs are pied. Spotted, brindle and white are considered faults. Spots are seen in the undercoat of pied dogs. White markings at the ends of limbs and tip of tail are common. Red/fawn dogs frequently have dark muzzles. The jaws have a clean, scissor bite. The head is medium-sized, wedge shaped. The muzzle is pointed and is of equal or slightly greater length than the head. The neck is noble and the forequarters are erect. Hind quarters are minimally angled. The trot is short. The eyes are almond shaped and dark brown in colour. The ears are held erect and are pointed at the tips, with a broad base, set low on the head and the tail is curled and held high, when excited. Adult Dogs: Height: 20 - 25 inches high at the withers Weight: 20 - 30 kilograms Adult Female: Height: 18 - 23 inches at the withers Weight: 15 - 25 kilograms

48.5 Behaviour

INDogs are found throughout the Indian subcontinent, often kept as pets in remote villages and many are ownerless scavengers found in cities. However the ones in large cities and towns are no longer pure indigenous dogs but are often mongrelized with modern breeds. They are territorial to a particular area, though a certain amount of immigration occurs to maintain population levels and also for the purpose of mating. They are more active and engage in play during mornings and evenings. But during breeding season they become more aggressive during the evening and late night hours to prevent the stranger male dogs and also to protect the pups from other animals including humans. Territorial aggressions are common in free-ranging dogs mostly during breeding season (August to January). On some occasions some males enter into anotherʼs territory for extra-group mating.*[5] The pariah group of dogs, including the INDog, breeds once a year. During the mating season the oestrous female may mate with several males. Most of the aggression from the alpha male is directed to the young males, but they are not driven away. When the young males fail in the mating competition, they disperse. As a result the pack size is maintained.*[6]

48.6 Hunting and diet

In Nagarhole National Park, INDogs are observed to hunt chital.*[7]*[8]*[9] 48.7. SEE ALSO 217

A typical INDog or Indian Pariah Dog, Bangalore, India

48.7 See also

• Canaan Dog

• New Guinea Singing Dog

• Dingo

•

• (Yellow Dog)

• Basenji

•

• Sinhala Hound

48.8 References

[1] “Indian stray dog article”. 218 CHAPTER 48. INDIAN PARIAH DOG

[2] Pathak, Arun (1995). Handicrafts in the Indus Valley Civilization. Janaki Prakashan. ISBN 8185078874.

[3] “INDog, The Indian Pariah Dog Project”. October 2010.

[4] “In India, vaccination, sterilization of stray dogs curbs rabies better than culls”. August 14, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2015.

[5] Pal, S. K.; Ghosh, B.; Roy, S. (1998a). “Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in relation to season, sex and age”. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59 (4): 331–348. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7.

[6] Pal, S. K.; Ghosh, B.; Roy, S. (1998b).“Dispersal behaviour of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in relation to age, sex, season and dispersal distance”. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00185- 3.

[7] J, Harsha (October 16, 2011). “Village Dogs With Chital Kill, Nagarahole”. Retrieved March 19, 2015.

[8] Cavale, Giri (March 3, 2012). “Dog Hunting Chital in Kabini, Nagarahole”. Retrieved March 19, 2015.

[9] Sharma, Jayanth (June 29, 2015). “Village Dogs Hunting Chital, Nagarahole”. Retrieved March 19, 2015.

48.9 External links

• INDog: The Indian Pariah Dog • Primitive & Aboriginal Dog Society Chapter 49

Indian Spitz

The Indian Spitz is a spitz-type dog breed belonging to the Utility Dog group. It is very similar to the German Spitz in appearance but is roughly 1.5-2.5 inches shorter at the withers and weighs around 10-15 Lbs less. The Indian Spitz was one of the most popular dogs in India in the 1980s and the 1990s when India's import rules made it very difficult to import dogs of other breeds. The Indian Spitz is often called Pomeranian though the two breeds are very different. Both breeds belong to the Spitz family, along with the Elk-Hound, German Spitz, Samoyed, , and many others.

49.1 Origins

The Indian Spitz was introduced in India by the British who began breeding them from a stock of German Spitzes. Years of breeding produced the ideal dog suited for the plains of India and capable of withstanding India's sultry climate. These spitzes resembled Samoyeds and German Spitzes but had less thick coats and were smaller in size- ideal for the conditions.

49.2 Specs

Not recognized by any major Kennel Club, The Indian Spitz is identified as a separate Indian Breed by the . These clubs have been working to establish the Indian Spitz as a separate breed at the other Kennel Clubs across the world. Generally Indian Spitzes are divided into Smaller Indian Spitz/Lesser Indian Spitz (Roughly between 5-7 Kilograms (11-15 Pounds) in Weight & 22-25 cms at the withers (roughly 8*3/4−10*3/4 Inches at the withers) and the Greater Indian Spitz (Roughly between 12-20 Kilograms (28-45 Pounds) in Weight & 35-45 cms (15-18 Inches) at the With- ers). The Indian Spitz is generally Milk White but can also be found in solid colours like Black, Dusky Brown and sometimes (very rarely) - a hybrid of black and white (like the Dalmatian).

49.3 Behavior

The Indian Spitz is an extremely bright and active breed of dog. While it is adaptable to living in a small apartment, it can also thrive in a large farmhouse with equal ease. It is also counted among the most intelligent dog breeds. It can easily learn various tricks in less time, and has unique ability to understand human intentions.*[1] Its diet is also extremely adaptable- and can include anything from Milk, Rice and Yogurt to a diet of Rice and Chicken.

49.4 Differences between the Pomeranian and Indian Spitz in India

219 220 CHAPTER 49. INDIAN SPITZ

4.5 years old Indian spitz

In India many mistakenly refer to the Indian Spitz as Pomeranian. This is a mistake. The differences include:

• The Pomeranian is a Toy Breed. It is much lighter than even a Lesser Indian Spitz, both in height and weight (it typically weighs less than 10 pounds and is rarely over 12 inches in height).

• The Pomeranian has a much flatter face than that of an Indian Spitz, which has a more conical snout.

• The coat of a Pomeranian is generally denser and much thicker. It is difficult to see individual hairs. However, an Indian Spitz's coat is much less dense and it is easier to see the individual hair follicles.

• The Pomeranian's ears are generally not as pointed as that of an Indian Spitz. 49.5. ROLES IN THE MOVIES 221

Indian spitz-outdoor

49.5 Roles in the Movies

• In Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), the role of “Tuffy”was played by Redo, a 6-year-old Indian Spitz belonging to the Assistant Director Madhukar Sawle. The Spitz had a vital role in the movie. Actress Madhuri Dixit later adopted the dog, which died in 2000 at age twelve.*[2]

49.6 Lifespan

Generally their lifespan is between 10–14 years. Some Indian Spitzes are known to live up to 16 years of age.

49.7 References

[1] petsworld. “Indian Spitz Dog – Breed Information and How to Take Care”. petsworld.in. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[2] Chintamani, Gautam (24 February 2012). “Animal Kingdom”. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 February 2014. 222 CHAPTER 49. INDIAN SPITZ

A two-year-old golden brown Indian Spitz

49.8 External links

• The Indian Spitz • Kennel Club of India 49.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 223

Indian spitz can very well adapt to household surroundings. Chapter 50

Irish Red and White Setter

The Irish Red and White Setter (Irish: An Sotar Rua agus Bán) is a breed of dog, more specifically a setter. As with all the setters and the Pointer, it is classified as a gundog in the UK and is included in the sporting group in America and Canada. It is virtually identical in use and temperament to the related Irish Setter and its other setter cousins, the Gordon and English setters, but is more often found as a working gun dog. The original purpose of the breed was to hunt gamebirds. In the UK, their quarry can be partridge or grouse, pheasant, ptarmigan, blackgame, snipe or woodcock as all these birds try to avoid predators by hiding rather than flying away. Overseas bird dogs are used to hunt quail, willow grouse, sand grouse, guinea fowl, sagehen, francolin. Despite the breed's early origins, it almost became extinct until dedicated breeders managed to revive interest and restore the Irish Red and White setter to a viable position. It is still in a vulnerable position but has gained recognition from all major kennel clubs.

50.1 Function

The function of setters is to find and locate game by quartering ground as it searches for the scent carried in the wind by birds such as grouse, partridge, pheasant or snipe. It is fast and wide ranging. As it gallops in its to seek scent, its head is carried high. Once it locates the birds, it will freeze on point or“set”indicating to its handler where the birds are hiding. It may slightly crouch but its position will remain tense, immobile and rigid. The dog's head will remain raised as it savours the airborne scent and it intently stares in the direction of where the birds are hiding. Its tail will be held level with its back.*[1]*[2] Setters literally show the hunters exactly where the birds are.*[3] The breed is classified in the gundog group by the Kennel Club in the UK and in the sporting group by the American and Canadian Kennel Clubs.*[4]*[5]*[6] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classify the breed in Group 7, Pointing dogs.*[7] The Irish Red and White setter still has an ingrained natural working ability, so when correctly trained and given the appropriate opportunity, will work well performing its original function.*[8] They can take longer to train than other gun dogs, but once trained, they are loyal and reliable companions. They need firm, decisive, but not harsh, training.*[9]

50.2 History

50.2.1 Origins

'Setting dogges' – an ancient term for setters, were developed to indicate the whereabouts of game birds and a dog would have been used for this in Roman times. The dog would find the location of the game birds by scenting the air; either freeze in a position standing or crouching down then slowly creep forward on command to disturb the birds into flight. Once the birds were in flight the hunter who had been following the dog would release hawks to capture the birds in the air. When netting superseded the use of hawks, setting dogs would still be used to indicate the whereabouts of the birds but the hunter would come up behind the dog and throw a net over the birds. In the

224 50.2. HISTORY 225

mid-1600s, guns became more readily available and shooting game birds became a popular pastime of the landed gentry. The basic work of setters was still to find and point to the location of game birds but it also had to be steady to shot.*[10] By the 17th century 'setting dogges' had become established and the breeds as seen in the present day could be identified as Setters. Interbreeding of the different colours was still be taking place during this period but it gradually changed and sportsman (breeders) started to segregate matings to dogs adapted to the terrain it was required to work on.*[11] Originally, setters in Ireland were mostly red, or the parti-colour red and white, or even nearly all white dogs. All were accepted as Irish Setters and were mated to each other.*[12] As late as 1875 at a conformation show in Dublin, there were 66 entries in the Irish Setter classes; 23 of this entry were red and white. At a show in Cork the next year, in an entry of 96, there were 36 red and whites. This was when the fashion for solid coloured red setters began and the decline in red and white setter numbers continued.*[13] The popularity of the solid red Irish Setter in both America and Ireland gained strength as they attracted very high prices, all adding to the demise of the red and white almost to the point of extinction. A handful of breeders in remote parts of Ireland kept the breed alive.*[13]*[12]*[14] A small number of breeders were active from 1775 to the end of the 19th century. The Rossmore family of County Monaghan in Ireland, had a strain of red and whites dating back to the mid 18th century and this line was preserved into the 20th century. The family still own many paintings of these dogs.*[12] During the breed's history, red and white setters were sometimes referred to as Rossmore Setters.*[15] Other owners recorded at this time included Reverend Mahon of Castlegar, Yelverton O'Keefe, Maurice Nugent O'Connor and Miss Lidwell whose name was sometimes mis-spelt as Ledwich. The dogs from these strains were all particularly known for their working abilities.*[12] 226 CHAPTER 50. IRISH RED AND WHITE SETTER

An early Setter from around the 1850s.

50.2.2 Revival

Thanks to the efforts of an early 20th-century Irish clergyman, Noble Huston, the breed survived, but only in small numbers in the island of Ireland. From around 1970, a revival of the breed was planned, and the numbers began to increase slowly. The Irish Kennel Club approached the Irish Red Setter Club during 1976 to ask if it was willing to help oversee the revival of the Irish Red and White Setter.*[16] Partly through the endeavours of the Irish Red & White Setter Field & Show Society, which was formed in 1981, the breed became well established and received national and international recognition. Irish Red and White setters successfully compete in conformation shows and field trials attaining champions in both disciplines.*[17] Many individuals contributed to the breed's successful revival. Rev Huston kept a note of his litters in the parish register. He did not have official pedigrees but did engage in lengthy correspondence with Maureen Cuddy (then Clarke), whose kennel name was 'Knockalla”.*[18] In a letter to Cuddy, Rev Huston wrote: "...the present Red and Whites are not a new breed nor a revived breed (like the Irish Wolfhound) but a continued breed...”*[19] It was through Cuddy's meticulous record keeping and research that in 1974 the Irish Kennel Club finally accepted that the pedigrees of the few remaining red and whites were accurate.*[20] It is likely that the revived generations of Irish Red and White Setters descend from a puppy bitch Cuddy nursed to health in 1940. This bitch was named 'Judith Cunningham of Knockalla'.*[18] By the 1980s, red and white setters were being imported into Great Britain, where the breed was developed more as a show dog. Interest in Great Britain had particularly been revived after Alan and Ann Gormley from Dublin exhibited an Irish Red and White at Crufts in 1980. This was 'Harlequin of Knockalla' who was bred by Cuddy in 1977. Harlequin had qualified for Crufts due to his success at shows in Ireland, but the Gormleys were more interested in showing their dogs than in working them. Harlequin did prove he could work while young, but an error with the paperwork meant his qualifying test at a field trial was never correctly recorded.*[21] Harlequin was sired 50.3. DESCRIPTION 227

Irish Red And White Setter in Tallinn by Glenkeen Sandy whose grandfather was Sulhamstead Natty D'Or, a field trial dog bred by Florence Nagle.*[22] The breed was little known in Britain and the Kennel Club had inadvertently listed Harlequin's Crufts entry among the Irish Setters. This was the trigger for great interest in the breed, as it proved the breed was not extinct as was believed.*[23] Irish Red and White setters bred by the Gormleys under their kennel name of 'Meudon' proved influential worldwide as their red and whites were exported to Italy, America and Holland as well as to the UK.*[23] In contrast to these British dogs, the breed has continued to be primarily a working and field trial dog in Ireland.*[24] From 1 January 2009, the Irish Red and White Setter was fully recognised by the American Kennel Club (AKC), and was eligible to compete in conformation and all other competitive fields.*[25] The breed had previously been listed on the AKC Foundation Stock Service, which is the first step towards a purebred breed gaining recognition in America. The breed was given recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club in May 1999.*[18] The breed is recognised by most other national Kennel Clubs. All registered Irish Red and White Setters are of the dogs accepted by the Irish Kennel Club at the time of the revival of the breed in the 1970s. It is listed by the Kennel Club in the UK as a Vulnerable Native breed. This is because registrations are less than 300 per year.*[26]

50.3 Description

50.3.1 Appearance

The Irish Red and White setter should have an aristocratic, well proportioned, balanced appearance yet still be strong and powerful without lumber or coarseness. It does not have the racy appearance of its solid coloured cousin, as the Red and White setter is heavier in body, has a broader head and the peak at the back of his skull is less peaked. They are athletic, keen and intelligent.*[27]*[28] 228 CHAPTER 50. IRISH RED AND WHITE SETTER

An Irish Red and White Setter showing the islands of colour in the coat.

The head and body coat is short and flat with long silky fringes – usually these fringes are called 'feathering'. The feathering forms a fringe on the outside of the ears, neck, chest, down the back of the front legs, under the belly and on the back legs. The tail is also feathered with long coat. The body coat and feathering should be straight and flat but not profuse and never curly.*[27]*[28] There are subtle differences between each of the setter breeds. However, one of the main distinguishing features between the setter breeds is colour. As the breed name implies Irish Red and White setters must be red and white and it is an important feature of the breed. It is actually a white dog with red patches.*[29]*[30] The base colour is a pearly white and there should be solid patches of deep-red. The red colour can be likened to a freshly opened chestnut and should not be light red or gingerish. The face, feet, front and lower hind legs are allowed some mottling or flecking but it must not extend to other areas of the body coat.*[27]*[31]*[32] Irish Red and White setters should be combed and well brushed each week to keep the coat well groomed. Any wispy hair on feet should be trimmed away regularly and bushy hair behind ears should be thinned. They should only need bathed when necessary as they are easy to keep clean due to the single coat not being too thick.*[33]*[34] Irish Red and White setters do not require as much trimming for presentation in conformation shows as the other setters as they have lighter coats.*[35] No specific height or weight is given in the Kennel Club breed standard*[31] but males can be up to 27 inches (69 cm) and weigh around 70 lb (32 kg).*[28] The American KC is more specific and cites females range in height from 22.5 to 24 inches (57 to 61 cm) and males from 24 to 26 inches (61 to 66 cm) with a weight around 50 to 70 lb (23 to 32 kg).*[27] The height is taken from where the dog's neck joins the back (the withers) measured down to the ground.*[34]

50.3.2 Temperament

The Irish Red and White setter can be the most devoted and affectionate of dogs making them ideal all-round family dogs. They are extremely intelligent and respond well to proper training but they do need to have plenty to occupy 50.4. HEALTH 229

An elderly Irish Red and White Setter; the expected lifespan is 10–12 years. them. They thrive best in active families, where they have outlets for their high energy, and require space to run freely. Young puppies do not require much exercise but once they reach maturity the breed's working instincts mean they require enough space to be able to run hard and fast for a long distance. Setters are usually good natured, very gentle and get on well with children and other dogs.*[28]*[36]

50.4 Health

50.4.1 Hereditary concerns

Irish Red and White Setters are generally a healthy breed. However, there are three known diseases in the breed which are monitored by the breed clubs.*[37] These are:

• Canine Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) – a failure of the immune system to fight infection. Young puppies do not thrive and continually pick up infections. They can also have growth problems and may die well before they reach their first birthday. The Kennel Club has only registered Irish Red and White Setters that are proven clear of the CLAD mutation, either by direct DNA testing or by virtue of having parents that are proven to be clear of the CLAD mutation (i.e. hereditarily clear). No carriers can be registered. This ruling came into effect on 17 June 2008;*[38]*[39]

• von Willebrands Disease (vWD) – a failure of the blood to clot over a wound, which in extreme cases, the dog can bleed to death with only a small wound, if unattended. The Kennel Club will only register litters of Irish Red & White Setters if both parents are DNA tested clear of the von Willebrand Disease (vWD) mutation, or are hereditarily clear of this mutation. This ruling came into effect on 1 January 2011;*[40]*[41]

• and Posterior Polar Cataract (PPC) – sight is impaired by a cataract on the back of the lens of the eye.*[42] 230 CHAPTER 50. IRISH RED AND WHITE SETTER

Because of breeders' proactive approach, in the UK the number of affected dogs have been kept low and CLAD and vWD are “virtually unheard of in the breed today”.*[37] In 2004, the UK Kennel Club established the Accredited Breeders Scheme, which was later called the Assured Breeders scheme (ABS).*[43] The scheme received UKAS accreditation in April 2013.*[44] ABS members are required to adhere to additional criteria than those necessary for basic KC registration. Among the extra requirements is “Ensuring that the parents of each litter are readily identifiable by either Microchip, Tattoo or DNA profile.” *[45] As at March 2013, breeders of Irish Red and White Setters who are members of the ABS must continue to use screening for eye testings and DNA tests for vWD and CLAD. It also advises screening for hip dysplasia.*[46]*[47] Irish Red and White setters have an average lifespan of 10 to 12 years.*[48]*[49]

50.4.2 Outcross programme

Sleeping Irish Red and White Setter

In an attempt to address the possibility of a very restricted gene pool, the Irish Kennel Club (IKC) announced in 2011 that it was to instigate a programme of allowing Irish Red and White Setters to be crossed with Irish Setters. Any such outcross matings were to be carefully monitored. The programme was supported by the Irish Red and White Setter Club of Ireland, the Irish Red Setter Club (Ireland) and other national Kennel Clubs. The IKC felt there was a high degree of inbreeding within ten generations of Irish Red and White setters and wished to increase the genetic diversity of the breed to prevent genetic problems arising from close inbreeding. It considered the genes of the working lines of Irish Setters were very similar to those of the Irish Red and White setters and the close ancestry had already been used to aid the revival of the Irish Red and White setter. Before any outcross matings could take place, the mating would have to be approved by the official Outcross Committee. Only dogs with current health tests would be considered.*[24] However, the programme was met with dismay by many other breed clubs worldwide who felt it was a flawed and disappointing decision.*[50] An official of the Canadian breed club said: “we cannot condone the crossbreeding of our essentially healthy IRWS breed with dogs of a breed which is known to hold, by various unknown modes of inheritance, far more genetic detritus than ours.”*[50] The Irish Red and White Setter Club of GB felt the outcross was not desirable nor necessary.*[51] 50.5. SEE ALSO 231

50.5 See also

50.6 References

Citations

[1] “Working”. Irish Red and White Setter Club (GB). Retrieved 3 November 2012.

[2] “Working standard”. IRWS Club (Ireland). Retrieved 3 November 2012.

[3] Argue 1993, p. 14.

[4] “Gundog breeds”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[5] “AKC Sporting Group”. AKC. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[6] “CKC breeds”. Canadian Kennel Club. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[7] “Breeds”. FCI. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[8] Brigden 1990, p. 74.

[9] “IRWS Club”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[10] Brigden 1990, pp. 12,13.

[11] Brigden 1990, p. 13.

[12] Brigden 1990, p. 15.

[13] Alan, Gormley. “An Irish Setter or two”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[14] “History”. IRWS Club (Ireland). Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[15] Cuddy, W. L. “The Irish Red & White Setter”. IRWS Club (Ireland). Retrieved 10 November 2012.

[16] O'Leary, . “Breed Standard”. IRWS Club (Ireland). Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[17] “IRWS Standard” (PDF). FCI. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[18] “History”. IRWS Assoc (US). Retrieved 6 November 2012.

[19] Brigden 1990, p. 20.

[20] Brigden 1990, p. 26.

[21] Brigden 1990, p. 42.

[22] Somerfield 1990–1999, p. 167.

[23] Brigden 1990, p. 43.

[24] “International outcross programme”. Irish Kennel Club. Retrieved 7 November 2012.

[25] “AKC Welcomes Irish Red and White Setter, Pyrenean Shepherd and Norwegian Buhund” (Press release). American Kennel Club. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[26] The Kennel Club. “IRWS”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 30 September 2012.

[27] “IRWS”. AKC. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[28] “Breed information”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[29] Kane 2009, p. 87.

[30] Brigden 1990, p. 57.

[31] “Breed standard”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

[32] Brigden 1990, p. 58. 232 CHAPTER 50. IRISH RED AND WHITE SETTER

[33] Brigden 1990, p. 77.

[34] “FAQ”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[35] Brigden 1990, p. 91.

[36] Brigden 1990, pp. 78, 79, 85.

[37] “Health”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 22 October 2012.

[38] “CLAD”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[39] “DNA screening, CLAD”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[40] “Von Willebrands”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[41] “New DNA test control”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[42] “Eyes”. IRWS Club (GB). Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[43] “Kennel Club Accredited Breeder Scheme changes its name to Assured Breeder Scheme”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[44] “UKAS accreditation for KC's Assured Breeder Scheme”. Dog World. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[45] “Scheme outline”. the Kennel Club. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[46] “IRWS health information”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[47] “Breed-specific requirements and recommendations including health screening” (PDF). The Kennel Club. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[48] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

[49] Cassidy, Dr. Kelly M. (1 February 2008). “Breed Longevity Data”. Dog Longevity. Retrieved 10 November 2012.

[50] “IRWS Clubs dismayed”. Dog World (newspaper). Retrieved 30 September 2012.

[51] “Statement”. IRWS Club (GB). Archived from the original on October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.

Bibliography

• Derry Argue (1993). Pointers and setters. Swan Hill Press. ISBN 978-1-85310-239-4.

• Patricia Brigden (1990). The Irish Red and White Setter. Dickson Price. ISBN 978-0-85380-127-6. • Kane, Frank (2009). Judging the gundog breeds. UK: Ibex Web Solutions. ISBN 978-0-9564135-0-5.

• Somerfield, Ferelith (nd). Mission Accomplished: The Life and Times of Florence Nagle, 1894-1988 : the Woman who Took on Both the and the Kennel Club, and Won. Dog World Publications. ISBN 978-0-9500418-9-6.

50.7 External links

• Irish Red & White Setter Pedigree Collection Chapter 51

Irish Setter

The Irish Setter (Irish: sotar rua,*[1] literally "red setter"), is a setter, a breed of gundog and family dog. The term Irish Setter is commonly used to encompass the show-bred dog recognised by the American Kennel Club as well as the field-bred Red Setter recognised by the Field Dog Stud Book.

51.1 Description

51.1.1 Appearance

The coat is moderately long, silky, and of a red or chestnut color. It requires frequent brushing to maintain its condition and keep it mat-free. The undercoat is abundant in winter weather, and the top coat is fine. Their coats should also feather in places such as the tail, ears, chest, legs, and body. Irish Setters range in height from 25 to 27 inches (64 to 69 cm), males weigh 60 to 70 lb (27 to 32 kg) and females 53 to 64 lb (24 to 29 kg). The FCI Breed Standard for the Irish Setter stipulates males: 23 to 26.5 inches (58 to 67 cm), females: 21.5 to 24.5 inches (55 to 62 cm). Irish Setters are deep chested dogs with small waists. Irish Setters life expectancy tends to be around 11 to 12 years.*[2]

51.1.2 Temperament

Irish Setters get along well with children, other dogs, and any household pets, and will enthusiastically greet visitors. Even though they do well with household pets, small animals may pose a problem for this breed, as they are a hunting breed. Some Irish setters may have problems with cats in the house, and may be too rambunctious with small children. As the FCI, ANKC and UK Standards state, the breed should be “Demonstrably affectionate.”As a result, Irish Setters make excellent companion animals and family pets. Irish Setters are an active breed, and require long, daily walks and off-lead running in wide, open spaces. They are, however, a breed with a tendency to 'play deaf,' so careful training on mastering the recall should be undertaken before allowing them off-lead. Irish Setters enjoy having a job to do. Lack of activity will lead to a bored, destructive, or even hyperactive dog. This is not a breed that can be left alone in the backyard for long periods of time, nor should they be. Irish Setters thrive on constant human companionship. Irish Setters respond swiftly to positive training and are highly intelligent. Though they are usually alert to their surroundings, Irish Setters are not well-suited as guard dogs, as they are not a naturally assertive breed. Irish Setters are also widely used as therapy dogs in schools and hospitals. Therapy dogs are permitted in hospitals with special permission and can visit patients on the assigned floors. This is a venue where the therapy dogs are permitted in schools and then asked to sit with children as the students read to the Irish Setter. This process helps to enable the student the ability to read without being corrected or judged. Generally the Irish Setter will lie on the floor with the student as the student continues to read, in this calming and relaxed setting.

• Irish Setter

233 234 CHAPTER 51. IRISH SETTER

Irish Setter head

• Irish Setter in profile

• Irish Setter at dog show

• Two female Irish Setters

• Frequent brushing is necessary for the Irish Setter's coat maintain its condition 51.2. HISTORY 235

The Irish Setter, in the beginning, didn't look as we know the breed today. The solid red colouring came about by selective breeding practices. Ranger, a red Setter, the property of Elizabeth Gray in 1797

51.2 History

One of the first references to the 'Setter,' or setting dog, in literature can be found in Caius's De Canibus Britannicus, which was published in 1570 (with a revised version published in 1576). Translated from the original Latin, the text reads:

The Dogge called the Setter, in Latine, Index: Another sort of Dogges be there, serviceable for fowling, making no noise either with foote or with tongue, whiles they follow the game. They attend diligently upon their Master and frame their condition to such beckes, motions and gestures, as it shall please him to exhibite and make, either going forward, drawing backeward, inclinding to the right hand, or yealding toward the left. When he hath founde the byrde, he keepeth sure and fast silence, he stayeth his steppes and will proceede no further, and weth a close, covert watching eye, layeth his belly to the grounde and so creepth forward like a worme. When he approaches neere to the place where the byrde is, he layes him downe, and with a marcke of his pawes, betrayeth the place of the byrdes last abode, whereby it is supposed that this kind of dogge is calles in Index, Setter, being in deede a name most consonant and agreeable to his quality.”*[3]

It would be incorrect to assume the dog described above in any way resembles the Irish Setter (or any Setter) as we know the breed today. Caius was referring to a type of setting spaniel, most likely now extinct. The description of the work undertaken by this early pillar of the breed resembles the working behaviour of modern Irish Setters. Of this early dog, Caius went on to write: “The most part of theyre skinnes are white, and if they are marcked with any spottes, they are commonly red, and somewhat great therewithall.”If this is the case, it is safe to assume the solid red colouring of today's Irish Setter came about by selective breeding practices. Further reference to Setters in early literature can be found in The Country Farme by Surflet and Markham, published in 1616. They wrote: “There is also another sort of land spannyels which are called Setters.”*[3] 236 CHAPTER 51. IRISH SETTER

It is clear that, by the early 18th Century, the type of dog known as the 'Setter' had come into its own right. It is also clear the Irish had begun actively breeding their own type. For example, the de Freyne family of French Park began keeping detailed stud records in 1793. Other prominent landed Irish gentry also known to have been breeding setter lines at the same time include Lord Clancarty, Lord Dillon, and the Marquis of Waterford. It was noted as early as 1845 that Setters in Ireland were predominantly either red, or, according to Youatt,*[3] "...very red, or red and white, or lemon coloured, or white patched with deep chestnut.”Clearly, the preference for a solidly-coloured dog was having an effect on the appearance of the typical Irish-bred setter. The Breed Standard for the modern Irish Setter was first drawn up by the Irish Red Setter Club in Dublin and approved on 29 March 1886. It consisted of a 100-point scale, with a given number of points awarded for each of the dog's physical attributes. The points system was later dropped; however, aside from some minor changes, the Standard remains largely unchanged today in most countries where the breed is formally recognised.

• History

• Irish Setter 1881

• Irish Setter with a duck, 1855

• Irish Setter in 1879

• Irish Setter circa 1915

51.3 Uses

Irish Setter pointing

The Irish Setter was bred for hunting, specifically for setting or locating and pointing upland gamebirds. They are a tireless, wide-ranging hunter, and well-suited to fields and wet or dry moorland terrain. Using their excellent sense 51.4. HEALTH 237

of smell to locate the mark (or bird), the Irish will then hold a pointing position, indicating the direction in which the bird lies hidden. The Irish Setter was brought to the United States in the early 19th century. In 1874, the American Field put together the Field Dog Stud Book and registry of dogs in the United States was born. The FDSB is the oldest pure-bred registry in the United States. At that time, dogs could be registered even when bred from sires and dams of different breeds. At about this time, the Llewellin Setter was bred using blood lines from the Lavarack breeding of English Setter and, among other breeds, bloodlines from native Irish Setters. Around the same time, the red Irish Setter became a favourite in the dog show ring. The Irish Setter of the late 19th century was not just a red dog. The AKC registered Irish Setters in a myriad of colours. Frank Forester, a 19th-century sports writer, described the Irish Setter as follows: “The points of the Irish Setter are more bony, angular, and wiry frame, a longer head, a less silky and straighter coat that those of the English. His colour ought to be a deep orange-red and white, a common mark is a stripe of white between the eyes and a white ring around the neck, white stockings, and a white tage to the tail.” The Setter that was completely red, however, was preferred in the show ring and that is the direction that the breed took. Between 1874 and 1948, the breed produced 760 conformation show champions, but only five field champions. In the 1940s, Field and Stream magazine put into writing what was already a well-known fact. The Irish Setter was disappearing from the field and an outcross would be necessary to resurrect the breed as a working dog. Sports Afield chimed in with a similar call for an outcross. Ned LaGrande of Pennsylvania spent a small fortune purchasing examples of the last of the working Irish Setters in America and importing dogs from overseas. With the blessing of the Field Dog Stud Book, he began an outcross to red and white field champion English Setters. The National Red Setter Field Trial Club was created to test the dogs and to encourage breeding toward a dog that would successfully compete with the white setters. Thus the modern Red Setter was born and the controversy begun. Prior to 1975, a relationship existed between the AKC and the Field Dog Stud book in which registration with one body qualified a dog for registration with the other. In 1975 the Irish Setter Club of America petitioned the AKC to deny reciprocal registration, and the AKC granted the request. It is claimed, by critics of the move, that the pressure was placed on the AKC by bench show enthusiasts who were unappreciative of the outcrossing efforts of the National Red Setter Field Trial Club, as well as some AKC field trialers following a series of losses to FDSB red setters. Working Irish Setter kennels today field champion dogs that claim lines from both the FDSB dogs and AKC dogs.

• Irish Setter • The Irish Setter was bred for hunting • Irish Setter • An Irish Setter after swimming • Irish Setter running in the fields

51.3.1 Working Red Setter

The modern Red Setter is smaller than its bench-bred cousin. While show dogs often reach 70 lb (32 kg), the working Red Setter is generally around 45 lb (20 kg). The coat is less silky and the feathering is generally shorter. The colour is lighter, with the working dog found in russet and fawn colours. The Red Setter often has patches of white on its face and chest as the Irish Setter of old did. There have been efforts to rekindle the field abilities of the true type Irish by a handful of dedicated breeders in California and elsewhere with some success. More than a dozen AKC Dual Champion Irish Setters have been made, evidence of the dog's native ability when proper traits are selectively sought in breeding.

51.4 Health

Irish Setters tend to be a very healthy breed. Problems that have been noted in Irish Setters include: Hip dysplasia, cancer, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), epilepsy, entropion, hypothyroidism, hyperosteodystrophy, bloat (a.k.a. gastric torsion), osteosarcoma, Von Willebrand's disease, patent ductus arteriosus, canine Leukocyte adhesion defi- ciency (CLAD) and celiac disease.*[4] It should be noted that Irish Setters are now one of the few breeds for which genetic tests have been developed to detect the presence of both CLAD and PRA (RCD-1). 238 CHAPTER 51. IRISH SETTER

51.5 Miscellaneous

Bus Éireann, the national bus company in Ireland, uses the Irish Setter as its corporate logo.

51.6 Notable setters

Garry Owen with Maine Governor Baxter. 51.7. REFERENCES 239

• Alex the Dog from the Stroh's beer commercials (half Irish Setter, half Golden Retriever)

• Big Red, book and movie character

• Chauncey, fictional dog of Duck Phillips in Mad Men

• Garry Owen, pet of Maine Governor Percival Proctor Baxter

• King Timahoe (1968–1979), pet of Richard Nixon, a 56th birthday gift from his White House staff in January 1969.*[5]*[6]

• Kojak, fictional dog in the Stephen King novel The Stand

• Mike, pet of US President Harry Truman

• Milord, a red Setter which was Alexander II, Tsar of Russia's favourite dog

• Plunkett, the only Irish setter depicted in George Earl's mythical painting of “A Field Trial in the Eighties” *[7]

• Shannon, pet of Beach Boy Carl Wilson, whose death became the subject of the 1976 song by a friend, Henry Gross

• T-Bone, mascot for the Pace University Setters sports teams

• Thunder, first mascot for the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds sports teams

• Seamus, owned by Mitt Romney.

• Redbeard, owned by younger in Sherlock

51.7 References

[1] Ainmneacha Plandaí is Ainmhithe, accessed 14 June 2009.

[2] “Breed Longevity Data”.

[3] Gardner, E. Irish Setters Today; Ringpress Books Pty Ltd, 1998.

[4] Hall, E J; R M Batt (February 1992). “Dietary modulation of gluten sensitivity in a naturally occurring enteropathy of Irish setter dogs”. Gut 33 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1136/gut.33.2.198. PMC 1373930. PMID 1347279. These findings document a gluten sensitive enteropathy in Irish setters and indicate that exclusion of dietary cereal from birth may modify subsequent expression of the disease.

[5] “A Decade Later, Watergate's Veterans Are Winners, Losers̶and Everything in Between”People, Vol. 17, No. 23 (14 June 1982).

[6] “Nixon Celebrates Birthday With Surprise Staff Party” The Spartanburg Herald, 10 January 1974

[7] John Nash

• Fergus, Charles. Gun Dog Breeds, A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs, The Lyons Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58574-618-5

• Sisley, Nick. “Today's Red Setter”. Gun Dog Magazine.

• Thomas, Jerry (Feb–Mar 2005). “Today's Irish Setter”. Gun Dog Magazine 24 (2): 38–43.

51.8 Further reading

• Raymond O'Dwyer. (2008). The Irish Red Setter: Its History, Character and Training. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-0-9535353-9-2. 240 CHAPTER 51. IRISH SETTER

51.9 External links

• Irish Setter at DMOZ Chapter 52

Irish Terrier

The Irish Terrier (Irish: An Madra Gearr) is a dog breed from Ireland, one of many breeds of terrier. The Irish Terrier is considered one of the oldest terrier breeds. The Dublin dog show in 1873 was the first to provide a separate class for Irish Terriers. By the 1880s, Irish Terriers were the fourth most popular breed in Ireland and Britain. The Irish Terrier is an active and compactly sized dog that is suited for life in both rural and city environments. Its harsh red coat protects it from all kinds of weather.

52.1 Description

An Irish Terrier with an un-docked tail

52.1.1 Appearance

Breed standards describe the ideal Irish Terrier as being racy, red and rectangular. Racy: an Irish Terrier should appear powerful without being sturdy or heavy. Rectangular: the outline of the Irish Terrier differs markedly from those of other terriers. The Irish Terrier's body is proportionately longer than that of the Fox Terrier, with a tendency toward racy lines but with no lack of substance.

241 242 CHAPTER 52. IRISH TERRIER

The tail is customarily docked soon after birth to approximately two-thirds of the original length. In countries where docking is prohibited, the conformation judges emphasise tail carriage. The tail should start up quite high, but it should not stick straight up or curl over the back or either side of its body. The ears are small and folded forward just above skull level. They are preferably slightly darker than the rest of the coat.

Coat and colour

An Irish Terrier with good ear carriage

The Irish Terrier is coloured golden red, red wheaten, or wheaten. Dark red is often mistaken as the only correct colour, possibly because wheaten coats are often of worse quality. As with many other solid-coloured breeds, a small patch of white is allowed on the chest. No white should appear elsewhere. As an Irish Terrier grows older, grey hair may appear here and there. The outer part of the double coat should be straight and wiry in texture, never soft, silky, curly, wavy, or woolly as might be expected in the Kerry Blue Terrier. The coat should lie flat against the skin, and, though having some length, should never be so long as to hide the true shape of the dog. There are longer hairs on the legs, but never so much as a or Schnauzer. That means you have to have the coat trimmed often which can be expensive. The inner part of the coat, called the under-wool or undercoat, should also be red. The under-wool may be hard for the inexperienced eye to see. Coat should be quite dense and so that“when parted with the fingers the skin is hardly visible”.*[1] A properly trimmed Irish Terrier should have some “furnishings”on legs and head. The slightly longer hair on the 52.1. DESCRIPTION 243

front legs should form even pillars, while the rear legs should only have some longer hair and not be trimmed too close to the skin. The chin is accentuated with a small beard. The beard should not be as profuse as that of a Schnauzer. The eyes should be dark brown and quite small with a “fiery”expression. The eyes are topped with well-groomed eyebrows. The whole head should have good pigmentation.

Size

Most countries have breed descriptions that say that the Irish Terrier should not be more than 48 cm measured at the withers. However, it is not unusual to see bitches that are 50 cm tall or dogs that are even 53 cm (20 in). Younger generations are closer to the ideal, but there is a downside to this: when an Irish Terrier is very small and light-boned, it loses the correct racy type. Very seldom does one see Irish Terriers that weigh only 11 to 12 kg (25–27 lb), as the original Kennel Club breed description states. 13 kg for a female dog and 15 for a male dog are acceptable.

52.1.2 Temperament

Agility jump

Irish Terriers are active dogs and need and enjoy consistent mental and physical challenges; well-trained Irish Terriers may do well at a variety of dog sports, such as dog agility. The Irish Terrier is full of life, but not hyperactive; it should be able to relax inside the house and be roused to full activity level quickly. Irish Terriers are good with people. They have a highly developed sense of loyalty and it is important that they have a strong responsible leader, for whom they have natural respect. Most Irish Terriers love children and tolerate rough-housing to a certain extent. Irish terriers need exercise; do not get one if you are not prepared to walk it. They enjoy training, new tasks are easily mastered with food and toys working equally well as motivation. Irish terriers have less of an eagerness to please people than some other breeds but have mental ability and enjoy puzzle solving. They respond best to consistent, reward based training from a relaxed, authoritative person. As with all dog breeds, violence should never be used – instead use distraction and reward the behaviour you want. It is always best to outwit and lure. When seeking a trainer, one should look for a person who has experience with terriers. 244 CHAPTER 52. IRISH TERRIER

Irish Terriers are often dominant with other dogs. As with any dog, poorly socialised individuals can start fights and early socialisation is a necessity. Most have strong guarding instincts and when these instincts are controlled, make excellent alarming watchdogs. There are more people joining organised dog sports with their terriers. The obedience training required at a certain level in most dog sports is fairly easy, though the precision and long-lasting drive needed in the higher levels may be hard to achieve. Many Irish Terriers excel in dog agility, even though it may be hard to balance the speed, independence and precision needed in the higher levels. To date there is one Agility Champion in the US, and a handful of Finnish and Swedish Irish terriers compete at the most difficult classes. Irish Terriers have a good nose and can learn to track either animal or human scent. Many Irish Terriers enjoy Lure Coursing, although they are not eligible for competition like sight hounds are. In Finland one Irish Terrier is a qualified Rescue Dog specialising at Sea Rescue.

52.2 History

Irish Terrier circa 1915

The breed's origin is not known. It is believed to have descended from the -type dogs of Britain and Ireland, just like the Kerry Blue and Irish Soft-haired Wheaten Terriers in Ireland or the Welsh, Lakeland and Scottish Terriers in Great Britain. F. M. Jowett writes in The Irish Terrier, 'Our Dogs' Publishing Co. Ltd., Manchester, England 1947 – 7th Edition: They are described by an old Irish writer as being the poor man's sentinel, the farmer's friend, and the gentleman's 52.3. CARE 245

favourite...These dogs were originally bred not so much for their looks as for their working qualities and gameness, the Irish Terrier being by instinct a thorough vermin killer. They were formerly of all types and of all colours – black- and-tan, grey-and-brindle, wheaten of all shades, and red being the predominant colours. Colour or size evidently did not matter if they were hardy and game.” The proper selection process of the breed began only in the latter 19th century. They were shown now and then, sometimes in one class, sometimes in separate classes for dogs under and over 9 pounds. The first breed club was set up in Dublin in 1879. Irish Terriers were the first members of the terrier group to be recognised by the English Kennel Club as a native Irish Breed – this happened just before the end of the 19th century. The first Irish Terriers were taken to the US in the late nineteenth century and quickly became somewhat popular. There used to be big influential kennels in Ireland, the Great Britain and US up to the 1960s. The breed is increasingly “fashionable”as a family pet because of its fondness for children. There is ambitious breeding in many continents, including (), North America, (Northern) Europe and Australia.

52.3 Care

Irish Terrier

When groomed properly, the Irish Terrier coat will protect the dog from rain and cold. A properly cared-for Irish Terrier does not shed either. The wiry coat is fairly easy to groom, pet dogs (rather than show dogs) needing stripping only once or twice a year. 246 CHAPTER 52. IRISH TERRIER

The coat must be stripped by hand or a non-cutting knife to retain its weather-resistant qualities. This does not hurt the dog when done properly. Keeping the skin above the stripped section taut with the other hand helps especially where the skin is looser, i.e. belly and chest. Never cut the coat – use your fingers or a non-cutting knife. If the coat is clipped, it loses colour and becomes softer, thus losing its weather-resistant characteristics. For the same reason the coat should not be washed too often, as detergents take away the natural skin oils. Most Irish terriers only need washing when dirty. When stripping, the coat may be “taken down”entirely to leave the dog in the undercoat until a new coat grows in. For a pet, this should be done at least twice a year. When a show-quality coat is required, it can be achieved in many ways. One is by “rolling the coat”, i.e. stripping the dog every X weeks to remove any dead hair. Before a show an expert trimmer is needed to mould especially the head and legs. Most Irish Terriers need to have their ears trained during adolescence. Otherwise the ears may stick up, roll back or hang down unaesthetically.

52.4 Health

Irish Terrier puppy

Irish Terrier is a generally healthy breed. The life expectancy is around 13 – 14 years. The proportions are not exaggerated in any way and thus eye or breathing problems are rare. Most Irish Terriers do not show signs of allergies towards foods. As they are small dogs, the breed has a very low incidence of hip dysplasia. In the 1960s and 1970s there were problems with hyperkeratosis, a disease causing corny pads and severe pain. Today it is widely known which dogs carried the disease and respectable breeders do not use those bloodlines any more. A health study conducted by the Irish Terrier Club of America showed a greater-than-expected incidence of hypothyroidism and cataracts. There are not enough eye-checked individuals to draw any conclusions. 52.5. APPEARANCES IN ARTS AND CULTURE 247

52.5 Appearances in arts and culture

Jack London's books Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry were about Irish Terriers that, according to the bloodlines recorded in the beginning of the book, may actually have lived. The 2007 film Firehouse Dog features an Irish Terrier as the title character. Former Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King owned several Irish Terriers (all named Pat), and had séances to “communicate”with the first Pat after the dog's death.*[2]

52.6 References

[1] Irish Terrier Club of America Breed Standard

[2] Pat I (1924–1941) Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 4 May 2007

52.7 External links

• Irish Terrier at DMOZ Chapter 53

Irish Water Spaniel

The Irish Water Spaniel (Irish: An Spáinnéar Uisce) is a breed of dog that is the largest and one of the oldest of spaniels. The Irish Water Spaniel is one of the rarer breeds with the AKC in terms of registrations.

53.1 Description

53.1.1 Appearance

The Irish Water Spaniel is a sturdy, cobby dog native to Ireland. The coat, consisting of dense curls, sheds very little.*[2] (see Moult) The colour is liver/puce and has a very definite purple hue unlike the colour of any other known breed. The non-shedding characteristic of the coat means that people usually allergic to dogs might have less of an allergic reaction to Irish Water Spaniels (see hypoallergenic). IWS have several distinguishing characteristics which place them among the more unique of all breeds: The topknot of long, loose curls growing down from the head which often covers the eyes; a “beard”growing at the back of the throat often accompanied by “sideburns"; and a curled, liver (“puce”)-coloured coat. The most distinguishing characteristic of these dogs is the smooth “rat tail”, completely free of long coat except at the base where it is covered for 2–3 inches with curls. The face is entirely smooth-coated and, unlike the poodle, should require little or no trimming to stay that way. An IWS is ruggedly built with webbed feet to aid in its powerful swimming. Altogether, the IWS presents a picture of a smart, upstanding, strongly built but not leggy dog, combining great intelligence and rugged endurance with a bold, dashing eagerness of temperament. They are the largest of the Spaniel group. Dogs range in height from 22 to 24 inches (56–61 cm), and weigh 55 to 65 pounds (25–30 kg). As their name would imply these dogs love water.

53.1.2 Temperament

Like most dogs of the American Kennel Club Sporting group, the Irish Water Spaniel is essentially an active, willing and energetic companion. Because it has been bred from stock used to fetch game and return it to hand without a fuss, it has the natural instinct of wanting to please. Its keen sense of working as a team makes it a relatively easy dog to train and discipline. Because of its great intelligence and quizzical nature, it has the reputation of being the clown of the spaniel family and will do ordinary things in extraordinary ways to achieve that which is asked of it. Some individual dogs can be very wary of strangers and not every IWS can be trusted to get along with other pets. Early socialisation and training is a must.

53.2 History

Although the current breed stock is Irish, the origin of the breed, The Irish Water Spaniel is a native Irish breed for over 1000 years. It is believed in Irish folklore to be the descendant of the Dobhar-chú. It is probable that more than one ancient breed of spaniel has gone into its makeup. It is not known from which other breeds Irish Water Spaniels

248 53.3. SUITABILITY AS A PET 249

Irish Water Spaniel circa 1915

were developed. The acknowledged father of the breed, Justin McCarthy from Dublin, left no breeding records. All manner of dogs have been suggested including: the Poodle, , , generic old water dog, the now-extinct English Water Spaniel as well as the Northern and Southern Water Spaniels, but whether Irish Water Spaniels are antecedents, descendants, or mixtures of these other breeds is a matter of some speculation. What is clear is that the breed has ancient roots. The modern breed as we know it was developed in Ireland in the 1830s.

53.3 Suitability as a pet

Irish Water Spaniels may make good family dogs, as they are usually excellent with respectful children and with other pets. They can make good guard dogs if they have been trained to do so, and will protect their human families. Not usually an aggressive dog, yet the IWS may have a deep, fierce-sounding bark. All Irish Water Spaniels require a grooming regimen that includes maintaining healthy ears, teeth and nails. The tight double coat of the IWS sheds slightly, however many allergy sufferers have found them to be a comfortable pet with which to live. The texture of the hair prevents the coat from becoming tightly woven into fabric and upholstery and any stray hairs are easily removed as they will gather together to form “dust bunnies”. The coat can be maintained by even the novice owner if a regular effort is maintained to keep it clean and free of mats. A thorough combing to the skin should take place every 1–2 weeks to promote healthy skin and to remove any objects from the coat. Scissoring will be required every 6–8 weeks to neaten and shape the coat while regular exposure to water will promote the correct “ringlets”over the body coat. Although happy to curl up and sleep at home, regular walks and exercise are essential for a healthy, contented water spaniel. An unexercised IWS may mean a naughty, mischievous IWS. An ideal home though would be a working environment, where the dogs' minds as well as bodies are exercised. Many IWS owners work their dogs in the shooting field, in obedience tests, in agility competitions, or in the conformation show ring. 250 CHAPTER 53. IRISH WATER SPANIEL

53.4 Activities

The IWS is a versatile breed and is found in all types of canine events including:

•

•

• Companion events

• • Rally obedience • Dog agility • Tracking trial

• Performance and other dog sports

• Hunt tests • Field trial • • Dock jumping • Fly ball

53.5 Irish Water Spaniel Club of Ireland

The Irish Water Spaniel Club of Ireland is one of the oldest dog clubs in the world, supporting and promoting one of the most distinguished and oldest breed of dog in the world. The club is registered with the Irish Kennel Club.

53.6 Irish Water Spaniel Club of America

The IWSCA is the AKC parent club for the IWS.*[3] The club exists to preserve and protect this rare breed. The Club helps educate owners and breeders and welcomes all members who share our love of this extraordinary, versatile dog. The IWSCA's commitment to the health of the Irish Water Spaniel is reflected in its endorsement of transparency in health findings in accordance with organisations such as Orthopedic Foundation of America (OFA), Canine Health Information Center (CHIC), Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF) and Canine Health Foundation.

53.6.1 IWSCA Breeders

Most of the breeders in the IWSCA belong to the Breeders Education Committee (BEC) The BEC exists to inform and educate IWSCA breeders on issues of health, genetics and breeding practices designed to promote the ongoing health and welfare of the Irish Water Spaniel. To this end the BEC breeders have agreed to a rigorous set of recommended breeding practices such as: open information exchange, health testing in accordance with the Irish Water Spaniel CHIC protocol, collaboration with the IWSCA Health and Genetics Committee, participation in breed-specific health studies, promotion of responsible pet ownership, and responsibility for any puppy they have bred – for the life of that dog. Individual B.E.C. breeders can be found on the IWSCA website.

53.7 IWS Health Foundation

The IWS Health Foundation's aim is to serve the worldwide Irish Water Spaniel community by providing a forum for internet-based collection and circulation of information, research and educational materials relating to the health and life expectancy of the breed, and for anyone with an interest to promote research for the long-term benefit of the breed.*[4] 53.8. REFERENCES 251

53.8 References

[1] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”.

[2] Dogs that do not shed – Retrieved September 7, 2008. Go Pets America. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

[3] American Kennel Club; Irish Water Spaniel. Akc.org. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

[4] IWS Health Foundation. IWS Health Foundation. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

53.9 External links

• Irish Water Spaniel at DMOZ Chapter 54

Irish Wolfhound

The Irish Wolfhound (Irish: Cú Faoil, Irish pronunciation: [ˈkuː ˈfˠiːlʲ]) is a breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), specifically a sighthound. The name originates from its purpose (wolf hunting with dogs) rather than from its appearance. The breed was originally developed from war hounds to one used for hunting and guarding. Irish Wolfhounds can be an imposing sight due to their formidable size; they are the tallest of all dog breeds.*[1]

54.1 Appearance

Irish wolfhound

The standard of The American Kennel Club describes the breed as “Of great size and commanding appearance, the Irish Wolfhound is remarkable in combining power and swiftness with keen sight. The largest and tallest of the

252 54.2. TEMPERAMENT 253

galloping hounds, in general type he is a rough-coated, Greyhound-like breed; very muscular, strong though gracefully built; movements easy and active; head and neck carried high, the tail carried with an upward sweep with a slight curve towards the extremity”.*[1] In actuality, the Irish wolfhound is the tallest of the galloping hounds as well as the tallest of any dog in any of the seven AKC dog groups (sporting, non-sporting, herding, hound, working, terrier, and toy). The average height of an Irish wolfhound should be taller than that of a Great Dane. However, the wolfhound is not to be confused with being the heaviest, as its structure should be similar to that of a Greyhound, or any sight-hound for that matter (examples being and Afghan hounds). The hound should have a very broad and deep chest that tucks up. The colours allowed by the American Kennel Club are“grey, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn, wheaten and steel grey”.*[2] The Irish wolfhound was bred for long solitary hunts based solely off of the dog's ability to visualize its landscape and perceive, unlike scent hounds (such as Bloodhounds and ) who rely on scent rather than sight. For this reason, the neck of an Irish wolfhound should be long with the head held high the majority of the time. The Irish wolfhound should also appear to be longer than it is tall.*[3] Once used to hunt wolves, an Irish wolfhoundʼs structure should appear as if it is “fast enough to catch a wolf, and strong enough to kill it”. *[4] The American Kennel Club allows “any other color that appears in the Deerhound”. The size as specified by the AKC is “Minimum height for mature males: 32 inches, females: 30 inches. Minimum weight: 120lbs for males, 105 lbs for females. It is not rare to see modern day female hounds reaching the minimal height requirements of those of male hounds; most females are well over 30 inches *[5] and in most AKC conformation shows a wolfhoundʼ s height is looked at with as much importance as the houndʼs head and face structure.*[6] Great size, including height of shoulder and proportionate length of body is to be aimed at, and it is desired to firmly establish a breed that shall average (minimum) from 32-34in. in dogs”. The height/weight standards in Ireland and England are slightly different.*[1]

54.2 Temperament

Unlike many other breeds, Irish wolfhounds have a varied range of personalities and are most often noted for their personal quirks and individualism.*[7] An Irish wolfhound however, is rarely mindless, and despite its large size, is rarely found to be destructive in the house or boisterous. This is because the breed is generally introverted, intelligent, and reserved in character. An easygoing animal, Irish Wolfhounds are quiet by nature. Wolfhounds often create a strong bond with their family and can become quite destructive or morose if left alone for long periods of time. An Irish wolfhound is not a guard dog and will protect individuals rather than the house or the ownerʼs possessions. However independent the wolfhound is, the breed becomes attached to both owners and other dogs they are raised with and is therefore not the most adaptable of breeds. Bred for independence, an Irish wolfhound is not necessarily keen on defending spaces. A wolfhound is most easily described by its historical motto,“gentle when stroked, fierce when provoked”.*[8] Despite the need for their own people, Wolfhounds generally are somewhat stand-offish with total strangers. They should not be territorially aggressive to other domestic dogs but are born with specialized skills and it is common for hounds at play to course another dog. This is a specific hunting behavior, not a fighting or territorial domination behavior. Most Wolfhounds are very gentle with children. The Irish Wolfhound is relatively easy to train. They respond well to firm, but gentle, consistent leadership. However, historically these dogs were required to work at great distances from their masters and think independently when hunting rather than waiting for detailed commands and this can still be seen in the breed.*[9] The Wolfhound of today is far from the one that struck fear into the hearts of the Ancient Romans. Irish Wolfhounds are often favored for their loyalty, affection, patience and devotion. Although at some points in history they have been used as watchdogs, unlike some breeds, the Irish Wolfhound is usually unreliable in this role as they are often friendly toward strangers, although their size can be a natural deterrent. However, when protection is required this dog is never found wanting. When they or their family are in any perceived danger they display a fearless nature. Author and Irish Wolfhound breeder Linda Glover believes the dogs' close affinity with humans makes them acutely aware and sensitive to ill will or malicious intentions leading to their excelling as a guardian rather than guard dog.*[10]

54.3 Health

Like many large dog breeds, Irish Wolfhounds have a relatively short lifespan. Published lifespan estimations vary between 6 and 10 years with 7 years being the average. Dilated cardiomyopathy and bone cancer are the leading 254 CHAPTER 54. IRISH WOLFHOUND

An Irish Wolfhound with cream coat. cause of death and like all deep-chested dogs, gastric torsion (bloat) is common; the breed is affected by hereditary intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.*[11] In a privately funded study conducted under the auspices of the Irish Wolfhound Club of America and based on an owner survey, Irish Wolfhounds in the United States from 1966 to 1986 lived to a mean age of 6.47 and died most frequently of bone cancer.*[12] A more recent study by the UK Kennel Club puts the average age of death at 7 years.*[13] Studies have shown that Neutering is associated with a higher risk of bone cancer in various breeds,*[14]*[15]*[16] with one study suggesting that castration of male Irish Wolfhounds should be avoided at least until the dog is fully grown.*[11] Irish wolfhounds should not receive additional supplements when a good dog food is used. It is generally accepted that they should be fed a low protein adult dog food (19 to 21% protein) from puppyhood onward. Most breeders today recommend that they not be supplemented to slow their rapid growth. Irish wolfhounds are the tallest of all dog breeds, sometimes reaching 7 feet tall on their hind legs. They are well suited to rural life, but their medium energy profile allows them to adjust fairly well to suburban and urban life as well, provided they receive appropriate exercise. Genetically, the Irish wolfhound as a breed is threatened by a bottleneck related to the over-use of a popular sire.*[17]

54.4 History

The breed is very old; there are suggestions it may have been brought to Ireland as early as 7000 BC.*[18] These dogs are mentioned, as cú (variously translated as hound, Irish hound, war dog, wolf dog, etc.) in Irish laws and in Irish literature which dates from the 5th century or, in the case of the Sagas, from the old Irish period - AD 600-900. The 54.4. HISTORY 255

An Irish wolfhound puppy

Irish Wolfhound resting word “Cu”often became an added respected prefix on the names of warriors as well as kings denoting that they were worthy of the respect and loyalty of a Cu.*[19] 256 CHAPTER 54. IRISH WOLFHOUND

Irish wolfhound running

54.4.1 Pre-19th century

Ancient wood cuts and writings have placed them in existence as a breed by 273 BC. However there is indication *[20] that huge dogs existed even as early as 279 BC when the Tectosages and Tolistobogii Celts sacked Delphi. Survivors left accounts *[21]*[22] of the fierce Celts and the huge dogs who fought with them and at their side. They were mentioned by *[23] in his treatise, The Gallic Wars, and by 391 AD, they were written about by Roman Consul, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, who received seven of them, “canes Scotici”, as a gift to be used for fighting lions, bears, that in his words, “all viewed with wonder”.*[24] Wolfhounds were bred as hunting dogs by the ancients, who called them Cú Faoil. The Irish continued to breed them for this purpose, as well as to guard their homes and protect their stock. Cúchulain, a name which translates literally as “hound of Culain”, gained his name when as a child, known then as Setanta, he slew the ferocious guard dog of Culain forcing him to offer himself as a replacement.*[19] During the English Conquest of Ireland, only the nobility were allowed to own Irish Wolfhounds, the numbers per- mitted depending on position. They were much coveted and were frequently given as gifts to important personages and foreign nobles. Wolfhounds were the companions of the regal, and were housed themselves alongside them. King John of England, in about 1210 presented an Irish hound, Gelert to Llewellyn, a prince of Wales. The poet The Hon William Robert Spencer immortalised this hound in a poem.*[19] In his Historie of Ireland completed 1571, Blessed Edmund Campion gives a description of the hounds used for hunting the wolves on the Dublin and Wicklow mountains. He says: They (the Irish) are not without wolves and greyhounds to hunt them, bigger of bone and limb than a colt. Due to their popularity overseas many were exported to European royal houses leaving numbers in Ireland depleted. This led to a declaration by Oliver Cromwell him- self being published in Kilkenny on 27 April 1652 to ensure that sufficient numbers remained to control the wolf population.*[25]*[26] References to the Irish wolfhound in the 18th century tell of its great size, strength and greyhound shape as well as its scarcity. Writing in 1790, Bewick described it as the largest and most beautiful of the dog kind; about 36 inches high, generally of a white or cinnamon colour, somewhat like the Greyhound but more robust. He said that their aspect was mild, disposition peaceful, and strength so great that in combat the Mastiff or was far from being an equal to them. The last wolf in Ireland is thought to have been killed at Myshall, Co Carlow in 1786 by a pack of kept by a Mr Watson of Ballydarton. The remaining hounds in the hands of a few families who were mainly 54.4. HISTORY 257

Irish Guards' mascot in parade dress

descendants of the old Irish chieftains, were now symbols of status rather than hunters, they were said to be the last of their race.*[27]

54.4.2 Modern wolfhound

Englishman Captain George Augustus Graham is responsible with a few other breeders for reaffirming the dogs' existence. In 1879 he wrote: “It has been ascertained beyond all question that there are few specimens of the breed still left in Ireland and England to be considered Irish wolfhounds, though falling short of the requisite dimensions. This blood is now in my possession.”Captain Graham devoted his life to ensuring the survival of the Irish wolfhound. Owing to the small numbers of surviving specimens outcrossing was used in the breeding programme. It is believed that Borzoi, Great Dane, and English Mastiff dogs all played their part in Graham's creation of the dog we currently know. The famous English Mastiff Garnier's Lion was bred to the Deerhound Lufra, and their offspring Marquis enters Wolfhound pedigrees through his granddaughter Young Donagh. Graham included “a single outcross of Tibetan Wolf Dog”.*[28] This was long assumed to have been a Tibetan Mastiff. However, a photograph of “Wolf”shows a bearded, long-coated dog̶what would now be called a "Tibetan Kyi Apso" or “dokhyi apso”. In 1885 Captain Graham with other breeders founded the Irish Wolfhound Club, and the Breed Standard of Points to establish and agree the ideal to which breeders should aspire.*[25]*[29] The Irish Wolfhound is sometimes regarded as the national dog breed of Ireland but in fact no breed has ever been officially adopted as such. The Wolfhound was historically a dog that only nobles could own and was taken up by the British during their rule in Ireland. This made it unpopular as a national symbol and the Kerry Blue Terrier was adopted by Republicans such as Michael Collins. However, in recent years, the Wolfhound has been adopted as a symbol by both rugby codes, which are organised on an All-Ireland basis. The national rugby league team are nicknamed the wolfhounds, and the Irish Rugby Football Union, which governs rugby union, changed the name of the country's A (second-level) national team in that code to the Ireland Wolfhounds in 2010. 258 CHAPTER 54. IRISH WOLFHOUND

Wolf hunting with wolfhounds 54.5. REFERENCES IN MODERN CULTURE 259

The breed appeared on this Irish revenue stamp used in 1904.

54.5 References in modern culture

The domestic dogs in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim are modeled after the Irish Wolfhound.*[30] An Irish Wolfhound appears in the cinematic trailer for Total War: Rome II as it serves a group of Roman legionaries. In the 1987 film The Princess Bride, an Irish Wolfhound is briefly seen as the pet of the villain Prince Humperdinck. In the Sam & Max video game series, Sam is an Anthro-Irish Wolfhound. The protagonist of The Iron Druid Chronicles Atticus O'Sullivan, owns an Irish Wolfhound named Oberon.

54.6 See also

• Wolves in Ireland

54.7 References

[1] “American Kennel Club: Irish Wolfhound”. AKC. 2011. Retrieved 1/7/2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[2] “Irish Wolfhound Breed Standard”.

[3] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 107–132. ISBN 978-0-87605-169-6.

[4] “Judging Irish Wolfhounds”. 260 CHAPTER 54. IRISH WOLFHOUND

[5] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. ISBN 978-0- 87605-169-6.

[6] Thomasson, Lois J. (August 2003). “Judging by Points”.

[7] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87605- 169-6.

[8] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-87605- 169-6.

[9] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 97, 160–162. ISBN 978-0-87605-169-6.

[10] Glover, Linda (1999). Irish wolfhound (World of Dogs). TFH. ISBN 978-1-85279-077-6.

[11] Urfer SR, Gaillard C, Steiger, A (2007). “Lifespan and disease predispositions in the Irish wolfhound: a review”(PDF). Vet Q 29 (3): 102–111. doi:10.1080/01652176.2007.9695233. PMID 17970287.

[12] Bernardi, Gretchen (1997). “Longevity and Morbidity in the Irish Wolfhound in the United States”. Irish Wolfhound Club of America. Retrieved 2014-04-08.

[13] “Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Irish Wolfhound” (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Retrieved 30 March 2010.

[14] Priester; McKay, F. W. (1980).“The Occurrence of Tumors in Domestic Animals”. National Cancer Institute monograph (54): 1–210. PMID 7254313.

[15] Ru, G.; Terracini, B.; Glickman, L. (1998). “Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma”. The Veterinary Journal 156 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80059-2. PMID 9691849.

[16] Cooley, D. M., Beranek, B. C. et al. (1 November 2002). “Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk”. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 (11): 1434–40. PMID 12433723.

[17] “Ignorance is Bliss.”. The Canine Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

[18] DeQuoy, Alfred W. (1991). Modern wolf and Irish wolfhound skeletons. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-9622015-2-9.

[19] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-87605- 169-6.

[20] See John , 'The Celtic Lands', in Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, edited by Norris J Lacy, (Taylor & Francis) 1996:267. 2007, p. 237.

[21] Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (Editions Errance), 2001:274-6,.

[22] for examples of Gaulish *uolco- in various ancient personal Celtic names see Xavier Delamarre Noms des personnes celtiques

[23] Hans H. Orberg, Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata - C. Iulii Caesaris Commentarii De Bello Gallico 2003.

[24] Samaha(1991)p.2

[25] Howell, Elsworth S. (1971). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. McGraw-Hill. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-7015- 2969-7.

[26] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0- 87605-169-6.

[27] McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 27–31. ISBN 978-0- 87605-169-6.

[28] Hamilton,, Ferelith editor (1971). The World Encyclopedia of Dogs. New York and Cleveland: The World Publishing Company. p. 672.

[29] Samaha(1991)pp.8-19

[30] “How To Get A Pet Dog In Skyrim”. gameinformer.com. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 54.8. FURTHER READING 261

54.8 Further reading

• McBryde, Mary (1998). The Irish Wolfhound: Symbol of Celtic Splendor. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0- 87605-169-6. • Samaha, Joel (1991). The New Complete Irish Wolfhound. Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-87605-171-9.

54.9 External links

• Irish Wolfhound at DMOZ Chapter 55

Istrian Coarse-haired Hound

The Istrian Coarse-haired Hound (Croatian: istarski oštrodlaki gonič, Slovene: istrski ostrodlaki gonič) is a dog breed from , developed in the mid-19th century for hunting fox and rabbit. It is a rough-coated scent hound still kept primarily as a hunting dog rather than as a pet.

55.1 Description

55.1.1 Appearance

Dogs of this breed can vary considerably in size, as the dog is still bred primarily for hunting, so more emphasis might be placed on performance than on specific appearance requirements. It can range from 25 to 56 lb (16 to 26 kg) and stand 17 to 23 inches (44 to 58 cm) at the withers. The breed's wiry coat is weather resistant for hunting. The topcoat is 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) long and it has a woolly undercoat. The color is white with yellow or orange markings, usually on the ears. The ears are broad and hang flat with a long upstanding curved inwards tail.

55.1.2 Temperament

Again, because the Istrian Coarse-haired Hound has been bred primarily for hunting rather than as a companion, it tends to be willful and hence more challenging to train than many other breeds.

55.2 History

Croatian and Slovene breeders created the Istrian Coarse-haired Hound in the mid-19th century by crossing the French Griffon Vendeén with the Istrian Shorthaired Hound, a smooth-haired hound developed from both sight hounds and scent hounds. The breed first took part in a conformation show in Vienna in 1866. The dog is still used for hunting fox, rabbits, hare, and wild boar.

55.3 See also

• Istrian Shorthaired Hound (FCI No. 151)

• Posavaz Hound (FCI No. 154)

262 55.4. REFERENCES 263

55.4 References

• Fogle, Bruce D.V.M; The New Encyclopedia of the Dog, Dorling Kindersley Books, 2000. ISBN 0-7894-6130- 7 • Cunliffe, Juliette; The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds, Parragon Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3 Chapter 56

Istrian Shorthaired Hound

The Istrian Shorthaired Hound (FCI No. 151, original name is Istarski Kratkodlaki Gonič) is a breed of dog from Istria in Croatia, descended from a very old type of scenthound. The Istrian Shorthaired Hound is the slightly smaller counterpart to the longer coated Istrian Coarse-haired Hound from the same region.

56.1 Appearance

The Istrian Shorthaired Hound has a short, smooth, glossy hard coat, primarily white with sparse patches of orange. The breed has a typical well muscled hound body, with long legs and a long tail. The head is fairly broad and flat (not domed on top) with short (for a hound) triangular drop ears that hang close to the head, a type called typically east European.*[1] The ideal height for an adult dog is 50 cm (19.5 ins) at the withers and weight is about 18 kg (40 lbs), female slightly smaller.*[2] The cry or baying while hunting (important for a scenthound) is described as persistent and sharp.

56.2 History

There is no actual proof of great antiquity for today's breed (such as written lineages going back to antiquity), although there is much fanciful conjecture. The type is very old, and the modern breed resembles images seen in frescoes as early as 1497. Writers cited as having mentioned the type include Bishop of Đakovo Petar Bakić in 1719 and the veterinarian Franjo Bertić, also of Đakovo, in 1859.*[3] The old type is seen in the Posavaz Hound and the Istrian Coarsehaired Hound as well. The smooth and coarse-haired hounds were used for hunting in Istria (see the article on Motovun for photographs of the sort of mountainous terrain they were bred to hunt) while the Posavaz Hound is from the Sava Valley. The Istrian hounds are thought to be the oldest of the hound breeds in the Balkan region.*[1] A stud book was established in 1924 to document which hounds were considered of this breed. The FCI accepted the breed in 1949, but it was not until 1973 that the first breed standard was published (the FCI does not write the breed standard, it is written in the breed's country of origin and published by the FCI to be used internationally, so that other countries will also describe the breed in the same manner as the breed's home country, and not change it to suit themselves.)*[3] It is recognised in the scenthound group 6. It is also recognised in the scenthound group in North America by the United Kennel Club. It also is recognised under its original name, the standard English translations, other translations or combinations of the translation and Croatian name by minor kennel clubs and other organisations. It also may be promoted as a rare breed for those seeking an unusual pet. The Istrian Shorthaired Hound is still kept in its homeland and in nearby areas for hunting, not as a pet, and is especially valued for hunting fox and rabbit.*[1]

264 56.3. HEALTH AND TEMPERAMENT 265

56.3 Health and temperament

No specific health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The ideal tem- perament according to the standard is docile and calm, and lively and enthusiastic when hunting.

56.4 See also

• Istrian Coarse-haired Hound (No. 152)

• Posavaz Hound (No. 154)

56.5 References

[1] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 266. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[2] UKC Standard

[3] Breed Standard Chapter 57

Italian Greyhound

The Italian Greyhound is a small breed of dog of the sight hound type, sometimes called an “I.G.”or an “Iggy” .*[1] The origins of the breed are unknown.*[2] The Italian Greyhound is the smallest of the sighthounds, typically weighing about 8 to 18 lb (3.6 to 8.2 kg) and standing about 13 to 15 inches (33 to 38 cm) tall at the withers. They are in the toy group based on their weight, but are larger than other dogs in the category due to their slender bodies.

57.1 Description

57.1.1 Appearance

The Italian Greyhound is the smallest*[3] of the sighthounds, typically weighing about 8 to 18 lb (3.6 to 8.2 kg) and standing about 13 to 15 inches (33 to 38 cm) tall at the withers.*[4] Though they are in the “toy”group based on their weight, they are larger than other dogs in the category due to their slender bodies, so owners must be careful when sizing clothing or accommodations. The Italian Greyhound's chest is deep, with a tucked up abdomen, long slender legs and a long neck that tapers down to a small head. The face is long and pointed, like a full sized greyhound. Overall, they look like “miniature” Greyhounds. Though many Italian Greyhound owners dispute the use of the term“miniature Greyhound”in reference to the breed itself, by definition of the American Kennel Club*[5] they are true genetic greyhounds, with a bloodline extending back over 2,000 years. Their current small stature is a function of selective breeding. Their gait is distinctive and should be high stepping and free, rather like that of a horse. They are able to run at top speed with a double suspension gallop,*[6] and can achieve a top speed of up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). The color of the coat is a subject of much discussion. For The Kennel Club (UK), the American Kennel Club, and the Australian National Kennel Council, parti colored Italian Greyhounds are accepted, while the Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for international shows allows white only on the chest and feet.*[7] The modern Italian Greyhound's appearance is a result of breeders throughout Europe, particularly Austrian, German, Italian, French and British, making great contributions to the forming of this breed. The Italian Greyhound should resemble a small Greyhound, or rather a Sloughi, though they are in appearance more elegant and graceful.

• • • •

57.1.2 Temperament

The Italian Greyhound makes a good companion dog and enjoys the company of people. However, the breed's slim build and short coat make them somewhat fragile, and injury can result from rough or careless play with children.

266 57.1. DESCRIPTION 267

Parti colored Italian Greyhound, grey and white

The breed is good with the elderly or a couple without any children for it prefers a quiet household but they are also generally fine with older children. They also are equally at home in the city or the country, although they tend to do best in spacious areas. They are fast, agile and athletic. Like any dog, daily exercise is a must for a happier, well-adjusted pet. Italian greyhounds love to run. The young dog is often particularly active, and this high level of activity may lead them to attempt ill-advised feats of athleticism that can result in injury. Due to their size, and in some lineages poor bone density, they are prone to broken legs. Italian Greyhounds make reasonably good watchdogs, as they bark at unfamiliar sounds. They may also bark at passers-by and other animals. However, they should not be considered “true”guard dogs as they are often aloof with strangers and easily spooked to run. As gazehounds, Italian Greyhounds instinctively hunt by sight and have an extremely high predator drive. Owners of Italian Greyhounds should typically keep their dogs leashed at all times when not in an enclosed area to avoid the risk of even a well-behaved pet breaking away at high speed after a small animal. Like most sight hounds, because the Italian Greyhound's slender skull is near the same width as its neck, the use of a Martingale Collar is advised 268 CHAPTER 57. ITALIAN GREYHOUND

Example of a double suspension gallop, note all four feet off the ground.

for walking. The collar tightens up when pulled while remaining comfortably slack when the dog is walking politely. This prevents the dog from backing out and escaping. Breakaway collars are advised for identification, because this active and acrobatic breed could easily injure themselves when put in a collar they cannot escape from, and this leads to possible neck injuries and strangling.

57.1.3 Activities

Some Italian Greyhounds enjoy dog agility. The breed's lithe body and its love of action provide potential to do well at this sport, although not many Italian Greyhounds participate, and their natural inclination is for straight-out racing rather than for working tightly as a team with a handler on a technical course. Lure coursing is another activity well-fitted to the Italian Greyhound, and they seem to enjoy it tremendously. Al- though the Italian Greyhound is a very fast dog, it is not as well suited to racing as its larger cousin. Regardless, many Italian Greyhounds participate in amateur straight-track and oval-track racing.

57.2 Grooming

Dogs of this breed have an extremely short and almost odorless coat that requires little more than an occasional bath about once a month (though many veterinarians suggest that even bathing one per month is too frequent for this breed), but a wipe-down with a damp cloth is recommended after walks as seeds, burrs and floating dust in the air can get into the coat and irritate the skin. This breed sheds medium to little hair. 57.3. HEALTH 269

The breed has a short and almost odorless coat that requires little grooming

57.2.1 Oral

The teeth of an Italian Greyhound should be brushed daily. Their scissor-bite and thin jaw bones make them suscep- tible to periodontal disease, which can be avoided with good dental care. Daily brushing has been shown to be very beneficial as well as regular dental cleanings from the vet.

57.3 Health

The Italian Greyhound has a median lifespan of 13.5 in a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey.*[8] A 1993 US breed club survey gives an average lifespan of 9 years but more than a quarter of the dogs had “accidents”recorded as cause of death.*[9] Health problems that can be found in the breed:*[10]

• Epilepsy

• Legg-Perthes disease (degeneration of the hip)

• Patellar Luxation (slipped stifles)

• von Willebrand disease (vWD) (Bleeding disorder) 270 CHAPTER 57. ITALIAN GREYHOUND

• Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) • Color dilution alopecia (hair loss in dilute pigmented dogs, i.e.: blues, blue fawns, etc.) • Leg Breaks (most common under the age of 2) • Cataracts • Vitreous degeneration • Liver shunts • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia • Periodontal disease, gum recession, early tooth loss, bad tooth enamel • Hypothyroidism, Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (Hashimoto's disease)

Responsible breeders will routinely check their dogs for the onset of various inherited disorders, these commonly include (but are not limited to): CERF examinations on eyes, OFA patellar examinations, OFA thyroid function panels, von Willebrand's factor, OFA hip and Legg-Perthes disease x-rays, and others. In research by the Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals, the Italian Greyhound was found to be the least affected by hip dysplasia out of 157 breeds. Tests were conducted on 169 individual Italian Greyhounds, of which none were found to have hip dysplasia and 59.2% scored excellent on their hip evaluations.*[11]

57.4 History

The name of the breed is a reference to the breed's popularity in Renaissance Italy. Mummified dogs very similar to the Italian Greyhound (or small Greyhounds) have been found in Egypt, and pictorials of small Greyhounds have been found in Pompeii, and they were probably the only accepted companion-dog there. Dogs similar to Italian Greyhounds are recorded as having been seen around Emperor Nero's court in Rome in the first century AD.*[12] Although the small dogs are mainly companionship dogs they have in fact been used for hunting rats or mice, often in combination with hunting. It is believed that this was the reason they were bred in the first place by the Greeks. The Italian Greyhound is the smallest of the family of gazehounds (dogs that hunt by sight). The breed is an old one and is believed to have originated more than 2,000 years ago in the countries now known as Greece and Turkey. This belief is based on the depiction of miniature greyhounds in the early decorative arts of these countries and on the archaeological discovery of small greyhound skeletons. By the , the breed had become distributed throughout and was later a favorite of the Italians of the sixteenth century, among whom miniature dogs were in great demand. Sadly, though, 'designer' breeders tried, and failed, to make the breed even smaller by crossbreeding it with other breeds of dogs. This only led to mutations with deformed skulls, bulging eyes and dental problems. The original Italian Greyhound had almost disappeared when groups of breeders got together and managed to return the breed to normal. From this period onward the history of the breed can be fairly well traced as it spread through Europe, arriving in England in the seventeenth century.

• An Italian Greyhound, published in 1858. • An Italian Greyhound from 1915.

57.5 Cultural significance

The grace of the breed has prompted several artists to include the dogs in paintings, among others Velázquez, Pisanello, and Giotto. The breed has been popular with royalty throughout, among the best known royal aficionados were Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen Anne, , Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great and , Queen of Norway. The breed is also represented in popular culture. Nelly from the film Good Boy! is an Italian Greyhound played by “Motif”and “Imp”.*[13] Figaro, owned by Lydia Schiavello from the television program The Real Housewives of Melbourne, is a sagacious little Italian Greyhound who loves to dress up.*[14] 57.5. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 271

Catherine the Great with an Italian Greyhound named Zemire. 272 CHAPTER 57. ITALIAN GREYHOUND

Vision des Hl. Eustathius by Pisanello

57.6 See also

• Hound • Companion dog • Companion Dog Group • Toy Group

57.7 References

[1] Barber, Lillian S., The New Complete Italian Greyhound, p.5 (1993, Italian Greyhound Productions) ISBN 0-9611986-2-1

[2] Shields, George (1891). “The Italian Greyhound”. The American Book of the Dog. Rand, McNally. p. 629. History has not told us with any degree of certainty when or where this delicate, sensitive, and graceful little animal originated

[3] “Italian Greyhound Did You Know?". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[4] “Italian Greyhound”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[5] “History”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[6] “Italian Greyhound (video)". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[7] “Italian Greyhound standard”. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[8] “Breed Longevity Data”. 57.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 273

[9] “Study Citations”.

[10] Dickinson, Teri. “Health concerns”. Italian Greyhound Club of America. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.

[11] “Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed”. Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2010-02-10.

[12] Stonehenge (1866). The Dogs of the British Islands. Horace Cox, London. p. 138.

[13] “Good Boy! Full cast and crew”. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 26 April 2007.

[14] “Figaro and Lydia”. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

57.8 External links

• Italian Greyhound at DMOZ Chapter 58

Jack Russell Terrier

The Jack Russell Terrier is a small terrier that has its origins in fox hunting; it is principally white-bodied and smooth, rough or broken-coated. It is commonly confused with the (see the American Kennel Club) and the Russell terrier, which is a shorter-legged, stockier variety. (Within the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the“Russell terrier”is also known as“Jack Russell terrier”.) The term“Jack Russell”is commonly misapplied to other small white terriers. The Jack Russell is a broad type, with a size range of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). The Parson Russell is limited only to a middle range with a standard size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm), while the Russell terrier is smaller at 8–12 inches (20–30 cm). Each breed has different physical proportions according to the standards of their breed clubs. The Jack Russell is an energetic breed that relies on a high level of exercise and stimulation and is relatively free from serious health complaints. Originating from dogs bred and used by Reverend John Russell in the early 19th century, it has similar origins to the modern Fox terrier. It has gone through several changes over the years corresponding to different use and breed standards set by kennel clubs. Recognition by kennel clubs for the Jack Russell breed has been opposed by the breed's parent societies – which resulted in the breeding and recognition of the Parson Russell terrier. Jack Russells have appeared many times in film, television and print with several historical dogs of note.

58.1 History

58.1.1 Sporting parson

The small white-fox working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795,*[1] and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English White terrier.*[2] Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,*[3] and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford,*[4] he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield.*[5] Trump epitomised his ideal Fox terrier,*[6] which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.*[2] Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail.”*[7] Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote “Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams”.*[4] She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.*[8] By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.*[9] An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.*[10] Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.*[9] This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for these qualities and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today are descended from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.*[11] The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period, although documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found. Several records remain of documented breeding by

274 58.1. HISTORY 275

A drawing of Trump, the dog purchased by the Reverend John Russell.

John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century the Fox terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type descends.*[4] Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox terrier of this period, including the , Japanese terrier, Miniature Fox terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, and Tenterfield terrier.*[12]

58.1.2 After John Russell

Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox terrier and were usually less than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).*[3] Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he found the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.*[4] By the turn of the 20th century Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.*[14] The club would go on to be renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.*[4] Badger digging required a different type of dog to fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.*[3] Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 276 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

Carlisle Tack, a Fox terrier born in 1884, who was owned by John Russell.*[13]

1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.*[3]*[4]

58.1.3 Post World War II

Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further cross breeding occurred, with Welsh corgis, Chihuahuas and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as Puddin' Dogs, Shortie Jacks or Russell Terriers.*[15] The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain given the open registry.*[16] Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 70s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at 13 inches (33 cm). While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel Club.*[17] In 1983 the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.*[18] Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell terrier.*[19] In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell terrier.*[20] This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.*[21] The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association was formed, and petitioned the AKC with the breed's admission granted in 2001. Under the AKC recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard and the name of the AKC recognised Jack Russell terrier was changed to 58.2. DESCRIPTION 277

A Jack Russell terrier wearing a dog harness.

Parson Russell terrier,*[22] with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.*[20] The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are the some of national kennel associations which registers both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier,*[23]*[24]*[25]*[26] however the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.*[27] In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.*[28] Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,*[29] the Tenterfield terrier,*[30] and the Rat Terrier.*[31] Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier and Tenterfield Terrier.*[32]

58.2 Description

Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.*[33] They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) at the withers,*[34] and weigh 14–18 pounds (6.4– 8.2 kg).*[15] The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or tan markings,*[34] they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.*[35] The skin can sometimes show a pattern of small black or brown spots, referred to as “ticking”that do not carry through to the outer coat.*[15] All coat types should be dense double coats that are neither silky (in the case of smooth coats) nor woolly (in the case of rough coats).*[15] 278 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

A working Jack Russell terrier exits a den pipe.

The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured, and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.*[15] When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately five inches in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.*[15] The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.*[34] As it is primarily a , its most important physical characteristic is its chest size, which must not be so large that it prevents the dog from entering and working in burrows.*[15] The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world they average from 13–17 pounds (5.9–7.7 kg) in weight and have an average chest size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) at the widest part.*[36]

58.2.1 Differences with related breeds

The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences ̶the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.*[37] Other differences in the Parson can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.*[38] The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). However the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.*[39] The Russell terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.*[40] Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of 8–12 inches (20– 30 cm).*[41]*[42] Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,*[43] this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, 58.2. DESCRIPTION 279

Jack Russell terriers playing with a ball

Jack Russell terriers come in a variety of coat types, and with a range of markings. it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the USA, 10–15 inches (25–38 cm).*[44] Compared to the Parson, the Russell terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson's points should be of 280 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

An example of a rough coated Jack Russell terrier

equal distance.*[45] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.*[46] Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that,“I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12”worker, if it was available, over a 14”one.”*[47]

58.3 Temperament

Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier.*[48] Originally bred to bolt fox from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, and red and grey fox.*[49] The working JRT is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.*[50] To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.*[8] It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves.*[51] Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility.*[52] Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,*[49] as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.*[8] Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size,*[51] a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals.*[53] They may seem never to tire and will still be energetic after their owner has called it a day. While socialised members of 58.4. HEALTH 281

The Parson Russell terrier (pictured) shares a common ancestry with the Jack Russell terrier. the breed are friendly towards children, they will not tolerate abuse even if it is unintentional.*[15]

58.4 Health

The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan. Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.*[43] However certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns, and therefore could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome and von Willebrand disease.*[43] Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome.*[54] The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.*[55]

58.4.1 Eye disorders

Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye, and is not hereditary.*[56] The 282 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

A Jack Russell terrier is a dog with a moderate to a high level of energy condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the , Brittany and .*[57] Cataracts can affect any breed of dog, and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye.*[57]*[58] Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.*[58]

58.4.2 Musculoskeletal conditions

Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap 58.5. WELL-KNOWN JACK RUSSELL TERRIERS 283

Jack Russell running slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery.*[59] Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans.*[60] In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.*[61] It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the , Lakeland terrier and Wheaten terrier.*[60]

58.5 Well-known Jack Russell terriers

Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.*[62] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a , later renamed to His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The , EMI, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in UK and Europe.*[63] A Jack Russell named Bothy made history in 1982 as part of the . Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the north and south poles.*[64]*[65] This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.*[66] and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothy.*[67] On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand in his memory.*[68] A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.*[69] 284 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

Trump, 2002 USDAA National/World Agility Champion – 12”division. 58.5. WELL-KNOWN JACK RUSSELL TERRIERS 285

His Master's Voice (1898) by Francis Barraud.

58.5.1 On screen and in literature

In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky,*[70] who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.*[71] He was unique in having his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark,*[72] which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.*[73] Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.*[74] Father Moose and son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running TV sitcom Frasier.*[70] Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly “stole the show”with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character.*[75] Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip. Wishbone, from the television show of the same name which aired from 1995 to 2001 in the United States, was a Jack Russell terrier.*[76] Wishbone's real name was Willowall Soccer, and was chosen from over a hundred other dogs vying for the part.*[17] Actor Gene Hackman's pet in the 1995 movie Crimson Tide was a smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier named“Bear” .*[77] Max, a Jack Russell terrier, played the role of Milo who is one of Stanley Ipkiss's only friends in the 1994 U.S film The Mask starring Jim Carrey.*[78] Max also played the female dog Audrey in the 2000 film Mr. Accident.*[70] In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo.*[79] Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.*[80] Jack Russell: Dog Detective is a series of children's books by authors Darrell and Sally Odgers, and published by Scholastic. It is about the adventures of a Jack Russell terrier named Jack Russell and his gang of friends including Jill Russell, Lord “Red”Setter and Foxie Terrier.*[81] Uggie is an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and most notably cast in Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.*[82] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the “Consider Uggie” campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.*[83] In 2012 Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.*[84] 286 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

A soft-coated Jack Russell terrier puppy

58.6 See also

• Fox hunting

• Working terriers 58.7. FOOTNOTES 287

A rough-coated Jack Russell terrier puppy

58.6.1 Clubs and associations

• American Working Terrier Association

• Jack Russell Terrier Club of America

58.7 Footnotes

[1] Nicholas, Anna Katherine. Jack Russell Terriers. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications. p. 4. ISBN 0-7938-2379-X. Parson Jack was born in 1795. His father was a noted sportsman... also a clergyman. ...patterned his own life after the senior Russell's footsteps 288 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

[2] “Fox Terriers and Jack Russells”. Jane Dogs. Retrieved 7 October 2010.

[3] “Breed History & Club History”. Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[4] “An introduction to the Parson Russell Terrier”. Parson Russell Terrier Club UK. Retrieved 15 March 2010.

[5] Davies, Norman (1 January 1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

[6] Coile (2000): p. 6

[7] Coile (2000): p. 3

[8] Smith, Steve (September 2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[9] McKinney, Liz. “History of the Jack Russell Terrier”. Parson Russell Terrier / Jack Russell Terrier.com. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[10] Burns (2006): p. 12

[11] Burns (2006): p. 237

[12] “Different Types of Terrier: ”. JackRussell.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2010.

[13] “Origin & History”. Cumbreck Jack Russells. Retrieved 2 April 2010.

[14] Lee, Rawdon B. (1902). A History and Description, with Reminiscences, of the Fox Terrier. Horace Cox, London. p. 153. Retrieved 29 March 2010.

[15] “Jack Russell Terrier Information”. Sarah's Dogs. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[16] Burns (2006): p. 58

[17] Coile(2000): p. 9

[18] Coile(2000): p. 10

[19] “FCI-Standard N°339 / 28. 11. 2003 / GB Parson Russell Terrier”. Montefiore. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[20] Burns (2006): p. 60

[21] Burns (2006): p. 59

[22] Burns (2006): p. 61

[23] “Jack Russell Terrier”. New Zealand Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[24] “Parson Russell Terrier”. New Zealand Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[25] “Breeds – Group 2 (Terriers) Page 1”. Australian National Kennel Council. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[26] “Parson Russell Terrier”. Australian National Kennel Council. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[27] “The differences between Parson Jack Russell Terriers and Jack Russell Terriers”. Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[28] “ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis”. Australian National Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[29] “About Us”. Kannye Parson Russell Terrier. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[30] “Tenterfield Terrier”. Burkes Backyard. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[31] “Rooseveltʼs Rat Terrier”. TerrierLover.com. 2 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[32] “Different Types of Terrier”. Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

[33] Coile (2000): p. 11

[34] “JRTCA Breed Standard”. www.therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

[35] Romaine Brown, Catherine (27 March 2006). Jack Russell Terrier: Your Happy Healthy Pet. Howell Book House. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-471-74837-3. Retrieved 15 March 2010. 58.7. FOOTNOTES 289

[36] “WORKING DOG”. www.therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

[37] Rice, Dan (17 November 2005). Small Dog Breeds. Barron's Educational Series. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7641-2095-4. Retrieved 15 March 2010.

[38] Rainwater (2008): p. 9

[39] “Breed Comparison”. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[40] “A Brief History of the American Russell Terrier Club”. American Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[41] “EJRTCA Breed Standard”. English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[42] “AKC Russell Terrier Breed Standard”. American Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[43] Rainwater (2008): p. 65

[44] “Breed Standard”. Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[45] “The Body & Tail”. American Russell Terrier Club. Retrieved 17 March 2010.

[46] “Jack Russell Terrier” (PDF). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

[47] Chapman, Eddie (1994). The Working Jack Russell Terrier. Dorset Press.

[48] “The Jack Russell Terrier: A Working Dog”. www.therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

[49] “So You're Thinking About Getting a Jack Russell Terrier”. Working-Dog.com. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[50] Rainwater (2008): p. 80

[51] Rainwater (2008): p. 73

[52] Pavia, Audrey (21 November 2003). What About Jack Russell Terriers: The Joys and Realities of Living with a JRT. What About?. Howell Book House. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7645-4089-9. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

[53] “Jack Russell Terriers”. www.inseguire.com. Inseguire Jack Russell Terriers. Retrieved 2009-07-20.

[54] Smith, Steve (September 2002). “Jack Russell Terrier”. The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. pp. 229 & 229. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4. Retrieved 24 March 2010.

[55] Burns (2006): p. 227

[56] “Lens Luxation and Glaucoma in Jack Russell Terriers”. myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

[57] “Common Genetic Health Issues of Purebred Dogs”. myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

[58] “Eye Diseases of Jack Russell Dogs”. dogjackrussell.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

[59] “Hind Leg Joint Problem – Luxating Patella”. myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 2 April 2010.

[60] Dangerfield, Peter H. “Perthes' Disease of the Hip”. The University of Liverpool. Retrieved 2 April 2010.

[61] “Jack Russell Terrier – Specific Wellness Program”. Hillside Animal Hospital. Retrieved 2 April 2010.

[62] “HMV seeks budding ”. BBC News. 8 September 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[63] “The History of Nipper and His Master's Voice”. erikoest.dk. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[64] “Part 3: The Arctic: May 1981 – August 1982”. Transglobe Expedition.org. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[65] “Part 2: The Antarctic: January 1980 – April 1981”. Transglobe Expedition.org. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[66] Macklin, Debbie (22 June 1991). “Redundant sent packing from Antarctica”. New Scientist. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[67] Porter, Monica (11 April 1997). “15 Years Ago". Daily Mail. Findarticles.com. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[68] “Hero Dog Dies Fighting Pit Bulls”. Sky News. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.

[69] “Medals for brave jack russell terrier”. tvnz.co.nz (Television New Zealand). 8 May 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2009.

[70] Rainwater (2008): p. 76 290 CHAPTER 58. JACK RUSSELL TERRIER

[71] “Rick Stein's dog Chalky dies”. Metro.co.uk. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[72] “Chalky's Bite”. Sharp's Brewery. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[73] “Chalky's Bark wins Gold at Quality Drink Awards 2009”. Sharp's Brewery. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[74] “Celebrity chef Stein's dog dies”. news..co.uk (BBC News). 16 January 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2009.

[75] “Moose (III) – Biography”. IMDb. Retrieved 2 June 2009.

[76] “About the Show”. World Wide Wishbone. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[77] “Crimson Tide”. Ahafilm.info. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[78] “The Mask(1994)". imdb.com. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

[79] Ebert, Roger. “Hotel for Dogs”. 14 January 2009. Suntimes.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010.

[80] “Cast and Crew: Cosmo”. Beginners Official Site. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[81] “About Jack”. Jack Russell: Dog Detective. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[82] Clarke, Cath (22 December 2011). “First sight: Uggie”. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

[83] Eber, Hailey (4 December 2011). “Uggie, the canine co-star of “The Artist,”is receiving praise from critics”. New York Post. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

[84] “Canine Superstar Uggie Lands Epic Role as Nintendoʼs First-Ever “Spokesdog”". Business Wire. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

58.8 References

• Burns, Patrick (16 February 2006). American Working Terriers. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4116-6082-3.

• Coile, D. Caroline (1 August 2000). Jack Russell Terrier Handbook, The. Barron's Pet Handbooks. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-1411-3.

• Rainwater, Don; Rainwater, Kellie (3 March 2008). The Jack Russell Terrier Canine Companion Or Demon Dog. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4348-4890-1.

58.9 External links

• Jack Russell Terrier at DMOZ Chapter 59

Jagdterrier

The Jagdterrier (/ˈjɑːktɛriər/ YAHK-terr-i-ər) is a type of working terrier, originating in Germany, that is used for hunting quarry both above and underground. This breed of terrier is also called the German Hunt Terrier.

59.1 Description

59.1.1 Appearance

A typical appearance of a Jagdterrier is black and tan, with the tan being more of a rust colour on the muzzle and undercarriage. It can also be chocolate or liver brown with white markings although the white markings and the chocolate colouring should be avoided in breeding programs along with a brown nose. Black and tan/rust markings should be the goal. The breed standard calls for an animal that stands 33 to 40 centimetres (13 to 16 inches) at the shoulders, with females weighing from 7.5 to 8.5 kilograms (17 to 19 pounds), and males weighing from 9 to 10 kilograms (20 to 22 pounds).*[1] The coat of a Jagdterrier can be either hairy, smooth or broken.*[1] All varieties do shed. The tail is normally (but not always) cropped at 2/3 the natural length.

59.1.2 Temperament

Jagdterriers were developed to be all round hunting dogs. Though often used for quarry that dens underground, especially badger, fox, and raccoon dog, are also used to drive wild boar and rabbits out of thickets, and to blood track wounded animals, such as deer. Due to their intelligence and adaptability, Jagdterriers can make good pets, but it should be remembered that they are primarily a hunting dog with a strong prey drive.

59.2 History

Between the two World Wars, game managers in Germany were focused on getting rid of “foreign”or introduced species, and bringing back now-extinct species that figured prominently in the mythology of the nation. One of the pioneers of this peculiar quest was Lutz Heck, the curator of the Berlin Zoo, who went on to“back breed” primitive cattle and horses to “recreate”the extinct aurochs (the kind of wild cattle seen in the cave paintings at Lascaux, France) and the tarpan (a kind of primitive forest pony). Heck was also instrumental in the recreation of an extinct species (or subspecies) of zebra called the "quagga". Heck's interest in dogs was driven in part by his passion for hunting, and in part by an over-heated nationalism that was mixed with a desire to see what could be done with selective breeding. A social climber and decided sycophant, Lutz Heck and his brother Heinz Heck were men who courted power and counted among their friends both Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring. Even as nationalism and an interest in genetic engineering were rising in Germany, terriers were also rising to the height of fashion in much of Europe and the United States. The Allied Terrier Show was taken over by Charles Crufts in 1886, and was the largest dog show in the world after World War I, while the first breed-specific dog publication

291 292 CHAPTER 59. JAGDTERRIER anywhere was a magazine devoted to fox terriers. The Westminster Dog Show was begun in 1907, and the first winner was a fox terrier. A fox terrier won again in 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1916, and 1917. A fascination with terriers, fervent nationalism, and a propensity towards genetic engineering were braided together when Lutz Heck presented four black and tan Fell terriers̶similar to what we now would call a ̶to Carl Eric Gruenewald and Walter Zangenbert. Gruenewald was a “cynologist”(a self-styled dog man with an interest in genetics) and Zangenbert was a dedicated hunter with an interest in fox terriers. It did not take much prodding on Heck's part to convince Gruenewald and Zangenbert that what the world needed was a true German Hunt Terrier to compete (and of course trump) the British and American fox terriers in the field. Gruenewald and Zangenbert added to their team Chief Forester R. Fiess and Dr. Herbert Lackner, men with land for a kennel, and the financial means to support it over a decade-long quest. An early problem was that the Black and Tan Terriers selected as the core breeding stock and deemed“ideal hunters” based on colour alone were, in fact, not all that great at hunting. As Gruenewald later wrote:

“We were glad to own fox terriers with the hunting color, and we hoped to use these four puppies suc- cessfully in breeding to establish a hunting fox terrier breed (jagdfoxterrier-stamm). From the viewpoint of hunting these four dogs were not bad, although they left much to desire. First we tried inbreeding, pairing brothers with sisters. But the results were not good. No wonder -- after all, the parents weren't real hunting dogs. The picture changed, though, when we bred our four 'originals' with our well-trained old hunting fox terriers. The beautiful dark color continued to be dominate. Dogs with a lot of the white color and spotted dogs were selected and eliminated from further breeding.”

The breeding program for the Jagdterrier was massive in scale and unwavering in its selection criteria. At one point the men had 700 dogs in their kennels, and not a single dog was allowed to be placed outside of the kennel. Dogs that did not look the part, or which were deemed to be not of the quality desired, were shot. Early dogs were both smooth and rough coat, but the breeding program moved to get rid of smooth coats and the coat of the final product can best be described as “slape coated”̶a short, hard and wiry coat that sheds water and dirt while providing warmth in winter. After only 10 years time the dogs were breeding more-or-less true, with a Patterdale-like appearance, albeit with more red on the undercarriage. The German Hunting Terrier Club (Deutscher Jagdterrier-Club) was founded in 1926, and the dog was warmly embraced in part because it fit well with the rising nationalistic sentiment within Germany at the time. It did not hurt at all that Lutz Heck was a darling of the Nazi regime and counted Hermann Göring among his closest friends. In 1938, a German by the name of Max Thiel, Sr. bought his first Jagdterrier. Thiel hunted with this dog for only a few years before the start of World War II. During the war Thiel lost his dogs, but after the war he settled in Bavaria and purchased two female dogs, Asta and Naja. In 1951 Thiel came to the U.S, bringing with him Naja. He soon sent for Asta, who was bred and shipped pregnant. In 1954, Armin Schwarz Sr., imported a“champion”sire named Axel, and a few more litters were promulgated. In March 1956, nine Jadgterrier owners met in St. Louis, Missouri, and formed the Jagdterrier Club of America, with the expressed goal of getting the dog recognized by the American Kennel Club. In fact, the club did not prosper and eventually died out. The Jadgterrier did not become popular in the U.S. for several reasons, not the least of which was that in the U.S. very few people hunt fox to ground. In addition, American hunters had excellent hunting dogs of their own. U.S. pit bull crosses may be the finest pig dogs in the world, while American-bred bird dogs are far superior to any terrier. Experienced raccoon and squirrel hunters were not about to give up their Treeing Walker or Mountain to embrace a new breed of dog that most people could not even pronounce. In recent years, with the rise of interest in terrier work in the U.S., new lines of Jagdterriers have been imported to the U.S., but most are used for above-ground or barn work due to their size. For a Jadgterrier to do well working underground in the U.S., it has to be at the absolutely smallest end of the breed standard or even undersized. Many of the newer/later imports to the USA are within the true FCI breed standard(correct size)and are being used successfully both above and below ground with many reports of their offspring making exceptional hunting, flush and retrieval dogs both on land and in water. Today there are many hunters across the USA adopting this courageous, intelligent breed as a hunt companion because of its versatility in various hunt disciplines and aim to please attitude. 59.3. REFERENCES 293

59.3 References

[1] “FCI Standard No 103”(PDF). Federation Cynoligique Internationale. 20 January 1998. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

* Burns, Patrick. American Working Terriers, 2005. ISBN 1-4116-6082-X

59.4 External links

• Jagdterrier at DMOZ

• germanhuntingterrier.com Chapter 60

Jämthund

The Jämthund, also called the Swedish Elkhound/Moosehound, is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that are found in Northern Europe. The Jämthund is eponymous to Jämtland, a province in the middle of Sweden. The dog is described as having a wolf-like appearance.

60.1 Appearance

The dog should have a loosely curled tail that hangs on the back and is not too thin or too tightly curled; when relaxed the tail should hang straight down. This breed has erect ears with a wide space in between them, a medium to long muzzle, and a double coat of various shades of agouti. The eyes are brown. The size of the male is usually between 57 and 65 centimetres (roughly 22 to 26 inches), weighing 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 pounds). Females are usually between 52 to 60 centimetres (20 to 24 inches), weighing 25 to 30 kilograms (55 to 66 pounds). The Jämthund should be distinguished from the Norwegian grey elkhound. The is much shorter and stockier than the Jämthund, and its tail shape is very different. It also has a black mask on the muzzle, whereas the Jämthund has a white muzzle, white cheeks and typical wolf markings.

60.2 Temperament

Although calm and affectionate with its family, the Swedish Elkhound can be dominant with other dogs and has a strong prey drive. A truly all-around canine, it can go from a hunting trip and back to the family hearth with great aplomb. It takes things in stride and does not get ruffled easily, making it a steady partner in the field or at home. The Swedish Elkhound is a happy learner who loves to please its owner.

60.3 Exercise

As with most breeds developed for hunting, the Swedish Elkhound requires a lot of regular exercise to stay fit, both physically and mentally. It quickly becomes bored if kept indoors for too long and can become destructive.

60.4 Grooming

Regular brushing is necessary to keep the dense undercoat from matting. Bathing should not be done too often because it tends to dry out the weather-resistant coat.

294 60.5. HISTORY 295

60.5 History

The Jämthund received official recognition as a breed in 1946, due to intensive work by Aksel Lindström and others. Before that, the Jämthund and the Norwegian Elkhound were seen as the same breed. Despite this short history of official breed recognition, it is often claimed that Jämthunds have been raised by the locals in Jämtland since the end of the last ice age. They are used for moose hunting and sled pulling. In the local dialect, it used to be referred to as bear dog. It is one of very few dogs that will not back off from a bear.

60.6 References

• Klütsch CFC, Seppälä EH, Lohi H, Fall T, Hedhammar Å, Uhlén M, Savolainen P (2010) Regional occurrence, high frequency but low diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup d1 suggests a recent dog-wolf hybridization in Scandinavia. Animal Genetics, online early. Chapter 61

Japanese Chin

The Japanese Chin (Japanese: , chin), also known as the Japanese Spaniel ,*[1] is a dog acknowledged for its importance to Japanese nobility. Both a lap dog and companion dog, this toy breed has a distinctive heritage.

61.1 History

While most believe that the source breed for the Japanese Chin originated in China, the route by which the Chin arrived in Japan is a widely debated topic. One story claims that the dogs were given to the Japanese royalty in 732 AD as gifts from the rulers of Korea. Others maintain that they were given as gifts to the Empress of Japan as early as the middle of the sixth century or by the seventh century. Still others claim that the Chin first arrived in Japan around the year 1000 AD.*[2] In Japan, dogs are usually viewed as working or helper animals. The Japanese Chin is unique in that they are owned strictly for companionship. Their distinct appearance and personality eventually captured the hearts of Japanese royalty and resulted in ownership being restricted to those of royal and noble blood. Each noble house bred to their own standards. Because of this, there are many variations of the Japanese Chin including size, coat density, eye set, personality, and body type. Once introduced to the West, a strong desire for Japanese Chin that were ten lbs. or less led to this weight becoming the standard of various kennel clubs around the world. Professor Ludwig von Schulmuth studied canine origins by looking at the skeletal remains of dogs found in human settlements as early as the 8th millennium BC. The professor created a genealogical tree of Tibetan dogs that shows the“Gobi Desert Kitchen Midden Dog”, a scavenger, which evolved into the“Small Soft-Coated Drop-Eared Hunting Dog”. From this evolved the , Pekingese, and the Japanese Chin. Another branch coming down from the “Kitchen Midden Dog”gave rise to the Papillon and long-haired Chihuahua and yet another “Kitchen Midden Dog”branch to the pug and . Though there is some documentation that indicates Portuguese sailors introduced the breed to Europe in the 17th century by presenting them to Catherine of Braganza, Queen Consort to King Charles II of England, there is more credible evidence that the first Japanese Chin were given as gifts by the Emperor of Japan to an American naval officer, Matthew Calbraith Perry, when Perry visited the Orient in 1853 to open trade with the East. Perry was given a total of seven Japanese Chin, but only two survived the passage back to the USA. It is disputed whether Perry gave the two to Franklin Pierce, President of the United States, or to James Stirling, Rear admiral of the Royal Navy, to take to Queen Victoria or his daughter, Caroline Slidell, after returning from Japan.

61.2 Description

61.2.1 Appearance

Japanese Chin stand about 20 to 27 cm (8 to 11 inches) in height at the withers. Weight can vary from a low of 1.4 kg (3 lb) to a high of 6.8 kg (15 lb), with an average of 3.2 to 4.1 kg (7 to 9 lb) being the most common. The American Kennel Club and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale give no weight requirement for the Chin, regardless of

296 61.2. DESCRIPTION 297

Alexandra of Denmark with her Japanese Chin, called Punch, original painted 1893. the aforementioned desire for lighter dogs. Its distinctive expression is characterized by a large broad head, large wide-set eyes, short broad muzzle, ear feathering, and evenly patterned facial markings.

Coat and color

Most dogs have two types of hair in their coat: an under and over coat. However, the Japanese Chin only has an over coat. An adult coat can take up to two years to completely grow in and can be either black and white, sable (black and white with tan points), or red and white. These colors can vary in intensity (such as lemon and white, mahogany and white). As of November 11, 2011, the colors not listed in the breed standard*[3] are grounds for disqualification 298 CHAPTER 61. JAPANESE CHIN

A six-month-old Japanese Chin in competitions.

61.2.2 Temperament

This breed is considered one of the most cat-like of the dog breeds in attitude: it is alert, intelligent, and independent, and it uses its paws to wash and wipe its face. Other cat-like traits include their preference for resting on high surfaces, their good sense of balance, and their tendency to hide in unexpected places. Japanese Chin are loyal to their owners and are typically a friendly breed. While Japanese Chin prefer familiar surroundings, they also do well in new situations. This, alongside their friendly demeanor, makes them good therapy dogs. Early socialization of Japanese Chin puppies leads to a more emotionally well-balanced Chin that is more accepting of different situations and people. Japanese Chin are defensive animals and thus although they are usually quiet, they will bark to alert the arrival of a visitor or to draw attention to something out of the ordinary. Japanese Chin were also bred for the purpose of entertaining their owners. While typically calm, they are well known for performing many tricks such as the “Chin Spin”, in which they turn around in rapid circles; dancing on their hind legs while pawing their front feet, clasped together, in the air; and some even “sing”, a noise that can range from a low trill to a higher, almost operatic noise.*[4]

61.3 Health

Common health issues in the Japanese Chin include luxating patellas (slipping kneecaps), cataracts, and early-onset heart murmurs.*[5] The Chin, as with most small breed dogs, can also have a risk of hypoglycemia when aged under six months or weighing four to five lbs. or less. Some Japanese Chin have seasonal allergies. The Japanese Chin's flattened brachycephalic face can lead to breathing and eye problems. Temperature extremes 61.3. HEALTH 299

Japanese Chin were the dogs of Japanese royalty.

(particularly heat) should therefore be avoided. Its oversized eyes are easily scratched and corneal scratches or more serious ulcerations can result. Mild scratches benefit from topical canine antibacterial ointment specifically for eye application; more serious injury or ulcerations require urgent medical care. The Japanese Chin Club of America estimates Chins have a typical lifespan of 10–12 years, with some living to 15 or more.*[5] A UK Kennel Club survey puts their median lifespan at 9.25 years.*[6] 300 CHAPTER 61. JAPANESE CHIN

Japanese Chin are very cat-like in both appearance and traits

61.4 Care

The Japanese Chin's coat requires weekly brushing or combing, with special attention being given to the skirt and the area under the ears and legs. They do not require frequent bathing. These dogs are single-coated and single-hair shedders, and it is very seldom one will find a Chin with an undercoat. A Japanese Chin will have a light blowing of their coat once a year. Without fiber in the diet, they may need to have their anal glands expressed due to them becoming impacted.*[7] The skin folds in and around the nose and flattened facial area of a Japanese Chin can trap moisture from its oversized eyes and cause fungal problems. The face should be occasionally wiped with a damp cloth and the folds cleaned with a cotton swab. Diet is an important factor in the health and condition of the Japanese Chin, with many of these dogs being very sensitive or allergic to corn. Maintaining a Japanese Chin on a high quality kibble that contains no corn will prevent skin and allergy conditions.*[8]*[9]

61.5 Gallery

• A Japanese Chin

• A Japanese Chin

• A Japanese Chin 61.6. SEE ALSO 301

• A red and white Japanese Chin

61.6 See also

• Companion Group • Toy Group

61.7 References

[1] Tietjen, Sari Brewster. “History of the Japanese Chin”. Japanese Chin Club of America. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[2] Morris, Desmond (2008). Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of Over 1,000 Dog Breeds. Trafalgar Square. ISBN 978-1- 57076-410-3.

[3] “Breed standard”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[4] “Japanese Chin: Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming, Behavior, Training, Exercise, Names”. Dog Breed Plus. Dog Breed Plus. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.

[5] “Chin Health”. Japanese Chin Club of America. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

[6] “Individual Breed Results for Pure bred Dog Health Survey” (PDF). The Kennel Club. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[7] “Japanese Chin Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts”. Dogtime. Dogtime. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.

[8] “Japanese Chin Breed Information”. DOGGIES.com. Retrieved November 9, 2014.

[9] “Japanese Chin”. lovetoknow dogs: advice you can trust. Retrieved November 9, 2014.

61.8 External links

• Japanese Chin at DMOZ Chapter 62

Japanese Spitz

The Japanese Spitz ( Nihon Supittsu) is a small to medium breed of dog of the Spitz type. The Japanese Spitz is a companion dog and pet. There are varying standards around the world as to the ideal size of the breed, but they are always larger than their smaller cousins, the Pomeranian. They were developed in Japan in the 1920s and 30s by breeding a number of other Spitz type dog breeds together. They are recognized by the vast majority of the major kennel clubs, except the American Kennel Club due to it being similar appearance to the white , American Eskimo Dog and . While they are a relatively new breed, they are becoming widely popular due to their favorable temperament and other features. The major health concern is patellar luxation, and a minor recurring concern is that the breed can be prone to runny eyes. They can act as reliable watchdogs, but are a type of companion dog and prefer to be an active part of the family. Although they might appear fluffy, they are a low maintenance breed as the coat has a nonstick texture often compared to teflon.

62.1 Appearance

The Japanese Spitz is a small dog, around 33 cm (13 ins) at the withers, with a somewhat square body, deep chest, and a very thick, pure white double coat. The coat consists of an outer coat that stands off from the soft inner coat, with fur shorter on the muzzle and ears as well as the fronts of the forelegs and the hindlegs. A ruff of longer fur is around the dog's neck. It has a pointed muzzle and small, triangular shape prick ears (ears that stand up.) The tail is long, heavily covered with long fur, and is carried curled over and lying on the dog's back. The white coat contrasts with the black pads and nails of the feet, the black nose, and the dark eyes.*[1] The large oval (akin to a ginko seed) eyes are dark and slightly slanted with white eyelashes, and the nose and lips and eye rims are black. The face of the Japanese Spitz is wedge-shaped.*[2] They share a common resemblance with the white Pomeranian dog, Samoyed and American Eskimo Dog.

62.1.1 Size variations

Description of the ideal size of the breed varies. In Japan, the ideal size for males are described as 30–38 cm at the withers, with females somewhat smaller; (the Japanese standard is the one published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale for international dog competitions.) *[3] In the UK, the Kennel Club describes the size as 34–37 cm (13.5–14.5 in) at the withers with females 30–34 cm (12–13.5 in),*[2] which is the same for the Australian National Kennel Council.*[4] In New Zealand (New Zealand Kennel Club), the ideal size is 30–40 cm (12–16 in) for males, 25–35 cm (10–14 in) for females. The Canadian Kennel Club states that the size for dogs is 12 inches (30 cm) with females slightly smaller, and the United Kennel Club in the U.S. describes the ideal size as 12 to 15 ins (30.5–38.1 cm) for males and 12 to 14 ins (30.5–35.6 cm) for females. Minor kennel clubs and other organizations may use any of these ideal sizes or create their own. Japanese Spitz dogs are generally considered larger than their cousins, the Pomeranian.

302 62.2. HISTORY 303

Japanese Spitz Siberia

62.2 History

Dog breeders in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s created the Japanese Spitz by crossbreeding a number of other Spitz breeds to develop the Japanese Spitz.*[5] Breeders began with white German Spitz dogs, originally brought over from northeastern China to Japan; they were first exhibited at a dog show in in 1921.*[6] Between 1925 and 1936 various small white Spitz breeds were imported from around the world and crossed into the developing breed, with the goal of producing an improved breed.*[6] The final Standard for the breed was written after World War II, and accepted by the Japan Kennel Club.*[6] The breed gained popularity in Japan in the 1950s, and was exported to Sweden in the early 1950s. From there the breed went to England, and the Kennel Club recognized the Japanese Spitz in 1977 in the Utility Group.*[1] The Japanese Spitz has spread around the world including to India, Australia, and the United States and is recognized by most of the major kennel clubs in the English speaking world; by the Canadian Kennel Club in Group 6, Non-Sporting, by the New Zealand Kennel Club (Non-Sporting Group), by the Australian National Kennel Council in Group 7 (Non Sporting), and by the United Kennel Club (U.S.) in the Northern Breeds Group. The American Kennel Club does not recognize the Japanese Spitz due to its being close in appearance to a U.S. developed Spitz breed, the American Eskimo Dog. The breed is also recognized by minor registries and clubs.

62.3 Health

They are a healthy breed with very few genetic problems. The main health concern for Japanese Spitz is the devel- opment of Patellar luxation, a condition in which the kneecap dislocates out of its normal position. They can also be prone to runny eyes, which is most commonly due to having tear ducts that are too small, or an allergy to long grass or stress. It is rarely caused by any serious eye defect.*[7]

62.3.1 Mortality

Life expectancy is estimated at 10–16 years.*[5] This makes it one of the longest-lived dog breeds.*[8] 304 CHAPTER 62. JAPANESE SPITZ

Male Japanese Spitz (UK)

62.3.2 Temperament

Active, loyal, and bright,*[9] the Japanese Spitz are known for their great courage, affection and devotion making them great watchdogs and ideal companions for older people and small children. Most Japanese Spitz are good watch dogs, despite their relatively small size, and they have a tendency to bark to warn of arriving strangers.*[9] The Japanese Spitz is first and foremost a companion dog and thrives on human contact and attention, preferring to be a member of the family. They are known as very loyal dogs. They enjoy being active and love to be in the outdoors. They are intelligent, playful, alert, and obedient, and particularly excellent and loving toward children.*[10] Unlike many other dogs, the Japanese Spitz will customarily have his or her tail flipped onto its back. In some cases this is thought dominant behaviour, but in the Japanese Spitz case this is normal bearing.

62.4 Care

Japanese Spitz can tolerate cold weather but, as it was bred as a companion dog, prefers to live in the house with the warmth of its human family.*[9] Though they can live in apartments, they need ample time running around outside off-leash in a safe environment.*[11] 62.5. FAMOUS JAPANESE SPITZES 305

A four-year-old female Japanese Spitz

62.4.1 Grooming

Despite the appearance of the Japanese Spitzʼs pure white coat, they are in fact a low-maintenance breed. They are very clean dogs and do not have a doggy odor. Due to the texture of their coat, mud and dirt falls off or can be brushed out very easily. However, due to the breed's thick coat, regular brushing is essential.*[9]*[12]*[13] They blow their coats once a year, but like most dogs shed minimally all year round. Some love to swim, and this can render regular baths unnecessary. The Japanese Spitz's coat is relatively dry compared to other breeds. Some sources state that the breed should not be bathed more frequently than once every two months, as bathing and shampoo strips the natural oil and moisture from their coat. This can cause skin sensitivity and itchiness. Their coat should be groomed twice a week using a pin brush that reaches to the undercoat, preventing formation of knots.*[14] Grooming this breed is relatively easy in contrast to other dog breeds. Their white fur coat has a non-stick texture often described as being similar to Teflon.

62.5 Famous Japanese Spitzes

American actress and dancer Jenna Dewan-Tatum has a Japanese Spitz named Meeka.*[15]

62.6 References

[1] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. pp. 273– 274. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[2] “Japanese Spitz Breed Standard”. Breed Information Centre. The Kennel Club UK. August 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2012.

[3] the Japanese breed standard translated by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (DOC file, in English) 306 CHAPTER 62. JAPANESE SPITZ

A Japanese Spitz puppy.

[4] “Japanese Spitz Breed Standard”. Australian National Kennel Council. Retrieved June 16, 2012.

[5] Dog: The Complete Guide, by Sarah Whitehead, Barnes & Noble, Publisher, 1999, pg 211, ISBN 0-7607-1719-2.

[6] Japanese Spitz breed standard from the Japan Kennel Club (in Japanese) and Japanese Spitz breed standard from Nippon Spitzs Club (in English)

[7] pet info website, author/editorial oversight unknown (2006). “Pet Planet”. petplanet.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-09-03.

[8] Compiled by Cassidy, K. M. “Dog Longevity Web Site, Breed Data page”. Retrieved 8 July 2007.

[9] New Zealand Kennel Club, Japanese Spitz 62.6. REFERENCES 307

2 year old Japanese Spitz

[10] Kojima, Toyoharu (2004) [First published in 1993]. Legacy of the Dog: The Ultimate Illustrated Guide. Photos by Yamazaki (2nd ed.). Chronicle Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-0811851206. Retrieved June 15, 2012. [11] pet info website, author/editorial oversight unknown. “Dogster.com”. Dogster.com. Retrieved 2012-07-15. [12] Pugnetti, Gino; Schuler, Elizabeth Meriweather (1980). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Dogs. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 266. ISBN 978-0671255275. [13] Geeson, Eileen; Vetter, Barbara; Whitmore, Lia (2003). Ultimate . Firefly Books Ltd. pp. 231–232. ISBN 308 CHAPTER 62. JAPANESE SPITZ

1-55297-873-7.

[14] pet info website, author/editorial oversight unknown (2005). “Doozie Dog”. dooziedog.com. Retrieved 2007-09-03.

[15] Fitzmaurice, Sarah (5 January 2013). “Pregnant Jenna Dewan cradles her pet pooch in her arms as she arrives at airport” . Daily Mail. Retrieved 17 January 2013.

62.7 External links

• Japanese Spitz at DMOZ Chapter 63

Japanese Terrier

The Japanese Terrier ( Nihon Teria) is a small terrier native to Japan. It is believed to be descended from the progeny of fox terrier types, pointers and indigenous Japanese dogs. This dog is also known as the Nippon Terrier. The breed is rare, even in Japan.

63.1 Description

Japanese Terrier head

309 310 CHAPTER 63. JAPANESE TERRIER

63.1.1 Appearance

The Japanese Terrier is a balanced, square dog, most often black head with predominantly white body that has little black spots. It is 8 to 13 inches tall (to shoulders) and weighs 5 to 9 pounds, its ears are high set and fold forward, and the coat is short, slick and fine. Its tail can be docked.

63.1.2 Temperament

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) breed standard describes this breed as having“a lively and cheerful character”and as “swift and lively in temperament”.

63.2 History

A female Japanese Terrier

It is generally believed that the ancestors of the Japanese Terrier were brought by Dutch merchant ships to Nagasaki, the only Japanese port open to the West in the 17th century. It is unclear whether these dogs were Dutch Boerenfox (a Dutch terrier strain, like the Fox Terrier of England or the German Pinscher of Germany) or whether these were dogs brought along by English sailors. Unlike other descendants of Fox Terriers, the JT seems to have been developed exclusively as a pet. The dogs became very popular as lap dogs in ports such as Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama. According to the Japan Kennel Club (JKC), planned breeding of Japanese Terriers did not begin until around 1920, when fanciers began selective breeding from the progenitor, the Kobe Terrier. The Japanese Terrier was recognized 63.3. EXTERNAL LINKS 311 by the JKC in 1930. The Japanese Terrier is recognized by the Japan Kennel Club and the FCI. It is little known outside of Japan, but does have its admirers in Europe.

63.3 External links

• Japanese Terrier Photos from DogFacts.org Chapter 64

Kaikadi (dog)

The Kaikadi is closely associated with the Whippet

312 64.1. APPEARANCE 313

The Kaikadi is of the terrier dog breed, named after a nomadic tribe in Maharashtra, India.*[1] Kaikadi is a perfect watchdogs as a result the nomadic life they have led watching over herds and they are very good at hunting hare as well as vermin.*[2] The Kaikadi is very similar to the whippet dogs and due to their history are best suited for large open areas as opposed to being kept in urban home settings.*[3]

64.1 Appearance

It may be white, tan and black. The Kaikadi are small (about 40 centimeters or less) with thin long legs, but powerful thighs and hocks and their tail is long and tapering, with a head that is long and thin with prominent eyes and long ears that stand erect when alert. They have short hair that requires little maintenance.*[3]

64.2 References

[1] Terrier-centric Dog Training - Dawn Antoniak-Mitchell - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.

[2] “Kaikadi : Information and Community for the Kaikadi and its owner”. Youpet.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.

[3] “Kaikadi”. www.differentbreedsofdogs.org. Retrieved 8 November 2012. Chapter 65

Kai Ken

The Kai Ken (, also called the Tora Inu or Tiger Dog) is a breed of dog that hails from Japan where it is a natural monument and has been bred for centuries. It is an extremely rare dog even in its native land and is related to the Japanese Spitz dog type.

65.1 Description

65.1.1 Appearance

The Kai Ken is a medium-sized dog with a wedge shaped head and prick ears. Males are typically 18 to 22 inches at the shoulder, while the females are slightly smaller, 17 to 20 inches at the shoulder. The tail may be curled over the back, or carried in a sickle position. Limbs should be strong and hocks should be well developed reflecting the dogsʼ history of mountain life. The coat is of harsh texture, medium length, and comes in various shades of brindle (tiger stripes). The red is the Aka-tora, the black is the Kuro-tora and between them, the Chu-tora. Puppies are born a solid color and their brindle markings develop as they age, sometimes taking as long as five years before fully showing.

65.1.2 Temperament

The Kai Ken is intelligent, agile, alert and brave. They are natural hunters and make good watch dogs, being reserved with strangers but loyal to their families. They are friendly, often good with children and are not usually aggressive towards other dogs. Many love to swim, and have been known to cross rivers and climb trees while chasing their prey.*[1]

65.2 History

The Kai Ken is considered to be the most ancient, and purest dog breed in Japan. It was developed in the isolated district of Kai (Yamanashi Prefecture) as a hunting dog. Kai were used to hunt boar and deer. This breed was designated a natural monument in Japan in 1934.

65.3 In popular culture

• Many Kai Kens play important roles in the Yoshihiro Takahashi's series Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin and its sequel, Ginga Densetsu Weed, including the brothers Kurotora, Chūtora, and Akatora. In the sequel, Ginga Densetsu Weed, Kurotora's son, Kagetora, stars as an important character, with his less prominently featured brothers, Harutora and Nobutora, and cousins Dodo, Buru, Shōji, and Shigure. • Another Yoshihiro Takahashi's manga, Kacchū no Senshi Gamu featured a villainous Kai Ken named Gama. • Chu, a Canine Warrior from the 2006 video game Ōkami, is also a Kai Ken.

314 65.4. SEE ALSO 315

Stuffed specimen of Kai Ken named “Kai-kuro-go”at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.

65.4 See also

• Japan Kennel Club 316 CHAPTER 65. KAI KEN

65.5 References

[1]

65.6 External links

• The North American Kai Ken Association

• Canada's Guide To Dogs, Kai Ken Chapter 66

Kangal dog

The Kangal is a breed of livestock guardian dog, originating from the Kangal district in Sivas Province, Turkey. It is of an early mastiff type with a solid, pale tan or sabled coat, and with a black mask. According to the official Kangal organisations in Turkey - Federation Of Turkey (KIF) and Ankara Kangal Derneği (ANKADER) Kangals in Turkey may also be brindle*[1] or recessive black tan pattern;*[2] with or without a black mask; and/or with white markings.*[3] While the Kangal is often referred to as a sheep dog, it is not a , but rather a flock guardian that lives with the flock of sheep to actively fend off wolves, bears and jackals. The Sivas Kangal Dog's protectiveness, loyalty and gentleness with small children and animals has led to its growing popularity as a guardian for families as well, as it regards people as its “flock”and guards them with extreme devotion.

66.1 Origins

The name Kangal derives from the name of the central Anatolian town Kangal of the Sivas Province and is probably from the same root word of a Turkic tribe called "Kangly".*[4]*[5] The origin of the toponym Kangal and a shepherd dog known under the same name is investigated. The use of the ethnonym Kanglis and its variants Kangars, Kengers, and Kangils by Tatar tribes leaving Turkestan and settling in Anatolia is discussed. These settlers built the commune of Kangal in the area where it is located today. The toponym derives directly from the ethnonym, and evidence is available that tribes designated by such names still exist among Turkic populations. The Kangal sheepdog is a breed indigenous to Turkestan but not Anatolia. It was introduced into the latter territory by the migrants from Turkestan. Hypotheses that the Kangal dog is of Babylonian or Assyrian origin are rejected as not supported by biological science. An alternative view that this canine breed originated in India but was disseminated in Istanbul from a single breeding pair brought from the Indian subcontinent cannot be taken seriously.*[6]

66.2 Appearance

There are subtle variations given in the standards used by different countries when describing the height and weight. In the Kangalʼs homeland of Turkey, the only measurements desired are quoted by KIF as a height at the withers of 65 to 78 cm (26 to 31 in) with a two cm tolerance either way. KIF does not differentiate between male and female statistics.*[1] Although other standards internationally are fairly consistent with each other, they are at odds with KIF as their guidelines are for a larger dog. In the UK, the Kennel Club interim standard states the height at shoulders should be males 74 to 81 cm (29 to 32 in) with females at 71 to 79 cm (28 to 31 in) without specifying any weight guidelines.*[7] The New Zealand Kennel Club quotes height for males as 76 to 81.5 cm (29.9 to 32.1 in) with a weight of 50 to 63 kg (110 to 139 lb) and a bitches height as 71 to 78.5 cm (28.0 to 30.9 in) weighing 41 to 59 kg (90 to 130 lb).*[8] In America, the only agency to recognise the breed is the UKC and its standard gives 30 to 32 in (76 to 81 cm) for males, weight 110 to 145 lb (50 to 66 kg) and 28 to 30 in (71 to 76 cm) for females with a weight of 90 to 120 lb (41 to 54 kg).*[9] The Kangal Dog is not as heavy as some other mastiff breeds, allowing it greater speed and agility than larger dogs.

317 318 CHAPTER 66. KANGAL DOG

Kangal dogs can reach speeds of up to 50 km (30 miles) per hour.*[10] The under-layer provides insulation against both severe Anatolian winters and the fierce summer sun, while the outer-layer repels water and snow. This com- bination of coat allows it to regulate its core temperature more efficiently, while the coat is dense enough to repel rupture from wolf bites.*[10] Further differences between the KIF standard and those used internationally are found in the guidelines for coat and colour. The registered Kangal organizations in Turkey, Cynology Federation Of Turkey (KIF)̶to an extent̶and Ankara Kangal Derneği (ANKADER) do not regard coat colour as a breed defining fea- ture. Brindle, recessive black tan pattern, white markings and a longer coat are regarded as Kangal and are not usually indicative of cross breeding, as the KIF standard as significant restrictions on accepted color and is more restrictive with respect to white markings than any of the other international standards, as white markings are only accepted on the chest and on the tip of the tail, whereas standards from other kennel clubs allow white markings on the feet and legs. Rather it is head structure and morphology that differentiate Kangal from other Çoban Köpegi. In contrast other kennel clubs describe coat and colour as perhaps the most visible traits that distinguish the Kangal from the Akbash and Anatolian. The coat must be short and dense, not long or feathery, and of a pale fawn or tan color with varying amounts of sable guard hairs. All Kangal Dogs have a black facial mask, and black or shaded ears. White at certain points (chest, chin, toes) may or may not be allowed, depending on the standard. Some heavily sabled Kangals also have darker legs and chests. Most importantly, the coat should not be broken, brindled, or spotted. Cropping of the ears is done for several reasons, including the cultural demonstration of ownership vice feral dog, for appearance and for protection, as long ears can be vulnerable in a physical confrontation with a predator. It is also believed that cropping improves the dog's hearing because sound can travel into ear easier. It should be noted the cropping of ears is illegal in the UK.

• A Kangal with cropped ears • •

• Kangal dog puppy eating yoghurt • The Kangal dog can be a good house dog if effectively trained from birth

66.3 Temperament

The Kangal dog is calm, controlled, independent, powerful and protective. They may be aloof towards strangers, but a well-socialized Kangal Dog is friendly with visitors and especially children. They must never be shy or vicious. A well-trained Kangal is sensitive and alert to changing situations, responding to threats with judicious warnings and courageous action if necessary. They make good guardians of livestock and humans alike, but they may not be suitable for inexperienced dog owners, as the independent intelligence of the Kangal makes for a difficult pupil.

66.3.1 Protective behavior

A working Kangal on duty will station itself on a high vantage point overlooking its flock. On hot days, the dog will dig itself a hollow in the ground to keep cool. Novices learn by staying close to older dogs. The dogs will work in pairs or teams depending on the size of the flock, taking up positions around the sheep and changing their positions as needed. The intensity of their patrols around the sheep increases at nightfall. When suspicious, a Kangal will stand with its tail and ears erect and give an alarm call, inciting the sheep to gather around it for protection. The Kangalʼs first instinct is to place itself between the perceived threat and the sheep or master. Once the sheep are safely behind it, the Kangal confronts the intruder. When faced with a wolf, the Kangal sometimes is successful in intimidating the enemy, but it will resort to a physical confrontation if the predator stands its ground.*[10] Specialized wolf killers are known as “kurtçul kangal”in their homeland.

66.4 Kangal/Anatolian Shepherd

The UK Kennel Club has announced it is to recognise the Kangal Dog as a breed with effect from July 2013. It also stated that dogs currently registered as Anatolian Shepherd Dogs may be eligible (where appropriate) to be recorded as Turkish Kangal Dogs instead.*[11]*[12] 66.5. THE KANGAL INTERNATIONALLY 319

Kangal on duty

As of 1 January 2012, the Australian National Kennel Council no longer recognises the ANKC Kangal as being a separate breed from the ANKC Anatolian Shepherd.*[13]

66.5 The Kangal internationally

Britainʼs first kangal litter was produced in 1967 by Gazi of Bakirtollo village and his mate Sabahat of Hayıroğlu village. Dogs from this original line formed the foundation of the so-called “Seacop”stock. In October 2012 The Kennel Club announced it will recognise the Kangal Dog as a breed and classify it within the Pastoral Group. This will allow the breed to be exhibited at KC licensed events in the UK from July 2013.*[12] In December 2012 an interim Breed standard for the breed will be issued.*[11] The interim standard was issued in January 2013.*[14] In the US, the first purebred breeding programs for Kangal Dogs began in the early 1980s. The Kangal Dog is recog- nized by the United Kennel Club in the US, and by the national kennel clubs of South Africa and New Zealand. Many Kangal Dogs are being bred in Germany as well, mostly by immigrant workers. Some are registered as Anatolians, that being the only registration option open to them in Germany; most are unregistered. On January 1, 2012, the Australian National Kennel Club discontinued its recognition of the ANKC Kangal Dog as a separate breed to the Anatolian Shepherd Dog.*[15] In Namibia the dogs are being used to help protect livestock from cheetah attacks.*[16] Almost 300 Kangals have 320 CHAPTER 66. KANGAL DOG

Kangal and flock of goats in Namibia been given to farmers in Namibia since 1994 by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) and the scheme has proved so successful that it has been extended to Kenya.*[17] During the past 14 years the number of killed by farmers is calculated to have fallen from 19 per farmer annually to 2.4. Livestock losses have been cut significantly at more than 80% of the farms where the dogs have been adopted. The great majority of cheetahs that are still killed by farmers are killed after specific attacks on livestock. Previously, the cats were tracked and killed whenever they neared a farm.

66.6 See also

• Akbash Dog

• Aksaray Malaklisi dog

• Šarplaninac

• Anatolian Shepherd

• Herding dog

• Livestock guardian dog

• Zootechnical analysis of two Kangal population targeted at standardization of Kangal as a Turkish dog breed

• The official breed standard of Turkish shepherd dog – Kangal adopted by the Turkish Cynology Association, in 2011. year

• Brochure about Turkish shepherd dog – Kangal

66.7 References

[1] “Breed standard” (PDF). KIF. Retrieved 26 December 2012.

[2] Isik, Guvener. “Dogan Kartay Interview”. 2006.

[3] “ANKADER”. Retrieved 2012. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

[4] "kangal" in Nişanyan Sözlük (Turkish ) 66.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 321

[5] Türk Kangal Karabaş Köpeği, by Dr. Orhan Yılmaz. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Ankara. Kahramanmaraş 3. Öğrenci Sempozyumu 17 Mayıs 2007, Kahramanmaraş University of Sütçü İmam.

[6] Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts: LLBA., Volume 37, Issue 4. Sociological Abstracts, Incorporated, 2003. page 1669.

[7] “Interim standard, Turkish Kangal Dog”. Kennel Club (UK). Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[8] “Breed standard”. New Zealand KC. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[9] “Breed standard”. United Kennel Club. Retrieved 2010-04-11.

[10] “The Kangal Dog of Turkey”. Retrieved 2010-12-29.

[11] “Recognition of the Turkish Kangal dog”. Kennel Club. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

[12] “KC to recognise the Turkish Kangal Dog”. Dog World. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

[13] “Anatolian Shepherd Dog/Kangal Dog”. Retrieved March 2012. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

[14] “Turkish Kangal Dog; proposed interim standard”. The Kennel Club. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[15] “ANKC”.

[16] Smith, Lewis (2008-12-26). “How mans best friend is saving endangered big cat”. The Times (London). Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[17] http://www.cheetah.org/?nd=guarding_dog_program

66.8 External links

• The Kangal Dog Club of America

• The Kangal Dog of Turkey - breed information in English • Sivas Kangalsite of Croatia/Information about history

• Viewpoint on the Anatolian, Kangal and Akbash breed debate

• Kangal Dogs in Canada • Center for Preservation of Indigenous Breeds Chapter 67

Kanni

for the villages in Kyain Seikgyi, Burma see Kanni I, Kyain Seikgyi and Kanni II, Kyain Seikgyi for the village in Kalewa, Burma see Kanni, Kalewa for the village in Banmauk, Burma see Kanni, Banmauk

The Kanni, which means maiden, is a rare indigenous South Indian dog breed found in the state of .*[1] The breed is used mainly for hunting.

67.1 Description

67.1.1 Appearance

In general appearance, the Kanni is similar to a smooth-coated Doberman Pinscher with natural ears and tail. The dog is usually black and tan in colour,*[2] perhaps with limited white on the feet and chest. There also exists a cream- coloured variety of the breed, which is known as “Paalakanni”. The Kanni is agile, slim, graceful, and moderately built, with a deep chest and slim body. The male dog generally stands about 25 inches (64 centimetres) at the withers, and the female about 22 inches (56 centimetres), though some specimens have been known to reach 32 inches (81 centimetres).

67.2 Temperament

The Kanni is usually shy but will always defend its home or master, if the need arises. They are a silent breed and are not nuisance barkers. The Kanni dogs are extremely faithful and easy to train but they will always think independently when on a hunt. They are also used to hunt deer as they are extremely agile and strong while remaining light on their feet.

67.3 History

The Kanni is found in and around , Pollachi, Kovilpatti, Kazhugumalai, Kileral, Kodangipatti, Sivakasi, and Madurai. It is said that the name Kanni, which means Virgin Girl, comes from the fact that these dogs were given as gifts to the bridegroom just before marriage; it was in the list of dowry items offered to the groom. The coat is usually of brown, cream, black, tan or brindle. The Kanni is kept by families who do not sell them but may gift them if a promise is made to look after them well. They are not allowed to roam on the streets and are brought up as pet animals. They are given a diet of milk in the morning, corn porridge in the afternoon and a “Ragi”porridge in the evening. Meat is given once a week or once a month only. The breed is now extremely rare, and is on the verge of extinction. Efforts to revive the breed have not been taken up, as specimens are few, and there exists little information about them.

322 67.4. REFERENCES 323

Kanni male

67.4 References

[1] Baskaran, S. Theodore (9 January 2005), “Canine watch”, The Hindu (online ed.), retrieved 25 September 2014

[2] Tamil, Zen Dogs, archived from the original on 22 November 2010 Chapter 68

Karakachan (dog)

The Karakachan is a breed of dog that originated in as a mountain livestock guardian dog. Other names are Bulgarian Shepherd and Thracian Mollos. The dog is named after the Karakachans, Balkan Greek nomadic shepherds. Due to their conservative stock-breeding traditions, they have preserved some of the oldest breeds of domestic animals in Europe: the Karakachan sheep, Karakachan horse and the . In the past, this Mountain dog was widely used in Bulgaria as a border army watchdog. Nowadays it is used primarily as a livestock guardian dog and property guard dog. The most numerous populations of working purebred livestock guarding Karakachan dogs are found in Bulgaria and the United States. The Karakachan was officially approved as a Bulgarian old native breed in 2005. The Karakachan dog may be a descendant of ancient Balkan domestic dogs, possibly since the time of the Thracians. In ancient Thracian treasures, figures were found of big, longhaired guardian dogs with curled tails. The Karachan is part of the origin of the Bulgarian Shepherd dog, with which it should not be confused.

68.1 Breed standard

The official breed standard was written in 1991 and approved in 2005 by the State Commission for Animal Breeds within Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Bulgaria. The breed has Certificate for recognition № BG 10675 P2. Below is presented the text of the official breed Standard.

68.2 History

The Karakachan dog is one of Europe's oldest breeds. It is a typical Mollos, created for guarding its owner's flock and property; it does not hesitate to fight wolves or bears to defend its owner and his family in case of danger. Its ancestors started forming as early as the third millennium BC. The Karakachan dog is a descendant of the dogs of the Thracians,*[1] renowned as stock-breeders. The dog is named after the Karakachans. Due to their conservative stock-breeding traditions, they managed to preserve some of the oldest breeds of domestic animals in Europe - the Karakachan sheep, the Karakachan horse, and, of course, the Karakachan dog. It is with this name that the Karakachan dog appears in the works of some of the classics of Bulgarian literature, namely Yordan Yovkov, Georgi Raitchev and Yordan Radichkov. In 1938 H.B. Peters wrote about it in the German cinologycal magazine“Zeitschrift für Hundeforschung”[Zentralblatt für Kleintierkunde und Pelztierkunde“Kleintier und Pelztier”, Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig]. The first researcher of the breed was Todor Gajtandjiev, who proposed the standardization of the breed in the 1970s. The Karakachan dog's bravery and dignity, together with its incredible loyalty, make this dog an invaluable friend and helper.

68.3 Etymology

The word karakachan is derived from 2 Turkish words kara and kaçan, kara means black and kaçan means the one that got away. Therefore the word karakaçan has the meaning: the black one that got away *[2]

324 68.4. APPEARANCE 325

68.4 Appearance

Important proportions: The length of the body measures the same as the height at withers + X%

• in male dogs X = 4-10%

• in females X = 6-15%

• the height at the elbow = 52-55% of the height at withers

• the length of the muzzle = 43-45% of the length of the head

Behaviour / temperament: proud, domineering, wary to strangers, brave and intelligent dog of tough, steady and independent character. It has a typical deep solid bark.

68.4.1 Head

Cranial region: The skull is broad and massive; the upper profile is slightly rounded with a shallow furrow on the forehead; the occipital bone is slightly pronounced. The supercilliary arches are only slightly developed. The axes of the muzzle and the cranial region are parallel. Stop: Visible but not emphasized.

Facial region

• Muzzle: Massive, widening at the base, shorter than the cranial part of the skull. Tapering very gradually from its set to the nose leather, ending flat.

• Nose leather: Large and well-pigmented. Wide nostrils. 326 CHAPTER 68. KARAKACHAN (DOG)

Karakachan dogs guarding the flock

• Lips: Thick and close-fitting. The upper lip covers the lower. Well-pigmented.

• Jaws (teeth): Strong jaws. 42 teeth - 20 in the upper jaw and 22 in the lower jaw. Large and white teeth, well adapted to each other. Scissor bite or pincer bite.

• Eyes: Small, deep and obliquely placed in the skull, with the lateral angles higher than the medial ones. Dark or hazel depending on the colour of the coat. The rim of the eyelid is dark pigmented. Expression is grim, confident, intelligent and firm.

• Ears: Rather small, low set, V-shaped, pendant, close-fitting to the skull.

• Neck: Short and powerful. Well-connected with the body and head. Angled at approximately 30o to the upper line. No pendant folds apart from a slight dewlap along the ventral part of the neck.

68.4.2 Body

• Upper line: Horizontal, straight.

• Withers: Well-pronounced, long and muscular.

• Back: Straight, broad and well-muscled.

• Loins: Medium length, broad, well-muscled. Pronounced above the upper line.

• Croup: Medium length, broad and slightly sloping. Rounded and muscular.

• Chest: Deep and broad but not barrel-shaped. Reaching deep at least to the points of elbow.

• Under line and belly: The belly is muscular, taut and slightly tucked up. 68.4. APPEARANCE 327

68.4.3 Tail

Not very high set. It reaches to the hock joints but can also be short by birth. The coat on tail is long and rough. In repose it hangs low or the tip is curved. In movement or when the dog is alert, it is carried over the back in sabre form or curled.

A native shepherd dog from Sredna gora region

68.4.4 Limbs

• Forequarters: Straight, parallel, massive. • Shoulders and upper arm: Long and broad. Tightly joined to the body, well-muscled. Angle between shoulder blade and shoulder bone is approximately 105°. • Elbow: Close-fitting to chest. • Forearm: Long, bone-sturdy. • Carpus: Strong and broad. • Pastern: Slightly sloping. Broad and strong. • Front feet: Large, round, with taut, compact toes. Arched and hairy. Elastic dark pads. Toenails are thick and strong, preferably dark-coloured. • Hindquarters: Parallel, powerful, with moderate angulation. • Thigh: Medium length, broad, well-muscled. • Lower thigh: Long, broad and muscular. • Hock: Broad and taut. The tibial-tarsus angle is about 140°. 328 CHAPTER 68. KARAKACHAN (DOG)

68.4.5 Gait/movement

Long reaching. Preferred movement is the springy trot.

68.4.6 Skin

Thick, elastic and closely fitting. No flabs apart from a slight dewlap along the lower (ventral) part of the neck. The nose leather and the visible mucus membranes should be black-pigmented and for red-white dogs should be brown.

68.4.7 Coat

Quality of hair: In hair length there are two types:

• longhaired - length of coat on the body should measure over 12 cm. • shorthaired - length of coat on the body, neck and limbs measures up to 12 cm.

Over the neck, withers, croup, at the back of legs, and on the tail the hair is long and rough. The topcoat is straight and stiff. Over the head and the front part of the legs the hair is short and close-fitting. Heavy undercoat. Colour of hair: Two or tricolour, with spots. Most desired are clearly defined dark spots on white or big white spots on dark.

68.4.8 Height at the withers

• Males: 63–75 cm. • Females: 60–69 cm.

68.4.9 Weight

• Males: 40–55 kg • Females: 30–45 kg

68.4.10 Faults

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree.

• head insufficiently massive and broad • pointed muzzle • stop insufficiently pronounced or too prominent • occipital bone too protruded • eyes protruded or round • ears set high or not close-fitting to the head • lack of pigmentation • neck long or too short • prominent dewlap on the neck • narrow or shallow chest 68.5. EFFECTIVENESS 329

• soft back

• rounded back

• tail low set

• crooked legs, O-shaped or X-shaped

• pasterns too sloping or straight

• hock angles sharp or straight

• brindle coloration

• black mask

Eliminating faults

• resemblance to other breeds: Caucasian Shepherd Dog, Central Asian Shepherd Dog, Sharplaninets, Landseer, etc.

• overshot

• undershot, with gap between the incisors of more than 3 mm.

• phlegmatic temperament

• timid temperament

• unreasonable aggressiveness

• one-colored coat

• straight tail

• soft and/or curly hair

• no undercoat

N.B. Male dogs should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.

68.5 Effectiveness

The Karakachan belongs to the rare livestock protection breeds. The dogs are effective at flock protection against predation and theft. Since 1998, there have been three cases of successful predator attacks in the flocks provided with dogs for this project. In one flock of 650 sheep, four had been killed, but this was due to the shepherds dividing the flock in half during grazing, and one half had been left without dogs. The Karakachan dog is strictly territorial. It accepts the flock as its territory, wherever it is. Being close to the flock, they become visibly aggressive if the flock is threatened. If a stranger tries to remove an animal from the flock, the dogs will become seriously aggressive. However, when a flock is passing through a village the dogs walk calmly without paying attention to people. There is another reason for the lack of accidents: the tradition of guarding livestock with big, aggressive dogs has always existed in Bulgaria. Everyone knows about them and people simply avoid the flocks, so conflicts do not occur. Also there are dogs, which are not really aggressive towards people, but in the same time are excellent guards against other animal predators. The trends in breeding these dogs are to produce offspring less aggressive towards people.*[3] Karakachan dogs are large, long-haired, massive dogs with a well-developed musculature and well-expressed sexual dimorphism. Males are a minimum of in height; females at least 60 cm. Karakachan dogs are used as herding dogs to escort and guard sheep and goat herds in Bulgaria. Since 2004, Karakachan dogs guard successfully livestock on many farms in the U.S. 330 CHAPTER 68. KARAKACHAN (DOG)

Karakachan dog at work

Karakachan dog guarding sheep herd in Pirin Mtn.

68.6 Creation of new breeds

The Karakachan dog is also used for the creation of new breeds. In the last 15 years, the Karakachan dog has been used by some amateur dog fans in Bulgaria to create a new big show breed, the Bulgarian Shepherd dog, with which 68.7. POPULAR CULTURE 331 the Karakachan dog should not be confused. These are cross-breeds of Karakachan dogs with giant breeds such as Caucasian Ovcharka, Central Asian Ovcharka, Moscow Watchdog, Saint Bernard, Landseer and Newfoundland. The goal is to create giant, heavy dogs similar in coloration to the native Karakachan dog. These new dogs are bred mostly as pets.

68.7 Popular culture

When U.S. President George W. Bush visited Bulgaria in 2003, Bulgarian site presented him with a karakachan shepherd. The Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov gave a Karakachan dog, called Buffy to Russian PM Vladimir Putin as a gift in 2010.

68.8 Notes

[1] BIOTECHNOL. & BIOTECHNOL. EQ. 23/2009/SE XI ANNIVERSARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE SPECIAL EDITION/ON-LINE KARYOLOGICAL DATA ABOUT THE BULGARIAN NATIVE DOG BREED“KARAKACHAN DOG”

[2] Turkish Language Institution

[3] Sider Sedefchev: The Karakachan Dog - Continuation of an old Bulgarian Tradition in: CDPNews No 9, December 2005

68.9 References

•“Putin leaves Bulgaria with a gas deal and a new puppy”. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2010-11-20.

• “Karakachan-karakachansko kuche”. John Zeiner & Sider and Atila Sedefchev. Retrieved 2008-04-20. • “BBPS Semperviva”. save-foundation. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

• “National pride on four legs”. The sofiaecho. Retrieved 2008-04-28. • “VHB-Dutch Kennel Club” (in Dutch). Retrieved 2008-04-25.

68.10 External links Chapter 69

Karelian Bear Dog

The (KBD) is a Finnish or Karelian breed of dog. In its home country, it is regarded as a national treasure. KBD will hunt a variety of animals. Its quick reflexes and fearless nature have made it very popular for hunting aggressive game, including bears, moose, and wild boar. It was the breed's ability to hunt and offer protection against a bear that earned the breed its name.

69.1 History

According to archeological records, dogs very similar to the modern Russo-European and the Karelian Bear Dog existed in northeastern Europe and Scandinavia since Neolithic times. The breed standard for KBDs and Laikas today calls for a black-and-white marked dog, but originally the breed included individuals with coats of wolf gray of various shades, red coats like the standard spitz, and black-and-tan specimens as well. The Karelian Bear Dog was used mainly for hunting small fur-bearing animals, such as squirrels and marten. Like the Norwegian Elkhound, the Karelian Bear Dog was also used in hunting moose, lynx, wolf and, as its name would suggest, hunting the . In hunting bear, at least a pair of Bear Dogs would be used to harry the animal, barking loudly, in order to distract the bear while the human hunter came in for the kill. Karelian Bear Dogs have been used for bear control at Yosemite and Glacier National Parks, and with the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife.*[1]

69.2 Description

69.2.1 Appearance

Males stand 54–60 cm (21–24 in) at the withers; females are shorter, at 49–55 cm (19–22 in). Both sexes weigh 20–23 kg (44.1–50.7 lbs). The breed has a coat of straight, stiff guard hairs and a fine, soft, thick undercoat. There should be no curl in the hair at all. The colour must be black with white markings. Often the jet black hair is slightly tinted with brownish highlights on the ends giving it an iridescent quality. Preferably the color percentage is around 70% black and 30% white. The bushy tail curls in a circle over the back in a ring and has a white tip. It falls gently onto the dog's back or to one side. Purebred KBD have tails that curve into a circle rather than a sickle.

69.2.2 Temperament

The Karelian Bear Dog are often naturally aggressive towards other dogs. Proper socialization and training is neces- sary due to their disposition. They are silent but tenacious hunters and alert only when they have the prey at bay. They will keep prey cornered there by barking in a very high, fast bark and running back and forth or around the animal until their handler comes

332 69.3. RELATED BREEDS 333

The ideal Karelian Bear Dog has bright, intelligent eyes. and dispatches it. Karelian Bear Dogs have been known to hold an animal at bay for a very long time . If a bear tries to leave, the dog will nip at it on the backside and aggravate it to keep it from running away. They don't always have to hunt with their master, as they can be trained to work with other people. However, they are prone to separation anxiety due to their very social nature. It is very unusual for a KBD to bite a human but it may kill another animal if it feels threatened. They are very social hunting dogs that prefer an outdoor environment, and need plenty of space to run free and get lots of exercise. In addition, they need a lot of mental and physical stimulation, as this breed is used to having a job to do. These traits tend to prevent the breed from becoming popular companion dogs. Karelian Bear Dogs are very territorial and will alert their handler to the presence of any strangers or other animals nearby that they do not know.

69.3 Related breeds

• Finnish Spitz • • Russo-European Laika 334 CHAPTER 69. KARELIAN BEAR DOG

69.4 Notes

[1] Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife - KBR Program Retrieved 2012-02-25.

69.5 External links

• Karelian Bear Dog non-lethal bear control, Washington USA

• Viking Dog Breeds

• Alaska Science Forum on Bear Dogs • Protection from Bears

• Karelian Bear Dog Information by Finnish Spitz Club Chapter 70

Karst Shepherd

The Karst Shepherd (Slovene: kraševec listen or kraški ovčar listen ) is a breed of dog of the livestock guardian type, originating in .*[1]*[2] This Mountain dog breed is recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Interna- tionale.

70.1 Appearance

The Karst Shepherd Dog is of medium size, harmonious, robust, endowed with a well-developed musculature and a strong constitution. The tail and ears are hanging. Length of body in proportion to height at withers should be no less than 9 : 8. Skull is a little longer (13 to 14 cm) than the muzzle (11 to 12 cm / 4.3 to 4.7 in). Width of skull (13 to 14 cm / 5.2 to 5.5 in) is equal to its length. Their hair is well furnished, long, flat, with abundant undercoat. The head the front edges of the ears and the front part of the legs covered with short hair. The back edge of the ears has longer and more supple hair. In its upper region, the neck has long hair, stiff and very bushy forming a mane; in its lower part, the hair is longer and more supple forming a ruff which is wider at the set of the neck. The trunk and belly have long hair which becomes less hard on the belly. The tail regularly bushy, does not form a plume. On the back side of the forequarters, the long hair is very supple forming fringes. On the back side of the hindquarters, the hair is even longer and bushy forming culottes. The length of the top coat is at least 10 centimetres (3.9 in). Coat is iron grey; especially on the back, a dark shade is preferred; towards the belly and the limbs, the colour turns without visible transition to a light grey or sandy colour, with a dark streak on the front parts of the limbs. The dark mask on the muzzle spreads on to the skull. On the back part of the head it is bordered with grey or sandy or pale fawn hair overlaid with black. Height at the withers for dogs is 57 to 63 cm with an ideal size of 60 centimetres (24 in), and weight is 30 to 42 kg (66 to 92.4 lbs). Females are 54 to 60 cm with an ideal size of 57 centimetres (22 in) and a weight of 25 to 37 kg (55 to 81.4 lbs).

70.2 Temperament

The breed standard describes the dog as having a sharp temperament and strong individuality, distrustful of strangers. It's a good guard dog. Like all large dogs, the Karst Shepherd needs to be well socialized while very young, with people if the dog is to be a companion, and with livestock if the dog is to be a guardian. If the breed's background is taken into consideration, and if the dog is well socialized and trained, he may make a good family dog. Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

335 336 CHAPTER 70. KARST SHEPHERD

70.3 History

The Karst Shepherd is named after the in Slovenia and Italy, and more generally after the Karst land- scape that extends to Croatia and partly in , from the Gulf of Trieste to the Dinaric Alps. Mostly bred in Slovenia and Istria in Croatia. The ancestral type of the modern day breed travelled with shep- herds through this area, and most likely came with ancient nomadic pastoralists. In 1689, the ethnographer Johann Weikhard von Valvasor mentioned the shepherd's dogs of the area in his work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola without description of dogs. In the 20th century, when the landrace shepherd dogs began to be documented as a modern breed, it was first referred to as the Illyrian Shepherd (1939). Karst Shephard and Šarplaninac were consid- ered Type A and B of the Illyrian Shepherd Dog by the Yugoslavian Federation of Cynology for some time, leading to some cases of crossing between both breeds. After comparing typical dogs of both “Types”the Federation recognised Karst Shephard and Šarplaninac as two distinct breeds in 1968.*[1] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognises the breed in Group 2, Section 2.2 Molossoid breeds-Mountain type, number 278.*[3] The breed has also been exported to the United States, where it is recognised by The United Kennel Club in the Guardian Dog Group. The breed is also recognised by various minor kennel clubs and internet- based dog registry businesses, and is promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet. During the 20th century there were several periods when the number of Karst Shephards was low. Fearing inbreeding a decision was made to introduce a single male Newfoundland into the population.*[4] The total number (including puppies, sterilised dogs and dogs not suitable for breeding) of Karst Shepherds in 2008 was estimated between 600 and 700.*[5] A breeding program was accepted in 2009 to boost the number of dogs, improve their characteristics and preserve their genetic diversity. To avoid popular sire effect every sire can father up to 3 litters, sire must be unrelated to the dam (no common great grandparents), genetic distance between them must be higher than 0.45. Dogs with heritable diseases, atypical physical and behavioural characteristics are excluded from the program. Exceptions are possible with DLVKOS permission.*[6] 70.4. SEE ALSO 337

70.4 See also

• Šarplaninac

70.5 References

[1] Brief Historical Summary, breed standard (DOC file)

[2] Kraševec Journal (ISSN C504-9644), 2009, vol. 18/19., pages 3-9

[3] Fédération Cynologique Internationale Group 2 (in English)

[4] Kraševec Journal (ISSN C504-9644), 2009, vol. 18/19., pages 3-9.

[5] http://www.dlvkos.si/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=37 Short breed description - In Slove- nian

[6] Kraševec Journal (ISSN C504-9644), 2009, vol. 18/19, Supplement

70.6 External links

• Home page of Slovenian National Club of Owners and Breeders of Karst Shepherds- DLVKOS- In Slovenian language - please use google translation

• Information system for Karst Shepherds of Slovenia owned by DLVKOS and Faculty of Biotehnology of Ljubl- jana (University of )In Slovenian language Chapter 71

Keeshond

The Keeshond (/ˈkeɪz.hɒnd/ KAYZ-hond; plural: Keeshonden) is a medium-sized dog with a plush two-layer coat of silver and black fur with a ruff and a curled tail. It originated in Germany, and its closest relatives are the German spitzes such as the Großspitz, Mittelspitz, and Kleinspitz or Pomeranian. Originally called the German Spitz, more specifically the Wolfspitz, the name was officially changed to Keeshond, in 1926 in England, where it had been known as the Dutch Barge Dog.

71.1 Description

71.1.1 Appearance

A member of the spitz group of dogs, the Keeshond in American Kennel Club (AKC) standard is 17 inches (43 cm) to 18 inches (46 cm) tall and 19.25 inches (48.9 cm) ± 2.4 inches (6.1 cm) in the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standard and weighs 30 pounds (14 kg) to 40 pounds (18 kg). Sturdily built, they have a typical spitz appearance, neither coarse nor refined. They have a wedge-shaped head, a medium-length muzzle with a definite stop, small pointed ears, and an expressive face. The tail is tightly curled and, in profile, should be carried such that it is indistinguishable from the compact body of the dog.

Coat

Like all spitz-type dogs, the Keeshond has a dense double coat, with a thick ruff around the neck. Typically, the males of this breed will have a thicker, more pronounced ruff than the females. The body should be abundantly covered with long, straight, harsh hair standing well out from a thick, downy undercoat. The hair on the legs should be smooth and short, except for a feathering on the front legs and “trousers”, as previously described, on the hind legs. The hair on the tail should be profuse, forming a rich plume. Head, including muzzle, skull, and ears, should be covered with smooth, soft, short hair̶velvety in texture on the ears. Coat must not part down the back. Coat care requires line brushing on a fairly regular basis. The Keeshond typically 'blows' its undercoat once a year for males, twice a year for females. During this time, the loss of coat is excessive and their guard hairs will lie flat to their back. It usually takes 2 weeks for the 'blow' to complete, in order for new undercoat to begin growing back in. A Keeshond should never be shaved, as their undercoat provides a natural barrier against heat and cold. Keeping their coat in good condition will allow efficient insulation in both hot and cold weather.

Color

The colour should be a mixture of grey and black. The undercoat should be very pale grey or cream (not tawny). The hair of the outer coat is black tipped, the length of the black tips producing the characteristic shading of colour. The colour may vary from light to dark, but any pronounced deviation from the grey colour is not permissible. The plume of the tail should be very light grey when curled on back and the tip of the tail should be black. Legs and feet should be cream. Ears should be very dark - almost black.

338 71.1. DESCRIPTION 339

Keeshond

Keeshond at a dog show

Shoulder line markings (light grey) should be well defined. The colour of the ruff and“trousers”is generally lighter than that of the body. “Spectacles”and shadings, as later described, are characteristic of the breed and must be 340 CHAPTER 71. KEESHOND

present to some degree. There should be no pronounced white markings. According to the American Kennel Club breed standard, the legs and feet are to be cream; feet that are totally black or white are severe faults. Black markings more than halfway down the foreleg, except for pencilling, are faulted.*[1] The other important marking is the “spectacles,”a delicate dark line running from the outer corner of each eye toward the lower corner of each ear, which, coupled with markings forming short eyebrows, is necessary for the distinct expressive look of the breed. All markings should be clear, not muddled or broken. Absence of the spectacles is considered a serious fault. The eyes should be dark brown, almond-shaped with black eye rims.*[2] Ears should be small, dark, triangular, and erect.

71.1.2 Temperament

7-week-old Keeshond puppy

Keeshonden tend to be very playful, with quick reflexes and strong jumping ability. They are quick learners and eager to please. Because Keeshonden are quick learners, they also very quickly learn things their humans did not intend to teach them. However, Keeshonden make excellent agility and obedience dogs. So amenable to proper training is this bright, sturdy dog that Keeshonden have been successfully trained to serve as guide dogs for the blind; only their lack of size has prevented them from being more widely used in this role. They love children and are excellent family dogs, preferring to be close to their humans whenever possible. They generally get along with other dogs as well and will enjoy a good chase around the yard. Keeshonden are very intuitive and empathetic and are often used as comfort dogs. Most notably, at least one Keeshond, Tikva, was at Ground Zero on 9/11 to help comfort the rescue workers.*[3] The breed has a tendency to become especially clingy towards their owners, more so than most other breeds. If their owner is out, or in another room behind a closed door, they may sit, waiting for their owner to reappear, even if there are other people nearby. Many have been referred to as their “owner's shadow,”or “velcro dogs”. They are known by their loud, distinctive bark. Throughout the centuries, the Keeshond has been very popular as a 71.2. HEALTH 341

watch dog on barges on canals in the Netherlands and middle Europe. This trait is evident to this day, and they are alert dogs that warn their owners of any new visitors. Although loud and alert, Keeshonden are not aggressive towards visitors. They generally welcome visitors affectionately once their family has accepted them. Unfortunately, barking may become a problem if not properly handled. Keeshonden that are kept in a yard, and not allowed to be with their humans, are unhappy and often become nuisance barkers.

Training

The Keeshond is very bright in work and obedience. The Keeshond ranks 16th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of excellent working/obedience intelligence. This intelligence makes a Keeshond a good choice for the dog owner who is willing to help a dog learn the right lessons, but also entails added responsibility. While affectionate, Keeshonden are good for the inexperienced trainer. Consistency and fairness are needed; and, while most dogs need a structured environment, it is especially necessary with a Keeshond. Like most of the independent-minded spitz breeds, Keeshonden respond poorly to heavy-handed or forceful training methods. Many behavioral problems with Keeshonden stem from these intelligent dogs inventing their own activities (often destructive ones, like digging and chewing) out of boredom. They need daily contact with their owners and lots of activity to remain happy. The Keeshonden does not live happily alone in a kennel or backyard. Keeshonden can also be timid dogs. It is important to train them to respect, but not fear, their owners and family. Keeshonden want to please, so harsh punishment is not necessary when the dog does not obey as quickly as desired. They like to spend time with their owners and love attention.

71.2 Health

A little Keeshond puppy

Keeshonden are generally a very healthy breed. Though congenital health issues are not common, the conditions which have been known to sometimes occur in Keeshonden are hip dysplasia, luxating patellas (trick knee), epilepsy, Cushing's disease, diabetes, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hypothyroidism. Von Willebrand's disease has been known in Keeshonden but is very rare. An accurate test for the gene causing primary hyperparathyroidism (or PHPT) has recently been developed at Cornell University. As with any breed, it is important when buying a puppy to make 342 CHAPTER 71. KEESHOND

sure that both parents have been tested and certified free from inherited problems. Test results may be obtained from the breeder, and directly from the Orthopaedic Foundation For Animals site. Keeshonds in a UK Kennel Club survey had a median lifespan of 12 years 2 months. 1 in 4 died of old age, at an average of 14–15 years.*[4]

71.3 Grooming

Because of their double coat, Keeshonden need regular brushing; an hour a week will keep the dog comfortable and handsome. The Keeshond's coat sheds dirt when dry, and the breed is not prone to doggy odor, so frequent bathing is unnecessary and undesirable. The coat acts as insulation and protects the dog from sunburn and insects, so shaving or clipping is not desirable. The coat also loses its distinct color as the black tipping on the hairs will be shorn off. If frequent brushing is too much effort, it is better to choose another breed rather than clip the Keeshond short.

71.4 History

The Keeshond was named after the 18th-century Dutch Patriot, Cornelis (Kees) de Gyselaer (spelled 'Gijzelaar' in Modern Dutch), leader of the rebellion against the House of Orange. The dog became the rebels' symbol; and, when the House of Orange returned to power, this breed almost disappeared. The word 'keeshond' is a compound word: 'Kees' is a nickname for Cornelius (de Gyselaer), and 'hond' is the Dutch word for dog. In the Netherlands, “keeshond”is the term for German Spitzes that encompass them all from the toy or dwarf (Pomeranian) to the Wolfspitz (Keeshond). The sole difference among the German Spitzes is their coloring and size guidelines. Although many American references point to the Keeshond as we know it originating in the Netherlands, the breed is cited as being part of the German Spitz family, originating in Germany along with the Pomeranian (toy or dwarf German Spitz) and American Eskimo dog (small or standard German Spitz) according to the FCI.*[5] The first standard for“Wolfspitz”was posted at the Dog Show of 1880 in Berlin. The Club for German Spitzes was founded in 1899. The German standard was revised in 1901 to specify the characteristic color that we know today, “silver grey tipped with black”. In the late 19th century the“Overweight Pomeranian”, a white German Spitz and most likely a Standard German Spitz, was shown in the British Kennel Club. The “Overweight Pomeranian”was no longer recognized by the British Kennel Club in 1915. In the 1920s, Baroness van Hardenbroeck took an interest in the breed and began to build it up again. The Nederlandse Keeshond Club was formed in 1924. The Dutch Barge Dog Club of England was formed in 1925 by Mrs. Wingfield-Digby and accepted into the British Kennel Club in 1926, when the breed and the club were renamed to Keeshond. Carl Hinderer is credited with bringing his Schloss Adelsburg Kennel, which he founded in 1922 in Germany, with him to America in 1923. His German Champion Wolfspitz followed him two by two in 1926. At that time, less than ten years after World War I, Germany was not regarded fondly in England and America; and the Wolfspitz/Keeshond was not recognized by the AKC. Consequently, Carl had to register each puppy with his club in Germany. Despite this, Carl joined the Maryland KC and attended local shows. Carl regularly wrote to the AKC, including the New York headquarters, to promote the Wolfspitz. While going through New York on his way to Germany in 1930, Carl visited the AKC offices and presented Wachter, his Germany champion, to AKC President, Dr. DeMond, who promptly agreed to start the recognition process, with some caveats including changing the name to Keeshond, and asked Carl to bring back all the relevant data from Germany. Carl also translated the German standard to English for the AKC. The Keeshond was accepted for AKC registration in 1930. Despite intense lobbying the FCI would not accept the Keeshond as a separate breed since it viewed the Wolfspitz and Keeshond as identical. In 1997, the German Spitz Club updated its standard so that the typically smaller Keeshond preferred in America and other English-speaking countries could be included. This greatly expanded the gene pool and unified the standard internationally for the first time. Now bred for many generations as a companion dog, the Keeshond easily becomes a loving family member. As a result of the breed's history and friendly disposition, Keeshonden are sometimes referred to as “The Smiling Dutchman”. 71.5. MISCELLANEOUS 343

Keeshond

71.5 Miscellaneous

71.5.1 Pronunciation

The proper pronunciation is /ˈkeɪs.hɔːnd/ (“case-hawnd”) or /ˈkeɪz.hɔːnd/ (“kayz-hawnd”). The plural keeshonden is pronounced /ˈkeɪs.hɔːndən/ or /ˈkeɪz.hɔːndən/.*[6]

71.5.2 Colored Keeshonden

Historically, Keeshonden being part of the German Spitz family had been interbred with their smaller brethren (small, standard, and dwarf German spitzes) and came in several colors̶white, black, red, orange, orange-shaded white (also called orange and cream), and silver gray. Originally, like the other German spitzes, many colors, including piebalds, were allowed, but as time progressed, only the silver-grey and cream (wolf-gray) color was finally established into the 344 CHAPTER 71. KEESHOND

Wolfspitz type. While other-colored Keeshonden can have terrific conformation, they are not allowed to be shown in the show ring. Colored Keeshonden are considered “pet quality”. The appearance of oddly-colored Kees in otherwise wolf-gray litters has caused research into the early history of Keeshond coat colors. Because of this, some breeders wonder whether the Keeshond should be bred for colors other than grey. There are many bloodlines carrying the colored gene, and rather than examples of mixed breeding, colors are legitimate throwbacks to an earlier era of the breed. No one knows the exact number of colored Keeshonden born in the United States. Incorrect or incomplete docu- mentation make it impossible to determine how many colored Keeshonden, and of which colors, have been born in the United States.

71.6 References

[1] “Keeshond Breed Standard”. American Kennel Club. November 14, 1989. Retrieved April 15, 2011.

[2] Pavia, Audrey. Guide to Owning a Keeshond. Neptune City, NJ: THF Publications, Inc.

[3] Comfort amid the rubble: Therapy dogs that helped 9/11 workers to be recognized at ceremony

[4] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”.

[5] “Dogs/Breeds/Keeshond”. www.petwave.com. Retrieved July 2014.

[6] “English Pronunciation Guide”. inogolo. Retrieved 5 December 2011.

71.7 External links

• Keeshond at DMOZ • Keeshond World Online Magazine and Pedigree Database Chapter 72

Kerry Beagle

The (Irish: An Pocadán Ciarraíoch) is one of the oldest Irish Hounds, believed to be descendant from the Old Southern Hound or Celtic Hounds.

72.1 Description

72.1.1 Appearance

Kerry Beagle “Coco”- 18-month-old 40lb Kerry Beagle mix circa 2012

It is unclear why the name Beagle has been applied, as the Kerry Beagle is a medium-sized hound, height is between 56–61 cm (22–24 in), weight is up to 27 kg (60 lb), sharing nothing in common with the Beagle. The Kerry Beagle with a broad head, a short coat and long ears, Black and Tan is the more common colour but the coat may be tan and white, blue mottled and tan or black. The breed's looks suggests speed and endurance.

345 346 CHAPTER 72. KERRY BEAGLE

72.1.2 Temperament

This breed of dog is a pack hound and does hold the hunting instinct strong. They do however make very good pets as they are good with children and other dogs. They require a lot of exercise, regular twice to three times daily walks and free runs.

72.2 History & use

The Kerry Beagle is an ancient breed, believed to date back to the 16th century, detailed pedigrees date back as far as 1794. Local legend has it that when Noah's ark came to rest against Galtymore, the highest peak in Tipperary, two black and tan hounds scented a fox and leapt off in pursuit, never to be seen again.*[1] By the 1800s the Kerry Beagle's numbers had dwindled in Ireland, with only one major pack maintained, the famous Scarteen of County Limerick belonging to the Ryan family, which still exists today.*[2] Originally bred as Stag hounds, today they are used to hunt fox and hare and take part in drag hunting.*[3] The Kerry Beagle was taken by many Irish immigrants to the Americas, and is considered a foundation breed in development of the .

72.3 References

72.3.1 Footnotes

[1] Holland, p 129.

[2] Alderton, p 86.

[3] Alderton, p 86.

72.3.2 Bibliography

• Alderton, David, Hounds of the World, Swan Hill Press, Shrewsbury, 2000, ISBN 1-85310-912-6.

• Cunliffe, Juliette, The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds Parragon, 2001, ISBN 0-7525-6561-3. • Fogle, Bruce, The Encyclopedia of the Dog, DK Publishing, New York, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.

• Hancock, David, Hounds: Hunting by Scent, The Crowood Press Ltd, Marlborough, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84797- 601-7.

• Holland, Anne, Hunting: portrait, Little Brown, London, 2003, ISBN 0-316-86069-7.

72.4 External links

• Scarteen website Chapter 73

Kerry Blue Terrier

The Kerry Blue Terrier (also known as the Irish Blue Terrier)(Irish: An Brocaire Gorm) is a breed of dog.*[1] Originally bred to control “vermin”including rats, rabbits, badgers, foxes, otters and hares, over time the Kerry became a general working dog used for a variety of jobs including herding cattle and sheep, and as a guard dog. Today the Kerry has spread around the world as a companion and working dog. Despite a Kerry Blue winning Crufts (the most important UK dog show) in 2000,*[2] it remains an “unfashionable”breed,*[3] and is distinctly uncommon; however, it not as threatened as some of the other terrier breeds such as , , and Dandie Dinmont Terrier.

73.1 Description

73.1.1 Appearance

Some characteristics of the Kerry Blue Terrier include a long head, flat skull, deep chest, and a soft wavy-to-curly coat that comes in several shades of“blue”, the general term outside this breed being progressive grey. Puppies are born black; the blue appears gradually as the puppy grows older, usually up to 2 years of age. The male Kerry Blue is usually 46–48 cm (18–19 in) tall at the withers and weighs 12–15 kg (26–33 lb), while the female is usually 44–46 cm (17–18 in) and 10–13 kg (22–29 lb).*[1]

73.1.2 Coat

The coat is the key feature of the Kerry. It is soft and wavy with no undercoat. The texture is similar to that of fine human hair and, like human hair, does not shed but continues to grow throughout the year. This means the Kerry Blue requires very regular grooming (at least once per week) and clipping an average of every 6 weeks.*[4]

73.1.3 Temperament

Kerry Blue Terriers are strong-headed and highly spirited. They have always been loyal and affectionate towards their owners and very gentle towards children but were often considered downright mean toward other animals, including other dogs. In the early days of competitive dog showing, the Irish Kennel Club required Kerries had to pass a "gameness" test, known as Teastas Mor certification, before they were deemed worthy of being judged.*[5] These tests included catching rabbits and bringing a badger to bay in its set. They are fast, strong, and intelligent, and they do well in obedience, dog agility, sheep herding, and tracking. They have been used as police dogs in Ireland. Modern breeders have attempted to retain high spirits whilst breeding out aggression. As a long-legged breed, the activity level of the Kerry Blue Terrier ranges from moderate to high. They require an active, skilled owner who can provide them with early socialisation and obedience training. Kerries require daily exercise. The Kerry is said to have an amazing sense of humour or even a “touch of the blarney”. Ideally, owners should have a sense of humour themselves to fully appreciate a Kerry ̶“to be owned by a Kerry”is a famous quote in

347 348 CHAPTER 73. KERRY BLUE TERRIER

Philip Doyle with his dog “Terri”at the Killarney Show,1916.

Kerry circles. 73.2. HEALTH 349

73.2 Health

Portrait of a Kerry Blue Terrier

Kerries are fairly healthy, however there are some genetic disorders that are prevalent in the breed. They are prone to eye problems such as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes), cataracts, and entropion. They sometimes get cysts or tumorous growths in their skin, but these are rarely malignant. Hip dysplasia, hypothyroidism, have also been reported. Progressive neuronal abiotrophy (PNA) is also seen but rare in the population. This condition is also referred to as Cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA) or Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA).*[6] Another skin-related health issue is spiculosis. This is a skin disorder that produces abnormally thick hairs that are also called thorns, spikes or bristles.*[7] A U.S. breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9 1/2 years.*[8] Many live to 12 or 13 years.

73.3 History

The Kerry Blue Terrier was first observed in the mountains of Kerry in Ireland, hence the name of the breed.*[4] There is a romantic story of a blue dog swimming ashore from a shipwreck: the coat of this dog was so lovely that it was mated with all the female Wheaten Terriers in Kerry (or in all Ireland, according to some), producing the Kerry Blue. Perhaps this story is not entirely myth, as the Portuguese Water Dog is often suggested as part of the Kerry's makeup. Others suggest the Kerry was produced by the Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier crossed with the with (or without) some Irish Wolfhound or Irish Terrier blood. The extinct Gadhar herding dog is also mentioned as another possible branch of the Kerry's family tree. One certain fact is the breed became very popular as an all-around farm dog in rural Ireland. 350 CHAPTER 73. KERRY BLUE TERRIER

Kerry Blue Terrier

73.3.1 National Dog of Ireland

With the development of dog shows in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the breed became standardised and “tidied up”for the show ring. The Irish nationalist leader Michael Collins owned a famous Kerry Blue named Convict 224. Collins even made an attempt to have the Kerry blue adopted as the national dog of Ireland.*[9] Love of dogs did, however, cross political divides. The first show of the Dublin Irish Blue Terrier club took place outside official curfew hours and was entered both by those fighting for and against an Ireland republic. The Dublin Irish Blue Terrier Club was so successful it led directly to the foundation of the Irish Kennel Club, and a Kerry blue was the first dog that club registered.

73.4 See also

• Badger-baiting – Kerrys were once used for this sport

73.5 References

[1] Purina Australia. “Kerry Blue Terrier”. Dog Breeds. Retrieved 2014-12-06.

[2] “Crufts 2000 Results”. Retrieved 2014-12-06. 73.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 351

[3] Reilly, Jerome (2012-01-29). “Collins's beloved Kerry Blue breed at risk in the UK”. Independent.ie. Retrieved 2014- 12-06.

[4] “Kerry Blue Terrier - AKC Dog Breeds”. AKC.org. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

[5] McLennan, Bardi (Jun 26, 2012). Kerry Blue Terrier. i5 Publishing.

[6] Kellog, Scott. “Kerry Blue Terrier Healthcare”. United States Kerry Blue Terrier Club. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.

[7] "Spiculosis", Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney. Accessed 6 January 2014.

[8] Stephen Schellenberg and Margie Tomsic, United States Health and Genetics Survey – 1999,“Kerry Health”. archive.org link, accessed 6 January 2015.

[9] Osborne, Chrissy (2003). Michael Collins: Himself. Mercier Press Ltd. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-85635-407-3. Retrieved 12 October 2011.

73.6 External links

• Kerry Blue Terrier at DMOZ Chapter 74

King Charles Spaniel

The King Charles Spaniel (also known as the English Toy Spaniel) is a small dog breed of the spaniel type. In 1903, the Kennel Club combined four separate toy spaniel breeds under this single title. The other varieties merged into this breed were the Blenheim, Ruby and Prince Charles Spaniels, each of which contributed one of the four colours available in the breed. Thought to have originated in the Far East, toy spaniels were first seen in Europe during the 16th century. They were made famous by their association with King Charles II of England (1630–1685) and have been linked with English royalty since the time of Queen Mary I (1516–1558). Members of the breed have been owned by Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. The King Charles Spaniel and the other types of toy spaniels were crossbred with the Pug in the early 19th century to reduce the size of the nose, as was the style of the day. The 20th century saw attempts to restore lines of King Charles Spaniels to the breed of Charles II's time. These included the unsuccessful Toy Trawler Spaniel and the now popular Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. The Cavalier is slightly larger, with a flat head and a longer nose, while the King Charles is smaller, with a domed head and a flat face. Historically the breeds that were merged into the King Charles Spaniel were used for hunting; due to their stature they were not well suited. They have kept their hunting instincts, but do not exhibit high energy and are better suited to being lapdogs. The modern breed is prone to several health problems, including cardiac conditions and a range of eye issues.

74.1 History

The fact that dogs are always part of a royal Japanese present suggested to the Commodore the thought that possibly one species of spaniel now in England may be traced to a Japanese origin. In 1613, when Captain Saris returned from Japan to England, he carried to the King a letter from the Emperor, and presents in return for those sent to him by his Majesty of England. Dogs probably formed part of the gifts and thus may have been introduced into the Kingdom the Japanese breed. At any rate, there is a species of Spaniel in England which it is hard to distinguish from the Japanese dog. The species sent by the Emperor is by no means common even in Japan. It is never seen running about the streets, or following its master in his walks, and the Commodore understood that they were costly. Francis L. Hawks and Commodore Matthew C. Perry (1856)*[1]

It is thought that the toy spaniels that eventually became the King Charles Spaniel originated in the Far East, primarily Japan. They may share a common ancestry with the Pekingese and Japanese Chin.*[2] Toy spaniels were given as gifts to European royalty.*[3] The red and white variety of toy spaniel was first seen in paintings by Titian,*[4] including the Venus of Urbino (1538), where a small dog is used as a symbol of female seductiveness.*[5] Further paintings featuring these toy spaniels were created by Palma Vecchio and Paolo Veronese during the 16th century. These dogs already had high domed heads with short noses, although the muzzles were more pointed than they are today. These Italian toy spaniels may have been crossed with local small dogs such as the Maltese and also with imported Chinese dogs.*[4] The Papillon is the continental descendant of similar toy-sized spaniels.*[6]

352 74.1. HISTORY 353

Portrait of Queen Mary I and King Philip of England by Hans Eworth (1558)

The earliest recorded appearance of a toy spaniel in England was in a painting of Queen Mary I and King Philip.*[7] Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), was also fond of small toy dogs, including spaniels,*[8] showing the fondness of the British royalty for these types of dogs before Charles II.*[7] King Henry III of France (1551–1589) owned a number of small spaniels, which were called Damarets. Although 354 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL

one of the translations of John Caius' 1570 Latin work De Canibus Britannicis talks of“a new type of Spaniel brought out of France, rare, strange, and hard to get”,*[9] this was an addition in a later translation, and was not in the original text.*[9] Caius did discuss the“Spainel-gentle, or Comforter”though, which he classified as a delicate thoroughbred. This spaniel was thought to originate from Malta and was sought out only as a lapdog for “daintie dames”.*[10] Captain John Saris may have brought back examples of toy spaniels from his voyage to Japan in 1613,*[2] a theory proposed by Commodore Matthew C. Perry during his expeditions to Japan on behalf of the United States in the mid‐19th century. He noted that dogs were a common gift and thought that the earlier voyage of Captain Saris introduced a Japanese type of spaniel into England.*[1]

74.1.1 17th century and Charles II

Five children of King Charles I of England (1637) by Anthony van Dyck, featuring a spaniel of the era at the bottom right

In the 17th century, toy spaniels began to feature in paintings by Dutch artists such as Caspar Netscher and Peter Paul Rubens. Spanish artists, including Juan de Valdés Leal and Diego Velázquez, also depicted them; in the Spanish works, the dogs were tricolour, black and white or entirely white. French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon would later describe these types of dogs as crosses between spaniels and Pugs.*[6] Charles II of England was very fond of the toy spaniel, which is why the dogs now carry his name,*[11] although there is no evidence that the modern breeds are descended from his particular dogs. He is credited with causing an increase in popularity of the breed during this period. Samuel Pepys' diary describes how the spaniels were allowed to roam anywhere in Whitehall Palace, including during state occasions.*[11] In an entry dated 1 September 1666, describing a council meeting, Pepys wrote, “All I observed there was the silliness of the King, playing with his dog all the while and not minding the business.”*[12] Charles' sister Princess Henrietta was painted by Pierre Mignard holding a small red and white toy-sized spaniel.*[13] Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth, writing in her 1911 work Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors, theorised that after Henrietta's death at the age of 26 in 1670, Charles took her dogs for himself.*[13] 74.1. HISTORY 355

74.1.2 After Charles II

Portrait of a King Charles Spaniel, by Jean-Baptiste Huet 1778

Toy spaniels continued to be popular in the British court during the reign of King James II, through that of Queen Anne. Popular types included those of the white and red variety.*[14] Following the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the reign of King William III and Queen Mary II, the Pug was introduced into Britain which would eventually lead to drastic physical changes to the King Charles Spaniel.*[15] Comparisons between needlework pictures of English toy spaniels and the continental variety show that changes had already begun to take place in the English types by 1736, with a shorter nose being featured and the breed overall moving away from the one seen in earlier works by Anthony van Dyck during the 17th century.*[16] English toy spaniels remained popular enough during the 18th century to be featured frequently in literature and in art. On Rover, a Lady's Spaniel, Jonathan Swift's satire of Ambrose Philips's poem to the daughter of the Lord Lieutenant, describes the features of an English toy, specifying a “forehead large and high”among other physical characteristics of the breeds.*[17] Toy spaniels and Pugs were featured in both group portraits and satirical works by William Hogarth.*[18] Toy spaniels were still popular with the upper classes as ladies' dogs, despite the introduction of the Pug;*[19] both Thomas Gainsborough's portrait of Queen Charlotte from 1781 and George Romney's 1782 Lady Hamilton as Nature feature toy spaniels with their mistresses. The toy spaniels of this century weighed as little as 5 pounds (2.3 kg),*[20] although they were thought to be the dog breed most prone to becoming overweight, or “fattened”.*[21]

74.1.3 19th century and the Blenheim Spaniel

The varieties of toy spaniel were occasionally used in hunting, as the Sportsman's Repository reported in 1830 of the Blenheim Spaniel: “Twenty years ago, His Grace the Duke of Marlborough was reputed to possess the smallest and best breed of cockers in Britain; they were invariably red–and–white, with very long ears, short noses, and black 356 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL

An 1852 drawing of King Charles and Blenheim Spaniels

eyes.”*[22] During this period, the term “cocker”was not used to describe a , but rather a type of small spaniel used to hunt woodcock. The Duke's residence, Blenheim Palace, gave its name to the Blenheim Spaniel. The Sportsman's Repository explains that toy spaniels are able to hunt, albeit not for a full day or in difficult terrain: “The very delicate and small, or 'carpet spaniels,' have exquisite nose, and will hunt truly and pleasantly, but are neither fit for a long day or thorny covert.”*[23] This idea was supported by Vero Shaw in his 1881 work The Illustrated Book of the Dog,*[23] and by Thomas Brown in 1829 who wrote, “He is seldom used for field–sports, from his diminutive size, being easily tired, and is too short in the legs to get through swampy ground.”*[24] During the 19th century, the Maltese was still considered to be a type of spaniel, and thought to be the parent breed of toy spaniels, including both the King Charles and Blenheim varieties.*[22] The breeds of toy spaniel often rivalled the Pug in popularity as lapdogs for ladies. The disadvantage of the breeds of toy spaniel was that their long coats required constant grooming.*[22] By 1830, the toy spaniel had changed somewhat from the dogs of Charles II's day. William Youatt in his 1845 study, The Dog, was not enamoured of the changes: “The King Charles's breed of the present day is materially altered for the worse. The muzzle is almost as short, and the forehead as ugly and prominent as the veriest bull-dog. The eye is increased to double its former size, and has an expression of stupidity with which the character of the dog too accurately corresponds.”Youatt did concede that the breed's long ears, coat and colouring were attractive.*[25] Due to the fashion of the period, the toy spaniels were crossed with Pugs to reduce the size of their noses and then selectively bred to reduce it further. By doing this, the dog's sense of smell was impaired, and according to 19th century writers, this caused the varieties of toy spaniel to be removed from participation in field sports.*[23] Blunt-Lytton proposed that the red and white Blenheim Spaniels always had the shorter nose now seen in the modern King Charles.*[4] From the 16th century, it was the fashion for ladies to carry small toy-sized spaniels as they travelled around town.*[10] These dogs were called “Comforters”and given the species biological classification of Canis consolator by 19th- century dog writers. By the 1830s, this practice was no longer in vogue, and these types of spaniels were becoming rarer.*[26] “Comforter”was given as a generic term to lapdogs, including the Maltese, the English Toy and Con- 74.1. HISTORY 357

A painting of a King Charles Spaniel by Édouard Manet, from c. 1866

tinental Toy Spaniels, the latter of which was similar to the modern Phalène.*[27] It was once believed that the dogs possessed some power of healing: in 1607 Edward Topsell repeated Caius' observation that “these little dogs are good to asswage the sickness of stomach, being oftentimes thereunto applied as a plaister preservative, or bourne in the bosum of the diseased and weak person, which effect is performed by their moderate heat.”*[28] By the 1840s, “Comforter”had dropped out of use, and the breed had returned to being called Toy Spaniels.*[29] The first written occurrence of a ruby coloured toy spaniel was a dog named Dandy, owned by a Mr Garwood in 1875.*[30] The dogs continued to be popular with royalty. Queen Victoria's first dog was a King Charles Spaniel named Dash.*[31] In 1896, Otto von Bismarck purchased a King Charles Spaniel from an American kennel for $1,000.*[32] The dog weighed less than 2 pounds (0.9 kg), and had been disqualified from the Westminster Kennel Club the pre- vious year on account of its weight.*[32] The average price was lower than that paid by Bismarck. In 1899, the 358 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL price ranged between $50 and $200 for a King Charles or Blenheim,*[33] with the Ruby and Prince Charles Spaniel ranging between $50 and $150.*[34]*[35]

74.1.4 Conformation showing and the 20th century

A Blenheim Spaniel in 1903

In 1903, the Kennel Club attempted to amalgamate the King James (black and tan), Prince Charles (tricolour), Blenheim and Ruby spaniels into a single breed called the Toy Spaniel. The Toy Spaniel Club, which oversaw those separate breeds, strongly objected, and the argument was only resolved following the intervention of King Edward VII, who made it clear that he preferred the name “King Charles Spaniel”.*[36] In 1904, the American Kennel Club followed suit, combining the four breeds into a single breed known as the English Toy Spaniel.*[3] The Japanese Spaniel was also considered a type of toy spaniel,*[37] but was not merged into the new breed and was recognised as a breed in its own right.*[36] Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia owned a King Charles Spaniel at the time of the shooting of the Romanov family on 17 July 1918. Eight days later, Nicholas Sokolov of the White Forces found a clearing where he 74.1. HISTORY 359 believed the bodies of the Romanov family had been burnt, and discovered the corpse of a King Charles Spaniel at the site.*[38] In 1920s, the Duchess of Marlborough bred so many King Charles Spaniels at Blenheim Palace that her husband moved out and later evicted the Duchess herself.*[39] Blunt-Lytton documented her attempts in the early 20th century to re-breed the 18th-century type of King Charles Spaniel as seen in the portraits of King Charles II.*[40] She used the Toy Trawler Spaniel, a curly haired, mostly black, small to medium-sized spaniel, and cross-bred these dogs with a variety of other breeds, including Blenheim Spaniels and Cocker Spaniels, in unsuccessful attempts to reproduce the earlier style.*[30]

Headshot of an early 20th-century Ruby Spaniel

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel originated from a competition held by American Roswell Eldridge in 1926. He offered a prize fund for the best male and female dogs of “Blenheim Spaniels of the old type, as shown in pictures of Charles II of England's time, long face, no stop, flat skull, not inclined to be domed, with spot in centre of skull.” *[41] Breeders entered what they considered to be sub‐par King Charles Spaniels. Although Eldridge did not live to see the new breed created, several breeders banded together and created the first breed club for the new Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in 1928, with the Kennel Club initially listing the new breed as “King Charles Spaniels, Cavalier type”. In 1945, the Kennel Club recognised the new breed in its own right.*[41] The American Kennel Club did not recognise the Cavalier until 1997.*[42] Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, continued the connection between royalty and the King Charles Spaniel, attending Princess Anne's tenth birthday party with her dog Rolly in 1960.*[43]*[44] Elizabeth II has also owned King Charles Spaniels in addition to the dogs most frequently associated with her, the .*[45] In 2008, the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed was critical of the breeding of a variety of pedigree breeds including the King Charles Spaniel. The show highlighted issues involving syringomyelia in both the King Charles and Cavalier breeds. Mark Evans, the chief veterinary advisor for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), said, “Dog shows using current breed standards as the main judging criteria actively encourage both the intentional breeding of deformed and disabled dogs and the inbreeding of closely related animals";*[46] this opinion was seconded by the Scottish SPCA.*[46] Following the programme, the RSPCA ended its sponsorship of the annual Crufts dog show,*[47] and the BBC declined to broadcast the event.*[48] The King Charles Spaniel is less popular than the Cavalier in both the UK and the US. In 2010, the Cavalier was the 23rd most popular breed, according to registration figures collected by the American Kennel Club, while the English Toy Spaniel was the 126th.*[49] In the UK, according to the Kennel Club, the Cavalier is the most popular breed in the Toy Group, with 8,154 puppies registered in 2010, compared to 199 registrations for King Charles Spaniels.*[50] 360 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL

King Charles Spaniels from 1915

Due to the low number of registrations, the King Charles was identified as a Vulnerable Native Breed by the Kennel Club in 2003 in an effort to help promote the breed.*[51]

74.2 Description

The King Charles has large dark eyes, a short nose, a high domed head and a line of black skin around the mouth.*[8] On average, it stands 9 to 11 inches (23 to 28 cm) at the withers, with a small but compact body.*[52] The breed has a traditionally docked tail.*[53] It has the long pendulous ears typical of a spaniel and its coat comes in four varieties, trait it shares with its offshoot, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.*[52]*[54] The four sets of markings reflect the four former breeds from which the modern breed was derived. Black and tan markings are known as “King Charles”, while “Prince Charles”is tricoloured, “Blenheim”is red and white, and “Ruby”is a single-coloured solid rich red.*[52] The “King Charles”black and tan markings typically consist of a black coat with mahogany/tan markings on the face, legs and chest and under the tail. The tricoloured “Prince Charles”is mostly white with black patches and mahogany/tan markings in similar locations to the “King Charles” . The “Blenheim”has a white coat with red patches, and should have a distinctive red spot in the center of the skull.*[55]*[56] King Charles Spaniels are often mistaken for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. There are several significant differences between the two breeds, the principal being the size.*[41] While the Cavalier weighs on average between 13 to 18 pounds (5.9 to 8.2 kg),*[54] the King Charles is smaller at 8 to 14 pounds (3.6 to 6.4 kg).*[52] In addition, their facial features, while similar, are distinguishable: the Cavalier's ears are set higher and its skull is flat, while the King Charles' is domed. Finally, the muzzle length of the King Charles tends to be shorter than the typical muzzle on a Cavalier.*[41] The American Kennel Club has two classes, English Toy Spaniel (B/PC) (Blenheim and Prince Charles) and En- glish Toy Spaniel (R/KC),*[3] while in the UK, the Kennel Club places the breed in a single class.*[57] Under the Fédération Cynologique Internationale groups, the King Charles is placed in the English Toy Spaniel section within the Companion and Toy Dog Group, along with the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.*[58] 74.3. TEMPERAMENT 361

A King Charles Spaniel with Prince Charles markings

74.3 Temperament

The King Charles is a friendly breed, to the extent that it is not typically as suitable as a watchdog as some breeds,*[52] though it may still bark to warn its owners of an approaching visitor.*[8] It is not a high energy breed, and enjoys the company of family members,*[52] being primarily a lapdog.*[8] Although able to bond well with children and tolerant of them, it will not accept rough handling. It prefers not to be left alone for long periods. Known as one of the quietest toy breeds, it is suitable for apartment living.*[52] The breed can tolerate other pets well,*[52] although the King Charles still has the hunting instincts of its ancestors and may not always be friendly towards smaller animals.*[3] It is intelligent enough to be used for obedience work and, due to its stable temperament, it can be a successful for hospitals and nursing homes.*[8]

74.4 Health

A natural bobtail can be found in some members of the breed, which is not a mutation of the T-box gene, and so is allowed under conformation show rules.*[59] Health-related research on the breed has been limited, with no major studies conducted in Britain. However, it has been included in studies outside the UK, including by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) in the United States.*[60] The King Charles Spaniel has a number of eye and respiratory system disorders common to brachycephalic dogs, and endocrine and metabolic diseases com- mon to small breeds,*[61] as well as specific breed-associated health conditions.*[60] The average lifespan is 10 to 12 years,*[62]*[63] and the breed should be able to reproduce naturally.*[60]

74.4.1 Eye and heart conditions

The eye problems associated with the King Charles Spaniel include cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichia, entropion, microphthalmia, optic disc drusen, and keratitis. Compared to other breeds, the King Charles Spaniel has an increased risk of distichia (where extra eyelashes or hairs cause irritation to the eye). Inheritance is suspected in the other conditions, with ages of onset ranging from six months for cataracts to two to five years for corneal dystrophy.*[64] Heart conditions related to the King Charles Spaniel include mitral valve disease, in which the mitral valve degrades, causing blood to flow backwards through the chambers of the heart and eventually leading to congestive heart fail- ure.*[65]*[66] Patent ductus arteriosus, where blood is channelled back from the heart into the lungs, is also seen and can lead to heart failure.*[67] Both of these conditions present with similar symptoms and are inheritable.*[66]*[67] 362 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL

The OFA conducted a survey on cardiac disease, where of 105 breeds, the King Charles Spaniel was found to be 7th worst, with 2.1% of 189 dogs affected.*[68]

74.4.2 Other common issues

Being a brachycephalic breed, King Charles Spaniels can be sensitive to anesthesia.*[69] This is because in brachy- cephalic dogs, there is additional tissue in the throat directly behind the mouth and nasal cavity, known as the pharynx, and anesthesia acts as a muscle relaxant causing this tissue to obstruct the dogs' narrow airways.*[70] These narrow airways can decrease the dogs' ability to exercise properly and increase their susceptibility to heat stroke.*[70] Other congenital and hereditary disorders found in the King Charles Spaniel are hanging tongue, where a neurological defect prevents the tongue from retracting into the mouth; diabetes mellitus, which may be associated with cataracts; cleft palate and umbilical hernia.*[71] The English Toy Spaniel Club of America recommends that umbilical hernias be corrected only if other surgery is required, due to the risk of surgery in brachycephalic breeds.*[72] In another study conducted by the OFA, the King Charles Spaniel was the 38th worst of 99 breeds for patella luxation; of 75 animals tested, 4% were found to have the ailment.*[73] However, surveys conducted by the Finnish breed club between 1988 and 2007 found that the occurrences were higher in some years, ranging from 5.3% to 50%.*[60] There are several breed traits which may cause concern as health issues. They include skull issues such as an open fontanelle, where in young dogs there is a soft spot in the skull; it is common in dogs under a year old. A complication from that condition is hydrocephalus, also known as water on the brain. This condition may cause neurological symptoms that require the dog to be euthanised. Fused toes, where two or more of the dog's toes are fused together, may seem to be a health issue but this breed trait is not a cause for concern.*[72]

74.5 References

Specific

[1] Hawks, Francis L.; Perry, Commodore Matthew C. (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan. Washington, D.C.: Beverley Tucker. p. 369.

[2] Lytton (1911): p. 94

[3] “English Toy Spaniel Did You Know?". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 20 March 2011.

[4] Lytton (1911): p. 14

[5] Cohen, Simona (2008). Animals as Disguised Symbols in Renaissance Art. Boston, MA: Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04- 17101-5.

[6] Lytton (1911): p. 15

[7] Lytton (1911): p. 38

[8] Rice, Dan (2002). Small Dog Breeds. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-7641- 2095-4.

[9] Lytton (1911): p. 16

[10] Caius, John; Fleming, Abraham (1576) [1570]. De Canibus Britannicis (in Latin). London, UK: Richard Johnes. p. 6.

[11] Shaw (1881): p. 162

[12] Lytton (1911): p. 52

[13] Lytton (1911): p. 17

[14] Walsh (1876): p. 667

[15] Moffat (2006): p. 19

[16] Lytton (1911): p. 19

[17] Browning, William Ernst, ed. (1910). The Poems of Jonathan Swift 1. London, UK: G. Bell and Sons. p. 288. 74.5. REFERENCES 363

[18] Hogarth, William (1833). Anecdotes. London UK: J.R. Nichols and Son. p. 374.

[19] Bowon, Edgar Peter (2006). Best in Show : the Dog in Art from the Renaissance to Today. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-89090-143-4.

[20] Wood, John George (1862). Natural History Picture Book: Mammalia. London, UK; New York, NY: Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p. 102.

[21] Anderson, James (1800). Recreations in Agriculture, Natural–History, Arts, and Miscellaneous literature 2. London, UK: T. Bensley. p. 241.

[22] Shaw (1881): p. 163

[23] Shaw (1881): p. 164

[24] Brown (1829): p. 295

[25] Youatt (1852): p. 78

[26] Brown (1829): p. 301

[27] Hungerland, Jacklyn E. (2003). Papillions. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7641-2419-8.

[28] Brown (1829): p. 302

[29] Lytton (1911): p. 36

[30] Lytton (1911): p. 40

[31] Longford, Elizabeth (1964). Victoria R.I. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 155. ISBN 0-297-17001-5.

[32] “Gillie Sells for $1,000”. The New York Times (Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.). 17 April 1896. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[33] Diehl (1899): p. 39

[34] Diehl (1899): p. 41

[35] Diehl (1899): p. 42

[36] Jackson, Frank (1990). Crufts: The Official History. London, UK: Pelham Books. p. 116. ISBN 0-7207-1889-9.

[37] Diehl (1899): p. 38

[38] Dalley, Jan (7 January 1996). “Grave Affairs”. The Independent (Independent Print Limited). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[39] Gladys, Duchess of Marlborough: the aristocrat with attitude

[40] Lytton (1911): p. 80

[41] Coile (2008): p. 9

[42] Moffat (2006): p. 23

[43] “Princess Anne's 10th Birthday”. The Herald (Newsquest). 16 August 1960. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[44] Gilmore, Eddy (29 August 1959). “Anne Happy, Phillip Miffed as Ike Leaves Family”. Gadsden Times (Roger Quinn). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[45] “Queen, Looking Well, Goes To Palace”. The Evening Times (Newsquest). 18 January 1960. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[46] Donnelly, Brian (16 September 2008). “Crufts Hit by 'Deformed' Breeds Row”. The Herald (Newsquest). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[47] Sugden, Joanne (15 September 2008).“RSPCA Pulls Out of Crufts Over Breeding Row”. The Times (News Corporation). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[48] Kiss, Jemima (12 December 2008). “BBC Suspends Coverage of Crufts Dog Show After Four Decades”. The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[49] “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 20 March 2011.

[50] “Comparative Tables of Registrations For the Years 2001 – 2010 Inclusive” (PDF). The Kennel Club. Retrieved 20 March 2011. 364 CHAPTER 74. KING CHARLES SPANIEL

[51] Hankins, Justine (19 February 2006). “The Dying Breeds”. The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[52] Palika (2007): pp. 232–233

[53] “Traditionally Docked Breeds”. The Kennel Club. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2011.

[54] Palika (2007): p. 190

[55] “English Toy Spaniel” (PDF). Canadian Kennel Club. Retrieved 25 March 2011.

[56] “King Charles Spaniel Breed Standard”. The Kennel Club. December 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2014.

[57] “Breed and Class Results: King Charles Spaniel”. DFS Crufts. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

[58] “Breeds Nomenclature”. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

[59] “Routuesittely” (in Finnish). King Charlesin Spaniel r.y. Retrieved 8 October 2011.

[60] “Kingcharlesinspanieli Jalostuksen tavoiteohjelma” (PDF). King Charlesin Spaniel r.y. Retrieved 8 October 2011.

[61] Fleming, J.M.; Creevy K.E., Promislow, D.E.L. (2011). “Mortality in North American Dogs from 1984 to 2004: An Investigation into Age-, Size-, and Breed-Related Causes of Death”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine) 25 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0695.x. ISSN 1939-1676. PMID 21352376.

[62] Michell, A. R. (1999). “Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with-sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease”. Veterinary Record 145 (22): 625–9. doi:10.1136/vr.145.22.625. PMID 10619607. “n=22, median=10.1”

[63] oʼNeill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). “Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England”. The Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020.“n=26, median=12.0, IQR=10.0-14.2”

[64] Gough, Alex (2010). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. Chichester, UK: Wiley–Blackwell. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4051-8078-8.

[65] “Breed Health Concerns/Research Interests”. American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2011.

[66] “Mitral Valve Disease”. American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2011.

[67] “Patent Ductus Arteriosus”. American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved 25 March 2011.

[68] “Cardiac Statistics”. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

[69] Arden, Darleen (2006). Small Dogs, Big Hearts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-471-77963-6.

[70] McKay, Scott Alan. “Brachycephalic Syndrome in Dogs and Cats”. Peteducation.com. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

[71] “Disorders by Breed: King Charles Spaniel”. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.

[72] “Breed Profile”. English Toy Spaniel Club of America. Retrieved 8 October 2011.

[73] “Patella Luxation Statistics”. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

General

• Brown, Thomas (1829). Biographical Sketches and Authentic Anecdotes of Dogs. Edinburgh, UK: Oliver and Boyd.

• Coile, D. Caroline (2008). Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (2nd ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-3771-6.

• Diehl, John E. (1899). Toy Dogs. Philadelphia: The Associated Fanciers.

• Lytton, Mrs. Neville (1911). Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors. New York, NY: D Appleton and Company.

• Moffat, Norma (2006). Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-74823-4. 74.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 365

• Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5. • Shaw, Vero Kemball (1881). The Illustrated Book of the Dog. London, UK; New York, NY: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. • Walsh, John Henry (1876). British Rural Sports. London: Saville, Edwards and Co.

• Youatt, William (1852) [1845]. The Dog. Philadelphia, PA: Blanchard and Lea.

74.6 External links

• King Charles Spaniel at DMOZ Chapter 75

King Shepherd

The king shepherd is a cross-bred dog developed in the 1990s by blending German Shepherd Dogs with Shiloh Shepherds and Long-Haired European German Shepherds.*[1]

75.1 Description

The build of this dog is extremely muscular, long, and robust; the structure is solid. The head is in good proportion with the body and moderately wide between the eyes. The forehead is slightly rounded. The cheeks are not too full and moderately curved when viewed from the top. The thick, firm ears are medium-sized and moderately wide at base. The eyes are medium-sized and almond shaped. The shades of the eyes can be varying shades of brown ranging from golden brown to almost black. The chest is broad and deep. Thickly feathered, the tail reaches at least to the hocks and is slightly curved. Docked tails are inadmissible. Paws are round and short with a well closed arch. The pads are very hard. The nails are short, strong,and dark colored. Dewclaws are usually removed. The King Shepherd comes with a wide range of colors: Sable, black saddle with tan, gold, cream, and tan or silver markings. Pale washed out colors are serious faults. The undercoat is little colored except in solid black dogs. White, blue, or liver colored dogs or a dog with a nose that is not black are not accepted in the show ring. Puppies change color until their final coat. There are two coat varieties - plush-haired and long-haired.*[2]

75.1.1 Size

King Shepherds are much larger than German Shepherd Dogs. Males stand at 29-32 inches tall and 100-150 pounds while females are 25-29 inches tall and 75 to 110 pounds.

75.1.2 Temperament

The King Shepherd is self-confident with a well-balanced personality and healthy nervous system. They should not exhibit any shyness or nervousness. They are extremely intelligent, easy to train and eager and faithful to please their owners. This breed makes a fine sheepherder and working dog. They are also a naturally courageous guard and watchdog, showing courage, strength, and hardiness in their role of protector. They make very nice companions and are friendly to other animals and children.*[3] They are a docile obedient breed with an easy gait and plenty of stamina.

75.2 Care

King shepherds are not recommended for apartment life. They are at their best in a yard with lots of room for running. The king shepherd takes well to strenuous activity, preferably combined with training of some sort. They are very intelligent and crave a good challenge. King shepherds need plenty of exercise, possibly more than the average breed. If this breed is not on a proper exercise regimen, it can grow restless, and even destructive.

366 75.3. ORIGIN 367

75.3 Origin

Two American dog breeders Shelly Watts-Cross, and David Turkheimer created this large breed from the Shiloh Shepherd (American and European German Shepherd Dogs*[4] and Alaskan Malamutes), additional American bred German Shepherd Dogs and the Great Pyrenees. An official dog breed club was started in 1995.

75.4 Other information

The King Shepherd's life expectancy is 10–14 years. King Shepherds are classified in the herding group and have recognition by: ARBA, AKSC, WWKC, ERBDC, SKC, and the APRI.

75.5 References

[1] Walker, Joan. The Everything German Shepherd Book. F+W Publications. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

[2] “King Shepherd”. American Rare Breed Association. January 1997. Retrieved 2011-07-23.

[3] Top Dog. DK Publishing. p. 36. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

[4] Buechert, Marian. “German Shepherd”. Modern Dog Magazine. Retrieved 2011-07-23. Chapter 76

Kintamani (dog)

The Kintamani is a dog native to the Indonesian island of Bali. It is a popular pet for the Balinese and locally Bali's only official breed and efforts are currently under way to have the dog accepted by the Federation Cynologique Internationale as a recognized breed. It is an evolving breed indigenous to the Kintamani region which evolved from the local Bali street dogs, which are rather a feral random-bred landrace distinctive to Bali.

76.1 Genetic evidence

Genetic studies have shown that, despite evidence to the contrary, the Kintamani dog is native to Bali. Thirty-one highly polymorphic short tandem repeat markers from Kintamani dogs, Bali street dogs, Australian dingoes, and nine American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized breeds of northeast Asian or European origin were compared. The Kintamani dog was identical to the Bali at all but three loci. The Bali street dog and Kintamani dog were most closely aligned with the Australian dingo, more distantly related to AKC recognized breeds of Chinese origin, and most distantly related to AKC breeds from western Eurasia. Therefore, the Kintamani dog has evolved from Balinese feral dogs with little loss of genetic diversity.

76.2 Characteristics

These results come despite observable facts about the Kintamani Dog that make them more similar to breeds from elsewhere and which set them apart from the average village dog; facts which had lent credence to a local folk belief that the breed originated 600 years ago from a Chinese brought from abroad. The Kintamani looks something like a mix between the Samoyed and a Malamute. They have long hair, a broad face, a flat forehead, and flat cheeks like Chinese dogs such as the Chow Chow and are amenable to life as a pet. Whilst many live much the same kind of life as an average village dog, they dig holes to nest their young and some live in small caves among the boulders around Kintamani. They are locally considered good-looking dogs are more often sought after as good pets. The Kintamani dog is gentle around people, yet retains enough assertive behavior to render it a noteworthy (but not vicious) watchdog.*[1] The most desired and only officially accepted coat color is white - preferably with apricot-tipped ears. Breeders often confine the dogs to cold dark caves near the Kintamani volcano, insisting it an essential step in developing the thick white coat. However, other coat colors, such as black, beige, and brindle exist. The withers height of the female Kintamani dog is 40–50 cm, 45–55 cm for the male, about the same as the stature of the Bali street dog. The desired physical traits of the Kintamani dog include erect ears, forwardly curved tail held at the midline, medium to longhaired coat, almond-shaped brown eyes, and black skin pigment. Bali street dogs come in many colors and coat patterns, and they are almost always shorthaired and straight- to curve- tailed. Both still whelp in burrows dug into the earth, a feral dog trait.

368 76.3. HISTORY 369

One-year-old black Kintamani

76.2.1 Temperament

A fiercely independent breed, Kintamanis can be aggressively territorial while at the same tender and affectionate with their own families. While most dog breeds are disinclined to climbing and heights, Kintamanis will climb across roofs and spend parts of the day happily installed sitting or sleeping atop a garden wall. They are light-footed and move freely, smoothly and lithely, and will bark when confronted with an unfamiliar sound or sight. Kintamani dog are very familiar to its owner and family.

76.3 History

Genetic studies of the breed have shown that has probably evolved from local Balinese feral dogs, and is distantly related to other Asian breeds.*[1] Folklore indicates that the Kintamani began with a Chow Chow around 600 years ago. The Kintamani achieved national recognition as a distinct dog breed in April 2006. It is also possible that the Kintamani Dog came with the Javanese invaders from the kingdom of Majapahit in 1343 or with the Javanese refugees of the civil war in the 15th century. But of all the hypotheses, about the origins of the Kintamani Dog, only one is really plausible: that sometime between the 12th and the 16th century a Chinese trader named Lee landed in Singaraja in Northern Bali, bringing with him a Chow Chow dog which bred with the local Balinese feral dogs. Lee later in settled in the Kintamani region and raised his family there. Evidence that the Lee family lived in Kintamani exists in the form of a Chinese temple in which people of the Confucian faith still worship.

76.4 Accreditation

To get accreditation from international body, Bangli Regency authority always facilitates Kintamani Dog Exhibition and Contest every year to attract people to know more about Kintamani Dog. Make guidance to Kintamani Dog 370 CHAPTER 76. KINTAMANI (DOG) breeders, make rule about Kintamani Dog purification area, make demonstration pilot project in some villages are also done for it.*[2]

76.5 See also

• List of Indonesia-related topics

76.6 References

[1] Puja IK, Irion DN, Schaffer AL, Pedersen NC (2005). “The Kintamani dog: genetic profile of an emerging breed from Bali, Indonesia”. J. Hered. 96 (7): 854–9. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi067. PMID 16014810.

[2] “Kontes Anjing Kintamani di Bangli Layak Dapat Penghargaan Dunia”. June 16, 2014.

76.7 External links

• Profile of a Kintamani

• Kintamani Chapter 77

Kishu

This article is about a dog breed. For the former Japanese province, see Kii Province. For the Japanese feudal do- main, see Wakayama domain.

The Kishu ( Kishū-ken), sometimes called Kishu Ken or Kishu Inu, is a Japanese breed of dog, developed there for thousands of years. It is descended from ancient medium-sized breeds and named after the Kishu region, now Wakayama Prefecture. This breed is similar to the Hokkaido, Shikoku and the Kai Ken. Sometimes it is mistaken for the white variant of Hokkaido because of very similar appearance. The Japanese originally used this breed of dog for boar and deer hunting. Like the Shiba, they are often quiet. Kishu will stalk prey quietly rather than bark.

77.1 Description

77.1.1 Appearance

The Kishu stands 17-22 inches (43–55 cm) tall, averages 30–60 pounds and is considered a medium-sized dog. The standard only permits solid colored dogs to be shown. Accepted show colors are white, red, or sesame. Although no color is officially preferred, white has become most common in recent decades. The nose color is primarily black, but with the white coat the nose can be brownish or pink in color. The bite is either scissor or a level bite. The tail is either carried in a sickle or curled over the back like that of an or . The coat is short, straight, and coarse with a thick undercoat. There is fringe on the cheeks and tail. The ears incline forward and are smaller rather than larger. This breed is tough, agile, and friendly.*[1]*[2]*[3]

77.1.2 Temperament

Kishu Kens are a one person/one family dog. They are courageous and brave as hunters, and will be loyal to their owners. They have a strong prey drive, and will hunt small animals. They do well with other dogs if socialized well as puppies, however, due to their pack instincts they might cause some fights for dominance. They are quite headstrong and willful, making training necessary, but they are devoted and loyal to family, getting along well with children, if raised with them. Kishu Kens like to keep an eye on whatever is going on, and sometimes find a high place to look out from. They can be aloof or shy around strangers. They are easily housebroken, intelligent, and strong willed.

77.2 Health

Health problems with the Kishu Ken are occasional Hypothyroidism (low thyroid), which is not uncommon among the Japanese breeds, and affects perhaps one in ten dogs. It is not life-threatening and treatment is a thyroid pill daily for the optimum health of the dog, as with humans. Food and environmental allergies are not uncommon in the Kishu Ken.*[4] The other known issue is Entropion, a genetic defect affecting the eye in which the eyelid turns inward and the lashes

371 372 CHAPTER 77. KISHU

scratch the eyeball. This is connected in part to the triangular shape of the eye in the Kishu Ken. This requires surgery to prevent the loss of vision in the eye and continual pain to the dog.

77.2.1 Grooming

The Kishu should be brushed weekly to keep their fur mat free and clean. Bathe them as necessary, depending on how dirty they are. Their ears should be checked routinely for wax build up, infection or dirt. Their nails should also be trimmed regularly. Kishu Kens shed once or twice a year, making grooming at these times needed. 77.3. HISTORY 373

77.2.2 Exercise

The Kishu needs adequate space to roam and exercise, meaning a house with a yard or urban environment with a fence. They need regular exercise on a leash, taking walks or runs. They can also be given a job to do such as herding to satisfy their exercise.

77.3 History

A study in the 1930s carried out by a Japanese breeder, Haruo Isogai, classified all native Japanese dog breeds into three categories: large-, medium-, and small-sized. The Kishu Ken belongs the medium-sized dog group. Other medium-sized dogs are the Kai Ken, the Hokkaido Ken, and the Shikoku Ken. They are all very similar with over- lapping colors and only minor differences in size and morphology.*[5] Kishu Ken are a primitive dog that was selectively bred for the hunting of wild boar and deer in the mountainous Wakayama prefecture. The breed was not standardized until 1934 and was composed of the dogs collected from that area. When the breed first started, approximately 70% of individuals were said to be non-white. The popularity of a primarily white line of Kishu Ken spread the gene responsible for white through the genepool and turned the Kishu Ken into the mostly-white breed it is today.*[6] The Kishu is a Foundation Stock breed with the American Kennel Club. The American Kishu Registry is the official Kishu registry in the United States and is recognized as such by AKC. Other registries include Japan Kennel Club (JKC) and Nihonken Hozonkai (NIPPO), both in Japan. The Nihonken Hozonkai is considered the main registry of the breed in its parent country and is responsible for the original breed standard.*[7] The Kishu has been recognized as a natural monument of Japan since 1934. Since this breed is so rare in North America and Europe, you may only 374 CHAPTER 77. KISHU get a chance to see it in its native homeland, Japan.

77.4 Manga

The works of manga artist Yoshihiro Takahashi feature many Kishu, characterizing them as skilled fighters.

• Akame of Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin • Kyōshirō of Ginga Legend Weed. Also Sakura, the main character's mother, was a Kishu. This makes Weed, the main character, a Kishu/Akita mix̶his father Gin was an Akita Inu. • Gamu, Kusakage, Shiba, Tsuchigumo, Oboro, and Honō, the Ganin warriors of Kacchū no Senshi Gamu.

77.5 Gallery

• • •

• Kishu Inu • • • • • • • • • •

77.6 See also

• Japan Kennel Club

77.7 References

[1] NIPPO Standard

[2] FCI Standard

[3] UKC Standard

[4] Japan Dog Export: Kishu Ken

[5] Taken from the Shikoku dog page

[6] The Kishu Ken by Shigeru Kato

[7] NIPPO (Japanese) 77.8. EXTERNAL LINKS 375

77.8 External links

• Japan Dog Export

• The Nihon Ken Blog • The Nihon Ken Forum

• Nihon Ken Hozonkai (NIPPO) (Japanese only) Chapter 78

Komondor

The Komondor (in Hungarian the plural for komondor is komondorok*[1]) is a large, white-coloured Hungarian breed of livestock guardian dog with a long, corded coat. Sometimes referred to as 'mop dogs,' the Komondor is a long-established*[2] powerful dog breed that has a natural guardian instinct to guard livestock and other property. The Komondor was brought to Europe by the Cumans*[3] and it was mentioned for the first time in 1544 in a Hungarian codex.*[2] The Komondor breed has been declared one of Hungaryʼs national treasures, to be preserved and protected from modification.*[4]

78.1 Etymology and history

Komondors were brought to Hungary by Cumans, the Turkic speaking, nomadic people who settled in Hungary during the 12th and 13th century. The name Komondor derives from Koman-dor, meaning “Cuman dog”. The breed descends from Tibetan dogs and came from Asia with the Cumans, whose homeland might have been near the Yellow River. In the late 900s, Mongols began to expand their territories at the expense of the Cumans, forcing them to move westwards. Fleeing from the Mongols, they reached the borders of Hungary in the 1100s. Cumans were granted asylum and settled in Hungary in 1239 under Köten Khan.*[3] Komondor remains have been found in Cuman gravesites. The name “quman-dur”means “belonging to the Cumans”or “the dog of the Cumans,” thus distinguishing it from a similar Hungarian sheepdog breed which later merged with the Komondor. The name Komondor is found for the first time written in 1544 in the History of King Astiagis by Kákonyi Péter, in Hungarian. Later in 1673 Amos Comenius mentions the Komondor in one of his works.*[5] Today the Komondor is a fairly common breed in Hungary, its country of origin. Many Komondors were killed during World War II and local stories say that this is because when the Germans (and then the Russians) invaded, they had to kill the dog before they could capture a farm or house that it guarded.

78.2 Description

The Komondor is a large dog (many are over 30 inches tall), making this one of the largest common breeds of dog, or a molosser. The body is covered by a heavy, matted, corded coat. The dogs have robust bodies, strongly muscled, with long legs and a short back,*[6] with the tails carried low. The body, seen sideways, forms a prone rectangle.*[6] The length of body is slightly longer than the height at the withers, approximately 104% of the height at withers.*[7]*[8] The Komondor has a broad head with the muzzle slightly shorter than half of the length of the head, with an even and complete scissor bite. Nose and lips are always black. People unfamiliar with the breed are often surprised by how quick and agile the dogs are.*[9] The minimum height of female Komondors is 25.5 inches (65 cm) at the withers, with an average height of 27.5 inches (70 cm). The minimum height of male Komondors is 27.5 inches (70 cm) with an average height of 31.5 inches (80 cm). No upper height limit is given.*[7] Komondor females on average weigh between 88–110 lb (40–50 kg) and Komondor males weigh on average between 110–132 lb (50–60 kg).*[6]*[8]

376 78.2. DESCRIPTION 377

The Komondor is a large dog. Young male Komondor, just over 12 months old, no proper cords developed yet

Young Komondor, cords beginning to develop. 378 CHAPTER 78. KOMONDOR

78.3 Appearance

A fully corded coat. The coat is long, thick and strikingly corded

The Komondor's coat is long, thick, and strikingly corded white coat, about 20 – 27 cm long (the heaviest amount of fur in the canine world), which resembles dreadlocks or a mop. The puppy coat is soft and fluffy. However, the coat is wavy and tends to curl as the puppy matures. A fully mature coat is formed naturally from the soft undercoat and the coarser outer coat combining to form tassels, or cords and will take around two years to form. Some help is needed in separating the cords so the dog does not turn into one large matted mess. The length of the cords increases with time as the coat grows. Shedding is minimal with this breed, contrary to what one might think (once cords are fully formed). The only substantial shedding occurs as a puppy before the dreadlocks fully form. The Komondor is born with only a white coat,*[10] unlike the similar-looking Puli, which can be white, black, or sometimes grayish. However, a working Komondor's coat may be discolored by the elements, and may appear off-white if not washed regularly. Traditionally the coat protected the Komondor from wolves' bites, as the bites were not able to penetrate the thick coat.*[11] The coat of the Komondor takes about two and a half days to dry after a bath.

78.4 Temperament

The Komondor is built for livestock guarding. The Komondor's temperament is like that of most livestock guarding dogs; it is calm and steady when things are normal, but in case of trouble, the dog will fearlessly defend its charges. It was bred to think and act independently and make decisions on its own.*[1] It is affectionate with its family,*[2]*[10] and gentle with the children and friends of the family. Although wary of strangers, they can accept them when it is clear that no harm is meant,*[12] but is instinctively very protective of its 78.5. USES 379 family, home and possessions.*[10] The Komondor is very good with other family pets, often very protective over them, but is intolerant to trespassing animals and is not a good dog for an apartment. The dog is vigilant, will rest in the daytime, keeping an eye on the surroundings, but at night is constantly moving, patrolling the place, moving up and down around the whole area.*[2] The dogs usually knock down intruders and keep them down until the owner arrives.*[2] Hungarian Komondor breeders used to say that an intruder may be allowed to enter the property guarded by a Komondor, but he will not be allowed to come out again.*[2]

78.5 Uses

The breed has a natural guardian instinct and ability to guard livestock.*[13] An athletic dog, the Komondor is fast and powerful and will leap at a predator to drive it off or knock it down. It can be used successfully to guard sheep against wolves or bears. It is a big, strong dog breed, armored with a thick coat. The coat provides protection against wild animals, weather and vegetation, the coat of the dog looks similar to that of a sheep so it can easily blend into a flock and camouflage itself giving it an advantage when predators such as wolves attack. The Komondor is one breed of livestock guardian dog which has seen a vast increase in use as a guardian of sheep and goats in the United States to protect against predators such as , , bears, and other predators.*[1]

78.6 Training

Due to the Komondor's size, power, speed and temperament, a lack of obedience training can result in danger to others. Komondors generally take well to training if started early (ideally between 4 – 8 months). A Komondor can become obstinate when bored, so it is imperative that training sessions be upbeat and happy. Praise is a must, as are consistent and humane corrections. Once a Komondor gets away with unfriendly or hostile behavior, it will always think such behavior is appropriate. Therefore, consistent corrections even with a young puppy are necessary to ensure a well-adjusted adult. Socialization is also extremely important.*[10] The Komondor should be exposed to new situations, people and other dogs as a puppy. Because it is a natural guard dog, a Komondor that is not properly socialized may react in an excessively aggressive manner when confronted with a new situation or person. Given the proper environment and care, a Komondor is a responsible, loving dog. They are devoted and calm without being sluggish. As in any breed, there is quite a range of personalities, so your needs should be outlined clearly to your breeder. An experienced breeder can try to identify that personality which would be happier as an independent livestock dog, or that which wants more to please and would make a good obedience dog or family pet. Adolescence can be marked by changes in a Komondor's temperament, eating habits, trainability and general attitude. Many Komondors are“late bloomers,”not fully mature until nearly three years of age. Breed-specific legislation requires some breeds to be muzzled in public places. is the only country that requires Komondors to be muzzled.*[14]

78.7 In popular culture

American musician Beck features a leaping Komondor as the album cover for his album Odelay.*[15]

78.8 See also

•

• Puli

• National symbols of Hungary

78.9 References

[1] “Komondor Dog Breeds”. 380 CHAPTER 78. KOMONDOR

[2] Kovács, András; Gibizer Tibor; Udvardiné Lukács Ildikó (1996). Komondor, Kuvasz. Elek és Társa Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-7314-33-4.

[3] “The early history of the Komondor”. Komondor.org. Retrieved 2 November 2011.

[4] “32/2004. (IV. 19.) OGY határozat”. Hungarian Parliament. 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[5] Komondor, kuvasz. Ujváriné Lukács Ildikó.

[6] “FCI Komondor Standards: FCI-Standard No 53”. Ari Komondor Kennel. 13 September 2000. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[7] “Komondor”. Kutya-Tár. 11 August 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[8] “Komondor Breed Standard”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[9] Soskin, Arthur R. (1998). “The FCI Hungarian standard”. Komondor.org. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[10] Heaney, Richard; Therese Heaney (1995). “Komondors”. K9web.com. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[11] The dog selector, David Alderton, 2010, IBSN 978-91-7401-2460 or 0-7641-6365-5 or 978-07-641-6365-4.

[12] “About the Komondor”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

[13] The dog selector, David Alderton, page 1562011, IBSN 978-91-7401-2460

[14] “Cainii din rasa Pitbull vor fi interzisi in Romania”. Adevǎrul (in Romanian) (Bucharest, Romania). 26 April 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2009.

[15] Odelay

78.10 External links

• Komondor at DMOZ Chapter 79

Kooikerhondje

The Kooikerhondje is a small spaniel-type breed of dog of Dutch ancestry that was originally used as a working dog, particularly in an eendenkooi (duck trap) to lure ducks. Kooikers were popular in the 17th and 18th century and appeared in the paintings of Rembrandt and Jan Steen. The breed is rapidly gaining popularity in the United States, Canada and Scandinavia, where it is still relatively unknown.

79.1 Description

79.1.1 Appearance

The Kooikerhondje is a small, flashy, red and white spaniel-like sporting dog. Originally bred in Holland as a duck decoy dog, its heavily white plumed tail waves jauntily to entice and lure ducks to follow it into Endenkooi (duck traps). When not working the traps, Kooikers were expected to work on the farm to catch vermin. The preferred height at the withers is 15 to 17 inches for males and 14 to 16 inches for females. The proportion of the Kooiker is off-square. The bone and substance of the Kooiker is moderate. The head should be in proportion to the dog. The expression is gentle and alert. Ears should be red in color and well feathered and ideally adorned with earrings. The color for the Kooiker should be predominately orange-red and may be patched or solid on pure white although a few small spots on the legs are acceptable. A black tail ring where the color changes from orange-red to white is permitted.

79.1.2 Temperament

Cheerful, good natured, friendly, quiet, well-behaved, and alert; those are terms that are used to describe the Kooik- erhondje. Depending on its domestic environment,*[1]it is kind, happy and lively. They are also intelligent, attentive and more than willing to please their owner. The Kooikerhondje adapts to situations rather quickly, changing his behavior from quiet to lively when the situation allows him to be. He will not always immediately like strangers, instead choosing to retreat. But once he warms up to someone, the trust will be there for the rest of his life.*[2] The Kooikerhondje can make a fine apartment dog if exercised regularly, but a fenced yard will be more ideal. He has a medium energy level, yet is usually quiet when indoors.

79.2 Health

Kooikers have good appetites and a tendency to put on weight easily. Their life span is 12–14 years. As Kooiker- hondjes have a small genetic base, hereditary diseases were somewhat prevalent earlier. These include:

• von Willebrand's disease, a blood clotting disorder *[3]

• Cataract and other eye diseases *[3]

• Patellar luxation *[3]

381 382 CHAPTER 79. KOOIKERHONDJE

A kooikerhondje

• Hereditary Necrotising Myelopathy (ENM) a fatal neurologic disease *[4]

Today (due to a lot of hard work in the national clubs) most Kooikers used for breeding are free from von Willebrands disease (most national clubs require both male and female dogs to be free from this disease to be allowed to breed). Patellar luxation is not major problem in most countries at the moment, but is kept under a close watch to prevent it from becoming a problem again. In the Netherlands, eye tests are available and all breeders breeding according to the breed club's rules have to test their dogs. Only dogs that are free of eye diseases are allowed to be used for breeding.*[3] Testing for ENM became available in 2012. In the Netherlands, only dogs who are tested may be used for breeding. Only allowed breedings are Free x Free or Free X Carrier. Carrier to Carrier should never be done as the risk of this fatal disease is high. Puppy purchasers should inquire about the ENM status of the parents. *[3]

79.3 History

The Kooikerhondje was developed in the Netherlands around the sixteenth century to be a tolling breed. They were used to lure and drive ducks into 'kooien' (cages in the form of canals with traps at the ends), where the hunter (the so-called Kooiker) could easily catch the fowl. The dogs that were used by the Kooiker for this kind of hunting technique, were referred to as the 'Kooiker's hondjes' (literally: Kooiker's dogs). Eventually this led to this dog being called Kooikerhondje. The breed almost became extinct after World War II until Baroness van Hardenbroek van Ammerstol rescued it. The breed was only officially recognized by the Raad van Beheer,*[5] the Dutch Kennel Club, in 1971*[6] and has since been imported into other countries and recognised officially. The breed is still relatively unknown in North America and not yet recognized as a breed in the US or Canada, although it has been accepted into the AKC's FSS program*[7] and will be assigned into the Sporting Group upon full recognition.*[8] In the United States, both the UKC and ARBA recognize the breed. In the UK, the breed has been removed from the import list and is now eligible to enter Crufts for the Best in Show 79.4. REFERENCES 383

Doctor's visit with kooikerhondje, painting (1658-1620) by Jan Steen award, despite there being only 76 of the breed in the UK. In January 2013, the Kennel Club announced it was re-classifying the Kooikerhondje from the gundog group to the utility group effective from January 2014. The decision was reached after discussions with the UK breed clubs and unanimous agreement was achieved.*[9] Some historians believe the Kooikerhondje may have possibly played a part in the development of the Nova Duck-Tolling Retriever.

79.4 References

[1] Vereniging het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje (EN), Dutch Kooikerhondje Club, official breed standard 384 CHAPTER 79. KOOIKERHONDJE

[2] Vereniging het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje (EN), Dutch Kooikerhondje Club, describing the breed

[3] Vereniging het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje (NL), Dutch Kooikerhondje Club, section purchase and health

[4] Vereniging het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje (EN) Information on DNA testing http://www.kooikerhondje.nl/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=276&Itemid=98&lang=nl

[5] Raad van Beheer (EN), Dutch Kennel Club

[6] Vereniging het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje (NL), Dutch Kooikerhondje Club, history

[7] Foundation Stock Service (EN), American Kennel Club Foundation Stock Service

[8] “AKC Kooikerhondje Did You Know?". Retrieved 11 September 2011.

[9] “Kooikerhondje moves to utility”. Dog World. Retrieved 17 January 2013.

79.5 External links

• Kooikerhondje at DMOZ Chapter 80

Koolie

The Koolie or Coolie (also known as the Australian Koolie or by the misnomer German Koolie*[1]) is an Australian dog breed. The Koolie is a working or herding dog which has existed in Australia since the early 19th century when it was bred from imported British working dogs. Robert Kaleski, in an article on Cattle Dogs in the August 1903 issue of the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, describes the “Welsh heeler or merle, erroneously known as the German collie,”as a “blue-gray dog about the size and build of a smooth-haired collie, generally with wall eyes.” The British background predominated in the dogs that came to be associated with the “German collie”name. There is substantial variation in the Koolie population, as were bred to exhibit different characteristics in different regions. The Koolie Club of Australia defines the breed based on its ability to work rather than on its conformation. However, most Koolie breeders refer to the Koolie as a breed rather than as a type, and assert that it “breeds true”, with various types or strains. The Koolie is a 'heading dog', one which has a natural instinct to cast out (i.e., circle widely), round sheep and bring them back to their owner. Koolies are known as silent, upright, working dogs. They are used for “heading”sheep and also for quiet careful work at close quarters at lambing time or for “shedding”(cutting out) sheep.

80.1 Description

80.1.1 Appearance

The Koolie is as diverse as the country it originates from, Australia. In the north of Queensland and New South Wales they are tall, medium boned and agile, bred for mustering Simmental cattle and Brahma over many miles. In The Hunter Valley region and Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, they're thicker set and shorter to flush low lying cattle from the dense bush and gullies. In Victoria, one finds the smallest variety of the Koolie. Koolies are bred to meet the needs of the stockman, grazier and farmer, all agile, all with the same ability to adapt to any situation, all with a strong willingness drive. The Koolie vary from 40 to 60 centimetres (16 to 24 in) in size and are a contrast of coat, colour and body type, although they are merled coat pattern. The solid red or black Koolie are often mistaken for Kelpies, and some bi coloured Koolie have been taken for Border Collies by the general public, rarely if ever by breeders. As all of these breeds share Collie ancestry, they resemble each other.

80.1.2 Coat

The Koolie coat ranges from short/smooth (like that of the original blue merle Collies from Scotland) short (like a working Kelpie) medium and not common long (like the show Border Collie). Koolies are typically slightly longer than tall. The majority of owners prefer the short/smooth coats as they do not pick up grass seed, and are very easy to maintain, with the occasional swim to keep the coat glossy and free of parasites.

385 386 CHAPTER 80. KOOLIE

Red Merle short coat blocking cattle

Solid Red & Red Merle short coat mustering cattle 80.1. DESCRIPTION 387

80.1.3 Colouring

Koolie colours can be solid (all one colour black or red/chocolate this includes Koolie who are cryptic merle: carry the merle gene but do not display it obviously) “bi”(black & white or red & white) “tri”(solid red or black, with white markings, normally with brown points), or “tri merle”(same description but merle) “merle”(grey, black,red/chocolate or white undercoat with large splashes of darker colourings of red/chocolate for red merles or black, grey for blue merles). Black Koolies will commonly have a black nose with black eyes, or tones of black including blue. Red or chocolate Koolies will commonly have a red or chocolate nose with brown eyes, or tones of brown, including yellow, and there can be combinations of both black or brown with the added blue eye/s. There are also dilute colours of slate or gun metal grey for black Koolies and fawn for Red Koolies. Also there is a yellow or cream colour created by the E,loci which is a masking gene and covers a red/chocolate Koolie to make it appear yellow/cream, this gene will also cover any merle, so it's advised that great care be taken and DNA done to discover if the E,loci is present before breeding. The same advice is given with relations to the dilute gene.

80.1.4 Temperament

Blue merle short coat heading sheep

Graziers, stockmen and dairy farmers across Australia since days long past have typically selected breeds which display the abilities required to meet their working needs. The temperament found in a Koolie is a culmination of these much sought-after abilities. The optimal worker possesses a combination of working skills and bonding temperament. There are times when an uninitiated dog owner or a new enthusiast mistakes the Koolie as a shy, reserved or even a timid animal. The Koolie's temperament needs to be understood in proper context when one seeks an optimal match of skills and demeanour. Koolies are intelligent animals, and the most experienced handlers know well that they need guidance in training. A steady and supportive approach will be productive, proving the Koolie's adaptability in diverse situations when given time. Owners will be rewarded through the Koolie's diligence in varied roles such as in work situations, sporting activities, loyal service or the time honoured role of companionship. Known to be patient, temperate, dedicated, with a strong sense of willingness and devotion; the Koolie is not naturally aggressive but can demonstrate dominance. They show 388 CHAPTER 80. KOOLIE an untiring enthusiasm for work and an admirable hardiness when the job or circumstance requires.

80.2 Health

blue merle-smooth coat-In Agility

The median longevity of Koolies is about 18 years, which is a typical lifespan for this breed. Koolies have a diverse gene pool and so do not suffer from the many genetic problems found in recognised breeds, but the merle for which the Koolie is most recognised by can and does produce white blind and or deaf pups. It is highly recommended that when considering breeding, that matings of merle to solid are the safest option.

80.2.1 Medical research

• In 2003 DNA testing carried out on 56 individual Koolie bloodlines from Australia by Dr. Mark Neff of the University of California at Davis in the USA cleared those bloodlines tested for the presence of the mutant gene mdr1-1, which causes malfunction in the canine multidrug resistance gene; Collie bloodlines were chosen to be tested because they showed a reaction, even death, to chemicals, such as Ivermectin, used in the treatment of intestinal parasites.

• In 2004, the Koolie club of Australia in conjunction with Genetic Science Service of Australia launched the collection and processing of Koolie DNA, which continues to test for all current Collie diseases and family relationships. To date, the Koolie Club of Australia's database records show that their registered Koolie breed is relatively free of common genetic disorders that are found in recognised pure breeds, thanks to DNA testing. It is generally accepted that this is due to the natural breeding selection, which has continued unhindered for over 160 years. 80.3. HERDING TECHNIQUE 389

• In 2007, the Koolie Club of Australia through Genetic Science Service of Australia gained access to the Merle test, discovered in 2006 by Dr. Keith Murphy's laboratory of the Department of Pathobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of Texas A&M University more info

• In 2008, Koolies registered with the Koolie Club of Australia have undertaken a breed Specificity test to identify the Koolie genetically, the results will help discover and create stronger bloodlines.

• In 2010, the Australian Koolie's own unique signature gene is discovered through ASAP laboratories in Victoria Australia, by Dr. George Sofronidis, making them the first Australian breed recognise by their DNA before the controlling canine body of their home country.

• In 2012, the Australian Koolie breed became a recognised member of the Veterinaries Genetics Assurance program

80.3 Herding technique

A Red Merle koolie backing sheep.

Koolies are much sought-after in rural Australia, and interest is now being shown in America, Canada, Germany, Finland, New Zealand, Switzerland and Holland. According to Geoff Broughton, past president of the Koolie Club of Australia for 7 years, the Koolie will head (move to the front or head of the stock to push them back towards you), heel or drive, (push the stock from behind), cast (move out and around the stock), block (hold the stock or block them from in front, in three sheep trials this action is called the pick up) and back (literally jump onto the backs of their charges to herd them if necessary). Koolies have a reputation for being upright workers with a good eye, who can easily shift their focus from holding the group to casting around a flock or gathering breakaways. They are not known for having“sticky eyes”(focusing on the sheep in front only). Unlike other working breeds, which are noted for their crouched form or style and preference for either yard or field work, Koolies are at ease working in closed 390 CHAPTER 80. KOOLIE surroundings such as yards or trucks and being out in paddocks and droving. As well as working anything from ducks to bulls, like all dogs of their kind they will herd family members and children in the absence of other charges. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Koolies exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in stock dog trials.*[2]

80.4 History

Red Merle short coat blocking sheep

The Koolie's ancestors were the smooth coated blue merle Collie (imported from Britain in the 19th century) and the Black and Tan Collie from the Highlands of Scotland; these were the same type imported by Thomas Hall for 80.5. SEE ALSO 391 the creation of his Heelers. The Koolie is believed to be descended from the same Collie types that were brought to Australia for the kennels of Thomas S. Hall (an originator of the breed); some believe that they could be direct descendants of Hall's dogs. While some believe the 'German Coolie' to be descended from the 'German Tiger', a European herding dog, there is no genetic or even anecdotal evidence to support this claim. A more plausible theory is that these dogs were used by German immigrants in South Australia who, unable to correctly pronounce 'collie', referred to the dogs as 'coolies'. Others have noted strong similarities with the Australian Koolie and the Welsh Collie, another British herding subtype. According to older Koolie breeders personal records, from diaries and photo albums the Koolie has been around for over 160 years. During the industrial era some bloodlines were influenced by Kelpie and Border Collie, as explained by one grazier in Western Australia, “You bred from the good workers which were around and Koolies were not always to be found, so you bred to the next best worker that was and this was either the Kelpie or Border depending on the region you lived and the stock you worked”. In 2000, the Koolie Club of Australia was formed to preserve, protect and ethically promote the Koolie breed. The Koolie Club does not actively work towards bench standard recognition, feeling this would only be detrimental to the breeds working future. As of (2013), no bench standard exists. In 2004, the Koolie breed was recognized by the Australian Sporting Registrar, judges from the Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) may judge Koolies in all ANKC sanctioned sporting trials. In the states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, registered Koolies may compete in, herding, obedience, tracking, jumping, gam- bles and dog agility events through registration on their State's Sporting Register as members of the Koolie Club of Australia. In May 2006, the Stockdog Committee of the Club of America*[3] voted to accept the“Koolie/German Coolie”into their list of recognised and accepted herding breeds, admission was granted June 2006. In 2006, The American Herding Breed Association accepted the Australian Koolie onto their list of recognised and accepted breeds.

80.4.1 Exports

In 2002, the first exportation to America of a registered DNA tested Koolie were orchestrated by members of the Koolie Club of Australia, for Ms Torry Lynn Revels of North Carolina, USA. In 2003, at the Koolie Club of Australia's Annual General meeting a unanimous vote was returned to appoint Ms Revels the clubs official representative in America, Ms Revels was instrumental in gaining acceptance of the Australian Koolie to the recognised breeds lists of the American Herding Breed Association and the Australian Shepherd Club of America in order to gain qualifying scores in herding trials. In 2008, the first exportation to New Zealand of a registered DNA tested Koolie were orchestrated by members of the Koolie Club of Australia, for Ms Penny Nalders of Wellington, NewZealand. In 2008, the first exportation to Finland of registered DNA tested Koolies were orchestrated by members of the Koolie Club of Australia, for Ms Sinikka Kumpusalmi of Vehmersalmi, and Mrs Satu Tasanen of Honkilahti, Finland. In 2011, the first exportation to Switzerland of registered DNA tested Koolies were orchestrated by members of the Koolie club of Australia, for Ms Brigitt Stirnimann of Aarwangen, Switzerland.

80.5 See also

• Bob the Railway Dog

80.6 Notes

[1] Koolie Club of Australia Retrieved on 23 October 2008

[2] Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.

[3] “Welcome to the Australian Shepherd Club of America”. Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA). Retrieved 22 July 2008. 392 CHAPTER 80. KOOLIE

Solid Tri, short coat USA import

80.7 References

• Aleta Curry (2003). “The All-Australian Dog: The Koolie”, one of a series of articles appearing in The Southern Village View Magazine, © 2003. • Koolie Club of Australia (2003). " The Reemerging Breed”, one of a series of articles appearing in Dogs Life Magazine, © 2003 • Chris Howe (1996) “The Origin of the German Koolie”one of a series of articles appearing in The Working Stock Dog Magazine of Australia © 1996 • Australian Shepherd Club of America: Admissions of Koolie/German Coolie breed of Australia effective 1 June (2006) located on page 37 of ASCA Rules and regulations • Linda Rorem, (1997) “Collie Family Tree”first published 1997 © Linda Rorem • Carol Ann & Ernest Hartnagle “The Total Australian Shepherd: Beyond the Beginning”© 2007 • Jeanne Joy Hartnagle “All About Aussies”© 1985, 1996, 2005 • The Merle Gene (2006)- Department of Pathobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of Texas A&M University © 2006 80.8. FURTHER READING 393

80.8 Further reading

• Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779- 106-5.

80.9 External links

• The Koolie Club of Australia • The Koolie Forum

• Wikifido-Koolie • Koolie Rescue

• ASAP • Author Jeanne Joy Hartnagle - Australian Shepherd, Origin & History

• New Zealand Working Breeds Chapter 81

Korean Jindo

The Korean Jindo Dog (Hangul: 진돗개; hanja: 珍島狗) is a breed of hunting dog known to have originated on Jindo Island in South Korea. Brought to the United States with South Korean expatriates, it is celebrated in its native land for its fierce loyalty and brave nature. The Jindo breed became recognized by the United Kennel Club on January 1, 1998*[1] and by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 2005.*[2]*[3]

81.1 Description

81.1.1 Appearance

Jindos are double-coated spitz-type dogs. Much like the Dingo developed in Australia, the Jindo Gae is the natural or feral dog of a particular island of Korea. Distinguishing the Jindo breed from mixes and other breeds is often done by close examination of cranial and facial features and by analyzing the proportion of the head to the body. In addition, the breed exhibits sexual dimorphism with females having more angular heads than males.*[4] The keen and alert appearance of the Jindo gives the impression of intelligence, strength, and agility. Other features include fully perked ears and a smooth coat.

Body

Korean Jindo owners have traditionally divided Jindos into two body types:

• Tonggol or Gyupgae: This type is more muscular and stocky with the Korean National Dog Association (KNDA) recognizing an equal proportion of height at the withers to length (10:10). The depth of chest is approximately equal to one-half the height at the withers. The loin is also typically shorter.

• Hudu or Heutgae: This type is more slender with a somewhat less depth of chest and a slightly longer loin. Moreover, other physical features tend to have an increased length, such as the ears, muzzle, and head. This results in an appearance that is longer than tall with the KNDA recommending a height at the withers to length ratio of 10:11.

The KNDA also recognizes a third body type called Gakgol which is a gradually emerging combination of the two traditional types, retaining the length of body of the Hudu and the depth of chest of the Tonggol. In regards to the Jindo's body appearance, the United Kennel Club currently states, “The squarely built Jindo has a chest that is moderately deep but not too broad. At its deepest point the chest reaches to, or just above, the elbow. The brisket is well developed and the ribs are well sprung. The back is strong and straight and the loin is well muscled, taut, lean and narrower than the ribcage. There is considerable tuck up.”*[5]

Color

Jindos come in five colors:

394 81.1. DESCRIPTION 395

• White (baekgu)-This color is actually an off-white or ivory shade with tan or light brown around the tips of the ears, the back of the hind legs, and the tip of the tail. Some whites may have a subtle tan stripe running from the head, down the top line, to the tail.

• Fawn (hwanggu)-The color of well-ripened wheat.

• Grey-This coat looks gray from a distance but is actually made up of individual white, black, and fawn colored hairs.

• Black and tan (heukgu)-Black head and upper body with tan on the muzzle, belly, and paws, and an eye-shaped tan spot over each eye.

• Brindle-Also known as“Tiger”pattern. Thin, dark brown or black stripes like a tiger's on a fawn base. These stripes appear at an early age.

Some Jindo Island residents value black, black/red, and red/white Jindos as good hunters. The United Kennel Club recognizes six different coat colors: white, red, fawn, grey, black, black and tan, and brindle (tiger pattern).

81.1.2 Feet

The feet are of medium size, round in shape, with thick, strong tan pads. Nails are hard and may be black, cream or gray.

81.1.3 Gait

• The Jindo moves with strides of moderate length.

• It is a quick, light, elastic trot which enables the Jindo to travel quickly over any terrain.

• The forelegs and hind legs are carried straight forward, with neither elbows nor stifles turned in or out.

• At a normal walking speed, the Jindo tends to lower its head.

Head

• The top skull of an adult dog should be broad and rounded between the ears and free from wrinkles.

• The under jaw is well-developed and helps give a round or octagonal shape to the head when viewed from the front. Coarse hairs stand away from the cheeks.

• The ears are triangular and upright (leaning forward past vertical). The inside of the ears should be well-furred. Ears on puppies normally lie flat until they are past 5–6 months.

• The eyes are almond/round. They should be a shade of brown (a dark reddish-brown being preferred). Some dogs have light brown eyes but this color is not desirable. Jindos should not have blue eyes.

• The nose should be black on non-white dogs. White dogs may have mottled portions of tan or pink in the center of the nose.

• The muzzle is well proportioned without being bulky. The lips should be taut and black. The preferred color for the tongue is solid pink. Jindos can have blue-black tongues like Chows and Sharpeis but it is not common.

• The Jindo has a complete set of evenly spaced, white teeth with a scissors bite.

• Typically, males have larger heads and females have more fox-like features. 396 CHAPTER 81. KOREAN JINDO

Baekgu (White Jindo)

81.1.4 Temperament

The Korean Jindo Dog is well known for its unwavering loyalty and gentle nature.They are of medium to high energy. They make great house dogs as long as they are given good mental and physical stimulation (i.e. plenty of on-leash walks), however they are not typically suited to environments. Jindo dogs need reasonable space to roam and run but this can be accommodated through consistent walks. Jindos require a lot of care and attention. If kept in a yard, the fencing must be at least 6 feet high due to their strong hind legs that enable them to jump high. Because the Jindo is an active and intelligent dog, it requires frequent interaction with people or another dog in the family. For some the Jindo may even be too intelligent, for it will commonly think for itself. The same intelligence that allows the dog to learn commands and tricks very quickly can be a bit too much to handle. If left alone for a long stretch, it finds its own entertainment. A young Jindo may attempt to climb over a fence or wall, even by way of a tree or digging under, or tear up the house if confined indoors. Jindos serve as excellent watchdogs, able to distinguish family from foe, friends from strangers. The Korean Army is known to use Jindos as guard dogs at major bases. Because Jindos rarely bark aggressively, especially in familiar environments, an owner may lend special credence to the warning of his/her pet. Many Jindos do not take any food 81.1. DESCRIPTION 397

Hwanggu (Fawn Jindo) from anyone other than their owners.*[6] Many Koreans consider Jindo Dogs as 'gatekeepers', loosely tied up near the front gate of the house in rural areas. Some Jindos display a curious aversion from running water and avoid situations that might get them wet. They let themselves be washed, although with great reluctance. Some may even be afraid of going out in the rain. Many Jindos would not want to cross a bridge over running water. 398 CHAPTER 81. KOREAN JINDO

People adopt Jindo dogs because of their beautiful appearance, high intelligence, loyalty, and sometimes for their fighting spirit, then quickly realize that raising a Jindo dog to be a well-behaved member of the family takes a lot of effort and time. This characteristic may come from the background that Koreans traditionally kept their pet dogs outside their houses.

81.1.5 Height & weight

Desirable height at maturity, measured at the withers, ranges from 19½ to 21 inches(or 48 cm to 53 cm) for males and 18½ to 20 inches(or 45 cm to 50 cm) for females.*[7] Weight should be in proportion to the height, giving a well-muscled, lean appearance without being too light or too heavy. The typical weight range for a male Jindo in good condition is 40 to 60 pounds or 18 to 27 kilos; for a female, 35 to 55 pounds or 16 to 25 kilos.

81.1.6 Tail

The tail is thick and strong and set on at the end of the top line. The tail should be at least long enough to reach to the hock joint. The tail may be loosely curled over the back or carried over the back in a sickle position. The hair on the underside of the tail is thick, stiff, abundant, and twice as long as the coat on the shoulders, which causes the hair to fan outward when the tail is up.

81.2 History

There is no written record of the origin of the Korean Jindo Dog. Authorities agree that the Jindos originated and existed on Jindo Island for a long time. There have been many theories regarding the origin of Jindo Dog. One of the theories describes Jindo as cross-breeds with Mongolian dogs when Mongol forces invaded Korea around the 13th century.*[8] They are now protected under the Cultural Properties Protection Act.*[9] In 1962, the Government of South Korea designated the Jindo as the 53rd 'Natural Treasure' (or translated as 'Natural Monument') (; )*[10] and passed the Jindo Preservation Ordinance. Because of the special status of the Jindo, it is very difficult to export purebred Jindo outside of Korea.*[11] Jindos marched in the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea. The United Kennel Club recognized the Jindo on January 1, 1998. The Jindo Dogs Guild of Korea (), as of 2008, issues certificates of pure Korean Jindo Dog, which specifies the registered number of the mother, sex, and birth date of the dog, as well as breeder's address and whether the dog is of purebred.*[6] The breed first appeared in the West in France and has since made its way over to the U.S.*[12] There are 25 registered Jindos in the United Kingdom.March 2006 issue of the Chew Valley Gazette Also, the Korean government and Samsung have contributed to efforts to gain international recognition for the Jindo.*[13]

81.2.1 Hunting

The Jindo are renowned for their outstanding hunting ability, due to their courage, cunning, and pack sensibility. Besides the usual prey of medium to large game, their hunting prowess is displayed in a legend of three Jindos that killed a Siberian tiger. They have mainly been used as deer and boar hunters. There have been anecdotal reports of Korean owners being awakened by their Jindo one morning to be led deep into the forest to a deer the dog had taken down alone. There have also been reported cases in America of intruding coyotes being killed by Jindos defending their territory. In traditional Korean hunting without guns, a pack of well trained Jindos was extremely valuable. A master with a loyal pack could hunt without much trouble at all, for when the pack brings down a deer, boar or other target, one of them returns to the master to lead him to the prey, while the others stand guard against scavengers. 81.3. SEE ALSO 399

81.2.2 As police and military dogs

In a 2009 interview with Korea Economic Daily (), Bak Nam-sun (), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change.*[14] In 2010, Son Min Suk (), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that most of Korean military dogs were German Shepherds, and that Jindo dogs were not fit for military dogs as they were highly likely to escape their duties to find their first handlers who might be discharged from military services, or to come back to their original home.*[15] However, efforts to train Jindo dogs as search and rescue dogs continue. In October 2010, the Police Department announced their intent to evaluate the Jindo dog breed for law enforcement service, specifically for patrol and detection service. Four selected Jindo puppies would be distributed to LAPD and Glendale California Police Department to be trained as K9 units.*[16] After a year of trying, the trainers found that the dogs did not have the right disposition for police work because they were too easily distracted and too eager to please their masters.*[17]

81.2.3 Anecdotes on loyalty of Jindos

In 1993, a 7-year-old female Jindo named Baekgu (; ; translated as a White Dog), raised by Park Bok-dan (), an 83-year-old woman on Jindo Island, was sold to a new owner in the city of Daejeon which is located about 300 km (180 mi) away from the island. The dog escaped her new home and returned to her original owner, Bak, after 7 months, haggard and exhausted. Baekgu remained with her original owner, who decided to keep the loyal dog, until the dog died of natural causes 7 years later. The story was a national sensation in Korea and was made into cartoons, a TV documentary, and a children's storybook.*[18] In 2004, Jindo County erected a statue of Baekgu in her hometown to honor the dog.*[19] Another Jindo, also named Baekgu, a 4-year-old male at the time who lived alone with his owner Park Wan Suh ( ) residing on Jindo Island, did not eat anything and mourned for his dead owner for seven days after the owner died from a liver disease in June 2000.*[20] According to Chosun Ilbo, the dog accompanied his dead owner for three days until other people came to find the body, followed the owner to his funeral, and came back home, not eating anything for four days. The Korean Jindo Dog Research Institute () brought him under its care, but a person related to the Institute announced that the dog would not interact with anyone except for his feeder as of 2005.*[21]

81.3 See also

• List of dogs noted for being faithful after their master's death • Nureongi • Pungsan Dog • Sapsali

81.4 References

[1] United Kennel Club breed recognition.

[2] Federation Cynologique International breeds nomenclature.

[3] “Jindo to host dog show to promote its own breed”press release by the Korean Culture and Information Service on September 25 2008

[4] “Jindo - Appearance - Head

[5]

[6] 2008 Sonyon Hankook Ilbo Article (2008 ) 400 CHAPTER 81. KOREAN JINDO

[7] Appearance of Jindo Dog and pictures by Jindo Dog Research and Testing Center

[8] “Jindo one step closer to prancing at American dog shows”press release by the Korean Culture and Information Service

[9] History of Jindo Dog from Jindo Dog Research and Testing Center

[10] Jindo profile, Korean Cultural Heritage site

[11] “Dog Fight: Jingoism vs Jindosim”June 10 Australian Broadcasting Corporation News

[12] Breed Information: Korean Jindo at Pet Health Library, Purian Care

[13] “South Korea finds something it can't export...the dog its people consider a national treasure”June 10 2008 article of Daily Mail

[14] Korea Economic Daily article 2009 9 11

[15] Herald Media article 2010 9 25

[16] LAPD Bulletin: Evaluation of the Jindo Dog, Los Angeles Police Department message announcing their evaluating the viability of the Jindo dog breed for law enforcement service, October 19, 2010]

[17] Glionna, James M., “LAPD finds South Korean Jindo dogs not up to snuff”, November 13, 2011

[18] Song, J. (1997). [Return of Baekgu the Jindo dog]. Seoul, Korea: Daegyo. ISBN 89-395-1413-0

[19] 2004 Yonhap News article (2004 )

[20] “A moving stoy of Jindo dog”by Jindo Dog Research and Testing Center

[21] 2005 Chosun Ilbo Article (2005 )

81.5 External links

• Korean Jindo at DMOZ Chapter 82

Kromfohrländer

The Kromfohrländer (/ˈkroʊmfərlændər/ KROHM-fər-land-ər) is a breed of dog that originated in Germany. It is used as a companion dog.

82.1 Appearance

Kromfohrländer, smooth haired.

The Kromfohrländer comes in 2 coat variations: wirehaired (Rauhaar) and smooth haired (Glatthaar). The distinction is the presence of a beard on the wirehaired variety and a rather long coat on the smooth haired variety. Therefore the wirehaired resembles a terrier, while the smooth haired looks rather like a toy spaniel. The color is brown/tan/buff markings on a white background with a blaze on the face 'as symmetrical as possible.'

401 402 CHAPTER 82. KROMFOHRLÄNDER

Kromfohrländer, wirehaired

82.1.1 Size

This dog is medium in size Height: 38 to 46 centimetres (15 to 18 in) at the withers. Weight: 10 to 14 kilograms (22 to 31 lb).

82.2 Temperament

The Kromfohrländer is a very lively, good-natured, intelligent breed with a comparatively weak hunting instinct, loves to play and run and can adapt to many situations fairly well. Kromfohrländers are very much “people dogs”and they rarely ever stray very far from their owner. They take to strangers and children rather hesitantly at first, but once they get familiar, they're friends for life.

82.3 Health

Epilepsy, cystinuria (buildup of amino acids in the urine), keratosis ('corny feet' known in some terrier breeds) and patellar luxation (knee dislocation). It is a breed with very limited genetics and is very difficult to acquire. Currently, a breeding project, supervised by FCI, to expand Kromforhländer genetics is being operated in Europe.

82.4 History

The Kromi originated in Germany in the 1940s. It is the only dog breed descended from a dog. 'Original Peter' was found in France by American soldiers during World War 2. Peter came to Germany with his troop and was lost. He was discovered by Ilsa Schleifenbaum, who developed the breed using various dogs (most 82.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 403 likely terrier and griffon type breeds) for 10 years. The Kromfohrländer was first recognized by FCI for showing in 1955. The Kromfohrländer was introduced to America in 1997 by Gene Cummings. The Kromfohrländer was admitted to American Kennel Club's Foundation Stock Service in 2012. The first Kromfohrlanders were exhibited in America in 2013.

82.5 External links

• Kromfohrländer Club of America

• Association for Wirehaired Kromfohrländers/Germany

• Finnish Breed Association for Kromfohrländer • Rassezuchtverein der Kromfohrländer/German Kromfohrländer Club Chapter 83

Kumaon Mastiff

Kumaon Mastiff (Kumauni: सिप्रो कुकुर) is a rare breed of dog originating in Uttarakhand state of India. Originally bred as a watch dog in the hills of Kumaon this dog is today rare, even in the region of its origin.*[1]

83.1 Origin

It is said that the dogs primitive ancestors were domiciled in the Kumaon region.

83.2 Appearance

Kumaon Mastiff is a large dog with fairly lean, muscular, well-boned bodies. They have a large powerful head and a strong neck . They have a short, soft coat that always comes in brindle, ranging from dark to light shades. They may also have white markings. The average height of these dogs is 28 inches.*[2] Their appearance has been described to be similar to old Great Danes.

83.3 Temperament

They are aggressive dogs and need training.

83.4 Endangered Breed

It is estimated that only 150-200 individuals of this breed exist in its country of origin i.e. India *[3] in the distant interiors of Kumaon hills, Uttarakhand. Greater population of these dogs may be present in Europe,*[1] particularly in Italy and Finland*[2] where it was introduced by breeders who took the breed to Europe in the late 19th century.

83.5 See also

• Mastiff • List of Mastiff Type Breeds

83.6 References

[1] “Kumaon Mastiff-On the Verge of Extinction”. mastiffdogsite.com. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

404 83.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 405

[2] “Cypor Kukur”. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

[3] “Endangered Breeds”. BSL Information. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

83.7 External links Chapter 84

Kunming wolfdog

The Kunming wolfdog (Chinese: 昆明狼狗; pinyin: Kūnmíng lánggǒu), also commonly known as the Kunming dog (Chinese: 昆明犬; pinyin: Kūnmíng quǎn)*[1] is an established breed of wolfdog originated in China.*[2] They have been trained as military assistant dogs to perform a variety of tasks such as detecting mines. Some are also trained to be fire dogs and rescue dogs.*[3] Today they are commonly kept as family companions by many pet owners in China.

84.1 Appearance

Kunming wolfdogs are typically medium-sized dog who fall under the spitz type category. Their height is 25–27 inches (64–68 cm) and weight is 66–84 pounds (30–38 kg). The head and body of the Kunming wolfdogs are similar in appearance to the German Shepherd except they stand taller in the back. They have seasonal coats that grow into a double layered coat during the late fall to the early winter but will later on shed into a shorter coat during the late spring. The tail is long like their German Shepherd cousins. Kunming wolfdogs occasionally lift their tails curled high when excited but they often carry it lower behind their back like their wolf ancestors do. Coats are marked with a black saddle and muzzle, with other colors ranging from light straw to deep rust.*[4]

84.1.1 Temperament

Kunming wolfdogs share similar behavioural traits to their German Shepherd ancestors. They are extremely intelli- gent, normally self-assured and are marked by their curiosity and willingness to learn which allows them to excel in task training.*[5] However, they are also highly active and require a lot of activities and ideally one long walk per day in order to keep them occupied. Like German Shepherds, Kunming wolfdogs are suitable to have around children when properly trained and supervised.

84.2 Breed history

Most of the exact dog breeds used in the gene pool for the Kunming wolfdogs is ambiguous due to the lack of proper pedigrees and the fact that a majority of them were crossbreeds although the German Shepherd and some wolfdog crosses are known to play a huge part in the breed's origin. The Kunming wolfdog was created in the early 1950s to meet the need for military dogs in Yunnan.*[6] A group of ten shepherd type dogs mixed with unknown breeds were brought to Kunming from a military K9 training program in Beijing in 1953. These ten dogs were insufficient for the immediate need, and so fifty suitable household dogs from Kunming were recruited as well as forty similar dogs from the city of Guiyang in Guizhou province (like the first ten, the exact breeds of these dogs are unknown other than that they were crossbreeds). After training, the best twenty of these ninety dogs were then selected. Ten wolfdogs bred in Beijing, twenty 'civil dogs' plus an additional ten 'shepherd dogs' imported from East Germany were added to the pool from which the Kunming Dog was developed. The Chinese Public Security Bureau officially recognized the Kunming Dog as a breed in 1988.*[7] Kunming Dogs are used by the Chinese military and police, and have also found their way into use as civilian watchdogs and guard dogs.

406 84.3. SEE ALSO 407

84.3 See also

• Wolf

• Guard dogs • Canadian Eskimo Dog

• Established wolfdog breeds

• Tamaskan dog

84.4 References

[1] – . Chinabaike.com (2007-10-29). Retrieved on 2012-12-31.

[2] “Wolfdogs – Snowdog”. Snowdog-northerninuit.webs.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.

[3] . armydog.com.cn (2009-02-01)

[4] “Shepherd Dogs and wolf-like dogs”. Dogbreeds.bulldoginformation.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.

[5]

[6] “Kunming Wolf-dog – Sarah's Dogs – Dog Breeds”. Sarahsdogs.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.

[7] | | – – . Goumin.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-31. Chapter 85

Kurī

Kurī is the Māori language name for the . It was introduced to New Zealand by Māori during their migrations from East Polynesia sometime around 1280 AD. It was used by Māori as a food source*[1] and the skin and hair was used for making dog-skin cloaks Kahu kurī,*[2] belts,*[3] decorating weapons,*[4]*[5] and poi.*[6] The kurī became extinct in New Zealand some time after the arrival of European settlers. The last known specimens, a female and her pup, are now in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.*[7]

85.1 See also

• Hawaiian Poi Dog

85.2 References

[1] "'DOG, MAORI', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966”. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Apr-09. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 5 March 2007.

[2] “Kahu kuri (dog skin cloak)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[3] “Tatua (belt)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[4] “Edged Weapons with dogskin in the Taonga Māori Collection”. Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[5] “Edged Weapons with dog hair in the Taonga Māori Collection”. Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[6] “Poi awe (percussive device)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[7] “Canis lupus familiaris”. Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

• http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-ColNote-t1-body.html

• http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/Bes01Maor-fig-Bes01Maor433a.html

85.3 External links

• Colenso, William (1887). Notes on the Ancient Dog of the New Zealanders. Christchurch: Kiwi Publishers. Retrieved 6 Oct 2012.

408 Chapter 86

Kuvasz

The Kuvasz (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkuvɒs]), is an ancient breed of a livestock dog of Hungarian origin. Mention of the breed can be found in old Hungarian texts. It has historically been used as a royal guard dog, or to guard livestock, but has been increasingly found in homes as a pet over the last seventy years.

86.1 Description

86.1.1 Appearance

The Kuvasz is a large dog with a dense double, odorless coat which is white in color and can range from wavy to straight in texture. Although the fur is white, the Kuvaszʼs skin pigmentation should be dark and the nose should be black. The eyes should have an almond shape. Females usually weigh between 32–41 kg (70-90 pounds) while males weigh between 45–52 kg (100-115 pounds) with a medium bone structure. The head should be half as wide as it is long with the eyes set slightly below the plane of the muzzle. The stop (where the muzzle raises to the crown of the head) should be defined but not abrupt. The precise standard varies by country. (See the Breed Standards for a more precise description.) To a casual observer, the Kuvasz may appear similar to a Great Pyrenees, Akbash, a Maremma Sheepdog, Samoyed, a white Poodle and Labrador Retriever mix, Slovak Cuvac and the Polish Tatra Sheepdog. As with many livestock guardian dogs, the color of the Kuvasz's coat serves a functional purpose and is an essential breed criterion. Shepherds purposefully bred the Kuvasz to have a light colored coat so that it would be easier for the shepherds to distinguish the Kuvasz from wolves that would prey on the livestock during the night. The Komondor, a cousin of the Kuvasz, has a white coat for the same reason. Traditionally, the Hungarian Kuvasz's coat could be either white or cream colored with a wavy texture. However, there is some debate, particularly in the United States, concerning the appropriateness of “cream”colored coats in show-quality dogs and whether the coat should be straight or wavy in texture.*[1] Since washing and brushing out a coat, as done for shows in the US also causes the coat to appear straight, the debate may be circular. Straighter coats may also have appeared as the result of breeding programs that developed after World War II, when the breeding lines in Hungary were isolated from the rest of the world as a result of Soviet & German occupation (see History, below). By Hungarian standard the straight coat is not acceptable. There must be special twirls in the coat.

86.1.2 Temperament

The Kuvasz is an intelligent dog and is often described as having a clownish sense of humor which can last throughout their adolescence and into adulthood.*[2] They are intensely loyal and patient pets who appreciate attention but may also be somewhat aloof or independent, as well as thoroughly cunning, particularly with strangers. They rank a low 42nd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, but keep in mind that Coren's criteria focus on how fast a dog can learn obedience “tricks”̶a limited test of intelligence. The kuvasz breed is for experienced handlers only. The combination of intelligence, independence and protectiveness make obedience training and socialization absolute necessities. They are strictly working dogs, bred for centuries to think independently and act without instruction, scanning and evaluating the environment and taking protective or deterrent action as needed. This was a vital trait in their solitary duties protecting livestock. That independence can make training a difficult task, wearing on the patience

409 410 CHAPTER 86. KUVASZ

A Kuvasz puppy. of even experienced owners. Kuvasz quickly understand what is being asked of them, but they have to respect a person as a trusted leader before they'll obey commands. They're also not usually interested in meaningless activity, such as doing entertaining tricks. As a result, they are not recommended for novices and those who do not have time to train and socialize them properly. An adolescent Kuvasz should be able to learn basic obedience commands and consistently respond to them; however the instinctive need to investigate strangers and protect its owner may cause the Kuvasz to act independently when off leash and ignore the calls of a frustrated handler. Interactions with other dogs, especially first meetings, should be managed carefully. One of the tasks of a livestock guardian is to kill wolves, 86.2. HISTORY 411

coyotes, and other predators, and this instinct remains intact in the modern dog. Handlers should be alert to signs of tension, and intervene before a dangerous situation develops. However, a well socialized, well trained kuvasz will usually ignore, play with, or go exploring with other dogs once a successful introduction has been made. Finally, a potential owner should refrain from purchasing a Kuvasz if barking will be a problem at the home. While not every Kuvasz is prone to barking (socializing them will define what is a threat), many of them fulfill their guardian role by vocally warning off potential threats, both real and imagined. On the other hand, many of these qualities make the Kuvasz excellent guardians for sheep or large estates. The Kuvasz has a very special, close connection to his owner or family, as well as anyone in their circle, human or animal. that the dog considers part of the flock. He will protect all of them. He may also police interactions among them, such as discouraging rough play by herding rowdy individuals away from the group. The owner has the responsibility for setting clear, consistent limits on this behavior. That connection can easily be lost if the dog is humiliated, confused by contradictory commands, or otherwise abused. If abuse persists, the owner can expect to be either run away from or dealt with. The only country is Romania, where a Breed-specific legislation specifies that Kuvasz must be muzzled when in public places.*[3]

86.2 History

Around 2000 B.C., the Magyar tribes moved along the recently established trade routes of the steppes, gradually leading them to the Carpathian Basin in Hungary which they conquered in 896 A.D. With them came Kuvasz-type dogs, which primarily served as livestock guardians. In 1978, the fossilized skeleton of a 9th Century Kuvasz-type dog was discovered in Fenékpuszta near Keszthely, a discovery which was remarkable in that the morphology of the skeleton was almost identical to a modern Kuvasz. If accurate, such a discovery would mark the Kuvasz as among the oldest identifiable dog breeds as only a few breeds can be dated beyond the 9th Century. After the Magyar settlement of the Carpathian Basin, the tribes converted to a more agrarian lifestyle and began to devote more resources towards animal husbandry. Whereas the Komondor was used in the lower elevations with drier climates, the Kuvasz was used in the wet pastures of the higher mountains and both were an integral part of the economy. Later, during the 15th Century, the Kuvasz became a highly prized animal and could be found in the royal court of King Matthias Corvinus. Kuvasz puppies were given to visiting dignitaries as a royal gift, and the King was said to have trusted his dogs more than his own councilors. After the king's death, the popularity of the breed among the nobles waned but it was still frequently found in its traditional role of protecting livestock. By the end of World War II, nearly all the Kuvasz dogs in Hungary had been killed. The dogs had such a reputation for protecting their families that they were actively sought and killed by German and Soviet soldiers, while at the same time some German officers used to take Kuvasz dogs home with them.*[2]*[4] After the Soviet invasion and the end of the war, the breed was nearly extinct in Hungary.*[5] After the war, it was revealed that fewer than thirty Kuvasz were left in Hungary and some sources indicate the number may have been as few as twelve. Since then, due to many dedicated breeders, Kuvasz breed have repopulated Hungary. However, as a result of this near extinction, the genetic pool available to breeders was severely restricted and there is conjecture that some may have used other breeds, such as the Great Pyrenees, to continue their programs.*[6] The issue is further clouded by the need to use an open stud book system at the time to rebuild the breed.

86.2.1 Possible origins of the breed name

The word most likely comes from the Turkic word kavas meaning guard or soldier or kuwasz meaning protector. A related theory posits that the word may have originated from the ancient farmers of Russia, the Chuvash, who nurtured the breed for generations and contributed many words to the Hungarian language.

86.3 Grooming

The Kuvasz's stiff, dense coat, growing up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, does not require any special grooming. It needs to be brushed once a week or, better still, every two or three days. For standard grooming purposes, use of a grooming rake or a pin-brush with rounded pins is recommended. To remove stubborn knots, use a curry comb or a large-toothed comb. During the spring and autumn the Kuvasz moults (also known as shedding), and he will lose 412 CHAPTER 86. KUVASZ

copious amounts of hair very quickly. Frequent brushing is therefore needed to keep his coat tidy. A Kuvasz should not smell or have an odor; such is usually a sign of illness or a poor diet.

86.4 Health

Although generally a healthy and robust breed which can be expected to live approximately 12–14 years, the Kuvasz are prone to developmental bone problems.*[7] Accordingly, owners should take care to provide proper nutrition to their Kuvasz puppy and avoid subjecting the puppy to rough play. As with many large breeds, hip dysplasia, a painful and potentially debilitating condition, is not uncommon. Good genetics and proper nutrition as a puppy are key to avoiding these complications. A Kuvasz puppy should not be fed a diet high in calories or protein as such diets have been associated with the development of orthopedic disorders later in life. The Kuvasz has a very efficient metabolism and is predisposed to rapid growth̶vitamin supplements are not necessary and, in fact, should be avoided.*[8] Cooked bones should never be given to a Kuvasz or any other dog because the cooking process renders the bone brittle and prone to splintering, which can cause serious injury to the dog's mouth and digestive tract.

86.5 Popular culture

The Kuvasz is one of the most famous Hungarian dog breed. In the film Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco, Delilah is a female Kuvasz.

86.6 Gallery

• • • • • •

86.7 Similar Breeds

• Italian Abruzzese Sheepdog • French Great Pyrenees • Slovak Cuvac • Turkish Akbash Dog • Polish Tatra Sheepdog • See Mountain dog

86.8 References

86.8.1 Notations

• Hódosi, József, ed. A Kuvasz. Hungaria Kuvasz Klub, 1996. English Translation by International Kuvasz Book Project. 86.9. EXTERNAL LINKS 413

86.8.2 Footnotes

[1] Open Letter from KFA Concerning Breed Standard

[2] Kuvasz Description And History

[3] “Cainii din rasa Pitbull vor fi interzisi in Romania”. Adevǎrul (in Romanian) (Bucharest, Romania). 2002-04-26. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2009-11-16.

[4] Kuvasz Club of America - Kuvasz History

[5] K9Web.com Kuvasz FAQ

[6] Kuvasz Fanciers Association - The Kuvasz

[7] Kuvasz Club of America - Kuvasz Health

[8] Kuvasz Club of America - Caring For Your Kuvasz

86.9 External links

• Kuvasz at DMOZ Chapter 87

Kyi-Leo

Two-year-old Kyi-Leo

The Kyi-Leo (pronounced “ki”as in “kite”) is a small yet sturdy rare dog breed.

87.1 History

It was first introduced in the 1950s in the San Francisco Bay area by the accidental crossing of a Maltese and a Lhasa Apso. This produced a type of dog that caught the attention of several individuals. The most notable was Mrs. Harriet Linn, who acquired several of these dogs in 1965 and later acquired several more from the San Jose kennel in 1969; from then on she began to seriously breed them. In 1972 there was enough interest among owners and breeders to come together and formally recognize this breed. It was at this meeting that they formally decided on calling it a Kyi-Leo. The name comes from the Tibetan and Latin languages. “Kyi”is the Tibetan word for dog; this acknowledges the Lhasa Apso breed which first came from Tibet. “Leo”is the Latin word for Lion; this

414 87.2. DESCRIPTION 415

acknowledges the Maltese which is also known as the“Maltese Lion dog”. Since then the Kyi-Leo breed has slowly spread throughout the United States, and has recently become accepted by the American Rare Breed Association as a legitimate breed.

87.2 Description

87.2.1 Appearance

The Kyi-Leo reaches 8-12 inches in height and 9-14 lb in weight. It has a long silky coat, most commonly black and white but sometimes gold and white, which tends to grow to long lengths (never quite reaching past the floor) if tended properly. Its hair also grows on its face and tail. It has small yet delicate legs that are prone to damage if dropped, but the Kyi-Leo can be very agile and quick. The Kyi-Leo has notable similarities, in body size, shape, and hair, to the Shih Tzu dog breed though the eyes are more human set rather than bulging and they do not have the short-snout face.

87.2.2 Temperament

The Kyi-Leo is generally calm, obedient, quiet, and difficult to provoke. It is usually very playful and active around trusted humans or animals, but tends to stay cautious and alert around strangers. Its acute hearing makes it a decent watchdog. It ideally lives in indoor settings and can be very patient when left alone for long hours at a time.

87.3 Health

• Because of its small size, the Kyi-Leo has delicate legs and a delicate spine. A slipped patella or back pains, due to a lot of jumping or aggressive handling, are notable among Kyi-Leos.

• Because of its thick hair and Tibetan ancestry, the Kyi-Leo adapts best to colder climates.

• Food intake is also an issue, as the Kyi-Leo can easily become overweight due to its small frame.

• The intake of human food, especially meat, is generally discouraged for the Kyi-Leo since its stomach cannot easily handle it. Kyi-Leos have been prone to pancreatitis, noticeable by excessive vomiting and a tender abdomen, which greatly limits the types of food they can eat. Most generic dog-food with a good source of protein is the best choice for Kyi-Leos.

• The average lifespan of a Kyi-Leo is 13 to 15 years.*[1]

87.4 Notable dogs

• American singer Mariah Carey owns two Kyi-Leo dogs that were given to her as puppies in Tokyo, Japan, during her Butterfly World Tour. They currently reside in Brooklyn, New York City.

87.5 See also

• Lap dog

• Rare breeds 416 CHAPTER 87. KYI-LEO

87.6 References

[1] Welton, Michele (2000). Your Purebred Puppy: A Buyer's Guide (second ed.). New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8050-6445-2. Retrieved April 22, 2011.

•“Dog Day Afternoon Helps Poor Pooches.”Times - Picayune. New Orleans. 30 Mar 2000: C1.

• Green, Randy. “Filas and Tatras: Check Out These Rare Breeds.”Seattle Times 29 Jun 1997: H5.

• Hunt, Karyn. “Dog breeders bare their canines over standards. // PETS:Two owners of the Kyi-Leo breed, a mix of Maltese and Lhasa apso, are at odds over its qualifications.”Orange County Register. 23 Nov 1997: A11.

87.7 External links

• Kyi-Leo at DMOZ Chapter 88

Labrador Husky

The Labrador Husky is a spitz type of dog that was bred for work as a very strong, fast sled dog; it is a purebred originating from Canada. Although the breed's name may be baffling, it is not a mix between a Labrador Retriever and a Husky. The breed is very little known, and there are no breed clubs that currently recognize it.

88.1 Appearance

The Labrador Husky is a fairly large dog that can weigh between 60 and 100 pounds and can grow to 20 - 28 inches. Thick, double coated fur protects these dogs from the bitterly cold temperatures that come with Labrador's long winters. The husky's head is broad and has a long, narrow muzzle. The chest is wide and heavy boned. The husky's muscular and stout body is a unique physical trait, especially when compared to a Siberian Husky. Coat colors include solid white, solid black, black and white, red and white, and grey and white. There are two rare coat colors that can also be found in this breed: wolf grey and solid grey. Any coat color can appear in any litter; the most common colours are black and white, gray and white, and solid black. This breed has existed for hundreds of years, and has become a unique breed due to its isolation from other northern dog breeds over this time. Labrador Huskies were used for transportation for many years, until the advent of the snowmobile. They are now often kept as loving pets. However, there are Labrador Inuit and Metis who still use them for recreational dog sledding and some even prefer the dog team to a snowmobile. continues to be a winter pastime in Labrador, with long races similar to the Iditarod still happening today. Today, in isolated communities in northern Labrador, spaying and neutering is extremely expensive and logistically difficult. Dog breeding is therefore largely unmonitored and uncontrolled. This has resulted in a great variety of Labrador Husky mixes. It is unclear how many “purebred”Labrador Huskies are left in their region of origin, but many of the mixes retain that distinctive wolf-like facial shape. Of all the northern dog breeds, the Labrador Husky is one of the rarest, with less than an estimated 50-60 purebred Labrador Huskies currently identified in Labrador.. As a result, the breed is not well understood by many dog breeders.

88.2 Temperament

The Labrador Husky may have a somewhat different temperament from other Northern breeds. The breed can be friendly and not aggressive with strangers and is well behaved if socialized properly. These dogs often do well with children, especially if reared with them. Being with other dogs always makes them happy, because they are bred to work well in a pack. Training is easy and fun because they are an intelligent breed. Unlike the Siberian or Alaskan Husky, the Labrador Husky is not well known. The breed has many wolf-like charac- teristics owing to its ancestry; however, the Labrador Husky has been a loyal and trusted companion to the Labrador Inuit for centuries. It rarely barks but does tend to howl. Labrador Huskies have a combination of strength, intelli- gence and stamina, properties that are good for virtually any breed. They are not as fast as their Siberian or Alaskan cousins because they have been bred for endurance and strength.

417 418 CHAPTER 88. LABRADOR HUSKY

Labrador husky pup

88.3 Health

There are no known ailments specific to this breed; special care has been taken in their breeding and this may be the reason few health problems exist. Any health problems the Labrador Husky may have are common to most other breeds. While the exact life expectancy of these dogs isnʼt known, a healthy Labrador Husky should live for approximately 10 to 13 years.

88.4 Origin

The Labrador Husky originated in the Labrador portion of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Labrador is the northern and mainland portion of the province. The breed probably arrived in the area with the Inuit people who came to Canada around 1300 AD. Although they were once very closely related to other Northern breeds, such as the Siberian Husky, they became isolated in Labrador and continued to develop on their own. Their history of being bred with wolves does not mean that they are wolf-dogs, nor do they have any recent wolf ancestry. However, they still retain some of their wolf-like physical features. Although they have been isolated, some Labradorian people have introduced the blood of the Alaskan Malamute and later for trainability purposes, the German Shepherd Dog. This has created a larger sled dog that looks strikingly similar to the Siberian Husky, but is much larger and more wolf-like. 88.5. GROOMING AND LIVING AREA 419

88.5 Grooming and Living Area

Grooming is something to consider when choosing this breed because of the thick double coat. The Labrador Husky probably needs plenty of brushing as any double coated breed would. This dog sheds continuously, but has a major shed twice a year. During the twice yearly shedding time, these dogs should be brushed every day to remove loose hair. Sometimes baths are necessary to fully clean the coat. Exercise is another thing to consider before getting one of these dogs, especially if you are not an active person or family. This sled dog requires a lot of exercise and a large yard is a good idea. Long walks and ample exercise will go a long way towards keeping this dog calm and non-destructive. Giving the dog some sort of work to do such as agility or flyball will keep them both exercised and happy. Cold climates are obviously best for this breed.

88.6 Rescue

Due to largely uncontrolled breeding in some isolated communities, many Labrador Huskies and Labrador Husky mixes are homeless. Often these street dogs are malnourished and in poor physical condition. Rescued Labrador street dogs tend to be extremely friendly and well mannered. Currently, 3 organizations regularly rescue Labrador Huskies and Labrador Husky mixes: The Happy Valley-Goose Bay SPCA, Heavenly Creatures and Litters 'n Critters.

88.7 See also

• Gray Wolf

• Sled dog • Greenland dog

• Tamaskan dog • Wolf hybrid

• Siberian Husky Chapter 89

Labrador Retriever

This article is about a type of retriever. For AKB48 single, see Labrador Retriever (song).

The Labrador Retriever, also known as simply Labrador or Lab, is one of several kinds of retrievers, a type of gun dog.*[3] Labradors are athletic, playful, and the most popular breed of dog by registered ownership in Australia, Canada, New Zealand,*[4] the United Kingdom,*[5] and the United States (since 1991).*[6] A favourite breed in these and other countries, Labradors are frequently trained to aid people who are blind and people with autism, act as therapy dogs, and perform screening and detection work for law enforcement and other official agencies.*[6] They are prized as sporting and dogs.*[7] A few kennels breeding dogs were in England; at the same time a combination of sheep protection policy (Newfoundland) and rabies quarantine (England) led to their gradual demise in Canada, their country of origin.*[8] The first and second Earls of Malmesbury, who bred for duck shooting on his estate,*[9] and the 5th and 6th Dukes of Buccleuch, and youngest son Lord George William Montagu-Douglas-Scott,*[9] were instrumental in developing and establishing the modern Labrador breed in 19th century England. The dogs Avon (“Buccleuch Avon”) and Ned given by Malmesbury to assist the Duke of Buccleuch's breeding program in the 1880s are considered the ancestors of modern Labradors.*[10] The first St. John's dog was said to be brought to England in or around 1820; however, the breed's reputation had spread to England long before. There is a story that the Earl of Malmesbury saw a St. John's dog on a fishing boat and immediately made arrangements with traders to have some of these dogs exported to England. These ancestors of the first labradors so impressed the Earl with their skill and ability for retrieving anything within the water and on shore that he devoted his entire kennel to developing and stabilizing the breed.*[11]

89.1 Early descriptions

Several early descriptions of the St. John's water dog exist. In 1822, explorer W.E. Cormack crossed the island of Newfoundland by foot. In his journal he wrote “The dogs are admirably trained as retrievers in fowling, and are otherwise useful.....The smooth or short haired dog is preferred because in frosty weather the long haired kind become encumbered with ice on coming out of the water.”*[12] Another early report by a Colonel Hawker described the dog as “by far the best for any kind of shooting. He is generally black and no bigger than a Pointer, very fine in legs, with short, smooth hair and does not carry his tail so much curled as the other; is extremely quick, running, swimming and fighting....and their sense of smell is hardly to be credited....”*[12] In his book Excursions In and About Newfoundland During the Years 1839 and 1840,*[13] the geologist Joseph Beete Jukes describes the St. John's water dog. “A thin, short-haired, black dog came off-shore to us to-day. The animal was of a breed very different from what we understand by the term Newfoundland dog in England. He had a thin, tapering snout, a long thin tail, and rather thin, but powerful legs, with a lank body, – the hair short and smooth.” wrote Jukes. “These are the most abundant dogs in the country...They are no means handsome, but are generally more intelligent and useful than the others...I observed he once or twice put his foot in the water and paddled it about. This foot was white, and Harvey said he did it to “toil”or entice the fish. The whole proceeding struck me as

420 89.2. NAME 421

Buccleuch Avon (b. 1885), a foundational dog of many modern Labrador lineages. remarkable, more especially as they said he had never been taught anything of the kind.”

89.2 Name

The foundational breed of what is now the Labrador Retriever was known as the St. John's water dog, St. John's dog, or Lesser Newfoundland. When the dogs were later brought to England, they were named after the geographic area known as“the Labrador”(they were known as Labrador Retrievers because they“retrieved”in the Labrador Sea) or simply Labrador to distinguish them from the larger Newfoundland breed, even though the breed was from the more southern Avalon Peninsula. The Labrador retriever is actually from Newfoundland;*[3] exceptionally, the Newfoundland (dog) was created near the same time in Labrador. The two breeds' names and origins were mixed once moved into England and the Americas. The dog from Labrador became the large, long furred dog we see and know today, and the dog from Newfoundland became the Labrador.

89.3 Historical landmarks

The first written reference to the breed was in 1814“ ( Instructions to Young Sportsmen”by Colonel Peter Hawker),*[7] the first painting in 1823 (“Cora. A Labrador Bitch”by Edwin Landseer),*[7] and the first photograph in 1856 (the Earl of Home's dog “Nell”, described both as a Labrador and a St. Johns dog).*[8] By 1870 the name Labrador Retriever became common in England.*[7] The first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 (Ben of Hyde, kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe),*[7] and the breed was recognised by The Kennel Club in 1903. The first American Kennel Club (AKC) registration was in 1917.*[7] The chocolate Labrador emerged in the 1930s,*[7] although liver spotted pups were documented being born at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892.*[7] The first dog to appear on the cover of Life Magazine was a black Labrador Retriever called Blind of Ardenʼin the December, 12th, 1938 issue. The St. John's dog survived until the early 1980s, the last two individuals being photographed in old age around 1981.*[8] 422 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

89.4 History of subtypes

Ben of Hyde (b. 1899), the first recognized yellow Labrador.

Yellow and chocolate pups would occasionally appear (although often culled), until finally gaining acceptance in the 20th century. The first recognized yellow Labrador was Ben of Hyde, born in 1899, and chocolate Labradors became more established in the 1930s., There is also a significant difference between show Labs, which tend to be short legged and very heavy, and field Labs which have a more functional and athletic build. Generally these two subtypes have different general features such as facial or body types.

89.4.1 Yellow (and similar shades)

In the early years of the breed through to the mid-20th century, Labradors of a shade we would now call “yellow” were in fact a dark, almost butterscotch, colour (visible in early yellow Labrador photographs). The shade was known as “Golden”until required to be changed by the UK Kennel Club, on the grounds that “Gold”was not actually a colour. Over the 20th century a preference for far lighter shades of yellow through to cream prevailed, until today most yellow Labradors are of this shade. Also fawn has been a common colour in the yellow lab variety.*[14] Interest in the darker shades of gold and fox red were re-established by English breeders in the 1980s, and three dogs were instrumental in this change: Balrion King Frost (black, born c. 1976) who consistently sired“very dark yellow” offspring and is credited as having“the biggest influence in the re-development of the fox red shade”,*[14] and his great-grandson, the likewise famous Wynfaul Tabasco (b. 1986),*[15] described as“the father of the modern fox red Labrador”, and the only modern fox red Show Champion in the UK. Other dogs, such as Red Alert and Scrimshaw Placido Flamingo, are also credited with passing on the genes into more than one renowned bloodline.*[14]

• Yellow Labradors • The body should be strong and muscular with a level top line. • The eyes should be kind and expressive. • Labradors are a relatively large breed. • The Lab's coat should be short and dense, but not wiry. Yellow and “fox red”Labrador Retriever. 89.5. DESCRIPTION 423

89.4.2 Chocolate Labradors

Jack Vanderwyk traces the origins of all chocolate Labradors listed on the LabradorNet database (some 34,000 Labrador dogs of all shades) to eight original bloodlines. However, the shade was not seen as a distinct colour until the 20th century; before then according to Vanderwyk, such dogs can be traced but were not registered. A degree of crossbreeding with Flatcoat or Chesapeake Bay retrievers was also documented in the early 20th century, prior to recognition. Chocolate Labradors were also well established in the early 20th century at the kennels of the Earl of Feversham, and Lady Ward of Chiltonfoliat.*[16] The bloodlines as traced by Vanderwyk each lead back to three black Labradors in the 1880s̶Buccleuch Avon (m), and his sire and dam, Malmesbury Tramp (m), and Malmesbury June (f). Morningtown Tobla is also named as an important intermediary, and according to the studbook of Buccleuch Kennels, the chocolates in this kennel came through FTW Peter of Faskally (1908).*[16]

• Chocolate Labradors •

•

•

•

89.5 Description

The head of a Labrador should be broad with a pronounced stop.

89.5.1 Appearance

Labradors are relatively large, with males typically weighing 65 to 80 lb (29 to 36 kg) and females 55 to 70 lb (25 to 32 kg). Labradors weighing close to or over 100 lb (45 kg) are considered obese or having a major fault under American 424 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

Black Labrador Retriever

Kennel Club standards, although some Labradors weigh significantly more.*[17] The majority of the characteristics of this breed, with the exception of colour, are the result of breeding to produce a working retriever. As with some other breeds, the Conformation (typically“English”,“show”or“bench”) and the Field (typically “American”or“working”) lines differ, although both lines are bred in both countries. In general, however, Confor- mation Labradors tend to be bred as medium-sized dogs, shorter and stockier with fuller faces and a slightly calmer nature than their Field counterparts, which are often bred as taller, lighter-framed dogs, with slightly less broad faces and a slightly longer nose. However, Field Labradors should still be proportional and fit within American Kennel Club standards. With Field Labradors, excessively long noses, thin heads, long legs, and lanky frames are not considered standard. These two types are informal and not codified or standardised; no distinction is made by the AKC or other kennel clubs, but the two types come from different breeding lines. Australian stock also exists; though not seen in the West, they are common in Asia. These dogs are also very good with children. The breed tends to shed hair twice annually or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates.*[10] Some Labradors shed considerably; however, individual Labradors vary.*[18] Labrador hair is usually short and straight, and the tail is quite broad and strong. The webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers. The webbing between their toes can also serve as a “snowshoe”in colder climates and keep snow from balling up between their toes̶a condition that can be painful to other breeds with hair between the toes. Their interwoven coat is also relatively waterproof, providing more assistance for swimming.

Official breed standards

There is a great deal of variety among Labradors. The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred (bench-bred) lines of this breed in the United States and are based on the American Kennel Club standard.*[17] Significant differences between UK and US standards are noted.

• Size: Labradors are a large breed. They should be as long from the withers to the base of the tail as they are from the floor to the withers. Males should stand 22.5 to 24.5 inches (57 to 62 cm) tall at the withers and 89.5. DESCRIPTION 425

Chocolate Labrador

weight 65 to 80 lb (29 to 36 kg). Females should stand 21.5 to 23.5 inches (55 to 60 cm) and weigh 55 to 70 lb (25 to 32 kg). By comparison under UK Kennel Club standards, height should be 22 to 22.5 inches (56 to 57 cm) for males, and 21.5 to 22 inches (55 to 56 cm) for females.*[19]

• Coat: The Labrador Retriever's coat should be short and dense, but not wiry. The coat is water-resistant, so the dog does not get cold when taking to water in the winter. That means that the dog naturally has a slightly dry, oily coat. Acceptable colours are black, yellow, and chocolate.*[3]

• Head: The head should be broad with slightly pronounced eyebrows. The eyes should be kind and expressive. Appropriate eye colours are brown and hazel. The lining around the eyes should be black. The ears should hang close to the head and set slightly above the eyes.

• Jaws: The jaws should be strong and powerful. The muzzle should be of medium length and should not be too tapered. The jaws should hang slightly and curve gracefully back.

• Body: The body should have a powerful and muscular build.

The tail and coat are designated “distinctive [or distinguishing] features”of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC.*[17]*[19] The AKC adds that“true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail.”*[17]

Colour

Main article: Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics Labrador Retrievers are registered in three colours:*[17] black (a solid black colour), yellow (considered from cream to fox-red), and chocolate (medium to dark brown). Some dogs are sold as silver pure-bred Labradors, but purity of those bloodlines is currently disputed by breed experts including breed clubs and breed councils.*[20]*[21] Some 426 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

The three primary colour varieties of the Labrador Retriever major kennel clubs around the world allow silver Labradors to be registered, but not as silver. The Kennel Club (England) requires that they be registered as “Non-recognised.”*[22] Occasionally, Labradors will exhibit small amounts of white fur on their chest, paws, or tail, and rarely a purebred Lab will exhibit brindling stripes or tan points similar to a Rottweiler.*[23] These markings are a disqualification for show dogs but do not have any bearing on the dog's temperament or ability to be a good working or pet dog. Puppies of all colours can potentially occur in the same litter. Colour is determined primarily by three genes. The first gene (the B locus) determines the density of the coat's eumelanin pigment granules, if that pigment is allowed: 89.5. DESCRIPTION 427

dense granules result in a black coat, sparse ones give a chocolate coat. The second (E) locus determines whether the eumelanin is produced at all. A dog with the recessive e allele will produce only phaeomelanin pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus. The genes known about previously*[24] have had their number increased by the introduction of the K locus, where the dominant “black”allele K*B is now known to reside.*[25] Black or chocolate Labradors therefore must have the K*B allele. Yellow Labradors are determined at the E locus, so the K locus is irrelevant in determining their colour. Variations in numerous other genes control the subtler details of the coat's colouration, which in yellow Labradors varies from white to light gold to a fox red. Chocolate and black Labradors' noses will match the coat colour. According to a 2011 study, 13 out of 245 Labradors studied were heterozygous for the M264V mutation responsible for the melanistic mask, and one was homozygous. Within the breed, this trait is not visible.*[26]

The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, and the rims of the eyes.

Nose and skin pigmentation Because Labrador colouration is controlled by multiple genes, it is possible for recessive genes to emerge some generations later and also there can sometimes be unexpected pigmentation effects to different parts of the body. Pigmentation effects appear in regard to yellow Labradors, and sometimes chocolate, and hence the majority of this section covers pigmentation within the yellow Labrador. The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, feet, tail, and the rims of the eyes, which may be black, brown, light yellow-brown (“liver”, caused by having two genes for chocolate),*[27] or several other colours. A Labrador can carry genes for a different colour, for example a black Labrador can carry recessive chocolate and yellow genes, and a yellow Labrador can carry recessive genes for the other two colours. DNA testing can reveal some aspects of these. Less common pigmentations (other than pink) are a fault, not a disqualification, and hence such dogs are still permitted to be shown.*[27] The intensity of black pigment on yellow Labradors is controlled by a separate gene independent of the fur colour- ing.*[27] Yellow Labradors usually have black noses, which may gradually turn pink with age (called “snow nose” or “winter nose”). This is due to a reduction in the enzyme tyrosinase which indirectly controls the production of , a dark colouring. Tyrosinase is temperature dependent̶hence light colouration can be seasonal, due to cold weather̶and is less produced with increasing age two years old onwards. As a result, the nose colour of most yellow Labradors becomes a somewhat pink shade as they grow older.*[27] 428 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

A black Labrador from English stock.

A colouration known as “Dudley”is also possible. Dudleys are variously defined as yellow Labradors which have unpigmented (pink) noses (LRC), yellow with liver/chocolate pigmentation (AKC), or “flesh coloured”in addition to having the same colour around the rims of the eye, rather than having black or dark brown pigmentation.*[10]*[27] A yellow Labrador with brown or chocolate pigmentation, for example, a brown or chocolate nose, is not necessarily a Dudley, though according to the AKC's current standard it would be if it has chocolate rims around the eyes (or 89.5. DESCRIPTION 429

more accurately of the genotype eebb). Breed standards for Labradors considers a true Dudley to be a disqualifying feature in a conformation show Lab, such as one with a thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment along with flesh coloured rims around the eyes. True Dudleys are extremely rare.*[27]*[28] Breeding in order to correct pigmentation often lacks dependability. Because colour is determined by many genes, some of which are recessive, crossbreeding a pigmentation non-standard yellow Labrador to a black Labrador may not correct the matter or pre- vent future generations carrying the same recessive genes. For similar reasons, crossbreeding chocolate to yellow Labradors is also often avoided.

Show and field lines

Head and muzzle appearance: field (left), and show (right), showing the shorter muzzle length, more solid appearance head, and “pronounced”stop of the latter.

As a result of specialised breeding there are significant differences between field and trial-bred and show-bred lines of Labradors. In the United States the former are sometimes mistakenly referred to as “American”and the latter as “English”although both field and show types are bred in both countries.*[29] In the United Kingdom they are called“Field”and“Show”. Dogs bred for hunting and field-trial work are selected first for working ability, where dogs bred to compete in conformation shows are selected for their conformation to the standards and characteristics sought by judges in the show ring. While individual dogs may vary, in general show-bred Labradors are heavier built, slightly shorter-bodied, and have a thicker coat and tail. Field Labradors are generally longer legged, lighter, and more lithe in build, making them agile. In the head, show Labradors tend to have broader heads, better defined stops, and more powerful necks, while field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles.*[30]*[31] Field-bred Labradors are commonly higher energy and more high-strung compared to the Labrador bred for conformation showing while conformation breeds are calmer in energy, and as a consequence may be more suited to working relationships than being a“family pet”.*[30]*[31] Some breeders, especially those specialising in the field type, feel that breed shows do not adequately recognise their type of dog, leading to occasional debate regarding officially splitting the breed into subtypes.*[32] In the United States, the American Kennel Club(AKC) and the Labrador's breed club have set the breed standard to accommodate the field-bred Labrador somewhat. For instance, the AKC withers-height standards allow conformation dogs to be slightly taller than the equivalent British standard.*[33] However, dual champions, or dogs that excel in 430 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

The field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles. both the field and the show ring, are becoming more unusual.*[34]

89.6 Temperament

The AKC describes the Labrador's temperament as a kind, pleasant, outgoing and tractable nature.*[3] Labradors' sense of smell allows them to home in on almost any scent and follow the path of its origin. They generally stay on the scent until they find it. Navies, military forces and police forces use them as detection dogs to track down smugglers, thieves, terrorists and black marketers. Labradors instinctively enjoy holding objects and even hands or arms in their mouths, which they can do with great gentleness (a Labrador can carry an egg in its mouth without breaking it).*[35] They are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth, as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl. They are prone to chewing objects (though they can be trained to abandon this behavior). The Labrador Retriever's coat repels water to some extent, thus facilitating the extensive use of the dog in waterfowl hunting. Labradors have a reputation as a very even-tempered breed and an excellent family dog.*[3] This includes a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals.*[10] Some lines, particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field (rather than for their appearance), are particularly fast and athletic. Their fun-loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and firm handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand̶an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic. Females may be slightly more independent than males.*[10] Labradors mature at around three years of age; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppy-like energy, often mislabelled as being hyperactive.*[10]*[36] Because of their enthusiasm, leash-training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full-grown.*[37] Labradors often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly (often obsessively) and other forms of activity (such as agility, frisbee, or flyball). Although they will sometimes bark at noise, especially noise from an unseen source ("alarm barking"), Labradors are usually not noisy*[10] or territorial. They are often very easygoing and trusting with strangers and therefore are not usually suitable as guard dogs.*[10] Labradors have a well-known reputation for appetite, and some individuals may be highly indiscriminate, eating digestible and non-food objects alike.*[35] They are persistent and persuasive in requesting food. For this reason, the Labrador owner must carefully control their dog's food intake to avoid obesity and its associated health problems (see below).*[35] The steady temperament of Labradors and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue, 89.6. TEMPERAMENT 431

The AKC describes the Labrador's temperament as kind and pleasant.

detection, and therapy work. They are a very intelligent breed. They are ranked # 7 in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs. The AKC describes the breed as an ideal family and sporting dog. Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever.

89.6.1 Exploration

Labradors do not typically jump high fences or dig, but because of their personalities, some Labradors climb and/or jump for their own amusement. As a breed they are highly intelligent and capable of intense single-mindedness and focus if motivated or their interest is caught. Therefore, with the right conditions and stimuli, a bored Labrador could “turn into an escape artist par excellence".*[10]*[38] Labradors as a breed are curious and exploratory and love company, following both people and interesting scents for food, attention, and novelty value. In this way, they can often “vanish”or otherwise become separated from their owners with little fanfare.*[39] Many dogs are also stolen.*[40] Because of their curious nature and ability to “vanish,”along with the risk of being stolen, a number of dog clubs and rescue organizations (including the UK's Kennel Club) consider it good practice that Labradors be microchipped, with the owner's name and address also on their collar and tags.*[39]*[41]

89.6.2 Use as working dogs

Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments. Common working roles for Labradors include: hunting, tracking and detection (they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas), disabled-assistance, carting, and therapy work.*[42] Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in Canada are Labradors; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs.*[43] Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs. A study was recently done on how well four different breeds (Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix, and German Shepherd Dogs) trained to become guide dogs. In this experiment, German Shepherd Dogs had the highest chance 432 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

A Labrador participating in dog agility

of not completing it. Labrador Retrievers and Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix had the highest success rate. However, German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers.*[44]*[45] Labradors are powerful and indefatigable swimmers noted for their ability to tolerate the coldest of water for extended periods of time. Their ability to work quietly alongside hunters while watching for birds to fall from the sky, marking where they land, and then using their outstanding nose to find and retrieve dead or wounded birds has made them the king of waterfowl retrievers.*[46] They are also used for pointing and flushing and make excellent upland game hunting partners.*[47] The high intelligence, initiative and self-direction of Labradors in working roles is exemplified by dogs such as Endal, who during a 2001 emergency placed an unconscious human being in the recovery position, retrieved his mobile phone from beneath the car, fetched a blanket and covered him, barked at nearby dwellings for assistance, and then ran to a nearby hotel to obtain help.*[48] A number of Labradors have also been taught to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs with prior training.*[49] The breed is used in water rescue/lifesaving. It continues in that role today, along with the Leonberger, Newfoundland and Golden Retriever dogs; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.*[50] 89.6. TEMPERAMENT 433

A yellow and a chocolate Labrador Retriever in a corn field

Labradors like water 434 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

A fox red English line Labrador retriever returns successfully from a pond retrieve.

89.7 Health

Labrador pups generally are not brought to the home before they are 8 weeks old.*[51] Their life expectancy is generally 10 to 12 years,*[52] and it is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems. Notable issues related to health and well-being include:

89.7.1 Inherited disorders

• Labradors are somewhat prone to hip and elbow dysplasia,*[53] especially the larger dogs,*[54] though not as much as some other breeds.*[55] Hip scores are recommended before breeding and often joint supplements are recommended.

• Labradors also suffer from the risk of knee problems. A luxating patella is a common occurrence in the knee where the knee dislocates and goes back into place.

• Eye problems are also possible in some Labradors, particularly progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts,*[56] corneal dystrophy*[53] and retinal dysplasia. Dogs which are intended to be bred should be examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist for an eye score.

• Hereditary myopathy, a rare inherited disorder that causes a deficiency in type II muscle fibre. Symptoms include a short stilted gait or “bunny hopping,”and in rare cases ventroflexion of the neck accompanied by a kyphotic posture.*[57]

• There is a small incidence of other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and deafness in Labradors, either congenitally or later in life.*[18]

• Labradors often suffer from exercise induced collapse, a syndrome that causes hyperthermia, weakness, col- lapse, and disorientation after short bouts of exercise.*[58] 89.8. APPEARANCE AROUND THE WORLD 435

89.7.2 Obesity

Many dogs, including Labs such as this eight-year-old, show distinct whitening of the coat as they grow older; especially around the muzzle.

Labradors like to eat, and without proper exercise can become obese. Laziness also contributes to this. Obesity is a serious condition and can be considered the number one nutritional problem with dogs. A study shows that at least 25% of dogs in the United States are overweight.*[59] Therefore Labradors must be properly exercised and stimulated. A healthy Labrador can do swimming wind sprints for two hours, and should keep a very slight hourglass waist and be fit and light, rather than fat or heavy-set. Obesity can exacerbate conditions such as hip dysplasia and joint problems, and can lead to secondary diseases, including diabetes. Osteoarthritis is common in older, especially overweight, Labradors. A 14-year study covering 48 dogs by food manufacturer Purina showed that Labradors fed to maintain a lean body shape outlived those fed freely by around two years, emphasising the importance of not over-feeding. Labradors should be walked twice a day for at least half an hour.*[60]

89.8 Appearance around the world

In the United States, the breed gained wider recognition following a 1928 American Kennel Gazette article, “Meet the Labrador Retriever”. Before this time, the AKC had only registered 23 Labradors in the country,*[8] in part because US and UK hunting styles had different requirements.*[61] Labradors acquired popularity as hunting dogs during the 1920s and especially after World War II, as they gained recognition as combining some of the best traits of the two favourite United States breeds as both game finders and water dogs.*[61] Outside North America and Western Europe, the Labrador arrived later. For example, the Russian Retriever Club traces the arrival of Labradors to the late 1960s, as household pets of diplomats and others in the foreign ministry.*[62] The establishment of the breed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR) was initially hindered by the relatively small numbers of Labradors and great distances involved, leading to difficulty establishing breedings and bloodlines;*[62] at the start of the 1980s, home-born dogs were still regularly supplemented by further imports from overseas.*[62] Difficulties such as these initially led to Labradors being tacitly cross-bred to other types of retriever.*[62] In the 1990s, improved access to overseas shows and bloodlines is said to have helped this situation become regularised.*[62] 436 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

Yellow Labrador puppies.

Tired puppy sleeping 89.8. APPEARANCE AROUND THE WORLD 437

Labrador Retriever in the water

89.8.1 Demography

Main article: List of most popular dog breeds

The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog. For example as of 2006:

• Widely considered the most popular breed in the world.*[63]*[64] • Most popular dog by ownership in Australia,*[65] Canada,*[66] Israel.*[67] New Zealand*[68] UK,*[69] and USA (since 1991),*[70]*[71] • In both the UK and USA, there are well over twice as many Labradors registered as the next most popular breed.*[69]*[70] If the comparison is limited to dog breeds of a similar size, then there are around 3 - 5 times as many Labradors registered in both countries as the next most popular breeds, the German Shepherd Dog and Golden Retriever.*[69]*[70] • Most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States, Australia and many other countries,*[72] as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abili- ties. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors (see below).*[43] • Seven out of 13 of the Australian National Kennel Council“Outstanding Gundogs”Hall of Fame appointees are Labradors (list covers 2000–2005).*[73]

There is no global registry of Labradors, nor detailed information on numbers of Labradors living in each country. The countries with the five largest numbers of Labrador registrations as of 2005 are: 1: United Kingdom 2: France and United States (approximately equal), 4: Sweden, 5: Finland.*[74]*[75] Sweden and Finland have far lower populations than the other three countries, suggesting that as of 2005 these two countries have the highest proportion of Labradors per million people: As there is no global registry for Labradors, it is difficult to ascertain whether there is simply a smaller percentage of people formally registering their animals in countries like the United States, or whether the number of animals per capita is actually smaller. 438 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

Labrador Retriever Puppy (1 month old)

OFA statistics suggest that yellow and black Labradors are registered in very similar numbers (yellow slightly more than black); chocolate in lesser numbers.*[74]*[75] Note: The number of registrations is not necessarily the same as the number of living dogs at any given time.

89.8.2 US Military Working Dogs (War Dogs): Labrador Retrievers in the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War is the only war in American history in which US war dogs, which were officially classified by the military as “military working dogs,”were not allowed to officially return home after the war.*[76] Classified as expendable equipment, of the approximate 4,000 US K-9s deployed to the Vietnam War, it is estimated that only about 200 US war dogs survived Vietnam to be put into service at other outposts stationed overseas.*[77] Aside from these 200 or so, the remaining canines who were not killed in action were either euthanized or left behind.*[78] The predominate canine selected by the US Military during the Vietnam War was the German Shepherd Dog, which was utilized in the roles of Scout Dogs, Sentry Dogs, Mine Detection Dogs, and the US Navy used Water Dogs to detect enemy under water divers in South Vietnam. The Labrador Retriever was the military's choice for their Combat Tracker Teams (CTTs). Combat Tracker Teams consisted of one Labrador and four men: the handler, an observer, a security man, and the team leader.*[79] Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct smelling qualities, and were utilized to locate wounded US servicemen, enemy patrols, and downed allied airmen in Vietnam. The US Army Labrador Retrievers received their combat training at the British Army's Jungle Warfare School in Malaysia.*[80] Of the over 4,000 US war dogs serving in the Vietnam War, 232 were killed in action,*[81] and 295 US servicemen deployed as“dog handlers”were killed in action.*[82] Dog handler Robert W. Hartsock was awarded the Medal of Honor. Six Labrador Retrievers were killed in action while assigned to the 62nd and 63rd US Army Combat Tracking Teams.*[83] During the course of the war the US Army lost 204 dogs, while the US Marine Corps and US Air Force lost 13 and 15 dogs, respectively. 89.9. FAMOUS LABRADORS 439

Chocolate brown Labrador Retriever. Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct olfactory qualities.

In November 2000, President Bill Clinton signed into law an amendment that allowed retired US military working dogs (war dogs) to be adopted by personnel outside of the military, leaving the Vietnam War as the only war in US history in which American war dogs never returned home.*[77]*[84]

89.9 Famous labradors

Main article: List of Labradors

As both the most popular breed by registered ownership and also the most popular breed for assistance dogs in several countries, there have been many notable and famous labradors since the breed was recognized. A selection of a few of the most famous labradors within various categories includes:

Assistance dogs

• Endal, a service dog*[86] in Britain. Among other distinctions, “the most decorated dog in the world”(in- cluding“Dog of the Millennium”*[87] and the PDSAʼs Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty),*[88] the first dog to ride on the London Eye and the first dog known to work a 'chip and pin' ATM card. By Endal's death in March 2009, he and his owner/handler Allen Parton had been filmed almost 350 times by crews from several countries, and a film of a year in Endal's life was in production.*[89]*[90]

Police, military, rescue and detection dogs

• Zanjeer (“Chain”, or“Shackles”), a detection dog who detected arms and ammunition used in 1993 Mumbai (Bombay) serial explosions. During his service, he helped recover 57 country-made bombs, 175 petrol bombs, 440 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

11 military grade armaments, 242 grenades and 600 detonators. His biggest contribution to the police force and the city was the detection of 3,329 kg of RDX. He also helped detect 18 Type 56 rifles and five 9mm pistols.

• Lucky and Flo, twin Black Labrador counterfeit detection dogs who became famous in 2007 for“sniffing out nearly 2 million pirated counterfeit DVDs”on a six-month secondment to Malaysia in 2007.*[91] Following the multi-million dollar, 6-arrest Malaysian detection, they became the first dogs to be awarded Malaysia's “outstanding service award”*[92] and software pirates were stated to have put a £30,000 contract out for their lives.*[93]*[94]

• Sarbi, an Australian special forces explosives detection dog that spent almost 14 months missing in action (MIA) in Afghanistan before being recovered safe and well in 2009.*[95]*[96]

• Jake (rescue dog) a well-known American black labrador who served as a following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina.*[97]

Pets

• Former President of the United States Bill Clinton's Labradors Buddy and Seamus.*[98]

• Russian President Vladimir Putin's Labrador 'Koni'.

Fiction and media

• Brian Griffin from the animated TV sitcom Family Guy is a white Labrador Retriever.*[99]

• Bouncer in Neighbours, and Luath in The Incredible Journey, are also famous Labradors on TV.

• Marley is an American Labrador featured in Marley & Me, a best-selling book by John Grogan, and a subse- quent film based on Grogan's life and times with Marley.*[100]

• On the BBC children's television series Big Barn Farm, Digger is a yellow Labrador puppy.

• Rowdy on Scrubs is a taxidermy golden Labrador Retriever involved in various gags on the show.*[101]

• Vincent on Lost is a white Labrador Retriever.

• Pharaoh and Isis are yellow Labrador Retrievers in the television series Downton Abbey.

Mascots and advertising

• Since 1972, a yellow Labrador pup known as the Andrex Puppy has been an advertising symbol for Andrex (Cottonelle) toilet tissue.

• Michigan State University has an ongoing tradition of Zeke the Wonder Dog. The original “Zeke”as well as the current “Zeke IV”was a yellow Lab, as “Zeke III”, and “Zeke II”were black Labs.

89.10 See also

• Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics

• List of Labrador Retrievers

• Jake (rescue dog) 89.11. REFERENCES 441

89.11 References

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[27] Wagner, Sharon; Laura Michaels. “Pigment in Yellow Labradors”. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[28] “Labrador Retriever Breed Standards Comparison Chart”. Canada's Guide to Dogs Website. March 14, 2006.

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[30] Davol, Pamela A. “History of the Labrador Retriever”. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[31] Michaelsons, Laura. “English or American Labrador?". Woodhaven Labradors. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[32] Wiest, Mary (2002). “Splitting the Breed” (PDF). Labrador Quarterly. 2.635 (3). Retrieved September 2, 2007.

[33] AKC member club standard:“The height at the withers for a dog is 22½ to 24½ inches; for a bitch is 21½ to 23½ inches.” and Kennel Club standard: “Ideal height at withers: dogs: 56–57 cms (22–22½ ins); bitches: 55–56 cms (21½–22 ins).”

[34] "''Field vs. Show – Whatʼs the Difference?'' by: Geoffrey A. English, 2006-12-6”. Dog-training-talk.com. Retrieved April 9, 2012.

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[38] “Labrador Retriever FAQs”. Labradors4rescue, Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

[39] "All About ID Tags.”all-about-labradors.com. (c) 2006–2007. Retrieved on September 18, 2007.

[40] "'Lost' Dogs.”The Dog Rescue Net. Last updated on April 24, 2006. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

[41] "Rescue News.”The Labrador Rescue Trust Limited. Summer 2006. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

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[43] Moore, Cindy Tittle. “Service Dogs”. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[44] Serpell, James (1995). The Domestic Dog: its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions With People. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 41529 2.

[45] Ennik, Irma; Liinamo, Anna-Elisa; Leighton, Eldin; Van Arendonk, Johan (2006).“Suitability for field service in 4 breeds of guide dogs”. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 1 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2006.06.004.

[46] “The Hunting Dog -- Duck-Hunting Dogs”. Retrieved March 17, 2011.

[47] “Pointing Labrador”. Retrieved September 10, 2011.

[48] Blystone, Richard; Mallary Gelb (August 10, 2000).“Assistance dogs are trained as partners for the disabled”. CNN.com. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[49] “thought this was Bark-lays bank”. Metro. Retrieved February 28, 2007.

[50] “Bonewatch: The doggy lifeguards that leap from helicopters to save stranded swimmers”. Daily Mail. August 27, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[51] Kern, Kerry V; Earle-Bridges, Michele (1995). Labrador retrievers : everything about purchase, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, and behavior. Barron's. p. 9. ISBN 0-8120-9018-7.

[52] Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-6130-7

[53] “Labrador Retriever”. Canine Inherited Disorders Database. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

[54] Newton, C. D.; Nunamaker, D. M. (Eds.) "Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics.”Published by the International Veterinary Information Service (Riser, Rhodes and Newton). p. 2.

[55] “Hip dysplasia statistics”. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[56] Mitchell, P. “Canada's Guide to Dogs: Health Concerns for the Labrador Retriever”. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[57] Davol, Pamela A. “Skeletal muscle myopathy”. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

[58] “Exercise Induced Collapse in Labrador Retrievers | Labrador Retriever Pictures, Articles & Forum”. Just Labradors. Retrieved April 9, 2012.

[59] “Lean Labradors Retrievers Live Longer - Obesity, the number one nutritional problem in dogs”. Justlabradors.com. Retrieved April 9, 2012. 89.11. REFERENCES 443

[60] “Purina Life Span Study”. Purina Pet Institute. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2008.

[61] Dollevoet, Lori. “Origins of Labrador Retrievers”. Lorken Farms. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[62] Teslenko, Olga. “History of Retrievers in Russia”. The Russian Retriever Club. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[63] “The Right Breed”. Stanley Coren, Puppy and Dog basics. 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007. – Stanley Coren is a Professor of Psychology and author of many books on dogs and dog cognition.

[64] “The Ultimate Labrador Retriever”. Howell Book House. April 18, 2003. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

[65] “National Registration Statistics”. Australian National Kennel Council. 2006. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[66] “Labrador Retriever ̶breed description & information”. Canada's Guide to Dogs/P.Mitchell. September 21, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.

[67] “Labrador most popular dog in Israel”. Ynetnews. April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2009.

[68] “Most popular dog breeds in New Zealand”. dogstuff.co.nz. 2007. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007. “The Labrador Retriever remains New Zealandʼs most popular dog....”- John Perfect, NZ Kennel Club President.

[69] “Registration statistics for all recognised dog breeds, 2005 and 2006”. UK Kennel Club. 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[70] “AKC Dog Registration Statistics”. American Kennel Club. 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[71] Edwards, Jim (March 2007). “WSAVA Monthly News - March 2007”. World Veterinary Association. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[72] Devantier, Alecia T; Turkington, Carol (2007). Extraordinary Jobs with Animals. Ferguson. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4381- 1170-4.

[73] “ANKC Hall of Fame”. Australian National Kennel Council. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[74] Lanternier, Thomas; Philippe Canal (2004–2005). “Database Statistics”. Retrieved September 13, 2007. (A historic mirror of this page is available at Archive.org)

[75] Vanderwyk, Jack (2004–2005). “Labrador Statistics”. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

[76] Burnam p. XI

[77] Burnam p. XIV

[78] Jessica Ravitz, CNN. “CNN special report”. Cnn.com. Retrieved August 6, 2014.

[79] Burnam p. 277-278

[80] Burnam p. 278

[81] Burnam p. 288-293

[82] Burnam p. 281-288

[83] Burnam p. 290-293

[84] Burnam p. 270-271

[85] “Endal saving Gulf War veteran Allen Parton who was knocked out of his wheelchair by a speeding car”. Millenium- dog.freeserve.co.uk. Retrieved August 6, 2014.

[86] “Endal the super dog”. Edition.cnn.com. August 10, 2000. Retrieved August 6, 2014.

[87] “Hero dog to the rescue”. Petersfield Herald. June 4, 2001. The pair have appeared on television all over the country demonstrating how specially trained dogs can help profoundly disabled people. This week, as they recovered from their ordeal at the Steep home of Canine Partners for Independence, the group who trained Endal, Allen praised his four legged companion: “Weʼve given so many demonstrations on how Endal should go into action if I fall out of my wheelchair but last Thursday Endal did it for real”... Endal was voted Dog of the Millennium by Dogs Today readers and Beta Pet Foods, Dog of the Year by the charities Pro Dogs and Pets As Therapy, and was the first ever winner of the Golden Bonio Award. 444 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

[88] “Endal, December 2006”. Illinois Springer Spaniel Rescue. Retrieved June 20, 2007.

[89] “TV crew making film of partners' year”. K9 Perspective Magazine, Issue 27.

[90] “Crufts 2006 eventful for Allen and Endal”. K9 Perspective Magazine, Issue 27.

[91] "Police Dogs Sniff for Pirated DVDs.”ABC News. May 10, 2006. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

[92] Blass, Evan. "DVD-sniffing dogs awarded medals, returning to NYC.”Engadget. August 20, 2007. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

[93] Chan, Sewell. "Fresh Off Malaysian Triumph, DVD-Sniffing Dogs Tackle New York.”New York Times. August 28, 2007. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

[94] Blass, Evan. "DVD pirates put out hits on Lucky and Flo the crime dogs.”Engadget. March 22, 2007. Retrieved on September 17, 2007.

[95] “Australian Dog Returns Home After A Year In The Wilderness”. www.defence.gov.au, Defence Media Release. Aus- tralian Department of Defence. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.

[96] “Handler never gave up on lost army dog”. ABC News. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.

[97] Glagola, Nick (July 27, 2007). “Jake, the Rescue Dog: An Impressive Life”. NPR (NPR). Retrieved November 18, 2013.

[98]“Friend of Bill”. People 57 (2). 2002.

[99] Hirschhorn, Dan (2013). “These Are Brian Griffin's 14 Best Moments From 'Family Guy'". Time.Com.

[100] Moring, Mark (2008). “Marley & Me”. Christianity Today 52 (12).

[101] Gliatto, Tom (2009). “Zach Braff's Last Laugh”. People 71 (5).

• Burnam, John C. MSG Retired. A Soldier's Best Friend; Scout Dogs and their Handlers in the Vietnam War. Sterling Publishing, NY, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4027-5447-0.

89.12 Further reading

• Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3.

• Fergus, Charles (2002). Gun Dog Breeds, a Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-618-5.

• Smith, Steve (2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for ... Willow Creek Press. pp. 107–125. ISBN 1-57223-501-2.

89.13 External links

• Labrador Retriever at DMOZ 89.13. EXTERNAL LINKS 445

Endal wearing his PDSA Gold Medal. Endal during a 2001 emergency saved a man, retrieved his mobile phone from beneath the car, fetched a blanket and covered him, and then ran to a nearby hotel to obtain help.*[85] 446 CHAPTER 89. LABRADOR RETRIEVER

Jake and Mary Flood, his handler Chapter 90

Lagotto Romagnolo

The Lagotto Romagnolo [laˈɡɔtto romaɲˈɲɔlo] is a breed of dog that comes from the Romagna sub-region of Italy. The name means “lake dog from Romagna,”originating from the Italian word lago, meaning lake. Its traditional function is a gundog, specifically a water retriever. However, it is often used to hunt for truffles.

90.1 Description

90.1.1 Appearance

The appearance of the Lagotto can vary, and generally have large round eyes in any shade color ranging from dark yellow to dark brown. Their wooly waterproof coat is very thick and curly. Solid colors include off-white, white, or brown. They can also be found white with brown or orange patches or roan. It is a medium-sized dog that is low-shedding. A Lagotto often displays white markings that grow out in adult status.

Size

• Males

• Height: 43–48 cm (17–19 in) • Weight: 13–16 kg (29-35 lb)

• Females

• Height: 41–46 cm (16–18 in). • Weight: 11–14 kg (24-32 lb).

90.1.2 Temperament

The Lagotto is made to work. They generally have sharp senses, though their eyesight is more sensitive to motion than detail. They are very loyal and loving, making them the perfect family companion. Some are easy to train, and many get along with other animals quite easily if they're socialized as puppies. Lagottos vary in their need for exercise, but should always be given stimulation to keep their intelligent brains occupied. Lagottos have a natural instinct for retrieving. The ENCI (Italian Kennel Club) Country of Origin standard indicates that the game-hunting instinct has been bred out, and they do not get distracted by game or other wildlife. The original standard was written by those who founded C.I.L. (the Club Italiano Lagotto), in Imola in 1988, who were writing a standard to get the Lagotto recognized by ENCI, and not necessarily as an absolutely true reflection of the breed. It is worth noting that the first pair (Reno & Rosetta) bought to pioneer the Lagotto in the UK in 1996 came from the Mandriole kennels on the edge of the Comaccio where the dogs were still worked from the traditional flat-bottomed punts as duck retrievers;those Lagotto, through subsequent exports from the UK which provided the foundation stock for Canada, USA and Australia, can be found behind many Lagotto world-wide. Visitors to the Lagotto Romagnolo

447 448 CHAPTER 90. LAGOTTO ROMAGNOLO

A female Lagotto.

Club of Great Britain breed stand, at the world famous Crufts Dog Show in the UK, will have seen photographs of GB Lagotto (including Rosetta) retrieving hare, rabbit, grouse and various types of wildfowl. It is also worth noting that the photograph on the back of the first official video produced in Italy circa 1996 showed a group of Lagotto going off working - not truffling but duck-shooting from a punt; in that punt were the parents and grandparents of Rosetta and Reno. Whilst the instinct to hunt, swim and retrieve is inborn, and does not have to be encouraged, Lagotto have to be trained from an early age to look for truffles. In modern times, the Lagotto has been bred primarily as a truffle-searching dog, and not as a retriever or hunting dog. Their highly developed nose makes them excellent search dogs. Some Lagotto are excellent swimmers, but some will only paddle. Some will retrieve from lakes, streams and other bodies of water without hesitation. Not all Lagotto are suitable as family companions, puppies for families with small children need to be carefully chosen. They can make excellent domestic companions provided they have sufficient exercise. Lagottos love to dig; many owners give them a sandbox, or have a designated place to allow them satisfy their digging urges. They also love to play seeking-games and have very active minds.

90.2 Grooming

There are conflicting ideas on how to groom this breed. Some say they should be brushed regularly and others believe their coat should be allowed to grow naturally into a big fluff. The coat will get matted easily and the mats should be carefully pulled apart without tearing the coat. They must be cut down at least once every year. If the coat is kept trimmed to approximately 1½ inches all over the body and slightly longer on the head, it will be 90.3. SHOW GROOMING 449 easier to maintain and look neat. Hair on the ears should be trimmed around the edges to the leather. If the ear shows irritation and buildup of dirt and earwax, the hairs from the ear canal should be gently plucked out regularly. Some coats matt more easily than others. Left untended, the Lagotto's hair will grow to cover the eyes and so the hair around their eyes should be periodically clipped to ensure that they can see.

90.3 Show grooming

In the United States, the coat should be shown in a rustic style with no fluffing or blowing out. The coat should match the lines of the dog and the curls should be evident. The dog should have the appearance of the working dog that it is. If clipped down, the coat will need about 3 months of growth to be ready to show. Otherwise, shaping can be performed before the shows.

90.4 Health

Lagotto live roughly 16 years. Some health issues are associated with this breed however these are mostly attributable to poor breeding. These issues include:

• Hip dysplasia choose your Breeder- this is only a condition of poor breeding, be sure your Breeder has GD Hip Lineage.

• Benign Juvenile Epilepsy Choose your Breeder - be sure your Breeder, breeds JE clear.

• Cerebral Anomaly. (Could be the same as BJE above) Good Breeders breed clear.

Lagotto puppies have been crucial in research into epilepsy. In July 2011, researchers in Finland reported the discov- ery of a mutation in a gene called Lgi2 that may be a new candidate gene for human benign childhood epilepsy.*[1] Lgi2 is the first gene that can be linked directly to the remission that sufferers experience after the age of ten. Lagotto breeders are now using a genetic test to screen for this mutation.*[2] Through thousands of years of adaptation and survival in the Romagnolo Mountains of Italy, the Lagotto Romagnolo Breed of Dog has survived by eliminating health issues by natural selection. The onus is now on Breeders to ensure this pure ancient breed retains these natu- rally surviving good health standards. Globally, Lagotto Romagnolo has begun its revival as a pure, ancient, gentle, non-shedding waterdog.

90.5 History

The Lagotto is an ancient breed of water retriever from the lowlands of Comacchio and marshlands of Ravenna, Italy. All modern water retrieving dog breeds are believed to have descended in part from the Lagotto Ramagnolo. Andrea Mantegna in the 1474 work titled “The Meeting”depicts a small dog in the lower left corner that is the perfect image of today's Lagotto.*[3]

90.6 Notes and references

[1] “LGI2 Truncation Causes a Remitting Focal Epilepsy in Dogs”.

[2] “Sniffing out a cause of childhood epilepsy”.

[3] “The Meeting, detail from west wall of the Camera degli Sposi, Palazzo Ducale at Mantua, Italy.”.

90.7 External links

• (http://www.lagottoromagnoloofcanada.com/Lagotto Romagnolo of Canada] 450 CHAPTER 90. LAGOTTO ROMAGNOLO

• American Kennel Club (Lagotto page)

• The Lagotto Romagnolo Club of Great Britain • Lagotto Romagnolo Club of America.

• Lagotto Club of America • Lagotto Club of Canada

• Lagotto Club of The Netherlands • Lagotto Club of Finland

• The Meeting by Andrea Mantegna • Database of lagotto worldwide

• Elevage français de Chiens d'eau Romagnol

• FCI Standard n°298 2011.03.02 Romagna Water Dog - Lagotto Romagnolo • Gene Test for BJE Chapter 91

Lakeland Terrier

The Lakeland Terrier is a dog breed, which takes its name from its home of origin,*[1] the Lake District in England. The dog is a small to mid-size member of the Terrier family. While independent in personality, it interacts well with owners and all family members,*[2] and is mostly hypo-allergenic (non shedding).*[3] The breed is not widely owned in the United States.*[4]

91.1 Description

91.1.1 Appearance

At 15-17 lb (7–8 kg), it is the smallest of the long legged, black and tan terriers.*[2] The Lakeland is similar in appearance to the slightly larger and is finer-boned.*[2] The largest of the threesome in this similar group of Terriers is the Airedale.*[2] The Lakeland is a sturdy dog,*[5] compact, free moving and able to cover ground with little effort and much quickness.*[2] The dog is relatively narrow in the chest and has a broad muzzle, yet slightly narrower than the Welsh Terrier, with small, V-shaped ears.*[2] The Lakeland breed has a thick bushy wiry outer coat and a soft undercoat.*[5] It comes in a variety of colors though The Kennel Club lists the following as 'Acceptable colours for registration': Black, Black and Tan, Blue and Tan, Dark Grizzle, Grizzle, Grizzle and Tan, Liver and Tan, Red, Red Grizzle, Wheaten.*[6] They have an upright tail which was previously customarily docked.*[5] Lakeland Terriers grow to between 33 and 38 cm (13 to 15 inches) in height*[7] measured to the withers. The eyes are small and dark colored and of oval shape.*[2] The nose and pads of the feet are black except in liver colored dogs where the nose and pad coloring will be liver colored.*[2] Liver colored dogs will have a slightly lighter colored eye.*[2] The dog will not shed if properly groomed.*[8] It is suggested that“Regular stripping and trimming improves the texture and quality of the coat”and is “necessary to enhance the dog's utilitarian purposes”as well as “enhancing him for the show ring”.*[9]

91.1.2 Temperament

The dogs are friendly, bold, and confident.*[3] Shyness is very atypical, as is aggressiveness.*[2] Very intelligent and independent minded, they are quick to learn and easy to train though Lakelands often exhibit 'selective deafness' when their interest level is aroused.*[2] The Lakeland is quite receptive to crate training.*[2] As with most terriers, the Lakeland is energetic; daily exercise and playtimes are a must, lest this active dog seek out other outlets for their energy, with undesirable results for the owner.*[2]

91.2 History

The UK Kennel Club claims to have recognised Lakeland Terriers in 1921,*[3] whereas the Lakeland Terrier Club suggests this was closer to 1928.*[1] The Lakeland Terrier Association (now defunct) was founded in 1921.*[1] In

451 452 CHAPTER 91. LAKELAND TERRIER

Hughie, a Lakeland of the Junior Earthdog Class

1925 the breed attained homogeneity following a cross-breeding with the Fox Terrier and the .*[2] The Lakeland Terrier Club was founded in 1932*[1] and promoted the breed nationally*[1] through Kennel-Club sanctioned shows.*[2] In the Lake District of the UK, the mountainous, rocky terrain is unsuitable for hunting fox on horseback and foxes were hunted on foot.*[2] It has been suggested that the Lakeland Terrier's great stamina derives from running all day with the hounds, unlike his close cousin, the fox terrier, who would have been carried in a saddle bag to be released only when the fox had gone to earth.*[2] 91.3. FAMOUS LAKELANDS 453

As one of the earliest Terriers (Latin derivation of earth), dating from the 1700s, this“earth”dog is a descendant of the old English Black and Tan and Fell Terriers.*[2] The Lakeland's original service was “going to ground”on the farm in hunt for vermin. Its size and energy make it popular as a hunter in hard to reach places; the breed is among those eligible for competition in sanctioned Earthdog trials. The working dog version of the Lakeland is often known as the Fell Terrier or Patterdale Terrier. Whereas most terrier breeds have only to bolt their quarry, or to mark it by baying, the Lakeland must be able to kill the foxes in their lair.*[2]

91.3 Famous Lakelands

• Stingray of Derryabah - the first dog to win Best in Show/Supreme Champion at both the top US and UK shows Westminster and Crufts (1967)*[10] • Zelda Van Gutters - Nickelodeon Magazine's Roving Reporter/Mascot

• Champion Revelry's Awesome Blossom - Top winning Lakeland Terrier owned by Jean L. Heath and Bill Cosby*[11]

• Kevin, owned by Neil Tennant (Singer of the Pet Shop Boys)*[12]

91.4 References

[1] Lakeland Terrier Club Origin and history

[2] Alderton, David (1993). Dogs, p.214. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-176-4.

[3] The Kennel Club Breed Information Centre, Lakeland Terrier

[4] “AKC Dog Registration Stats”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved May 9, 2011.

[5] The Kennel Club Breed Standard

[6] The Kennel Club Breed Information Centre, Lakeland Terrier, Acceptable Colours for Registration

[7] Lakeland Terrier Club Appearance

[8] “Grooming the Pet Lakeland”. U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club. Retrieved May 9, 2011.

[9] US Lakeland Terrier Club For the Show Ring

[10] Punter, Ron (2007), “The Lakeland Terrier Ch Stingray of Derryabah 40 years ago first dog to win BIS at both Crufts and Westminster”, retrieved 4 April 2014

[11] Green, Ranny (9 February 1997),“Schnauzer, Dobe Lead Way At Westminster”, The Seattle Times, retrieved 4 April 2014

[12] Pet Shop Boys Official Site Pet Texts, 21 April 2007

91.5 External links

• Lakeland Terrier at DMOZ Chapter 92

Lancashire Heeler

The Lancashire Heeler is a small breed of dog developed for use as a drover and herder of cattle. The Lancashire Heeler is listed by the Kennel Club (UK) as a vulnerable breed.

92.1 Description

92.1.1 Appearance

The coat is harsh and smooth with an undercoat which keeps the dog dry in all weathers. It may have a slight mane round the neck in winter. The dog is usually black and tan,*[1] but liver and tan is now recognised by the Kennel Club. They are slightly longer than height at withers, usually measures between 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) at the shoulder and weighs 13–18 pounds (5.9–8.2 kg).*[1] Ears can be tipped or erect.

92.1.2 Personality

It is alert, friendly, energetic, intelligent, playful and a pleasant companion. Personality can range from lazy and playful to energenic and talkative. It is actually a very strong dog that likes to participate in all kinds of activities, and can carry a ball or object the size of themselves. The Lancashire Heeler is friendly towards its owners and passers-by on the street but may be aggressive towards an unknown character on their territory, such as the Mail Carrier.

92.2 Health

The Lancashire Heeler has a life expectancy of 12–15 years or more. The three most common serious conditions that can affect Heelers are Collie eye anomaly, Primary lens luxation and Persistent pupillary membranes.*[2] As well as these eye conditions, dogs of this breed may suffer from Patella luxation.*[3]

92.3 History

Precise details of the origin of breed is unknown. However, it is accepted that a type of Welsh Corgi was used to drive livestock to the north west of England from Wales.*[4] In the Ormskirk area, a type of black and tan terrier called the was introduced which resulted in what is now known as the Lancashire Heeler.*[1] The breed has been known in its home county for over a hundred and fifty years as a general purpose farm dog, capable of both ratting and herding cattle.*[4] Gwen Mackintosh began to breed Heelers in the early 1960s. Together with other enthusiasts, the Lancashire Heeler Club was formed in 1978, with the club setting a breed standard and register. Recognition by The Kennel Club followed in 1981. Mackintosh would continue to serve as the club's president until her death in 1992.*[4]

454 92.3. HISTORY 455

Brown Lancashire Heeler bitch

The breed was recognised as a vulnerable native breed by The Kennel Club in 2006, which means that annual reg- istration figures are 300 or less for the breed.*[5] In 2006, 173 Heelers were registered in the UK, in 2007 this had decreased further to 146.*[6] 456 CHAPTER 92. LANCASHIRE HEELER

The Welsh Corgi is thought to be one of the parent breeds of the Lancashire Heeler.

92.4 Activities

Lancashire Heelers can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Lancashire Heelers exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.*[7]

92.5 References

[1] Cunliffe, Juliette (2002). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Bath: Paragon. p. 231.

[2] “Health of the Lancashire Heeler”. The United States Lancashire Heeler Club. Retrieved 26 May 2010.

[3] “Health of the Lancashire Heeler”. Lancashire Heeler Community. Retrieved 26 May 2010.

[4] Cutler, Jackie (July 2007). “Lancashire Heeler Breed Feature”. Dogs Monthly. The Lancashire Heeler Community. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

[5] “An Introduction to the Vulnerable Native Breeds”. The Kennel Club. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

[6] “Registration statistics for all recognised dog breeds - 2006 and 2007”. The Kennel Club. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

[7] Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.

92.6 External links

• Lancashire Heeler at DMOZ Chapter 93

Landseer (dog)

The Landseer is a dog breed. Many kennel clubs consider the Landseer to be simply a black-and-white variant of the Newfoundland, but the Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes it as a separate breed. This separate breed is called Landseer European Continental Type (E.C.T.). The breed was named after the British painter Sir Edwin Henry Landseer,*[1] because in 1838 he created the painting A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society, which shows a dog of this breed.

93.1 Temperament

The Landseer Newfoundland dog is known for its sweet disposition, gentleness, and serenity. They enjoy swimming, and tend to drool, though not as much as some other giant breeds. While the Landseer European Continental Type is also sweet, affectionate and enjoys swimming he is quite different from the Landseer Newfoundland in regard to response, agility and speed.

93.2 History

Because of their good swimming skills these dogs were utilized by fishermen to tow nets to the shore. They were also noted for their ability to help drowning people. Therefore these dogs were bought and sold mainly by European fishermen. It is believed that, by and large, the exportation of these dogs occurred during the late 18th century. However, paintings show us that these dogs must have already existed in England in the early 18th century. Because of their impressive appearance they were the subject of numerous books and paintings. The most famous painting of this large white and black dog is a portrait called“A Distinguished Member of Humane Society”done by the renowned English animal painter Sir Edwin Landseer in 1838. In fact the subject matter of many of Sir Edwin's paintings focused on these dogs. The dog portrayed in one of the most famous paintings is believed to have saved more than 20 people from drowning. It therefore was adopted as a member of the humane society. The breed was eventually named in honor of Sir Edwin. Unfortunately by the end of the 19th century the Landseer Continental Type were not recognizable. Some breeders attempted to build the breed back up in the beginning of the 1900 but their efforts were thwarted during World War I when most of the dogs were killed. After World War I some enthusiastic breeders in the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland began breeding these dogs again. Between 1945 and 1960 the Landseer Continental Type was bred as a part of the Newfoundland Clubs in Europe. As the dogs had many differences to the Newfoundland and the popularity of the Landseer CT grew the breed was recognized as a separate breed by the FCI in 1960. The breed was registered and its popularity continues to soar. The breed spread and can now be seen all over Europe.

457 458 CHAPTER 93. LANDSEER (DOG)

Young Landseer

93.3 Body

The Landseer ECT is in many ways different from the Newfoundland. In general the Landseers ECT are taller, do not have a deep breast, have shorter hair, no under wool and their long legs make them fast, untiring runners. All in all the Landseer ECT is quicker and more responsive than the Newfoundland which makes him easier to train and teach. As their coat is not as dense they dry off quickly and their fur is easier to clean and take care of.

93.4 Nana (Peter Pan)

The dog Nana in Peter Pan, although often portrayed as a St. Bernard, was intended to be a Landseer. The 2004 movie Finding Neverland featured a Great Pyrenees as J. M. Barrie's pet, on whom Nana was based. J. M. Barrie owned a Landseer Newfoundland called Luath. 93.5. CONTINENTAL TYPE 459

“A Distinguished Member of Humane Society”, 1838, by Sir Edwin Landseer

93.5 Continental Type

The Landseer Continental Type (CT) is a European dog breed that comes from a type of giant dog discovered in the north-east of North America during colonial times.

93.6 References

[1] Kosloff, Joanna; Tana Hakanson (1996). Newfoundlands: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, Behavior, and Training. Barron's Educational Series. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8120-9489-3. Retrieved 2009-01-07.

93.7 Literature

2. Knott, Thomas-Christian(Pacific Coast Landseers), based on Landseer Breed books 1-4 by the German Landseer Club (Deutscher Landseer Club) 460 CHAPTER 93. LANDSEER (DOG)

Sir Edwin Landseer depicting a Landseer 93.7. LITERATURE 461

Training Landseers Chapter 94

Lapponian Herder

The Lapponian herder (Lapinporokoira or Lapp Reindeer dog or Lapsk Vallhund) is a breed of dog from Finland, one of three Lapphund breeds developed from a type of dog used by the Sami people for herding and guarding their reindeer.

94.1 Appearance

The Lapinporokoira is a medium-sized dog, with medium length fur in a double coat. Ears are pricked (standing up; drop ears are a disqualifying fault.) Colour is generally black or dark grey or brown, with a lighter shade on the head and lower parts of the body, often with white markings. The dog is longer than tall. Height should be 51 cm (20 in) at the withers for males, 46 cm (18 in) for females. Males and females should look distinctly different. Weight is between 55-65 pounds, males usually heavier than females.

94.2 Temperament

The breed standard states that the dog should be calm, friendly, and docile, but also energetic. Most herding breeds need to be given regular exercise. The temperament of individual dogs may vary.

94.3 Activities

The Lapponian Herder can participate in dog agility trials, carting, mushing, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Lapponian Herders exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.*[1]

94.4 History

The Sami people of northern Europe (who consider the term Lapp to be insulting) used Spitz type herding dogs in managing their herds of reindeer for a very long time. Such dogs were not of modern breeds of documented heritage, and did not have a fixed appearance, but rather were a landrace type of herding dog. Although Swedish and Finnish dog fanciers began collecting information about the type in the 1930s, most of the dogs were lost as a result of World War II. After the war various breeders in Sweden and Finland began to try to recreate the lost reindeer herding dogs in their various forms. In Finland, the first was recognised as the Kukonharjulainen (a kennel name) by the Finnish Kennel Club. The breed was a few of the herding dogs crossed with black and white Karelian Bear Dogs, resulting in a short-coated dog. Other breeders with another kennel club in Finland created another breed, this one with a more heavy coat, called the Lapponian Herder. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, more dogs were collected, and assigned to one of the two varieties based on their appearance. Around the same time the two kennel clubs merged, and all the

462 94.5. SEE ALSO 463

Finnish reindeer dogs were placed in the same registry. In 1966 they were separated again, based on coat length.*[2] One breed was renamed Lapphund at that time, and the other was named Lapinporokoira (translated into English as the Lapponian Herder.)*[3] The Lapinporokoira is recognised under Finnish sponsorship as Fédération Cynologique Internationale breed number 284, in Group 5 Spitz and primitive types Section 3 Nordic Watchdogs and Herders. The stud book for the breed remains open. Exported to North America, it is recognised there by the United Kennel Club in the Herding Group (the United Kennel Club places the in the Northern Breed Group.) It is also recognised by various minor kennel clubs and internet based dog registry businesses, and promoted as a rare breed for those seeking a unique pet.

94.5 See also

• Finnish Lapphund

• • Finnish Spitz

94.6 References

[1] Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.

[2] Finnish Lapphund Comprehensive Owner's Guide by Toni Jackson Publisher: Kennel Club Books (September 2003) ISBN 1-59378-374-4 ISBN 978-1-59378-374-7 pps 11–14

[3] Historical Summary in the breed standard Chapter 95

Leonberger

The Leonberger is a giant dog breed. The breed's name derives from the city of Leonberg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. According to legend, the Leonberger was ostensibly bred as a 'symbolic dog' that would mimic the lion in the town crest. It is in the Working Group for dog shows such as Crufts, but not at the .

95.1 Description

Leonberger male

464 95.1. DESCRIPTION 465

95.1.1 Appearance

This Mountain dog comes with a generous double coat; the Leonberger is a large, muscular, and elegant dog with bal- anced body type, medium temperament, and dramatic presence. The head is adorned with a striking black mask, and projects the breed's distinct expression of intelligence, pride, and kindliness. Remaining true to their early roots as a capable family and working dog and search and rescue dog (particularly water), the surprisingly agile Leonberger is sound and coordinated, with both strength in bearing and elegance in movement. A dimorphic breed, the Leonberger possesses either a strongly masculine or elegantly feminine form, making gender immediately discernible.*[1]*:5 When properly trained and socialized, the Leonberger is vigilant, loyal, and confident in all situations. Robust, adapt- able, obedient, intelligent, playful, and kindly, the Leonberger is an appropriate family companion for modern living conditions.*[2]

95.1.2 Size, proportion, and substance

Height at withers:

• Male: 28–31.5 in (71–80 cm) ̶average 29.5 in (75 cm) *[2]*[1]*:18 • Female: 25.5–29.5 in (65–75 cm) ̶average 27.5 in (70 cm) *[2]*[1]*:18

Weight:

Leonberger female

• Males: 120–170 lb (54–77 kg) ̶average 140–150 lb (64–68 kg) • Females: 100–135 lb (45–61 kg) ̶average 115 lb (52 kg)

For a mature Leonberger, the height at the withers is ideally the median of the breed's range̶28 to 31.5 inches (71 to 80 cm) for males and 25.5 to 29.5 inches (65 to 75 cm) for females. The weight of its trim, well-muscled body 466 CHAPTER 95. LEONBERGER is in direct proportion to its size. Elegantly assuming a rectangular build, the Leonberger is a well-balanced dog in form and function; the proportion of its height to its length is about nine to ten. Necessary for efficient movement and providing for a harmonious silhouette, its front and rear angulation are moderate and balanced. Capable of demanding work, the Leonberger is a dog of ample substance. Its frame is effortlessly supported with well-muscled, medium to heavy bone in direct proportion to its size. A roomy chest is sufficiently broad and deep for the purpose of work. Seen in profile, the chest curves inward from the pro-sternum, tangently joins the elbow to its underline at fifty percent of the withers' height and then continues slightly upward toward the stifle.*[2]

95.1.3 Head

Correct head and expression in harmony with overall size and coat, are hallmarks of the Leonberger and are always appropriately masculine or feminine. The head is well balanced in proportion to the size of the dog and is deeper than broad with the length of muzzle and the length of skull approximately equal. The head is painted with a striking black mask that extends above the eyes; the Leonberger's good-natured expression is elegant, intelligent and confident. Likewise, the nose and lips are black and effortlessly blend with his dark mask. With close fitting eyelids, the eyes are elegantly set into the skull upon a slight oblique; the eyes are medium-sized, almond shaped, and colored a rich dark brown. Integral to the head's silhouette, the ears are fleshy, moderately sized, and pendant shaped, with sufficient substance to hang close to the skull and drop the tip of the ears level with the inside corners of the mouth. Vigilantly set slightly forward, when alerted, the Leonberger's ears rise from halfway between the eye and the top of his skull to level with the top of his skull. True to his refined nature, the upper lip fits tightly and seamlessly around the lips of a strong lower jaw, preventing drooling (unlike many other Mastiff-like dogs) under most circumstances. Though level bites and slight anomalies not affecting the robustness of the lower jaw are common, the ideal Leonberger capably possesses a strong scissor bite with full dentition.*[2]

95.1.4 Topline

Well muscled in support of a proudly held head, the Leonberger's neck flows elegantly from the backskull into well laid back shoulders, blending smoothly into withers on the topline and flowing cleanly through the underline. The backline remains strong and level through the rump. Coupled with a pronounced pro-sternum and conducive to strenuous work, a well sprung, oval-shaped rib cage supports a moderately broad and roomy chest, achieving a depth sufficient to meet properly placed elbows. Back and loin are broad and strongly coupled with a slight tuck-up. The croup smoothly slopes into his tail which is set just below the level of the back. The tail is rather long and reaches the hock of a properly angulated rear assembly; the tail is also well furnished and blends harmoniously with rear feathering. Denoting their confidence when in repose, the Leonberger's tail hangs straight down. Though showy males may adopt a sickle tail in the ring and leonbergers' tails commonly manifest excitement or rise toward the level of the back in movement, the ideal tail carriage is always relaxed.*[2]

95.1.5 Coat

Both a necessity for work and a defining attribute of the breed, the Leonberger has a generous, water resistant, double coat on his body that is complemented by the shorter, fine hair on his muzzle and limbs. The long, profuse, outer coat is durable, relatively straight, lies flat, and fits close, strengthening his silhouette. Mature, masculine Leonbergers exhibit a pronounced mane which proudly parades the entirety of his neck and chest, helping to define a lion-like outline. The Leonberger is harmoniously festooned with distinct, ample feathering on the back of his forelegs and breeches. Similarly, his tail is very well furnished from the tip to the base where it blends harmoniously with the breech's furnishings. Climate permitting, his undercoat is soft and dense. Apart from a neatening of the feet, the Leonberger is presented untrimmed.

95.1.6 Colour

Accompanying his striking black mask, a variety of coat colours are acceptable, including all combinations of lion- yellow, red, red-brown, and sand. His coat may be highlighted with black tippings which add depth without ever dominating the overall colour.*[2] Nose leather, foot pads and lips should always be black. Faulty colours include brown with brown nose leather, black and tan, black, white or silver and eyes without any brown. A small patch of white on the chest or toes is permitted.*[3] 95.1. DESCRIPTION 467

95.1.7 Temperament

First and foremost a family dog, the Leonberger's temperament is one of its most important and distinguishing char- acteristics. Well socialized and trained, the Leonberger is self-assured, insensitive to noise, submissive to family members, friendly toward children, well composed with passersby, and self-disciplined when obliging its family or property with protection. Robust, loyal, intelligent, playful, and kindly, they can thus be taken anywhere without difficulty and adjust easily to a variety of circumstances, including the introduction of other dogs.*[1]

95.1.8 Movement

With an efficient, balanced, ground-covering gait, the Leonberger is effortless, powerful, free, and elastic in move- ment.*[1]*:16 Balanced, and controlled at the trot, he always maintains a level topline. Viewed from the front or from behind, forelegs and hind legs travel straight. Increasing reach and drive, his legs tend to converge toward the centerline of the body as his speed increases.

95.1.9 Care and maintenance

The Leonberger sheds fur very heavily. A good brushing every week is sufficient to keep it in fine shape, except when the undercoat is being shed; then daily combing or brushing is in order for the duration of the moult. Regular use of a drag comb (it looks like a small rake), especially in the undercoat, is highly effective. The Leonberger should never be shaved.*[4] Its double coat insulates against both heat and cold, and shaving can affect the dog's natural body temperature regulation. Regrowth is also more likely to be curly and therefore more susceptible to matting. See Dog grooming. A Leonberger is a family dog, the desire to be with his pack is far more important than a large yard, he can adapt to modest living quarters if he is given time with his people, a daily walk and regular training time. Leonbergers are good with children, family pets and other dogs. Socialization and thorough obedience training are extremely important with any giant breed, including Leonbergers. 468 CHAPTER 95. LEONBERGER

95.2 Health

Leonbergers are strong, generally healthy dogs.*[5] Hip dysplasia, which devastates many large breeds,*[6] is largely controlled because of the effort of many breeders who actively screen their Leonbergers using x-rays evaluated by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals and leave dysplastic specimens out of the gene pool, thereby reducing the risk of bone/joint problems.*[7] For over twenty years, breeders belonging to the Leonberger Club of America, which issued pedigrees for the Leonberger breed in America, adhered to many aspects of the German breeding program 95.3. HISTORY 469

whereby member kennels may only choose to breed dogs that were certified as three generation free of hip dysplasia. As a likely result, the incidence of hip dysplasia in the breed was reduced to almost 10% and the occurrence of OFA rated “Excellent”hips increased by over 60% in just twenty years.*[7] Current incidence rates of hip dysplasia in Leonbergers are likely around 13%.*[8] After 2010, when the Leonberger Club of America joined the American Kennel Club, the formerly strict breeding rules are no longer mandatory for all Leonbergers. Though not common, Leonbergers do inherit and/or develop a number of diseases that range in their impact from mild to devastating. In addition to hip dysplasia, Leonbergers can inherit and/or develop heart problems, Inherited Leonberger Paralysis/Polyneuropathy (ILPN), osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Osteochondrosis Dissecans, aller- gies, digestive disorders, cataracts, entropion/ectropion eyelids, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), perianal fistulas, and thyroid disorders.*[9] Though rumors persist of Leonbergers being more sensitive to anesthesia than other breeds of dog, they are largely untrue.*[7] Leonbergers, like other large breed dogs, require less dosage per pound of sedative than smaller breeds to yield the same effect.*[10] The Leonberger Health Foundation, a private nonprofit foundation whose sole mission is to support major researchers who are seeking to identify genetic markers for serious diseases which affect the breed, is currently focusing on osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and Leonberger Polyneuropa- thy.*[11]

95.2.1 Longevity

Leonbergers in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 7 years,*[12] which is about 4 years less than the average purebred dog, but typical of similarly sized breeds.*[13] About 20% of Leonbergers in the surveys lived to 10 years or more. The oldest dogs in both surveys died at about 13.*[14]*[15] In France, the breed has a median lifespan of 8.75 years.*[16] Serious diseases can affect the Leonberger̶certain types of are very common in the breed. Gastric Di- latation Volvulus, commonly called bloat, is another serious condition that affects many of the large and giant breed dogs, particularly those with deep chests. It causes the stomach to twist and can be fatal quite quickly.*[17] Adult Leonbergers should always be fed twice a day rather than one large meal in order to reduce the likelihood of bloat. Leonbergers are not alone in inheriting serious diseases and according to the University of Sydney's LIDA taskforce, Leonbergers have relatively few health issues compared to other dog breeds.*[18] In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (45%), cardiac (11%), and “un- known”(8.5%).*[14] In a 2000 USA/Canada Leonberger Club of America survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (37%), old age (12%), cardiac (9%), and “sudden death”(8%).*[15] Studies have indicated problems with inherited polyneuropathy in certain populations of Leonbergers*[19] and cataracts in dogs in the United Kingdom.*[20] A study of“Leonberger polyneuropathy”was published in 2014.*[21] Genetic testing is to be done through a protocol administered in North America by the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.*[22] or Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland*[23]

95.3 History

In the 1830s, Heinrich Essig, a dog breeder and seller and mayor of the town of Leonberg near Stuttgart in Baden- Württemberg, Germany, claimed to have created the Leonberger by crossing a female Landseer Newfoundland with a "barry" male from the Great St. Bernard Hospice and Monastery (which would later create the Saint Bernard breed). Later, according to Essig, a Pyrenean Mountain Dog was added, resulting in very large dogs with the long white coats that were the fashion for the time, and pleasant temperament. The first dogs registered as Leonbergers were born in 1846 and had many of the prized qualities of the breeds from which they were derived.*[1]*:4 The popular legend is that it was bred to resemble the coat-of-arms animal of Leonberg, the lion.*[24] The Leonberger dog became popular with several European royal households, including Napoleon II, Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary, the Prince of Wales, Otto Von Bismarck, Emperor Napoleon III and Umberto I of Italy. Essig's claim of breeding the dog as described is disputed. At least as early as 1585, the royal household of Austrian Prince Franz Metternich, of Wolfberg, father of Prince Metternich, owned dogs of the same description.*[25] Either way, there is no doubt that Essig named and registered the breed first. A black and white engraving of the Leonberger was included in “The Illustrated Book of the Dog”by Vero Shaw (at p. 488) in 1881.*[26] At the time, Essig's Leonbergers were denounced as an indifferent knockoff of a St. Bernard ̶not a stable and recognized breed ̶and a product of a popular fad or fashion for large and strong dogs, fomented in part by Essig's prodigious marketing skills (he gave dogs to the rich and famous).*[26] 470 CHAPTER 95. LEONBERGER

The modern look of the Leonberger, with darker coats and a black masks, was developed during the latter part of the 20th century by re-introducing other breeds, such as the Newfoundland.*[24] This was necessary because breeding stocks of the leonberger were seriously affected by the two world wars. During World War I most Leonbergers were left to fend for themselves as breeders fled or were killed. Reportedly, only five Leonbergers survived World War I*[27] and were bred until World War II when, again, almost all Leonbergers were lost. During the two world wars, Leonbergers were used to pull the ammunition carts, a service to the breed's country that resulted in the Leonbergers' near-destruction.*[28] Leonbergers today can have their ancestry traced to the eight dogs that survived World War II.*[27] Traditionally, Leonbergers were kept as farm dogs and were much praised for their abilities in watch*[29]*[30]*[30]*[31]*[31]*[32]*[32]*[33] and draft work. They were frequently seen pulling carts around the villages of Bavaria and surrounding districts.*[1]*:4 Around the beginning of the 20th Century, Leonbergers were imported by the Government of Canada for use as water rescue/lifesaving dogs.*[34] The breed continues in that role today, along with the Newfoundland, Labrador Retriever and Golden Retriever dogs; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.*[35]*[36] The Leonberger received American Kennel Club recognition as a member of the Working Group*[37] on January 1, 2010, alongside the Icelandic Sheepdog and the Cane Corso. It was the 167th breed to be recognized by the AKC.*[38]

95.4 Popular culture

Three Leonberger dogs*[39]*[27] (one was a female, and two males) played the main character Buck in The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon (1997), a Canadian rendition of Jack London's Call of the Wild which stars Rutger Hauer as John Thornton and is narrated by Richard Dreyfuss.*[40]*[39] The breed chosen in this movie was not the one identified as Buck in the novel. The breed has been featured on stamps from many countries.*[41]

95.5 Further reading

•“The Leonberger: A special supplement”. The New Zealand Kennel Gazette 36 (3). April 1996.

• Gustafson-Eskner, Margareta; Rogert, Ulrika (1996). Leonbergerboken (in Swedish).

• Kuntová, Daniela (1994). Leonberger (in Czech) 37. Komenshého, Czech Republic: Dona Press. p. 370. ISBN 80-900080-2-X.

• Lusby, Madeline; Trafford, Michael (Photographer) (2005). Leonberger (Comprehensive Owners Guide (Hard- cover). City: Kennel Club Books. ISBN 1-59378-314-0. EAN 9781593783143.

• Muller, Ton (1994). Het houden van een Leonberger, een praktijkboek (in Dutch). The Netherlands..*[42]

• Perosino, Guido (1993). The Leonberger. Milano: Giovanni De Vecchi.*[43]

• Pfaumer, Sharon. (July 1996) “The Leonberger, the golden-hearted lion dog.”in Dog World (USA), pp. 14–22.

• Rahmer, Larry. The History of the Leonberger in Great Britain.

• Schmitt, Hannelie; Zerl, Gerhard (1996). Der Leonberger (in German)) (revised ed.). Veriagsgesellschaft: Rudolf Muller, Koln-Braunsfeld.

• Shaw, Vero (1881). Leonberg Dog. The Illustrated Book of The Dog (London, , New York: Cassel, Petter, Galpin & Company). pp. 479–480, 488–494. Retrieved March 31, 2014. at Internet Archive

• Stramer, Metha. The Dog of Leonberg, The History of a Dog Breed Multilingual (English, German, French, Dutch) trilogy on the history of the Leonberger dog (1846-1948) (Independent Leo Gazette) ISBN 978-90- 813426-1-2.*[43]*[44]

• White, Angela, The Leonberger (The World of Dogs) (Hardcover) (Kingdom Books, Havant 12 Feb 1998) ISBN 1-85279-064-4; ISBN 978-1-85279-064-6. 208 pages.*[43] 95.6. REFERENCES 471

95.6 References

[1] Junehall, Petra Breed Standard: Leonberger, 08-tryck, 2005.

[2] “AKC meet the Breeds: Leonberger”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 January 2012.

[3] UK Kennel Club. “Leonberger Breed Standard”.

[4] Lusby, Madeline (2005). Leonberger. NJ, USA: Kennel Club Books. p. 72. ISBN 1-59378-314-0.

[5] Zieher, Waltraut (2002). “Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings”. Leo Watch (Slaton, TX) 2 (1): 3.

[6] “Breed Average Hip Scores”. British Veterinary Association. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2012.

[7] Townsend, Matthew di Sforzando (2006). “Hurray for OFA!". The LeoLetter (Seattle, WA: Allegra Print and Imaging) 22 (3): 85.

[8] Zieher, Waltraut (2002). “Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings”. Leo Watch (Slaton, TX) 2 (1): 5.

[9] Zieher, Waltraut (2003). “Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings”. Leo Watch (Slaton, TX) 3 (1): 2–11.

[10] Zieher, Waltraut (2003). “2000 Health Survey Findings”. Leo Watch (Slaton, TX) 3 (1): 2.

[11] Isberg, Caroline (2009). “The Leonberger Health Foundation: Who Are These People? Why Should I Care?". The LeoLetter (Seattle, WA: Allegra Print and Imaging) 25 (4): 69.

[12] Cassidy, Dr. Kelly M. (February 1, 2008). “Breed Longevity Data”. Dog Longevity. Retrieved September 18, 2012.

[13] Cassidy, Dr. Kelly M. (1 February 2008).“Breed Weight and Lifespan”. Dog Longevity. Retrieved September 18, 2012.

[14] “Purebred Dog Health Survey Results”. Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004.

[15] Summary of the 2000 Health Mortality and Morbidity Survey Findings.Leonberger Club of America. LEO Watch Volume 2, Spring 2002. Archived from the original

[16] Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). “Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds”. The Veterinary Journal 203: 74. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. mean=8.18 ± 3.1 median=8.75

[17] Health at LeonbergerClubofAmerica.com

[18] McGreevy, Dr. Paul. “LIDA”. University of Sydney. Retrieved 16 June 2011.

[19] Williams, John,. “Polyneuropathy in Leonberger Dogs”. .

[20] Barnett, Keith C.; Featherstone, Heidi J.; Heinrich, Christine L.; Lakhani, Ken H. “Cataract in the UK Leonberger population”. Veterinary Ophthalmology (Blackwell Publishing Inc.) 9 (5): 350–356. Retrieved 13 March 2015.

[21] Ekenstedt, Kari J.; Becker, Doreen; Minor, Katie M.; Shelton, G. Diane; Patterson, Edward E.; Bley, Tim; Oevermann, Anna; Bilzer, Thomas; Leeb, Tosso; Drögemüller, Cord; Mickelson, James R. (October 2, 2014). “An ARHGEF10 Deletion Is Highly Associated with a Juvenile-Onset Inherited Polyneuropathy in Leonberger and Saint Bernard Dogs”. PLOS Genetics (PLOS). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004635. Retrieved 13 March 2015.

[22] Bulanda, Susan (August 18, 2010).“Important research for Leonberger dogs, inherited polyneuropathy (IPN)". American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

[23] Drögemüller, Cord (7 January 2014).“Genetic Testing for Inherited Polyneuropathies in Leonbergers 2.0”(PDF). Bern, Switzerland: Bern University. Retrieved 13 March 2015.

[24] Isberg, Caroline Bliss. “Leonberger Breed”. Leonberger-Hunde.org.

[25] Lusby, M (2005). The Leonberger. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59378-314-3.

[26] Shaw, Vero (1881). Leonberg Dog. The Illustrated Book of The Dog (Cassel, Petter, Galpin & Company). pp. 479–480, 488–494. Retrieved March 31, 2014. at Internet Archive

[27] “Leonberger Dogs”. PetInsurance.com. Veterinary Pet Insurance Company. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[28] Lusby, Madeline (2005). Leonberger. Allenhurst, NJ, USA: Kennel Club Books. p. 14. ISBN 1-59378-314-0.

[29] “Leonbergers At Work – Herding Training”. Leonberger Club of Ontario. Retrieved May 17, 2014. 472 CHAPTER 95. LEONBERGER

[30] “Leonberger”. Canada's Guide to Dogs. Retrieved May 17, 2014.

[31] “Leonberger”. Retrieved May 17, 2014.

[32] Landry, Jean-Marc (August 1999). “The use of guard dogs in the Swiss Alps: A first analysis” (PDF). KORA Bericht (2): 19. ISSN 1422-5123. Retrieved May 15, 2014.

[33] “AKC proposed group realignment” (PDF). American Kennel Club. December 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2014.

[34] Pfaumer, Sharon (July 1996). “The Leonberger, the golden-hearted lion dog”. Dog World (USA): 14–22.

[35] “Bonewatch: The doggy lifeguards that leap from helicopters to save stranded swimmers”. Daily Mail. August 27, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[36] Manetti, Francesco (August 23, 2010).“Italian school teaches dogs to become lifeguards”. Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved October 15, 2011.

[37] “AKC Working Group”. American Kennel Club. Retrieved December 5, 2010.

[38] “AKC Welcomes the Cane Corso, Icelandic Sheepdog and Leonberger”. June 10, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2010.

[39] Call of the Wild - Dog of the Yukon at the Internet Movie Database

[40] “Leonberger Facts”. AKC.org. American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.

[41] “Leonberger”. animalstamps.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.

[42] Ton Muller

[43] “LeoWorld: Resources”.

[44] “The dog of Leonberg”.

95.7 External links

• Leonberger Bibliography at LeoWorld

• The NSW Leonberger Library ̶New South Wales Leonberger Club • Leonberger at DMOZ

• Leonberger Stamp, Bulgaria • Other resources at Leonberger Union

• Leonberger Pedigree Database Chapter 96

Lhasa Apso

The Lhasa Apso (/ˈlɑːsəˈæpsoʊ/ LAH-sə AP-soh) is a non-sporting dog breed originating in Tibet.*[1] It was bred as an interior sentinel in the Buddhist monasteries, to alert the monks to any intruders who entered. Lhasa is the capital city of Tibet and apso is a word in the Tibetan language meaning “bearded”, so, Lhasa Apso simply means “long-haired Lhasa dog”. There are, however, some who claim that the word“apso”is a form of the Tibetan word “rapso”, meaning “goat-like”,*[2] which would make the equivalent translation “wooly Lhasa dog”.

96.1 Appearance

Male Lhasa Apsos should ideally be 10.75 inches (27.3 cm) at the withers and weigh about 14 to 18 pounds (6.4 to 8.2 kg). The females are slightly smaller, and weigh between 12 to 14 pounds (5.4 to 6.4 kg). The breed standard requires dark brown eyes and a black nose, although liver-colored lhasas have a brown nose. The texture of the coat is heavy, straight, hard, neither woolly nor silky, and very dense. They come in a wide variety of colors including black, white, red and gold with various shadings. Lhasas can be with or without dark tips at the ends of ears and beard. The tail should be carried well over the dog's back. The breed standard currently used by the American Kennel Club was approved on July 11, 1978.*[3]

96.2 Temperament

Having been bred as an indoor monastery sentinel dog by Tibetan Buddhist monks, Lhasa Apsos are alert with a keen sense of hearing. The ideal Lhasa temperament is to be wary of strangers while being loyal to those closest to them. They can be very aggressive to strangers if they're left untrained. They rank 68th (out of 79) in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of fair working/obedience intelligence.*[4]*[5] Lhasa Apsos are independent as well as companion dogs who want to please their owners, yet they may be suspicious toward strangers.*[6] Lhasa Apsos often show happiness by rubbing their head on their owners, running and rolling around, or sitting on their owner's feet. A Lhasa Apso responds to exercise and discipline with a calm assertive energy. These dogs require early socialization with dogs and other people as puppies and throughout their lives. They require patience and may be slow to house train, but in return, they can be quite comical, entertaining and caring companions. They aim to please their owners and enjoy training. While their personality belies their size, they need a home that is mindful that there is a small dog in the house to prevent injury. They enjoy vantage points in the house where they can view all that is going on. The Lhasa Apso is a long-lived breed, with many living in good health into their early 20s.*[7] The average age for these dogs is 12–14. There are few health problems specific to the breed. Their vision may deteriorate with age, but they are not sight-oriented dogs and they endure blindness with few noticeable changes in behavior.

473 474 CHAPTER 96. LHASA APSO

A Lhasa Apso head.

96.3 History

The Lhasa Apso originated in the area of Tibet over 4,000 years ago as a small breed of mountain wolf.*[8] They were domesticated and actively bred perhaps as long ago as 800 BC, which makes the Lhasa Apso one of the oldest recognized breeds in the world. Recent research has shown the Lhasa as one of the breeds most closely related to the ancestral wolf. (Others are Akita, Shiba Inu, Shar-Pei, Chow, Basenji, Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky, Saluki, Afghan, Pekingese, Shih Tzu, and Samoyed.)*[9] Referred to in Tibet as Apso Seng Kyi, which can be translated as“Bearded Lion Dog”, the Lhasa's primary function was that of a household sentinel, guarding the homes of Tibetan nobility and Buddhist monasteries, particularly in or near the sacred city of Lhasa. The large Tibetan Mastiffs guarded the monasteries' entrances, but the keen hearing 96.3. HISTORY 475

Lhasa Apso a half a year old and sharp bark of the Lhasa Apso served to warn residents by acting like a burglar alarm if an intruder happened to get past the exterior guards. It was believed that the bodies of the Lhasa Apsos could be entered by souls of deceased lamas while they awaited rebirth into a new body. Lhasas in Tibet were never sold. The only way a person could get one was as a gift.*[9] In the early 1900s, a few of the breed were brought by military men returning from the Indian subcontinent to England, where the breed was referred to as “Lhasa Terrier”.*[10] The original American pair of Lhasas was a gift from Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama to C. Suydam Cutting, arriving in the United States in 1933. Mr. Cutting had traveled in Tibet and met the Dalai Lama there.*[11] At this time, there was only one Lhasa Apso registered in England.*[12] The breed was at first called the Lhasa Terrier, later the Lhasa Apso. The American Kennel Club officially accepted the breed in 1935 in the Terrier Group, and in 1959 transferred the breed to the Non-Sporting Group.*[13] In the UK, they are placed in the Utility Group. Certain characteristics which are part of the breed type evolved as a result of geographical and climatic environment ̶the high altitudes, the dry windy climate, the dusty terrain, the short hot summer and the long bitterly cold winter of the Himalaya region. Among these are head features, the coat, eye-fall, the musculation and body structure, the general hardiness and longevity of the breed.*[14] DNA Analysis has identified the Lhasa Apso as one of the 14 most ancient dog breeds, verifying that lap dogs and companion dogs were among the first dogs bred by humans.*[15]*[16] Currently, there is worldwide concern that it is necessary to breed some of the original Tibetan Lhasa Apsos into 476 CHAPTER 96. LHASA APSO

A young Lhasa Apso, not yet fully coated. the Western bred line which is now 60 years old, to maintain the Tibetan authenticity of the breed. The two lines now differ in some ways which is a concern to breeders who want to properly preserve the breed. There is also some concern for Tibetan Lhasa Apso lines because many dogs were killed during & after the Chinese invasion of Tibet because of the breed's strong cultural symbolism to Tibetans.*[17]

96.4 Shedding

Like most mammals, all dogs slough off dander. Since dander and many other allergens become trapped in hair, and shed hairs are light enough to spend considerable time airborne indoors before settling to the floor to be removed during housecleaning (an activity which can, ironically, help them stay airborne), shedding of the coat is a typical way in which house-pets spread their allergens in a domestic environment. Coming from the extremely cold weather of the Himalayas, the Apso has a double coat: only the undercoat, which is soft, will shed out once a year; the outer coat, consisting of coarse outer guard hairs, does not shed. People with allergies can co-exist with the low-shedding breeds of dogs, including the Lhasa Apso, when they are properly managed.*[18]

96.5 Health

The Lhasa Apso is known to suffer from a few health problems. For example, it is known to suffer from sebaceous adenitis, a hereditary skin disease that occurs primarily in Standard Poodles, but has also been reported in a number of other breeds, including the Lhasa Apso. They are also known to suffer from the genetic disease progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) which can render them blind. Responsible breeders have their breeding dogs checked yearly by a canine ophthalmologist to check that they are not developing the disease, which is heritable in offspring. Lhasa Apsos 96.5. HEALTH 477

A Lhasa Apso with a long, dense coat.

Lhasa Apsos 478 CHAPTER 96. LHASA APSO

A brown Lhasa Apso are also prone to eye diseases, such as cherry eye and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye syndrome).*[19] A 2004 Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 14 years 4 months.*[20] UK vet clinic data puts the median at 13.0 years.*[21]

96.6 In pop culture

• The Brazilian comic series Monica's Gang features a green-colored Lhasa Apso named Fluffy which belongs to Jimmy Five.

• In the animated series Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends, Angelica Jones/Firestar owns a Lhasa Apso named Ms. Lion.

• Lhasa Apsos have also appeared in at least two episodes of The Simpsons. In the episode "Three Gays of the Condo", Homer Simpson moves in with a couple of gay men. Homer started to act like a gay man and got a Lhasa Apso. Also, Milhouse Van Houten owns a Lhasa Apso.

• In the television series The L Word, Helena is assured by her wealthy mother that she was going to leave her inheritance to her, not to her Lhasa Apsos.

• Lhasa Apsos are said to bring luck, hence the saying “Lucky Lhasa”.*[22]

• Singer Arturo Paz owns a Lhasa Apso named Coco.*[23]

• Actress/Singer-Songwriter Keke Palmer has a Lhasa Apso named Rust*[24]

• A Lhasa Apso is both a major character and a plot device in the 1948 children's novel Daughter of the Mountains by Louise Rankin (ISBN 978-0140363357).

• Singer Gwen Stefani had a Lhasa Apso dog called Lamb/Meggan.

• Reality star Bethenny Frankel has a Lhasa Apso named Cookie, who regularly appears on her show Bethenny Ever After. 96.7. REFERENCES 479

• Science fiction author John Scalzi includes a Lhasa Apso named Tuffy in a pivotal role in the The Dog King, the seventh part of his episodic novel The Human Division. • Writer Kurt Vonnegut lived with a Lhasa Apso named Pumpkin. • Singer Barbra Streisand owned a Lhasa Apso, and dedicated her performance of“Smile”on the Oprah Winfrey Show to it, after its death. She even dressed up as her beloved pup for her 2013“Halloween Bash”hosted by Patti LaBelle. • Avant-garde art collector Peggy Guggenheim loved the Lhasa Apso breed so much, she has a burial site next to her own for her 14 “Beloved Babies”in Venice, Italy.

96.7 References

[1] Etymology Online definition of Lhasa apso

[2] Wehrmann, Stephen (2002). Lhasa Apsos: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-1958-3.

[3] American Kennel Club breed standard

[4] “ rankings”. 6abc.com. WPVI-TV. November 12, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2012.

[5] “Ranking of Dogs for Obedience/Working Intelligence by Breed”. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

[6] “Lhasa Apso Temperament – What's Good About 'Em, What's Bad About 'Em”. Your Purebred Puppy. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

[7] “Border Collie, Chinese Crested, English Mastiff, Italian Greyhound, Lhasa Apso”. Dogs 101. Season 2. Episode 5. October 31, 2009. Event occurs at 3:01. Animal Planet. Retrieved January 27, 2013.

[8] “Origins of the Lhasa Apso”. Tushita Lhasa Apso. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

[9] Joslyn's Lhasa Apsos

[10] Clark, Anne Rogers; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. Howell Book House. p. 294. ISBN 0-87605-624-9.

[11] Wehrmann, Stephen (2002). Lhasa Apsos. Barrons Educational Service Publisher. ISBN 0-7641-1958-3.

[12] Aldige, Leslie (22 July 1968), “Dog of the Year”, New York: 32–34

[13] “Lhasa Apso History”, American Kennel Club

[14] Sefton, Frances. Lhasa Apso Breed Type

[15] Ostrander, Elaine A. (September–October 2007). “Genetics and the Shape of Dogs”. American Scientist. pp. also see chart page 4. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

[16] Search query for Ancient Dog Breeds, Science

[17] http://www.apsodog.com/news_html/0002.html

[18] More, Daniel (May 29, 2009). “Top 10 Dog Breeds for People with Dog Allergies”. About.com. Retrieved January 25, 2013.

[19] Lhasa Apso Health at dog-breeds.in

[20] “Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey”. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

[21] oʼNeill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). “Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England”. The Veterinary Journal. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020.

[22] Bailey, Mrs. Eric. Origins of the Lhasa Apso

[23] Tiger Beat

[24] MTV Cribs 480 CHAPTER 96. LHASA APSO

96.8 External links

• Lhasa Apso at DMOZ Chapter 97

Lithuanian Hound

The Lithuanian Hound (Lithuanian: Lietuvių skalikas) is a rare, medium-size hunting dog from Lithuania. It is sturdy and heavy-boned, but at the same time sleek and muscular. It has a short black coat with some brown on snout, chest, ears, forehead.*[1] The official standard allows for a small white spot on the chest, but not on toes.*[1] The dog's long tail is naturally low. The head is large, chest is broad, deep and low. Ears are long with rounded tips, and hang close to the cheeks.*[1] Neck is quite long and strong with no dewlap. The feet are strong and round, with compact toes, helping it be a fast, very agile, and determined pursuer.*[1] The Lithuanian Hound has been traditionally used to hunt hare, fox, and boar. The breed is mentioned in the Statutes of Lithuania (16th century). It is believed that it comes from the mixing of bloodhounds with several other hound breeds.*[2] Once a popular breed in Lithuania, the population decreased to 78 individuals after World War II.*[3] Thanks to several enthusiasts, the hound was revived, standardized, and the number of registered and documented dogs reached around 350 in 1987.*[2] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the breed decreased to around 150 individuals by 1998.*[1] The decrease in popularity is explained by changing hunting habits: the Lithuanian Hound is best suited for hunting large animals in large open areas, but modern hunting plots are decreasing in size.*[1] The Lithuanian Cynological Society plans to register the breed with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI).*[4]

97.1 References

[1] Tamošiūnas, Vytautas; Vytautas Klovas (1999-04-02). “Veislė iš arti: Lietuvių skalikas”. Didysis šuo (in Lithuanian) 2 (15).

[2] (Lithuanian) Jonas Zinkus et al., eds. (1985–1988). “Skalikas”. Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija IV. , Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 19. LCC 86232954.

[3] Jareckaitė, Neringa (2001). “Lietuvių skalikai: veislės standartizacija, dinamika, paplitimas” (PDF). Veterinarija ir zootechnika (in Lithuanian) 12 (34). ISSN 1392-2130.

[4] “Lietuvių skalikas” (in Lithuanian). 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2009-07-15.

481 Chapter 98

Longhaired Whippet

The Longhaired Whippet is a medium-sized coated sighthound breed that is closely related to short haired whippets.

98.1 Description

98.1.1 Appearance

The Longhaired Whippet is a medium-sized, athletic sighthound, identical in build to the Whippet but with a longer silky coat and fringes. The breed standard indicates that the Longhaired Whippet should conform to the general appearance outlined by the Whippet breed standard except, of course, for the longer coat. However, the coat should not prevent the dog from being able to fulfill its function in the field as a running dog. *[1] *[2] They come in a variety of colors including: solids like red and black, parti-colors such as fawn and white, and various shades of brindle. They range in height from 18-22 inches at the shoulder and usually weigh between 20 and 30 lbs *[3] *[4] Temperament Longhaired Whippets have sweet, friendly personalities and enjoy spending time with people and other dogs (espe- cially dogs of their own kind). They are affectionate and loving yet still maintain the typical dignified sighthound demeanor. They tend to be a bit more biddable and eager to please than other sighthounds which makes them well suited to obedience and agility training. They do not make good guard dogs, but will bark a warning to their owners if they feel it necessary.*[5]

98.1.2 Exercise

Longhaired Whippets are capable of reaching very high speeds, but are not high-strung or hyperactive. They are sprinters and do enjoy being able to run and play, but spend a large amount of their time lounging comfortably at home. Like all sighthounds, they do not have a lot of body fat and are not suitable to be kept outdoors year round, nor for long periods outdoors in the cold or inclement weather.

98.2 History

The history of the Longhaired Whippet has not been without some controversy. In the 1970s, after several decades and breeding generations, an AKC Whippet breeder named Walter A. Wheeler Jr. went public with his successful breeding of a long coated variety of Whippets developed from both his own smooth coated (short haired) Whippets and those from other Whippet breeders that displayed observable evidence of carrying the longhair gene. Mr. Wheeler claims that the long coat is the result of the expression of a recessive gene for long hair which is carried in some lines of smooth Whippets. Although some people continue to believe that Longhaired Whippets are derived solely from short haired Whippets, others believe that the long coat more likely came from cross-breeding with other

482 98.2. HISTORY 483

longer-coated breeds such as the Borzoi or Shetland Sheepdog, both breeds that Mr. Wheeler owned. One reason for this alternative belief is that some Longhaired Whippets carry the recessive MDR1 allele and/or the recessive CEA allele, mutant genes found predominantly in herding breeds, but not in the smooth Whippet. The breed origin controversy is mostly an academic one as all Whippets were originally developed by cross-breeding other dogs such as Greyhounds and Terriers. No breed is more“pure”than any other, but some breeds were developed earlier in human history than others. Another controversy stems from the use of the word “Whippet”in reference to the Longhaired Whippet. Some smooth Whippet breeders openly oppose including the word “Whippet”in the Longhaired Whippet's official breed name, although there are many other breeds who use names that are similar, such as “Greyhound”and “Italian Greyhound”. Some American Whippet breeders claim that the name Whippet should be reserved for only smooth Whippets, although a rough coated variety of Whippet was common in the early history of the breed as a racing dog in England and existed as late as the 1970s in the United States. The last of these rough coated Whippets were euthanized when the only remaining kennel owner/breeder passed away at that time. Since the gene for the rough coat (also sometimes called “wire coated”or “wire haired”) is a dominant gene, the elimination of all these rough coated Whippets effectively eliminated the rough coat from the American Whippet gene pool. Those who believe that the Longhaired Whippet developed directly from the expression of a rare recessive longer coat gene (an allele of the gene FGF5;*[6]) that is carried by smooth Whippets point out that there are a number of other breeds who have known recessive long coated varieties (e.g. German Shepherd Dog, , Dachshund, Chihuahua). However, scientific research published in 2006 clearly shows that the specific allele that confers the long coat is not present in any of the breeds “fixed”for short hair (e.g. Whippets, Greyhounds). This study did show that Greyhounds (and several other breeds fixed for short hair such as Beagles, Dobermans, Labradors) do sometimes carry one or two copies of a variant of the FGF5 allele (contains a small duplication in a non-conserved part of the coding region) but this variant allele (unlike the missense allele that confers the long hair) does not correlate with long hair. That is, dogs with two copies of this variant allele do still have short hair (1). Therefore, this study provides evidence that Greyhounds (one of the founding breeds for Whippets) do not carry a recessive allele for long hair. The Longhaired Whippet has been confused with the due to their similar appearance. The Long- haired Whippet is actually one of the founding breeds behind the Silken Windhound which was developed by Borzoi breeder Francie Stull. She crossed Longhaired Whippets from Walter Wheeler's breeding kennel with Borzoi to create the breed now known as the Silken Windhound.[4] While the two breeds are related, the Silken Windhound tends to be larger and has a different head type. Another name that is used for the Longhaired Whippet (especially in Europe) is the“Silken Windsprite”. This was originally a nickname used by Francie Stull, for her Silken Windhounds. “Windsprite”was Walter Wheeler's AKC kennel name and is in the pedigrees of his Longhaired Whippets. The Silken Windsprite name is now used by some European breeders, especially in Germany, as a breed name for the Longhaired Whippets that they have imported from the U.S., but other Longhaired Whippet breeders in Europe have chosen to use the name Longhaired Whippet as their official breed name.

98.2.1 Recognition

The Longhaired Whippet is not currently recognized by any of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world. However, there are two national parent clubs set up for the breed: The Longhaired Whippet Association (Incorporated in 1981) who produce only purebred Whippets exhibiting or carrying the long haired gene*[7] and the International Longhaired Whippet Club,*[8] which breeds and registers purebred Longhaired Whippets, and also tracks - in a separate registry - mixes of Longhaired Whippets with other breeds. Both clubs offer conformation and performance events for their members. Effective spring 2010 Longhaired Whippets can compete in some AKC obedience and agility trials if they are neutered/spayed and registered with the AKC as mixed breeds. In addition to the events held by the national parent clubs, the Longhaired Whippet is also eligible to compete in conformation events held by rare breed clubs and minor kennel clubs including the Continental Kennel Club,*[9] the North American Kennel Club, the International Canine Kennel Club *[10] and the International All-Breed Canine Association (IABCA). Longhaired Whippets, like all Whippets, can excel in dog sports such as agility, lure coursing, and obedience, which are open to all dogs through clubs such as the United States Dog Agility Association. 484 CHAPTER 98. LONGHAIRED WHIPPET

98.3 Health

Longhaired Whippets are known to sometimes carry for two undesirable genetic mutations (see below). In any breed the intense inbreeding necessary to select for a recessive trait such as long hair can concurrently select for other undesirable recessive traits, especially those that are (by chance) linked to the desirable traits being selected. Longhaired Whippets are potential carriers of a recessive genetic mutation in the MDR1 gene, which makes them sensitive to certain drugs, such as a common dewormer known as Ivermectin. There are several other commonly used drugs that these carrier status dogs should not take such as Zofran and Imodium.[10] Carrier status for MDR1 can be established through a simple cheek swab tissue test.*[11] In addition, the eye disorder Choroidal Hypoplasia (also known as Collie Eye Anomaly [CEA]) sometimes occurs in this breed, as well as in several other breeds, predominantly of the herding class.*[12] A genetic test for this recessive trait is available as well.*[13] In some breed clubs in Europe it is forbidden to cross -/- to -/- (with - indicating the mutant allele and + indicating the wild type allele) and -/- to +/−. In addition, these clubs do not recommend crossing -/- to +/+ and +/- to +/−. All Longhaired Whippet breed clubs in North America as well as Europe are working hard to eliminate both the MDR1 and CEA mutations from this breed by conducting genetic testing and making genetically informed breeding choices.

98.4 References

[1] Longhaired Whippet Association Breed Standard

[2] International Longhaired Whippet Club Breed Standard

[3] Longhaired Whippet Association Breed Standard

[4] International Longhaired Whippet Club Breed Standard

[5] ILWC Breed Characteristics

[6] Coat Variation in the Domestic Dog Is Governed by Variants in Three Genes

[7] Longhaired Whippet Association

[8] International Longhaired Whippet Club

[9] Continental Kennel Club – Longhaired Whippet

[10] International Canine Kennel Club

[11] College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University

[12] Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie Eye Anomaly across multiple dog breeds

[13] Optigen Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA) Test

98.5 External links

• Longhaired Whippet Association • International Longhaired Whippet Club Chapter 99

Löwchen

The Löwchen or Little Lion Dog (German: Löwchen “little lion”, French: Petit chien lion, “little lion dog ") is a breed of dog. A small dog, they are considered by some registries as a toy dog and by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting dog. The Löwchen once had the dubious distinction, like the Portuguese Water Dog and the Havanese, of being the rarest dog in the world. In 1973 there were only 65 registered examples of the breed.*[1] Even today, the breed generally has fewer than a few hundred new registrations each year worldwide.

99.1 Description

Löwchen head

The Löwchen's coat is long and flowing and comes in many colours. The coat should not be thin and fluffy like a , but wavy with a mix of thicker hairs amongst the fine ones. This allows for a flowing coat that is not frizzy or fly-away, and a Löwchen coat should not be harsh like many terriers. The Löwchen does not shed, and this breed has very low allergic effects, and are considered hypoallergenic.*[2] The head of the Löwchen is one of its most

485 486 CHAPTER 99. LÖWCHEN

Löwchen aka Little Lion Dog

important features, with its relatively short, wide muzzle, broad skull, lively round eyes, and pendulant ears. They can come in all colours, including brown, that allow for dark eyes and nose. The head, when in proportion to the body, is neither too big nor too small, but helps to emphasize the friendly, regal, and leonine personality of the Löwchen. The litter size is usually between three and six puppies. The Löwchen's life span is around 12–14 years.

99.1.1 Lion cut

The Löwchen's long and wavy coat is presented in a lion cut. This means that the haunches, back legs, front legs (except bracelets around the ankles), and the 1/3–1/2 of the tail closest to the body are shaved, and the rest of the coat is left natural to give the dog the appearance of a male lion. The lion cut is the traditional way of presenting these dogs but it is not known where the practice comes from.*[1] Dogs in lion clip may need some protection in wintertime on the shaved parts.*[1] 99.2. HISTORY 487

Löwchen with golden coat

99.1.2 Temperament

The Löwchen is a friendly, healthy and happy dog. Dogs of this breed are both active and playful, and very intelligent. The Löwchen is an excellent house pet.*[1] The Löwchen makes also a good pet for families with children. This breed has a history as a companion dog and the dogs need the attention of humans and they are not happy left alone for longer periods of time.*[1] The Löwchen doesn't bark excessively, it is a rather quiet breed.*[1]

99.2 History

The breed is traceable to as far back as 1442. They are found in many old paintings, tapestries, engravings, draw- ings*[1] and in literature. It is an old breed type, found in many countries as far back as the 16th century.*[1] The little 'lion dog' is seen in many art pieces featuring dogs as far back as the 16th century, but it is unclear whether these were all dogs like the Löwchen, or simply small dogs of the Bichon type that were trimmed in a lion cut. Although this dog may be related to the Bichon Frise, the Löwchen's history remains obscure. The Löwchen has a history as a companion dog to the wealthy and elite. It is possible to trace the modern history of the breed to late-19th-century enthusiasts in what are now Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. It is thought the breed's ancestors were dogs that were brought in by travelers from the far eastern lands of Tibet and mingled with local dogs such as Spitz and terrier-type dogs. Occasionally a genetic throw-back is found. Madame Bennerts started a breeding program in 1944, later with the help of veterinarian Dr. Rickert.*[3]

• Portrait of Agnès Sorel (1422-1450) with a little dog in lion cut.

• Dog depicted in lion cut 1505

• Wedding portrait of Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie and Maria Eufrosyne, 1653. Beside them, a little dog in lion cut. 488 CHAPTER 99. LÖWCHEN

Löwchen

• Old Dutch painting, of Adriaen van Utrecht, detail of the dog • Two-year-old Henri Bertholet-Campan with his dog in lion cut by Ulrik Wertmüller, 1786 • Duchess Katharina von Mecklenburg, by Lucas Cranach the Elder painted 1514 with her dog in lion cut • Portrait of Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France (1750-1755) with her dog in lion cut • Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen, (1742-1798) with her dog in lion cut

99.3 External links

• Löwchen World • Löwchen Club of Canada • Löwchen Club UK • Löwchen Club of America

99.4 References

[1] The dog selector, David Alderton, 2010, pg 59, IBSN 978-91-7401-2460 or 0-7641-6365-5 or 978-07-641-6365-4.

[2] The dog selector, David Alderton, 2010,pg 59, IBSN 978-91-7401-2460 or 0-7641-6365-5 or 978-07-641-6365-4. 99.4. REFERENCES 489

Löwchen at dogshow

Löwchen in a lion cut 490 CHAPTER 99. LÖWCHEN

Löwchen dog

[3] Madame Bennert Chapter 100

Magyar agár

The Magyar agár (MA) is a dog breed. It is a type of sighthound originating in Hungary and lands that previously belonged to Hungary (such as Transylvania). It is used for hunting and coursing, and is also kept as a companion.

100.1 Naming

Although the Magyar agár is also called the 'Hungarian greyhound' this is a misnomer. The Magyar agár is neither descended from the greyhound nor is not known as a“greyhound”in its country of origin. A more proper alternative name would be Hungarian gazehound or Hungarian sighthound.

100.2 Description

The Magyar agár is a sighthound of elegant yet rugged stature. While they bear some resemblance to Greyhounds, there are a number of significant differences in conformation between the two breeds. Magyar agárs are longer in body than they are tall, and have a heavier bone structure than Greyhounds. Their heads are more wedge-shaped, with substantial jaw muscles and shorter snouts, giving them a less refined appearance than most Greyhounds. They also have much thicker skin with a short, dense and smooth coat that is slightly longer during winter months. As such, they are very hardy dogs and can tolerate lower temperatures better than some of the other short-coated sighthounds. They have rose-shaped ears that are raised about half way and oval-shaped eyes with a bright and gentle looking expression. They weigh between 49 pounds (22 kg) and 68 pounds (31 kg) with a height between 25 inches (64 cm) and 27 inches (69 cm) at the shoulders. They come in a variety of colors.*[1] The amount of “greyhoundness”in the MA is the point of controversy among European breeders and enthusiasts. This issue revolves around the fact that greyhounds were bred with MAs in the 19th century and early 20th century. Some prefer an “old fashioned” variation of the MA with its robust frame and musculature, while some prefer a more “greyhound-like”dog with a lighter frame and more speed.*[2] The sturdy frame of the Magyar agár makes it ideal for coursing game over a rugged terrain. Given their conformation, Magyar agár are not as fast as Greyhounds on short sprints, but possess greater endurance and stamina, making them much more suited to running longer distances for longer periods of time. In the old days, these dogs would have been expected to trail alongside their masters on horseback. The Magyar agár has an average life span of 12–14 years.

100.2.1 Temperament

This breed is affectionate and docile. They are unlikely to bite or be snippy with people, although they have a much stronger guarding instinct than some other sighthound breeds. They are usually well behaved around children and also with other dogs. They are somewhat reserved but should not be overly shy. They are intelligent, easy to train and faithful. As with all dogs, early socialization is a must. Magyar agárs are very adaptable and can live comfortably in apartments as well as outdoor kennels as long as they are

491 492 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

provided with adequate exercise and human interaction. If kept inside, they are very easy to housebreak and make wonderful house pets. During the day they will spend a good portion of their time sleeping, but they are by no means “couch potatoes”and do require daily exercise to stay fit and happy. Long walks, free running and trotting next to a bicycle are the best ways to exercise Magyars since they are not usually too keen on ball-chasing as are other breeds. Although they can live peacefully with cats and other small animals inside the home, it is important to remember their coursing heritage. They are an excellent coursing dog, and are still employed for such purposes in Hungary. As such, they will tend to want to chase down anything that resembles prey. However, with proper introduction and supervision, they can coexist very well with cats and small dogs.

100.3 History

These dogs probably accompanied the Magyars to the Carpathian Basin and Transylvania in the 10th century. Tradi- tion tells us that the Magyar agár first arrived in northeastern Hungary and the Great Alföld (Hungarian Plain) a little over a thousand years ago. The earliest archeological evidence for the Magyar agárs has been found in the Carpathian Mountains along the northern and eastern border of Hungary. Currently it is not known whether the Magyar agárs existed before the Magyars reached the Carpathian basin.*[2] Although they have lived throughout the Great Alföld, they have had a strong hunting history in the three counties of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Hajdú-Bihar and Somogy. The conformation of the Magyar agár has remained the same from the Medieval to the Modern Age until the introduction of the greyhound in the 19th century.*[2] The Magyar agár was bred for long distance racing: dispatching hare or deer shot by horseback riders in an open field or open stand of forest. Hungarians claim that the MA was expected to run along the hunters for distances of 30 kilometres (19 mi) to 50 kilometres (31 mi) per day. Through most of Hungarian history the Magyar agár was not restricted to the nobility, although the MA owned by the nobility were much bigger than the others. “Magyar Agárs owned by the peasants were known as Farm Agárs or simply as Hare Catchers. These smaller versions of the MA are now extinct.”*[2]

100.4 Modern uses

In addition to making fine companion animals, the elegant appearance and wash-and-wear coat of the Magyar agár make it very suitable for conformation showing. Although rare outside of Europe, a small number of Magyar agárs do reside in the United States. North American Magyar agár owners do have opportunities to show their dogs in United Kennel Club, North American Kennel Club/Rarities, American Rare Breed Association, and International All Breed Canine Association conformation events. In addition, the Magyar agár is eligible to compete in LGRA and NOTRA amateur racing events and ASFA lure coursing events.

100.5 References

[1] Magyar Agár Database Breed Standard

[2] NAMAA Breed History

100.6 External links

• North American Magyar Agár • Tuzvihar Kennel, northern California • Magyar Agár Database • German information portal for the Hungarian Sighthound • Magyar Agár - Independent Site • Magyar Agár Information Site 100.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 493

• Szélpatkoló Magyar Agár Kennel, Hungary

• Whippet & Magyar Agár kennel, Hungary • La Poterie d'en Haut (French site) 494 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

100.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

100.7.1 Text

• Galgo Español Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galgo_Espa%C3%B1ol?oldid=663941758 Contributors: LarsErikKolden, Karen Johnson, Chris 73, RedWolf, SimonMayer, Matt Gies, DocWatson42, Elf, Timpo, Utcursch, Rich Farmbrough, Lachatdelarue, El C, Ahc, Trysha, Dwbird2, Graham87, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, Wavelength, Tekana, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Reedy, PrzemekL, Jennica, MU, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, CurtisJohnson, Thijs!bot, Nelsonismyhero, Richard Hawkins, Lklundin, R'n'B, KylieTastic, GijsvdL, Seedbot, EoGuy, Nymf, Arjayay, Anakine, Melon247, XLinkBot, Addbot, Jafeluv, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Scoobywiki, Wikieditoroftoday, Dhidalgo, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Tux-Man, GrouchoBot, Venerock, Galgogreyhoundmom, HRoestBot, RedBot, Proki, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, ZéroBot, Fowlerc, Chester Markel, Andesaa, Greytfan, BG19bot, Vvven, OmarCurrosSimón, Vrothgarr, Hmains- bot1, JotaBay and Anonymous: 47 • Can de Palleiro Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_de_Palleiro?oldid=637611943 Contributors: Discospinster, R'n'B, Malcolmxl5, Addbot, KamikazeBot, Dhidalgo, Venerock, Az88, EmausBot, ZéroBot, CReep, Risonsinho, Jk2q3jrklse, Vvven, YasumiAndTheWolf, ChrisGualtieri, Manuelcalvino and Anonymous: 6 • Gascon Saintongeois Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_Saintongeois?oldid=636991041 Contributors: Mervyn, D6, FlaBot, Hmains, Colonies Chris, Dodo bird, Blufawn, Thijs!bot, Maias, Funandtrvl, 7Kim, TheLoverly, SieBot, Hafwyn, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Sway 2, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Polyphebus, Kelvin Samuel, Theo10011, Samiam1228, RjwilmsiBot, Altes2009, Mentibot, Trigg hound, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 3 • Georgian Shepherd Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Shepherd?oldid=616783670 Contributors: DocWatson42, RScheiber, Ukexpat, Jpgordon, Deryck Chan, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, Cydebot, DumbBOT, Coaster1983, Zymyrgy, Magioladitis, Nyttend, Dae- monic Kangaroo, R'n'B, ImageRemovalBot, 7&6=thirteen, Nafsadh, Addbot, Favonian, AnomieBOT, GB fan, JimVC3, Miyagawa, Alx- eedo, GrapedApe, Chipmunkdavis, SunOfErat, ZéroBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Sparthorse, ArsA-92, BattyBot, Dsuzyv, Gergea1, Canarian, Giorgi Balakhadze, ChelseaFCG and Anonymous: 5 • German Longhaired Pointer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Longhaired_Pointer?oldid=637961293 Contributors: Pal- natoke, Topbanana, CanisRufus, Ninly, Draicone, SmackBot, Avitya, Pharaoh Hound, CmdrObot, Eewild, DuckersOfOutracks, Cydebot, Pleple2000, Ltshears, Sumoeagle179, Darklilac, JamesBWatson, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, GijsvdL, Seedbot, Blue Laser, Shawnregan, Addbot, SaintHammett, Dhidalgo, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, TechBot, Gatorgirl7563, EllyP, Tim1357, Kelvin Samuel, Ej- green77, EmausBot, The Blade of the Northern Lights, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Jk2q3jrklse, CReep-cReep, Jemmaca, Hmainsbot1 and Anonymous: 8 • German Pinscher Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Pinscher?oldid=655050899 Contributors: Dimadick, Elf, Bender235, CanisRufus, Drbreznjev, Ylem, Mendaliv, Kinu, King of Hearts, YurikBot, ENeville, Howcheng, Brianlucas, SmackBot, Reedy, Dav- ewild, Chris the speller, Pax85, Tminnich, Vonvon, Pharaoh Hound, Iridescent, Jive Dadson, Bruinfan12, CmdrObot, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Ltshears, Coaster1983, Thijs!bot, Al Lemos, Torontomark, AbstractClass, Darklilac, WikiPinscherman, Bahar, Steveprutz, Magioladitis, Catxx, ChosenAtTara, Madhero88, Synthebot, Falcon8765, Schnellundleicht, SieBot, Seedbot, Hafwyn, Maniac18, Hafs- pajen, Maylu, SoxBot, Shawnregan, Addbot, GermanPinscher, Magicbone, MartinezMD, Ashton1983, Dayewalker, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Utvik old, AnomieBOT, Noq, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, Citation bot, ArthurBot, CapricaSix, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, Joaquin008, HRoestBot, Dogsdogsdogs, TobeBot, Tbhotch, EmausBot, Kurt4n, Slightsmile, FactChecker451, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, SporkBot, ChuispastonBot, Peter Karlsen, German Pinscher, ClueBot NG, Justlettersandnumbers, Snotbot, Noym, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gorthian, Bordercolliez, Bbahram, François Robere, Llamallamallamas2, Darkonni and Anonymous: 85 • Stichelhaar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stichelhaar?oldid=644518432 Contributors: Chowbok, Rich Farmbrough, Tabletop, Sadads, Avitya, Gobonobo, Tikuko, Celique, Dthomsen8, SilvonenBot, Airplaneman, Addbot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Mparu, Here- forhomework, ZéroBot, Canarian and Anonymous: 2 • German Shepherd Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherd?oldid=664062176 Contributors: Mav, Karen Johnson, William Avery, Kwertii, Remlaps, Dan Koehl, Shyamal, Liftarn, Ixfd64, Sannse, Cameron Dewe, Jebba, Darkwind, Andrewa, Dod1, Ghewgill, Schneelocke, Hike395, Dcoetzee, Michael Reiter, Toph99, Andrewman327, JorgeGG, Jni, Dimadick, Moriori, Chris 73, Altenmann, Naddy, Merovingian, SchmuckyTheCat, Mervyn, Intangir, Ddstretch, Wereon, Sinistro, Dmn, VanishedUser kfljdfjsg33k, Matt Gies, Centrx, Smjg, DocWatson42, Elf, Philwelch, Misterkillboy, Michael Devore, Niteowlneils, Naufana, Pascal666, Matthead, Pehrs, Utcursch, RobinCarmody, Antandrus, OverlordQ, Huwr, Sam Hocevar, Gschizas, Joyous!, Oknazevad, Neale Monks, Ukexpat, Stereo, Mike Rosoft, Quill, Rfl, Discospinster, Dsurber, Rich Farmbrough, FT2, Autiger, Dave souza, Michael Zimmermann, Paul August, Lachat- ,Krellis, Merope ,לערי ריינהארט ,delarue, ESkog, TerraFrost, Meamemg, CanisRufus, RoyBoy, Jpgordon, Semper discens, Bobo192 Storm Rider, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Free Bear, Trysha, PatrickFisher, Dowcet, SlimVirgin, Fritzpoll, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, BlindingCranium, Velella, , Bonzo, Bsadowski1, Alai, Kitch, Ceyockey, Dennis Bratland, Ron Ritzman, Kelly Martin, OwenX, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Camw, JeremyA, Tabletop, Hailey C. 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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 495

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MAGYAR AGÁR

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GERMANSHEPHERDSRULESXD, Tininips24, Looneyboy6, American Kennel Club, Th3bandit1243, FragX, StephiiG, F,.mbklfnd, Asdklf;, ProtusMose, Therealpinappledictatorship, Crystallizedcarbon, Matiia, Loamodio, Zehen Arora, EoRdE6, Sum it up get rent sun, HamstersRulz, Darkonni, Dcsofes, Webbfooter, Mug the wump, Mystic131, 7j13050, Rbobola, Landenb123, Andreint, JenelleCWilliams, KasparBot, T..e..i..g..a..n..m..a..y.., Abbeyren- ner, Yesdefinetely, Knob Shaggot, Blue Jay55, IPhone5S man, Beastman27 and Anonymous: 2236 • German Shorthaired Pointer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shorthaired_Pointer?oldid=662554675 Contributors: Ixfd64, Sannse, Egil, Timwi, Elf, RobinCarmody, Antandrus, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Discospinster, CanisRufus, Shanes, Femto, Adrian~enwiki, Alansohn, Trysha, Bonzo, Bobrayner, Spot Color Process, Bremen, Erebus555, The wub, Ace-o-aces, YurikBot, CambridgeBayWeather, Tekana, Closedmouth, robot, SmackBot, Reedy, Chronodm, Hmains, Ctbolt, Nick Levine, Rrburke, 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Pitke, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Jslefo, Stanzilla, Smileyfacegrrl96, GrouchoBot, Tobi paull, Loonunit, Brianja2, PigFlu Oink, DrilBot, Simple Bob, Triplestop, Midwestpaws, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, GSPman1, GSPman, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Sagaciousphil, Tolly4bolly, VictorianMutant, EdoBot, Rocketrod1960, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Rawrfrawrf, Snotbot, Whogirl, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, CReep-cReep, Kreidos, BG19bot, Geraldo Perez, Earth'sbuddy, Bfugett, Bugaflee, CoreyI35, Wbarter, Rprice624, Epicgenius, PCullomO, Marco de T, Stonecm, Ginsuloft, Noyster, Adirishucd, Tyga boy and Anonymous: 236 • German Spaniel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Spaniel?oldid=660042054 Contributors: GTBacchus, Elf, Pehrs, Chow- bok, Rich Farmbrough, RJFJR, Wavelength, Pharaoh Hound, Bruinfan12, SkyWalker, JForget, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Cancun771, STBotD, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Ulrika F.~enwiki, Calineed, GijsvdL, Hmwith, SieBot, Wachtelhund, Seedbot, Hafwyn, Addbot, Zor- robot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Kelvin Samuel, WikitanvirBot, Sagaciousphil, SporkBot, Δ, EdoBot, Jemmaca, Vonre- cum, Bordercolliez, Vvven, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 13 • German Spitz Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Spitz?oldid=662807165 Contributors: Nv8200pa, Dogface, Dimadick, Robbot, Elf, Quinn, Rich Farmbrough, Michael Zimmermann, Trysha, Kane5187, YurikBot, Tekana, SmackBot, Snufkin~enwiki, Reedy, Gsdlova, Mailyn, Geethanjali, Bluebot, OrphanBot, Avitya, Sergeant Snopake, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Ltshears, Ameliorate!, Vor- tex Dragon, JAnDbot, Cuon, Steven Walling, Apdevries, Sithe, Keesiewonder, Spaceflower, Sgeureka, VolkovBot, TobyDZ, Dom Kaos, Epopp, SieBot, Fancygoldens, Fratrep, Chrisrus, Hafwyn, Knepflerle, Mild Bill Hiccup, PMDrive1061, Alexbot, Mittelspitz, Coeff, Hexa- Chord, Addbot, Innv, Sitzy, Yobot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Capricorn42, Karamit, Clear range, Winterwater, PeaceLoveHarmony, Miyagawa, George2001hi, Lageandre, Swaroop9748632499, Ejgreen77, FedeTomma, ClueBot NG, Justlettersandnumbers, SerenityGrey, Frietjes, Jk2q3jrklse, Jemmaca, MusikAnimal, BattyBot, YFdyh-bot, Zeroyon01, Weidenkater and Anonymous: 43 • German Wirehaired Pointer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Wirehaired_Pointer?oldid=661901356 Contributors: Sannse, Elf, CanisRufus, Trysha, Bonzo, Bremen, The wub, FlaBot, Misza13, Tekana, Ninly, ArielGold, MagneticFlux, SmackBot, Reedy, Hmains, Bluebot, Lisasmall, Bejnar, SashatoBot, Bsrbennett, Pharaoh Hound, RichardF, Dodo bird, Chronofied, CmdrObot, Duck- ersOfOutracks, Cydebot, Kasmegs, GentlemanGhost, AntiVandalBot, Sumoeagle179, Parsnip13, VoABot II, Shawn Cena, DerHexer, Numbo3, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, GijsvdL, SieBot, Lemonsour, Fratrep, Seedbot, Blue Laser, FearChild, ClueBot, Chaveso, Hafspa- jen, Katababa, Shawnregan, TimTay, XLinkBot, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Dogdow, SpBot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Kslossner, GrouchoBot, Simple Bob, Mparu, Rushbugled13, MastiBot, FoxBot, Kelvin Samuel, 777sms, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, Dewritech, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Charlie22712, Stonecm, Tyga boy and Anonymous: 56 • Giant Schnauzer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Schnauzer?oldid=655051213 Contributors: Matusz, Fvw, Cblesius, Auric, Centrx, DocWatson42, Elf, Yosh, Chowbok, RobinCarmody, Jacooks, CanisRufus, Trysha, Swarve, Bonzo, Sirtopmhat, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, The wub, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Joel7687, Gerhard51, Muu-karhu, CLW, Ikkyu2, Groyolo, SmackBot, Reedy, Hy- drogen Iodide, Celarnor, Jmlk17, Just plain Bill, Yozakura~enwiki, Mr Stephen, Patinthehat1, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Hu12, Cy- debot, MC10, Michael Johnson, Thijs!bot, Ning-ning, Gamer007, JAnDbot, MER-C, Hut 8.5, Corris68, Bongwarrior, Bcsr4ever, JNW, Mraguirre, Aureez, Juliancolton, STBotD, Mischivo, Nssdfdsfds, 7Kim, Squirthose, X!, Larryisgood, DSWebb, Cremepuff222, Tikuko, Caltas, FunkMonk, Poulos2, Fratrep, Seedbot, Hafwyn, ClueBot, Hafspajen, B.Zsolt, PCHS-NJROTC, Shawnregan, Fastily, Gonzonoir, Noctibus, Addbot, Willking1979, Queenmomcat, NjardarBot, Ferroequus, Divedeeper, Arwsto12, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Luckas-bot, Pt- botgourou, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, BlackRaspberry, Dhidalgo, LilHelpa, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Dogothos, J04n, Desertdreamer97, Miyagawa, Hello123423, PigFlu Oink, DrilBot, CH3374H, Reaper Eternal, EmausBot, GA bot, Angrytoast, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Coraxofcambell, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Eynsteinn, Jk2q3jrklse, Blake Burba, DPL bot, Vvven, Rustedpeace, Blackcats21, Khazar2, Zeroyon01, Thundersnow, Drheidib, Macreep and Anonymous: 119 • Glen of Imaal Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_of_Imaal_Terrier?oldid=658778964 Contributors: Elf, Rich Farm- brough, CanisRufus, Trysha, Sutch, SidP, Axeman89, SteveS, Bremen, The wub, Matt Deres, FlaBot, Maltmomma, Scoo, YurikBot, 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 497

RussBot, Hede2000, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Reedy, Algont, Sct72, Kindall, Ohconfucius, SirIsaacBrock, John, BillFlis, Pharaoh Hound, Mfield, WeggeBot, Cydebot, Z10x, Magioladitis, Animalartist, J.delanoy, Keesiewonder, HighKing, GrahamHardy, Headphonos, Mary Louisa, ^demonBot2, Billinghurst, SieBot, Violaine2, Chrisrus, Delux2222, Shawnregan, Addbot, Atethnekos, Download, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, O Fenian, Dhidalgo, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Miss-beads, LucienBOT, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Tony- mulqueen, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Electriccatfish2, KLBot2, Un naturaliste du Midi, Bordercolliez, Vvven, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Mogism, Seegge and Anonymous: 36

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MAGYAR AGÁR

Gigemag76, Gilo1969, Grim23, Jamsterjkr, Ute in DC, Aronarnybrucejohnson, Catherin 888, TheSameGuy, Bellerophon, Carrite, Dou- los Christos, Hally613, Wpnoone, Miyagawa, Creation7689, SchnitzelMannGreek, School Girl Hottie1995, Johnobrien69, Spongefrog, DasallmächtigeJ, Coffeerules9999, DopplGanger, Bhill mfc, Wikipe-tan, Mstern1, Chelseat04, Frootypebbles87, Mhadi.afrasiabi, HJ Mitchell, Ddfriedman, CHSuser18, Mladenija, Lulsy305, Wireless Keyboard, Simple Bob, McGintosss, Pinethicket, Chris814, Edderso, Adlerbot, Postmaster44, Player252, Ranger1138, A8UDI, Wpgr001, Tbradenbishop, Newoctoberissue, Meaghan, Fumitol, Full-date unlinking bot, Toefoot, Turian, Goldenzebra, Reconsider the static, December21st2012Freak, Sammie xox, Abc518, Tblucey, Vida6, Pettirossodacombattimento, Dorcon, Doggiedan97, Dinamik-bot, MrX, SeoMac, Piggsfarts, Nemesis of Reason, 777sms, Suffusion of Yellow, Armani169, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, Scrunchion, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Refincha, Altes2009, TjBot, Bento00, Oiambu- tiful, Magedragon97, Nived sllohcin, Chris Rocen, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, PamelaBMX, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Gfoley4, TwilightLuver13, Heracles31, Majesticcremes, N8blum, Wikiboyz1, Joe123454321, GoingBatty, DogsRawesome99, Mommy54, Somebody500, Tommy2010, RHM22, Kiatdd, Tannertimsah7, Karengreene16, Twzldog, Fishsteak, Fæ, Bottlesurfer, MithrandirAgain, Valxoxohaha, Akerans, Lateg, Asunnah, Mikdawg15, Sagaciousphil, Rosiegirl2012, ElationAvia- tion, Akc1995, Namslam, Cpflug, Winthrop71, Romainw, Doggy90210, StephAg09, Wiooiw, Ksn3992, Lpposman49, Fthooper818, Hhassouna, BolovanulRiverfighter, Wayne Slam, Ebmclaughlin, Rissapf, Whe389, Nancy1of1, Jamieclar:), L Kensington, MPollock, Surajt88, Vanawatu, Splash2010, Sailsbystars, Bluestatejunkie, Yannickvdbos, Yomemai, Khllran, Cpstewart81292, ChuispastonBot, Matthewrbowker, BrownRSH, EarthImma, Forever Dusk, Rileyklein, Mark1003, ClueBot NG, Jshook08, Golden dust, Jnorton7558, Mark90283, KlappCK, Stellath, Raghith, Demize.public, Baseball Watcher, Retignano, Sierratreks, EnglishTea4me, Carly123345, Jwalk- man123, Dgr627, Danman170, Doglover33, Markfifton, Crazymonkey1123, Jk2q3jrklse, Roche(T19), Braefield, Mtlchung, BG19bot, Trigg hound 2, Frankonno, Kertcu, Floating Boat, Minsbot, 22hockey, Vvven, RudolfRed, Redblob87, Zeroyon01, Omardiggydawg, JY- Bot, Chunihan, Thatsiavash, Ranze, Joey108, MaggieDavaskie, RotlinkBot, Plainoldme, Budgielover2988, CaliforniaHurricane25, Kind Tennis Fan, StevenD99, Kazu7777777, Njeana94, Noteswork, Adirishucd and Anonymous: 1467 • Gordon Setter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Setter?oldid=662653293 Contributors: Mav, Sgall, Mintguy, Sannse, Chris ,Trysha, Malo, Bonzo, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, The wub, YurikBot, Bota47 ,לערי ריינהארט ,Nmg20, Elf, CanisRufus, Cmdrjameson ,73 Tekana, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Reedy, Cheesy mike, Ohnoitsjamie, Yozakura~enwiki, Kc12286, SashatoBot, Avitya, Joelmills, Pharaoh Hound, RichardF, Dodo bird, Magdela, Bruinfan12, PRprof, Scrivener72, Cydebot, JustAGal, KrakatoaKatie, JAnDbot, I.N.~enwiki, Steven Walling, Rkrothe, Strider712, Soccer 16, VolkovBot, Autodidactyl, Billinghurst, Andy Dingley, Vladdybhs, SieBot, WereSpielChe- quers, Bagatelle, Fratrep, Hafspajen, Sun Creator, SchreiberBike, Thingg, Shawnregan, TimTay, MystBot, Addbot, Dogdow, Hermógenes Teixeira Pinto Filho, SamatBot, SaintHammett, Yobot, Dhidalgo, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Mfinck, Math321, Simple Bob, Tobe- Bot, EmausBot, Sagaciousphil, Alpha Quadrant, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, 123456lol, Bluejhon, Vvven, BattyBot, Jkrizan29, Black1994nissan and Anonymous: 48 • Gran Mastín de Borínquen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mast%C3%ADn_de_Bor%C3%ADnquen?oldid=660176018 Contributors: Firsfron, Pigman, Dv82matt, Thnidu, SmackBot, Hmains, Damifb, Thijs!bot, GhostPirate, KylieTastic, Jonn2, WOSlinker, Toonjph, Ensyc, Chrisrus, Addbot, Yobot, Againme, Xqbot, DownTheDrain, ZéroBot, ChrisGualtieri, Sdjs, Budgielover2988, Padraig Singal, Spiderjerky and Anonymous: 4 • Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Anglo-Fran%C3%A7ais_Blanc_et_Noir?oldid= 636991124 Contributors: Hafwyn, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EdoBot, Monkbot and Cavalryman V31 • Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Anglo-Fran%C3%A7ais_Blanc_et_Orange?oldid= 646351284 Contributors: Egsan Bacon, Hafwyn, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Thecheesykid, Monkbot, Cav- alryman V31 and Anonymous: 1 • Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Anglo-Fran%C3%A7ais_Tricolore?oldid=636991285 Contributors: Kingturtle, Anthony Appleyard, Rjwilmsi, Sceptre, SmackBot, Colonies Chris, Blufawn, 7Kim, Hafwyn, Melon247, Shawn- regan, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Zorrobot, Yobot, Alephalpha, FrescoBot, RedBot, ZéroBot, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31 and Anony- mous: 1 • Grand Griffon Vendéen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Griffon_Vend%C3%A9en?oldid=636991471 Contributors: Rob- bot, Elf, Mairi, Americanwalrus, Stemonitis, FlaBot, Roboto de Ajvol, CanadianCaesar, Tekana, Maoririder, Reedy, Algont, Bluebot, Fuhghettaboutit, Bejnar, Oldiesmann, Thijs!bot, GrandGriffonMan, Magioladitis, 7Kim, SieBot, Hafspajen, Rockfang, Addbot, Luckas- bot, Griven~enwiki, Miyagawa, RedBot, French Acélan, Dinamik-bot, ZéroBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Khazar2, Cavalryman V31 and Anony- mous: 1 • Great Dane Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dane?oldid=663756723 Contributors: Christian List, Jim McKeeth, Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, Angela, Julesd, Asarch, Avlund, Raven in Orbit, Andrewman327, IceKarma, Roadmr, Marshman, Topbanana, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Kizor, Korath, Chris 73, Academic Challenger, Steeev, Mushroom, Kent Wang, Lupo, Per Abrahamsen, Exploding Boy, Smjg, DocWatson42, Elf, Brian Kendig, Theyapps, Varlaam, Jfdwolff, Neilc, ChicXulub, Nova77, Kjetil r, Sonjaaa, HorsePunchKid, Jossi, Arsene, Balcer, Oknazevad, Thyla, DMG413, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Hydrox, WGFinley, YUL89YYZ, ESkog, Kbh3rd, CanisRufus, El C, Mulder1982, Chairboy, Shanes, EurekaLott, Femto, Bobo192, Gokhalevai, Walkiped, Wisdom89, B Touch, Ahc, ,Ranveig, Alansohn, Theuser, Trysha, Slugmaster, Ynhockey, Yossiea~enwiki, Wtmitchell, Velella, Bonzo, Versageek ,לערי ריינהארט Kitch, Bobrayner, Weyes, Ercolev, Woohookitty, LOL, TomTheHand, WadeSimMiser, Hailey C. Shannon, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, MarcoTolo, Sin-man, Graham87, BD2412, FreplySpang, Mendaliv, Gintaras, Bremen, Nightscream, The wub, FuriousFreddy, Ya- mamoto Ichiro, ADMcG, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Ground Zero, RexNL, Drumguy8800, Hibana, Chobot, Hahnchen, Sus scrofa, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, WritersCramp, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, Pervan~enwiki, NawlinWiki, Complainer, Coderzombie, TDogg310, Neu- rotoxic, Zwobot, Timber Rattlesnake, Mieciu K, HanClinto, Barnabypage, Tekana, Wknight94, Donald Albury, TheUncleBob, Josh3580, Amren, MartinUK, Justice League 05, Airconswitch, Tom Morris, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Arny, Cessator, Brossow, Waku- ran, Onebravemonkey, Jpvinall, HeartofaDog, Gilliam, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Gorman, Chris the speller, Bugloaf, MalafayaBot, Dlo- hcierekim's sock, Gracenotes, GoodDay, Eztidun, Quaque, Shalom Yechiel, Cobain, Rrburke, TKD, CainIV, Addshore, Jmlk17, Zen611, EVula, John wesley, Dreadstar, Pilotguy, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Michael J, Alexandrecomas, Mouse Nightshirt, JzG, Hestemand, Euchiasmus, Treyt021, 3Jane, Bydand, Joelmills, Aleenf1, -js-, Beetstra, Ryulong, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Dl2000, Norm mit, Blakegripling ph, DavidOaks, Shubhox, Chriscobar, Radiant chains, Tawkerbot2, Pudeo, Cosmopolitician, SkyWalker, JForget, Wire- manz, Gatortpk, Gdls, THINMAN, R9tgokunks, Jimknut, NickW557, Logical2u, Mapletip, Cydebot, Ntsimp, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gogo Dodo, Tawkerbot4, Ward3001, LdyDragonfly, Coaster1983, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Davidlroot, N5iln, SilverMoonCat, Marek69, Ronbarton, Ufwuct, Natalie Erin, I already forgot, Hmrox, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Rehnn83, SadanYagci, Sumoeagle179, Danger, Gdo01, David Shankbone, Stevetursi, Mad Pierrot, Gatemansgc, Grant Gussie, Antiscian, PhilKnight, Magioladitis, Sixstar, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Bcsr4ever, Friesianswhisper, Foxpen, Lizzysama, Steven Walling, I JethroBT, Reale, Not a dog, K7net, JaGa, 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 499

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Ceaglebear, EuroCarGT, Zeroyon01, Ducknish, Bkdogge, Asisman, FoCuSandLeArN, ThisCatHasClaws, Mogism, Aymankamelwiki, TwoTwoHello, Lugia2453, Thundersnow, Nicholasemjohn- son, RotlinkBot, Telfordbuck, Canarian, Sudhanshuace, Surge1223, Zodac821, Lovelifeforever, Hoffeyrc51, Akashajay77, Mikea1985, Kharkiv07, Michael of the World, Kind Tennis Fan, Noyster, Melleber, MS Update, Olivier Baghdadi, BlackBetty27, Vieque, Greedo8, CAPatch, BsBllFreak6, Looneyboy6, Kykygeorge, HappyThoughts85, Dental tech 1, Rationalobserver, Fuerst.36, WyattAlex, Sennsa- tionalist, Cheyenne.brooks1234, AnaisJasmine, Leovelazco, KrisInDallas214, Bregstar and Anonymous: 923 • Great Pyrenees Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyrenees?oldid=656998365 Contributors: Sannse, Palfrey, Pyrsandplanes, Wik, Jhobson1, Baldhur, Matt Gies, DocWatson42, Elf, Inter, Bobblewik, ChicXulub, Heegoop, LeeHunter, Samulili, Mitchowen, Trysha, T1980, NeoChaosX, Mandarax, Opie, Bremen, Guyd, FlaBot, Gurch, FeldBum, Benvenuto, YurikBot, Rtkat3, RussBot, Manic- sleeper, DanMS, Gaius Cornelius, Joel7687, Tekana, Cavan, Kamitxu, Tevildo, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Blackdragon6, Reedy, Sanantonioguy, Andy M. Wang, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Thumperward, Fralambert, OrangeDog, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al- Silverburg, Dennywuh, MCoca, Jistadis, Yozakura~enwiki, Traceywashere, Anlace, Elthon73, Avitya, Frazzle, A. Parrot, Loadmaster, TastyPoutine, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Hu12, Norm mit, Mdleonar, Paulistano, CmdrObot, Umedard, R9tgokunks, Ajkgordon, Cy- debot, JonnyLightning, Dusty relic, Carlroller, Moonmaid, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Elseewi, Patternbuilder, Dtgriscom, Hatejp, AntiVandal- Bot, Seaphoto, Yoyology, Ingolfson, Vahl, CosineKitty, Hendumaica, Dcooper, .anacondabot, Steven Walling, EagleFan, BashmentBoy, DerHexer, J.delanoy, PCock, ABVS1936, Edwarditor, Jangerrits, Naniwako, Skier Dude, Kuradai, Jdj03tamu, TXiKiBoT, Flyte35, Pan- dacomics, Jeanharrison, Kurowoofwoof111, Wlemons, Tikuko, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Da Joe, Caltas, Flyer22, Seedbot, KatiaRoma, PipepBot, Shanmoon, Drmies, Hafspajen, Alexbot, Jusdafax, PFRSC87, 7&6=thirteen, Holothurion, Dekisugi, Shawnregan, Ajshad- owcat08, Addbot, Proofreader77, Labrise, Kman543210, Vishnava, Favonian, Kumocloud, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Nallimbot, KamikazeBot, Momoricks, Writeside, Gas3191, Collieuk, Golodg, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, F3loniousMonk, LilHelpa, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, XZeroBot, 2dogs2000miles, Venerock, Miyagawa, FrescoBot, Anita and i rule, Abductive, Gong- farmerzed, Lotje, 777sms, HeartSpoon, Benjimonkeyface, Domy123, Alph Bot, In ictu oculi, Nhwoods, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, RedThunderBuster, Wikipelli, Kmoksy, Alfredo ougaowen, Sagaciousphil, Brocky10, StephAg09, Donner60, DASHBotAV, Aravind- srivatsa, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Fianca, Tideflat, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, BigWhiteFireDog, WNYY98, BG19bot, Mk770, MasashiInoue, Tommilafever, Lordofmarzipan, Moosylvania, Vvven, Qbli2mHd, V.Beerenkotten, Prof. Squirrel, Supersteiger, Melonkelon, Pinkrabbit23, Sealionboy, Kampbyll, Cavalryman V31, Youngdrake, Dbri06, Nice234 and Anonymous: 250 • Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Swiss_Mountain_Dog?oldid=660501210 Contributors: Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, Maximus Rex, Elf, Bobblewik, ChicXulub, Kevyn, Quill, Jmatthew3, TMC1982, Jpgordon, Enric Naval, Alansohn, Trysha, Craigy144, SidP, Saga City, Youngamerican, Mandarax, Airsin, Rjwilmsi, The wub, Reediewes, CiaPan, Wavelength, RobotE, RussBot, Aeusoes1, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, Tekana, Deville, SmackBot, Reedy, Ohnoitsjamie, Carbonrodney, Rrburke, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, JoannaSerah, R9tgokunks, RttlesnkeWhiskey, Thrapper, LdyDragonfly, Coaster1983, Thijs!bot, CobraWiki, IrishPete, Con- normah, Bcsr4ever, Uncle uncle uncle, Kirluco, Richard New Forest, 7Kim, Gothbag, Alaskanativeson, Sfmammamia, Garumph, Nk.sheridan, Seedbot, StaticGull, Bcooke, Sphilbrick, Neznanec, Hafwyn, Sfan00 IMG, The Thing That Should Not Be, Mild Bill Hiccup, Hafspajen, Auntof6, Vala0128, 7&6=thirteen, Kubek15, Antti29, Shawnregan, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Favonian, Zorrobot, Jarble, Yobot, Ptbot- gourou, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Unara, Dhidalgo, Materialscientist, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Xqbot, BabbleSD, ASCIASA, Gatorgirl7563, Tuurngaq, Miyagawa, LucienBOT, Jaywray, Citation bot 1, Lem-nic, I dream of horses, SpaceFlight89, ThomasAndrewNimmo, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, Ejgreen77, Midhart90, John of Reading, Gaby84, WikitanvirBot, Bettymnz4, Tommy2010, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Δ, Bill william compton, ClueBot NG, Newenglandjrnl, ShawnB013, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, TCN7JM, Vanished user lt94ma34le12, Dmosk4, Zeroyon01, Lugia2453, Geoeliot, Faizan, Stamptrader, Darkonni, Rottweiler3, GreatChinchilla and Anonymous: 106 • Greek Harehound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Harehound?oldid=596985587 Contributors: Chris the speller, Nick Num- ber, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, Addbot, SwisterTwister, FrescoBot, John of Reading, Tsioupiou, Bordercolliez, Kursat31, Happy1892, 500 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

Zeroyon01, Lupus Bellator, Mpalitsa, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 2 • Greenland Dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Dog?oldid=658159300 Contributors: Sannse, Hadal, Elf, ChicXulub, CanisRufus, MBisanz, QuartierLatin1968, Deryck Chan, Alansohn, Trysha, Arthena, Hu, Tabletop, Rjwilmsi, DVdm, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Prime Entelechy, Moe Epsilon, Arria Belli, Tekana, Saerdna, Esprit15d, Tvarnoe~enwiki, SmackBot, Saravask, Reedy, Arny, Algont, Saros136, Bluebot, Nixeagle, SirIsaacBrock, Pharaoh Hound, Bruinfan12, Mewaqua, Chmee2, Cydebot, Ltshears, Coaster1983, Vortex Dragon, Marek69, Z10x, Carewolf, Io Katai, Ishikawa Minoru, Lord khadgar05, Steven Walling, CommonsDelinker, Keesiewon- der, DadaNeem, Sleddoggin, Afluent Rider, Steven J. Anderson, P.Marlow, Sphilbrick, Hafwyn, Sfan00 IMG, Eusebius, Nickersonl, Alexbot, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Algkalv, Addbot, Sumestest, Tassedethe, Robtj966, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Momoricks, Csigabi, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Hauganm, Miyagawa, George2001hi, LucienBOT, D'ohBot, Tim1357, Askakun, Postal2, Ejgreen77, ZéroBot, Jenks24, Sagaciousphil, Nightclubmonster, EdoBot, Wbm1058, Capacitive, Hotdogsanddonuts, Vvven, Happy1892, Zeroyon01, BALMAINM, Malcolmmwa and Anonymous: 43 • Greyhound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound?oldid=663573245 Contributors: LarsErikKolden, Mintguy, Leandrod, Patrick, Michael Hardy, Chris~enwiki, Sannse, Fantasy, Александър, MasterDirk, Ntnon, Trontonian, Wik, Selket, Big Bob the Finder, Wetman, Bearcat, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Chris 73, Meelar, Auric, Kent Wang, Widsith, Matt Gies, DocWatson42, Jacoplane, Elf, Everyking, Mboverload, AdamJacobMuller, ChicXulub, RobinCarmody, Yath, Oneiros, DragonflySixtyseven, Sam Hocevar, EagleOne, Freakofnur- ture, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, Arthur Holland, Bender235, Hapsiainen, Jasmerb, CanisRufus, Jpgordon, Bobo192, -Pearle, Dmanning, Denhulde, Alansohn, LtNOWIS, Walter Görlitz, Trysha, An ,לערי ריינהארט ,Longhair, Velociped, Chirag, Ahc drewpmk, Lectonar, Hohum, Wtmitchell, Fourthords, IMeowbot, Computerjoe, Gene Nygaard, Weaponofmassinstruction, Gunnarvb, Chubba34, Orodreth, Hailey C. Shannon, JRHorse, Karam.Anthony.K, Graham87, Liqk, Canderson7, Seidenstud, Bremen, Rogerd, War, Vary, Varchoel, BlueMoonlet, JHMM13, SenorAnderson, The wub, Matt Deres, JRice, SouthernNights, RexNL, Max1900, Chobot, Sherool, ShadowHntr, YurikBot, Wavelength, Osomec, Sarranduin, Briaboru, Gaius Cornelius, Mylesroberts, NawlinWiki, Neurodoc, Wiki alf, Bachrach44, Astral, Borbrav, Howcheng, LiamE, Irishguy, CecilWard, GeorgeC, Kyle Barbour, Tekana, Kelovy, Shirley Ku, Fibula, N-Bot, Ninly, SMcCandlish, Boschman, Luk, SmackBot, Monkeyblue, Moeron, Reedy, David.Mestel, Eskimbot, Typhoonchaser, Graphia, Yamaguchi , Cheesy mike, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, IanDavies, VanaEveryoung, Chris the speller, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, KaiserbBot, Jonrev, Smooth O, Cybercobra, BladesCrusade, Kuzaar, Esrever, JzG, BHC, Loodog, Wikipete, Slakr, Mikieminnow, Xiaphias, Pharaoh Hound, Scorpion0422, Dodo bird, Caiaffa, Nehrams2020, Iridescent, MikeHobday, Tawker- bot2, Iveyrocks, Noglider, Americasroof, Sleeping123, Hucz, Eponymous-Archon, JohnCD, Jsmaye, Davejuk, Cydebot, CurtisJohnson, Bhalli619, Lunula, UberScienceNerd, Marek69, Nelsonismyhero, Philippe, Richard Hawkins, Dr. Zaret, Natalie Erin, AntiVandal- Bot, Edokter, Sharpay Evans, Chill doubt, Dmerrill, Rnorve, JAnDbot, Barek, Mmarkham, Roleplayer, Omicom, Shaz91, Meeowow, No more bongos, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Bcsr4ever, Steven Walling, Philg88, Esanchez7587, Psym, FisherQueen, MartinBot, Carlo Colussi, JPccusa, Mschel, CommonsDelinker, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Carrieherbs, Katalaveno, Mc- Sly, Jeepday, Photostott, NewEnglandYankee, Dkearns, Rosenknospe, Kraftlos, YossarianC22, Listre, Patsysdad, The3mr, Darkfrog24, Useight, Eileenwalker, SoCalSuperEagle, 7Kim, Signalhead, Black Kite, Deor, Pielord237, Thedjatclubrock, Raj0194, ABF, Mcwest, Philip Trueman, Bonhilda, Fxhomie, Rei-bot, Duaney, Cessnabird, Seb az86556, BotKung, Wykstuh, RiverStyx23, Dredman, Roland Kaufmann, Alxsml, Adam.J.W.C., Enviroboy, Run like the wind, AlleborgoBot, Redsxfenway, Oceanoj, SieBot, Mikemoral, K. Annoy- omous, Wyked, WereSpielChequers, Josh556, Yintan, AlexWaelde, Jlwelsh, Henrytow, Charlie3374, Seedbot, P-duddy1000, Altzinn, Mattysc, Castravalva, Alanpage, Thomjakobsen, Gloss, ClueBot, Hutcher, The Thing That Should Not Be, OGLY, Macvoon3, Hafspajen, Crunchberries, Sabri76, Gribzy, Mdd31, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Achetypical, Arjayay, El bot de la dieta, Altair2142, Mhockey, Shamanchill, Miami33139, DumZiBoT, Koalabear3, Shawnregan, Jg consult, TimTay, XLinkBot, AlexGWU, Pichpich, Wikiuser100, Badgernet, Jadtnr1, Sundawgy, Balchidi, Addbot, Verybitey, Willking1979, Aaronjhill, Montgomery '39, Dafiedler, Boomur, Ronhjones, Andycat bossman, Fluffernutter, MrOllie, Freemasonx, LemmeyBOT, Teflon Dog, Labbrain, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Skinnydipping, Hefty1, Ben Ben, Q59677, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Julia W, Nihr0M, Washburnmav, Anypodetos, Mckenzie1995, AnomieBOT, Sicora023, Democrat- icLuntz, 1exec1, Bjk343, IRP, Dwayne, Broccollibanana, Mokoniki, Xqbot, Mariomassone, Bkrenzin, DSisyphBot, WarrenTheWind- mill, Tux-Man, Greyhounds518, Angel310, Miyagawa, EllyP, Falconan, E0steven, Acuaman90, Anka Friedrich, Coffeerules9999, Fres- coBot, Recognizance, Shadow971, Neilksomething, Maruca20, Walueg, Killerbites, OceanMash, Pinethicket, Duotrigesimal, Vicenar- ian, Russcnps, VenomousConcept, Cmulligan219, Jibe86~enwiki, Jaquesdemolay92, Sinick, Thestraycat57, Vrenator, Hiationi, 777sms, Aoidh, Diannaa, Pi zza314159, Burnhams stache, Pearllake, EmausBot, Nostrum55, Omni5cience, WikitanvirBot, Patssox38, Patipate, Gaga1212, Djembayz, Ugunis~enwiki, John Cline, Sagaciousphil, Animalwriter, Kaloes, Tolly4bolly, EricWesBrown, L Kensington, Je- drzej1224, Dthrem, Rmashhadi, Will Beback Auto, ClueBot NG, M1rt3n, Brian-M-Shelton, Jabartlett7, JenniferLockett, Markan80, 312.chris, Wnknecht, Pluma, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, BZTMPS, Regulov, BG19bot, Todobo, Cuicmac, Raz602, TheEnforcer909, Tangerinehistry, Victoriaharrison, Silverdragonite, Zr9358, Vvven, Xtina91, Mrt3366, Tina Luna, Iluvzippy, Winkelvi, All Worlds, Debkleinman, AnnaCrieff, 93, JustAMuggle, Zodac821, GreyNZ, PoMoFoWiki, Hamoudafg, Longhairpony, War Pooter, Ja- conaFrere, Filedelinkerbot, Bala566, Crystallizedcarbon, Grayk09, Lizard King1503, Darkonni, Squinge, Charleskrogen, Kaleliketheveg- etable, Eshayyy123, Antif2nd and Anonymous: 536 • Griffon Bleu de Gascogne Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Bleu_de_Gascogne?oldid=640141988 Contributors: Hafwyn, XLinkBot, Addbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, CXCV, Miyagawa, Anka Friedrich, Kelvin Samuel, EmausBot, Jk2q3jrklse, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 2 • Griffon Bruxellois Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Bruxellois?oldid=656939762 Contributors: Dcsohl, Elf, Rick Block, Niteowlneils, CanisRufus, Bobo192, Cmdrjameson, MelSkunk, Trysha, Ianblair23, Gene Nygaard, Solace098, Rjwilmsi, MLRoach, FlaBot, Maltmomma, Chobot, YurikBot, Moe Epsilon, Tekana, JLaTondre, Greatal386, SDS, SmackBot, Pwt898, Reedy, Hmains, Or- phanBot, Bellevuegeek, Bejnar, Leksey, Aleenf1, Childzy, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, BananaFiend, Ohmyn0, ChrisCork, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Ltshears, Luminifer, JDougherty, Rquesada, JustAGal, Mack2, Barek, Fenris1970, Acroterion, Steven Walling, TinaSparkle, DerHexer, MartinBot, EyeSerene, Yonidebot, Carolfrog, Dmz5, Plasticup, JavierMC, Kcs32787, Thismightbezach, 7Kim, Deor, Aligishere, TXiKiBoT, Dlae, Brandeduw, Michaeldrayson, GijsvdL, Dan9186, R6pilot, Hmwith, SieBot, Sbmprodo, Seedbot, Vanished User 8902317830, Andrewsrl, Hafwyn, Hafspajen, BlueAmethyst, Jeremiestrother, DragonBot, Vbrd, Holothurion, Stevehancock, Aitias, Shawnregan, Ava- lik, Addbot, CanadianLinuxUser, Pug power, Divedeeper, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Galawebdesign, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Collieuk, Zxabot, Dhidalgo, Cesarruiz33, Jsharpminor, GrouchoBot, Mattis, Miyagawa, Baglady123, Pig2008, EmausBot, Sagaciousphil, Cymru.lass, Wayne Slam, Selmagriff, Sven Manguard, Dennisverdult, ClueBot NG, DarthHaterz, El duderino, Youngzee8, Vvven, Bat- tyBot, Zeroyon01, Isulls50, Lizabetha, Cmckain14, Bkratz22, Gdegezelle, Coat of Many Colours and Anonymous: 103 • Griffon Fauve de Bretagne Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Fauve_de_Bretagne?oldid=654002211 Contributors: FlaBot, Hafwyn, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Dhidalgo, Materialscientist, WikitanvirBot, ZéroBot, Jk2q3jrklse, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31, Kylep96 and Anonymous: 2 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 501

• Griffon Nivernais Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Nivernais?oldid=644501329 Contributors: FlaBot, Eastfrisian, TXiK- iBoT, Hafwyn, Dthomsen8, Avalik, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, Kelvin Samuel, Wikielwikingo, ZéroBot, Jk2q3jrklse, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 1 • Guatemalan Dogo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Dogo?oldid=635952619 Contributors: Yobot, Cnwilliams, Mo- gism and Canarian • Gull Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull_Terrier?oldid=662626825 Contributors: Arpingstone, Lfstevens, Commons- Delinker, KylieTastic, Tikuko, Pink Bull, Smtchahal, Cerabot~enwiki, Bobby.Zaman, Kflemmer, KaitlinMB, Zohaib Ali 1993, Sahilthakur 25 and Anonymous: 8 • Hamiltonstövare Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonst%C3%B6vare?oldid=655717981 Contributors: Sannse, Elf, ChicXu- lub, Trysha, Gene Nygaard, Tekana, Reedy, Smooth O, Pharaoh Hound, MU, Bruinfan12, Kurtan~enwiki, GijsvdL, SieBot, PipepBot, PixelBot, SilvonenBot, Addbot, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, Ascilto, Cp72, Jemmaca, Vvven, Khazar2, OceaniaHamilton, Jämtland98 and Anonymous: 11 • Hanover Hound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Hound?oldid=626208381 Contributors: Robbot, Rich Farmbrough, Trysha, Tekana, Gonzocanuck, SmackBot, Reedy, Ligulembot, Cydebot, 7Kim, VolkovBot, GijsvdL, Hafwyn, Alexbot, MelonBot, Shawnregan, Addbot, Skinnydipping, KamikazeBot, Collieuk, Xqbot, LucienBOT, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, ZéroBot, KLBot2, Zeroyon01, Cavalryman V31, KH-1 and Anonymous: 3 • Hare Indian Dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Indian_Dog?oldid=628823718 Contributors: Leandrod, Charles Matthews, Art LaPella, Circeus, Anthony Appleyard, Woohookitty, Joygerhardt, BD2412, Ucucha, Asarelah, Garion96, SmackBot, Hmains, The ed17, Rosenknospe, Chrisrus, Piledhigheranddeeper, Alexbot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Download, Green Squares, Dhidalgo, LilHelpa, Mariomassone, Miyagawa, DigbyDalton, Ejgreen77, GoingBatty, Canarian and Anonymous: 7 • Harrier (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_(dog)?oldid=644501382 Contributors: Mav, Sannse, Elf, Redune, Heizer~enwiki, CanisRufus, Msh210, Alansohn, MattGiuca, Graham87, BD2412, The wub, Chobot, YurikBot, WolvenRose, Cerejota, Tekana, SM- cCandlish, SmackBot, Cheesy mike, Algont, Smcmilla, Chris the speller, Bluebot, CKA3KA, Rorybowman, Smooth O, Wordmike, Pharaoh Hound, Hu12, Moss56, Cydebot, Frosty0814snowman, Thijs!bot, Acroterion, Extransit, HiLo48, FuegoFish, VolkovBot, Sony- ack, Fratrep, Seedbot, Hafspajen, Ostinato2, Shawnregan, Dthomsen8, Addbot, SpBot, HarrierGal, Damplips, Lasuisflavus, Nallim- bot, Mokoniki, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, LucienBOT, HamburgerRadio, Biker Biker, RedBot, Amaccork, 777sms, Altes2009, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Jenks24, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, JRR789, Vvven and Anonymous: 45 • Havanese Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havanese?oldid=660453677 Contributors: Andre Engels, Sannse, Robbot, DocWat- son42, Elf, WHEELER, Mboverload, Bobblewik, Chowbok, Sam Hocevar, Biot, Joyous!, D6, Lachatdelarue, CanisRufus, Susvolans, ,Chicago god, Alansohn, Trysha, Randy Johnston, Pixel~enwiki, Tobyc75, Mandarax, Mendaliv, Ketiltrout ,לערי ריינהארט ,MelSkunk Rjwilmsi, Bremen, Pazuzu413, Ericbg05, The wub, Hitsuji Kinno, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sarranduin, Welsh, Dake~enwiki, Tekana, Steventrouble, Tevildo, Garion96, David Wahler, SmackBot, Reedy, Thomas144, Algont, Chris the speller, Xation, Tamfang, Nakon, Avitya, Joelmills, WhiteShark, Cowbert, Neddyseagoon, Pharaoh Hound, Eastfrisian, David Legrand, ToddMiner, Fordmadoxfraud, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Dr.enh, EqualRights, Thijs!bot, Cynfraga, Infophile, Format, Magioladitis, JNW, Southernwood, Allstarecho, Tulip19, Mikco, Tgeairn, Catxx, ScottM0312, STBotD, Alyssa hoffel, 7Kim, Deor, Philip Trueman, Luthien Gesshoku, JhsBot, Obi- wanhavanese, Imbris, Tikuko, Pfrieden, Docanise, Hmwith, SieBot, Scarian, Flyer22, AlexWaelde, Bagatelle, Aeky1, Hafwyn, ClueBot, NickCT, Fyyer, WDavis1911, Cartman0052007, Maltesemaniac, Hafspajen, Jeremiestrother, Rwizard, Excirial, PixelBot, Kjgwood, Havaheart, Moorea1307, Hattak, Bbadgett, BOTarate, Thingg, Mhockey, SoxBot III, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, EastTN, Showsight, Little Mountain 5, Crosscountrygirliex3, Addbot, Queenmomcat, Crazysane, Silverhalide, 15lsoucy, LaaknorBot, Bespeckled one, Divedeeper, Jewelthewiki, Genius101, Yobot, James Conoco, AnomieBOT, Rjanag, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, GB fan, Xqbot, Stannan, GrouchoBot, Ted- dybear100, Miyagawa, Bobynboy, Ellie97, Erasmussum, HRoestBot, RedBot, Patsyham, Havluvr, Full-date unlinking bot, AeroSabre, Manywonders, JnthnFrnk, Angrytoast, RenamedUser01302013, ZéroBot, Breezybryant, Sagaciousphil, Kiwi128, Senjuto, Chuispas- tonBot, ClueBot NG, Smwayne, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Jack Greenmaven, Piast93, Loganandgarth, Владимир Шеляпин, Amiguitos- plumeria, JGkatz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Aacc10, Jemmaca, Klilidiplomus, EuroCarGT, Maggxonn, Lugia2453, Loliogo, Canarian, Fem- dork, It is nobody, Doglover2013, Kind Tennis Fan, Adirishucd, MarissaMendoza, Djkhaled1998, Kibiixx, Brocklyllc, Joshcor1980, Leahbuckley30, Sandylee21, Iseeya838 and Anonymous: 263 • Hawaiian Poi Dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog?oldid=664067291 Contributors: Elf, Zigger, Michael De- vore, Kwamikagami, Viriditas, Zetawoof, Red dwarf, Firsfron, Miss Madeline, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Gwernol, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Apokryltaros, Asarelah, SmackBot, Reedy, Yamaguchi , Kahuroa, Silverthorn, Belfry, Hu12, Caronna, Vortex Dragon, Nick Number, Nipisiquit, Lord khadgar05, Robotman1974, Lady Mondegreen, Miscreant V, R'n'B, DogcatcherDrew, Steel1943, Calineed, Ensyc, WereSpielChequers, GlassCobra, Goustien, Chrisrus, CurlyGirl93, ColbyWolf, Shawnregan, KAVEBEAR, Swimkeane93, Ad- dbot, Fluffernutter, Luckas-bot, Kilom691, Yueli831, Miyagawa, Lothar von Richthofen, RjwilmsiBot, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, ClueBot NG, EclecticGeek, Onewhohelps, Zeroyon01, Canarian and Anonymous: 20 • Himalayan Sheepdog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_Sheepdog?oldid=582417977 Contributors: Carlossuarez46, Bearcat, D6, Rohan nog, Caeruleancentaur, LFaraone, Woohookitty, TenPoundHammer, Danlev, Magioladitis, Singularity, Cuckooman4, Richard New Forest, Tikuko, Malcolmxl5, Brewcrewer, 7&6=thirteen, Dekisugi, Megandelic, Hotcrocodile, Ranicans, Aussieluva94, Addbot, Souldja pigeon girl, Srivastavila, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Collieuk, Ulric1313, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Tiwdevesh, Miyagawa, DrilBot, Suziseattle, EmausBot, ClueBot NG, Ashwin147, Aprilarps, Noteswork and Anonymous: 16 • Hokkaido (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_(dog)?oldid=663173432 Contributors: Elf, Fg2, Bendono, Ypacaraí, Apostrophe, LordAmeth, YurikBot, Muu-karhu, Shirley Ku, Nihonjoe, Reedy, Bluebot, Gobonobo, Ryulong, Dodo bird, GrahamBould, Cydebot, Ltshears, Vortex Dragon, Krisgrotius, The Anomebot2, Parunach, ACSE, VolkovBot, Oda Mari, Mfugue, Hafwyn, Boneyard90, DragonBot, Alexbot, 7&6=thirteen, XLinkBot, Addbot, Toyokuni3, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, AnomieBOT, Thgoetz, Agus ferro- carril, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, FrescoBot, MGA73bot, Britannic124, Kitsusi, Demomoer, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, Setadog, Fylbecatulous, Cyberbot II, Crispette, Editor abcdef, Kjanat, KasparBot and Anonymous: 22 • Hortaya borzaya Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortaya_borzaya?oldid=639169280 Contributors: Xyzzyva, Jonel, DragonflySix- tyseven, Jayjg, Kwamikagami, Caeruleancentaur, Gene Nygaard, Amire80, GreyCat, Amakuha, Closedmouth, SMcCandlish, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Reedy, Melchoir, Rory096, Tawkerbot2, Hortaya, Tapplic, Ziktag, Aliquot, Vortex Dragon, Kolopol, Gjayj, Borzaya, Taufal, Kynaston, STBotD, Shawnregan, MystBot, Addbot, Fluffernutter, Lightbot, KamikazeBot, Momoricks, Collieuk, Tux-Man, Miyagawa, LucienBOT, D'ohBot, OgreBot, Tóraí, December21st2012Freak, Tim1357, Kelvin Samuel, EmausBot, ZéroBot, SporkBot, RaptureBot, Sashhenka, Vvven and Anonymous: 8 502 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• Hovawart Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovawart?oldid=660543353 Contributors: Elf, Chowbok, Rich Farmbrough, CanisRu- fus, Trysha, Emvee~enwiki, Roxeteer, FlaBot, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Kelovy, SmackBot, Reedy, Laslovarga, Traceywashere, Iron- Gargoyle, Pharaoh Hound, JoeBot, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Faigl.ladislav, Mojo Hand, Steven Walling, Movingimage, Skier Dude, AlleborgoBot, Oxborrow, Alex.muller, COBot, Seedbot, Sven878, Liels, Alexbot, 7&6=thirteen, Shawnregan, Addbot, Magicbone, Fluffernutter, Favonian, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Suwa, Yobot, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, AnomieBOT, Dhidalgo, Vanvossen, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Shadowjams, Miyagawa, FrescoBot, Ashergben, Obren.bog95, XblMarbas, Zyngraw, Ejgreen77, Simsalonaut, EmausBot, John of Reading, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, CReep, Jemmaca, AvocatoBot, IPhone5S man and Anonymous: 38 • Huntaway Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntaway?oldid=652310895 Contributors: Elf, Gadfium, RobinCarmody, Jpgordon, Josh Parris, Cholmes75, Kabl00ey, SmackBot, Reedy, Chris the speller, Cgoodwin, Snori, Lisasmall, Pharaoh Hound, Thatperson, Lt- shears, Meno25, JJGD, Ensyc, Tikuko, Daniel.fone, EoGuy, Lessogg, Alexbot, 7&6=thirteen, Ricardo-Quaresma, Addbot, Xeron220, LaaknorBot, Tanár, Yobot, Rudolph89, GB fan, ASCIASA, GrouchoBot, DrilBot, DiiCinta, ClueBot NG, Vvven, Zeroyon01, OnHawk- spur and Anonymous: 21 • Hygenhund Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygenhund?oldid=644502864 Contributors: SmackBot, Hmains, Ltshears, Flowerpot- man, VolkovBot, Reinhardheydt, SieBot, Dana boomer, Ocheeva, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Kelvin Samuel, ZéroBot, Jk2q3jrklse and Anonymous: 3 • Ibizan Hound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibizan_Hound?oldid=655820026 Contributors: LarsErikKolden, Karen Johnson, ,Msh210, Trysha ,לערי ריינהארט ,Sannse, RedWolf, Matt Gies, Elf, Quadell, Akvarlese, Bender235, Hapsiainen, Pedant, CanisRufus Tbjornstad, Graham87, Rjwilmsi, The wub, Gaius Cornelius, Kingboyk, That Guy, From That Show!, Gsdlova, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Bluebot, Badbilltucker, Yohan euan o4, Jan Eduard, Pharaoh Hound, Dionysia, CmdrObot, Xanderer, B, Arcayne, Wikid77, Z10x, Richard Hawkins, IbizanHoundMan, GurchBot, Magioladitis, Stavros1, NewEnglandYankee, YossarianC22, GijsvdL, SieBot, Fratrep, Seedbot, Hafspajen, Shawnregan, MystBot, SamatBot, Lightbot, SaintHammett, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Calle, Dhidalgo, Citation bot, Solpc, Xqbot, Podencoclub, Tux-Man, RibotBOT, Venerock, A. di M., Joanmars, Citation bot 1, Sharkrunnerus, Callanecc, EmausBot, TuHan-Bot, Dannydulai, Chillrobin, IbizanFancy, ClueBot NG, CReep, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, CitationCleanerBot, Rayquaza- Kills, Timeshighmark, Vvven, Hergilei, Zeroyon01, Sminthopsis84, Canarian, Monkbot, Ibizians, Antif2nd and Anonymous: 42 • Icelandic Sheepdog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Sheepdog?oldid=663204358 Contributors: Derek Ross, Liftarn, ,Jumbuck, Trysha, Firsfron, Woohookitty, FlaBot ,לערי ריינהארט ,Sannse, Robbot, Elf, Maximaximax, Jpgordon, Zoso~enwiki, Jag123 CalJW, Shell Kinney, Gaius Cornelius, The Claw, SmackBot, Reedy, Badbilltucker, Zonjah, Mr Stephen, Pharaoh Hound, Hu12, Cm- drObot, Wafulz, Cydebot, Ltshears, Gbondy, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Magioladitis, JNW, KConWiki, Richard New Forest, 7Kim, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Thomasse, S.Örvarr.S, Hamiltondaniel, Hordaland, Hafwyn, Hafspajen, Alexbot, Brambleberry of RiverClan, Shawnre- gan, XLinkBot, KingRaven44, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Ulric1313, GB fan, LilHelpa, ASCIASA, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, Benny White, George2001hi, FrescoBot, D'ohBot, RedBot, ScottMHoward, Lotje, Disarut, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Savh, Sagaciousphil, Rcsprinter123, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Eynsteinn, DM232, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Tinalynn49505 and Anonymous: 43 • Indian pariah dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_pariah_dog?oldid=655921738 Contributors: Oknazevad, Acsenray, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Grafen, Pawyilee, Thumperward, JesseRafe, Takowl, Paul venter, Anupam, Maias, Magioladitis, Squids and Chips, Chrisrus, Denisarona, Sitz, 7&6=thirteen, RogDel, Ryan.virgo, AnomieBOT, Ktsingaram, Shovandash, OgreBot, I dream of horses, Jonesey95, Orenburg1, Prudvishy, Gypsyking410, ClueBot NG, Pebble101, Filmmaker2011, MerlIwBot, PhnomPencil, RudolfRed, Hergilei, Saga- lone, Zeroyon01, Canarian, Nishi.LovesBees, Eddiewalker, Monkbot, Dr.Naspuri.sandeep, Editor abcdef, Blues291278, UtsavNayak6, Artheartsoul1 and Anonymous: 18 • Indian Spitz Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Spitz?oldid=661359867 Contributors: Bfigura, Mukkakukaku, Cambridge- BayWeather, Rsrikanth05, Shirley Ku, Geethanjali, Bluebot, Gaddy1975, Khazar, Pharaoh Hound, Cydebot, Magioladitis, TinaSparkle, KylieTastic, STBotD, Signalhead, VolkovBot, Harryroger, Krawi, Flyer22, Monkeytheboy, EoGuy, Sin Harvest, 7&6=thirteen, Dthom- sen8, Addbot, Fraggle81, Legobot II, Ulric1313, Dhidalgo, GB fan, Xqbot, Sophus Bie, Miyagawa, Ellenois, Lilaac, Calmer Waters, Cn- williams, Defender of torch, Acmouli83, Hrishikeshbarua, John of Reading, Cintomail, Dewritech, SunOfErat, Bollyjeff, Sagaciousphil, Demomoer, ClueBot NG, VinculumMan, Supermafia, BG19bot, Khazar2, Hapunah, Utkarshsingh.1992, Armanjain011, Noteswork, Mridula Mahajan, Ash7shobinth, Nshilal, Sandeepmishra871967, Mayanksingh1925 and Anonymous: 34 • Irish Red and White Setter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Red_and_White_Setter?oldid=648613548 Contributors: Sannse, ,Trysha, Bonzo, Triddle ,לערי ריינהארט ,Ahoerstemeier, Wetman, Dale Arnett, Postdlf, Elf, Chowbok, Kate, Wcrowe, CanisRufus FlaBot, Shell Kinney, Tevildo, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Reedy, Droll, Yozakura~enwiki, Ohconfucius, Avitya, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Floridan, Tawkerbot2, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, JAnDbot, Ericoides, VoABot II, Avjoska, Nyttend, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, Mary Louisa, Andy Dingley, Sumik, PGWG, Hxhbot, Hafwyn, Hafspajen, Operamusicbuff, CMJAnew, Canis Lupus, AWoodland, Shawnregan, Addbot, Samwr1234, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Missledwidge, Miyagawa, Simple Bob, EmausBot, RBK96, Wikipelli, HiW- Bot, Sagaciousphil, Nyastarirws, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, CReep, Juliacormallen, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Vvven, Khazar2 and Anonymous: 30 • Irish Setter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Setter?oldid=662199570 Contributors: Sannse, Ronz, Andres, Chuunen Baka, Chris 73, Elf, Djegan, Utcursch, Quadell, Kate, O'Dea, Wcrowe, Rich Farmbrough, Snow steed~enwiki, CanisRufus, El C, Bobo192, -Jumbuck, Alansohn, Trysha, Snowolf, SidP, TShilo12, Angr, Uncle G, Hailey C. Shannon, Damicatz, Rjwilmsi, Bre ,לערי ריינהארט men, HappyCamper, The wub, Margosbot~enwiki, YurikBot, Rtkat3, Arzel, Pacaro, GusF, Complainer, Tailpig, Michaelcollins, Tevildo, Diddims, Hayter, DVD R W, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Reedy, DTM, Cheesy mike, Hmains, Betacommand, Flurry, Brideshead, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, JzG, Avitya, NewTestLeper79, Seanoquinn, Philruff, Pharaoh Hound, RichardF, Dodo bird, East- frisian, Floridan, MikeWazowski, Pauric, JForget, Americasroof, Timtrent, Balloonman, AndrewHowse, Wiki01916, Thijs!bot, Vertium, JustAGal, Big Bird, Redpups, Alphachimpbot, JAnDbot, LittleOldMe, Celithemis, Steven Walling, Movingimage, The Woman Who Sold The World, BashmentBoy, ScorpO, Nono64, J.delanoy, Uncle Dick, Juliancolton, Boycew39, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Mary Louisa, Caloke, Satya.S, Andy Dingley, Armweak, Nycosmo, SieBot, Techsv, Thirteen squared, Fratrep, Seedbot, W.M. O'Quinlan, Hafwyn, Adesterre, ClueBot, Misinformation, Hafspajen, Cam27, Linsi rules, AWoodland, Sun Creator, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, State2000, MystBot, Addbot, DOI bot, Queenmomcat, Ronhjones, Kman543210, Samforrest, SpBot, West.andrew.g, Thefactis, Tide rolls, Teles, SaintHammett, Luckas-bot, Biofree, Yobot, Texaner, Puertorico1, Rubinbot, Jim1138, Ulric1313, Crecy99, Faolmor, Dhi- dalgo, Roadnote, Citation bot, Neurolysis, MauritsBot, Almabot, N of One, Miyagawa, Johnobrien69, George2001hi, FrescoBot, D'ohBot, MGA73bot, Citation bot 1, DrilBot, Simple Bob, Pinethicket, RedBot, GlowBee, Btrice08, Dinamik-bot, EmausBot, In memory of riley, Respectothers, The Blade of the Northern Lights, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Smartie2thaMaxXx, Rocketrod1960, ClueBot NG, Archita78, Jack Greenmaven, Markan80, Juliacormallen, Widr, Sandots, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, BarrettM82, Marleymai, Bor- dercolliez, Fylbecatulous, Vvven, BattyBot, GoShow, Gloster2, Ehog.hu, Monkbot, Melody Pond River Song, BethNaught, Thorn246, MrEpsilon and Anonymous: 179 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 503

• Irish Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Terrier?oldid=648614658 Contributors: Ixfd64, Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, An- ,GreatWhiteNortherner, Elf, Michael Devore, Jason Quinn, Rich Farmbrough, CanisRufus ,דוד ,gela, Andrewman327, Maximus Rex Wisdom89, Rje, Haham hanuka, Trysha, Bonzo, Bruce1ee, The wub, FlaBot, Maltmomma, Hede2000, Thiseye, Moe Epsilon, LaLa, Tekana, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Reedy, Gilliam, Dr. Dan, Tsca.bot, Yozakura~enwiki, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, John, Mabuska, Pharaoh Hound, Odedee, Dodo bird, The Wrong Man, Mfield, JoeBot, Bearingbreaker92, Thijs!bot, Dcarmell, James086, JAnDbot, Pedro, Wklimon, Soulbot, Movingimage, Gerbilmadpoppy, El Cablam~enwiki, ArmadilloFromHell, LedgendGamer, Singeri, Numbo3, Keesiewonder, STBotD, Pkj2231, Deor, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Mary Louisa, SieBot, Sohelpme, Fratrep, Seedbot, ClueBot, Zz9, Hafspajen, Iohannes Animosus, Shawnregan, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Koppas, Luckas-bot, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Jh- fortier, 777sms, Khfvjfgcjgmc, Imbored99, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Fæ, Sagaciousphil, Adeptmagic, Tolly4bolly, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Rodaen, Vvven, GraceChampness, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 68 • Irish Water Spaniel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Water_Spaniel?oldid=649100032 Contributors: Elf, Wcrowe, Canis- Rufus, Ocohen, Trysha, Bonzo, Plrk, Shimbo, The wub, FlaBot, Gaius Cornelius, Complainer, CLW, Thelb4, Ilmari Karonen, SDS, SmackBot, Algont, Mwillia9, BladesCrusade, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Khazar, JHunterJ, Pharaoh Hound, RichardF, Dodo bird, The Wizard of Magicland, Przemek Jahr, Netman768, Clovis Sangrail, Thijs!bot, J.delanoy, Numbo3, Spanker LUFC, Cap10xb1s, Wilfey, Mary Louisa, Hmwith, BotMultichill, Seedbot, Hafwyn, EoGuy, Alexbot, Djangonut, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, Jakiporter, Addbot, Do- lores Luxedo, Irishstickman, Divedeeper, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, Miyagawa, Hooliganiws, Simple Bob, Andrew69., 777sms, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Ekargee, Δ, ChuispastonBot, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Hannah+dogs, Itssonotme, IWS- CAwebteam, Vvven, Solo et pensoso, Kwycstix, Frosty, Cavalryman V31, PoodleLover10, Nitinkabeer and Anonymous: 32 • Irish Wolfhound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound?oldid=663440936 Contributors: AxelBoldt, David Merrill, LarsErikKolden, Sannse, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Jwrosenzweig, Quux, Imc, Dimadick, Dale Arnett, Pingveno, Xyzzyva, DocWatson42, Elf, Grant65, ChicXulub, Comatose51, Georg.Egger, Mrdectol, Mike Rosoft, Wfaulk, Discospinster, Jnestorius, CanisRufus, QuartierLatin1968, -Jemfinch, Andrzej z Helu, Alansohn, QVanillaQ, Trysha, Av ,לערי ריינהארט ,Gershwinrb, Andreww, TommyG, Enric Naval, Ahc enue, Aranae, Bonzo, BDD, Gene Nygaard, Stephen, Alvis, Hailey C. Shannon, Graham87, Matt Gabriel, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, Koavf, Jake Wartenberg, Bill37212, The wub, FlaBot, EeZbub, BradBeattie, FeldBum, Alex Klotz, Roboto de Ajvol, Wavelength, Hairy Dude, FrenchIsAwesome, Gaius Cornelius, Ahills60, Nufftin, Alex43223, Tekana, Calaschysm, Mastercampbell, Twilight Realm, SmackBot, Arizona1983, Reedy, Ma8thew, Eskimbot, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Klauth, Hmains, Chris the speller, MalafayaBot, Or- phanBot, MartinRobinson, Ritchie333, MrPMonday, Fitzhugh, WoodyWerm, SashatoBot, Esrever, Soap, Scientizzle, Joelmills, GCW50, Mabuska, TravisBrown, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Dl2000, Tbucki1, Igoldste, Gnusmas, Courcelles, Bruinfan12, FairuseBot, Tawker- bot2, Pi, Enginear, CmdrObot, Hakluyt bean, Fordmadoxfraud, Blufawn, Peripitus, Wiki01916, Indeterminate, Krylonblue83, Thijs!bot, Karl Sexton, Richard Hawkins, AntiVandalBot, InSPURation, Ioeth, JAnDbot, Kingadrock, Ericoides, Albany NY, PhilKnight, Chris- Loosley, Svenna, Acroterion, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Dentren, Mike Searson, Dark hyena, MartinBot, Vigyani, R'n'B, Numbo3, Kraft- los, Num1dgen, Useight, Idioma-bot, Littleolive oil, VolkovBot, Jeff G., WarddrBOT, Irish Pearl, Messerup, Cú Faoil, TXiKiBoT, Mary Louisa, Uisce, Aymatth2, Someguy1221, LeaveSleaves, Vgranucci, Korybing, Annevaudin, Falcon8765, Ceranthor, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Kernel Saunters, BotMultichill, Winchelsea, Hamster X, Gravitan, Comeonenall, Oxymoron83, Amc2010, Seedbot, Hghyg- futgy7uty7, Kitty911, ClueBot, Lolsomeguylol, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, EoGuy, VsBot, SoundBlast, Hafspajen, Ridge Runner, Skyschemer, Sun Creator, Jwking, 7&6=thirteen, Holothurion, LoveWikiLove, Anakine, Jfioeawfjdls453, Thingg, Tales op sux, Footballfan190, Henry Barth, Shawnregan, PL290, Vianello, HexaChord, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Dr.JT, DOI bot, Queen- momcat, Atethnekos, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Contributor777, Luckas-bot, O Fenian, Hohenloh, Oldsunnygirl, Yngvadottir, Tempodi- valse, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Mountwolseley, Canadian Girl Scout, Piano non troppo, Collieuk, Dhidalgo, Roadnote, Brad111789, Lil- Helpa, Xqbot, Mariomassone, Capricorn42, Ιρλανδία, Tad Lincoln, Tux-Man, Shadowjams, Miyagawa, Onetonycousins, Fingerz, Fres- coBot, Laurrocks96, Iwsoi, Louperibot, Citation bot 1, Reducedfatoreo, HughND89, Pinethicket, Tóraí, Jonesey95, Poodlehorse, Jama- icapoiuytrewq, Moose mookie, Keri, Crabers, 777sms, Proki, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Dagator182, EmausBot, Acather96, Jasteffel, Angrytoast, Mmggggmgodl, Jydrowley, Rotty0079, RedThunderBuster, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Daonguyen95, Sagaciousphil, Teach1n9, YvonneM, Philafrenzy, Donner60, Uthican, Monteitho, ClueBot NG, Satellizer, RMDDogge, Vacation9, Kaylawilliams495, Antiqueight, Newyorkadam, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, Jaymz7, Webforjason, Joy maccain, Don of Cherry, Vvven, BattyBot, Tomh903, Wolfhound lady, Vanished user lt94ma34le12, Cyberbot II, The Pragmatic, Testing4school, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Canarian, FrigidNinja, Hafspajen (usurped), Jb423, Hyphantes, Moomoo83, Vidmastb, Christian Marani, Prettyponie, Monkbot, Bai- ley614, OffLead and Anonymous: 395 • Istrian Coarse-haired Hound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrian_Coarse-haired_Hound?oldid=540936683 Contributors: Elf, Neilc, Trysha, Woohookitty, Mangojuice, Eleassar, Kubura, SmackBot, Hmains, Sombrero, J.delanoy, Imbris, GijsvdL, Hafwyn, DumZ- iBoT, Shawnregan, Avalik, Jasynnash2, Addbot, LucienBOT, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Vvven, Mirta12 and Anonymous: 4 • Istrian Shorthaired Hound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrian_Shorthaired_Hound?oldid=608310550 Contributors: Joy, Chris the speller, Hafwyn, Avalik, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Xqbot, Almabot, Graffoe, TobeBot, Alph Bot, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Vvven, Mirta12 and Monkbot • Italian Greyhound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Greyhound?oldid=663013497 Contributors: LarsErikKolden, Andre Engels, Karen Johnson, Mintguy, KF, Sannse, Liv~enwiki, Angela, MasterDirk, Camerong, Pigsonthewing, Academic Challenger, Ex- ploding Boy, DocWatson42, Elf, Bradeos Graphon, SteveRusso, Bobblewik, Wmahan, Yath, Neutrality, TheCustomOfLife, Quill, Rich ,Zetawoof, Andrzej z Helu, Alansohn, Trysha, LFaraone ,לערי ריינהארט ,Farmbrough, Guanabot, Pmsyyz, Neko-chan, CanisRufus, El C Angr, Pol098, Mandarax, Graham87, Stardust8212, The wub, Random user 39849958, YurikBot, RussBot, Hede2000, Danbarnesdavies, Gaius Cornelius, THB, Scud1, Tekana, Shirley Ku, J. Van Meter, Pb30, Josh3580, Ikkyu2, Argos'Dad, DVD R W, SmackBot, Hux, Reedy, Bigarlo609, VxP, Eskimbot, Algont, Ohnoitsjamie, ERcheck, Thumperward, RestonTechAlec, Colonies Chris, Tsca.bot, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, NLAAwebmaster, Dhawton, Yozakura~enwiki, Joelmills, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Hu12, W guice, Nauti- cashades, Kribbeh, Pais, Gogo Dodo, LdyDragonfly, Ryanweath, Thijs!bot, Intrepidacious, Sdream93, Victoriavon, Sidasta, Paste, Le- gitimus, Barek, Zincubus, Hut 8.5, Arronx, Recurring dreams, Hdt83, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Dewhastme, DrKiernan, Tdreher, Mike.lifeguard, Marcusmax, SJP, Ryan Eric Lee, STBotD, Bonadea, Idioma-bot, 7Kim, Maghnus, Philip Trueman, Atonewell, A4bot, Calineed, 10rogers, Michaelsbll, Hmwith, SieBot, Doglover07, Matthew Yeager, Lennydog, Shakko, Pac72, Tamoretta, Seedbot, Imp525, Escape Orbit, Hafwyn, Loren.wilton, ClueBot, Hutcher, Fyyer, Bwessel, Hafspajen, Cam27, Salhadef, Arunsingh16, AIGCIGs, Syn- sphere, Another Believer, PCHS-NJROTC, Johnuniq, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Iamfreak123, Addbot, Queenmomcat, Tjrover, Fluffer- nutter, Jepflast, Chzz, Sageonyonah, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Fraggle81, Julia W, Ethansiegel, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Ulric1313, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, HeidiKlum2, Xqbot, Tux-Man, RibotBOT, Brutaldeluxe, Miyagawa, Ruans, Dogzone, I dream of horses, The- burn77, Krazeelinzee, Luigi's IGs, Proki, Tlhosfm, EmausBot, John of Reading, Ajraddatz, Wikipelli, Stewie9390, ZéroBot, Sagacious- phil, H3llBot, Ritika.puri, ClueBot NG, Contacttomquinn, Vacation9, Jamison Lofthouse, Sam7946, SybilleY, Navyswomom, Helpful 504 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Jaskamandeer, Cuicmac, Sams72grey, Colofac, LostEdits, Shaun, 88vote88, Vvven, ProfPolySci45, Webclient101, Whatever318, Albertanna, RotlinkBot, JGWie, Surfer43, Taylor xxoo, IllWills, JMACC78, Rationalobserver, Mmcl3460 and Anony- mous: 257 • Jack Russell Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier?oldid=664062211 Contributors: Deb, Karen John- son, William Avery, Ambrosen, Hephaestos, Jtdirl, Ixfd64, Sannse, Angela, Bueller 007, Andres, Palfrey, Uyanga, Hike395, RickK, Michael Reiter, Zoicon5, Nv8200pa, Nnh, Moriori, Notorious~enwiki, Psychonaut, Postdlf, Oobopshark, Cordell, Unfree, Enochlau, DocWatson42, Wolf530, Elf, Everyking, Bobblewik, Utcursch, Geni, RobinCarmody, Sonjaaa, Antandrus, MarkSweep, Rdsmith4, Liberlogos, Quill, AliveFreeHappy, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Soupisgoodfood, Pointblank~enwiki, Lachatdelarue, Neko-chan, Brian0918, CanisRufus, Bobo192, Smalljim, Flxmghvgvk, Nsaa, Jumbuck, Schissel, Grutness, Alansohn, Anopheles~enwiki, Trysha, CyberSkull, Wdfarmer, WikiParker, Americanadian, Mtiedemann, Jdege, Jguk, Versageek, Red dwarf, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, Tabletop, GregorB, SCEhardt, Talskiddy, Jrossman, Graham87, T34, BD2412, Pmj, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, Afterwriting, The wub, FlaBot, Windchaser, Nihiltres, Intgr, Maltmomma, Thefourdotelipsis, Ronebofh, Dkam, Chobot, Sharkface217, Antiuser, Yurik- Bot, SpikeJones, RussBot, Petiatil, SpuriousQ, Kimchi.sg, Wimt, Nis81, NawlinWiki, Smash, Badagnani, Joelr31, Pyrotec, Thom32, Aaron Schulz, Tekana, Wknight94, Nikki88, Pegship, The Joker, TonyTheTerrier, Mais oui!, Staxringold, SmackBot, Reedy, Miuki, Dxco, Eskimbot, Cheesy mike, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Swimmergirl997, Chris the speller, Mkjones, LinguistAtLarge, EncMstr, Melbur- nian, Ctbolt, Neekeem, Dual Freq, Kotra, Милан Јелисавчић, Big Cowboy Kev, OrphanBot, Talmage, Onorem, Johnnytang60, Weirdy, Aldaron, Dave-ros, RichAromas, MonkeyHateClean, Yozakura~enwiki, Prasi90, Ged UK, Ohconfucius, Seandigger, SirIsaacBrock, Spiritia, MegA, Kuru, Euchiasmus, CredoFromStart, Ckatz, Seanoquinn, Beetstra, Patchallel, Kiwipat, Pharaoh Hound, Mfield, Flori- dan, BranStark, Iridescent, LeyteWolfer, CoulterTM, Shoeofdeath, Jynus, Dsspiegel, Jive Dadson, CapitalR, MikeHobday, Supersquid, Phoenixrod, Courcelles, FairuseBot, JForget, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Baiji, Neelix, Omglazers, Cydebot, MC10, Wildnox, Quibik, Shir- ulashem, DumbBOT, Asenine, LdyDragonfly, Coaster1983, Casliber, JamesAM, Jdlyall, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Ning-ning, Qwyrxian, Mereda, Dfrg.msc, Sturm55, Chambers211, Danarmstrong, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Mr Bungle, Kbthompson, Smartse, Temblast, Gdo01, JAnDbot, Cuon, Husond, Barek, Janejellyroll, Jjacobsmeyer, PhilKnight, JenetteFish, LittleOldMe, .anacondabot, Jed S, VoABot II, Bcsr4ever, Apollyon48, JNW, Steven Walling, SparrowsWing, Carola wright, Ksanyi, Ithiel, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Schumi555, Macboots, Harry087, DerHexer, Edward321, Hbent, Dirtyharry2, The Kasparov of Sheshbesh, Stephenchou0722, Martin- Bot, Andrewg4, R'n'B, PBurns3711, Gridge, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Whateverlolawants, Neolandes, Snuffydoug, Boney73, Uncle Dick, Agapanthus, Public Menace, Vanished user 342562, Ownage2214, Bclough, Tokyogirl79, McSly, Bobianite, Robertgreer, AJRTA, Russellterrierakc, Mapleandmahogany, EvelynH1, Num1dgen, Drumz0rz, TheNewPhobia, Richard New Forest, Red Polar Bear Ranger, VolkovBot, GrizzleGreedigut, Patricia McLeod, Vassman86, Cú Faoil, MarthaW, Russellsterrier, AllOtherNamesTaken, Vip- inhari, Ann Stouter, JayC, Anna Lincoln, Clarince63, Brunton, AllieBah!, Martin451, Devlinb, Broadbot, LeaveSleaves, Monkeynoze, SpecMode, Epopp, Fifthegreat, Madhero88, Tikuko, SallyBoseman, Georgef85, Falcon8765, Binglebongle2000, Furfish, TheaterMa- rine, Bporopat, Sparklingjacket, Tadpole-Rulz, Lolo28, Undead warrior, M374LxH34D, A10223, Liloup~enwiki, SieBot, Account- ing4Taste, Tiddly Tom, Jauerback, Dawn Bard, Matthew Yeager, Xjared, TheCokeBear, Oysterguitarist, Wizzard2k, Joseph 098, Jet- set59, Gingerlovebunny, Dominik92, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Faradayplank, Iluvdogs1593, Tmonspix, Altzinn, Slippies, Hoplon, ImageRemovalBot, Edwardmcwilliams, Smashville, Beeblebrox, ClueBot, Oshie13, The Thing That Should Not Be, Vinaduro, Jcw- surfer, Mild Bill Hiccup, Shinpah1, Sammy Blue, Yamakiri, Hafspajen, Jonathanedward, Coastguardez, Dylan620, Rossthird, Excirial, Hello Control, Jacko1712, Cow222, Maser Fletcher, NuclearWarfare, Zuzzerack, Coccyx Bloccyx, Knowz, Tony Holkham, Thingg, Acabashi, Kizkyran, Mikegagnon, Versus22, Birdofevil, HeatherMuir, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, Fastily, Liki- tiki7, Jtismybaby, Carl188, Jbhf1, Jbeans, Subversive.sound, Working terriers, HexaChord, Frogg220, Addbot, JBsupreme, Partsman72, Mccoyisthebest, Jojhutton, Guoguo12, Queenmomcat, Jonny 8909, Lost on belmont, Mowogola, PranksterTurtle, Glane23, Pauca, Chzz, Favonian, Doniago, Lucian Sunday, Cailunet, Tide rolls, Dreaker, JackRussellLover, Krano, Gail, Sam Nichols 32, Hanapin, TaBOT-zerem, Yngvadottir, Rosebud3443, Coldshrike, Ahmahl Kotay, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Eric-Wester, Bility, Bsimmons666, Ularevalo98, Umut karakus, Crecy99, Mokoniki, Materialscientist, OllieFury, Gaowhite, Clark89, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Wiki-princess95, Alephalpha, Dave205, Imapetal, What!?Why?Who?, Jeffrey Mall, ParsonPerson, ScoutPhotographics, Militantblackguy1, Rupertthe- hawk, Dirrival, The Interior, MudMannUK, Doulos Christos, Miyagawa, Baggs999, Lefty4e, Lillyalilly, Dan6hell66, Myjackrussellter- riers, Mhintz813, AKM732, VS6507, Roonaldo10, Eseverance, BoundaryRider, KonohagakureFC, Biker Biker, Postmaster44, Doo- dlePup, RedBot, Messthiscrapup, Merlion444, Tim1357, Kgrad, Mike1298, Tgv8925, Ank610, Javierito92, TheGrimReaper NS, Sea- horseruler, Tilers, Tbhotch, Scrunchion, Lépton, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Jeanbrown78, Ripchip Bot, Bobby Turner, Salvio giuliano, Slon02, Enauspeaker, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Tommy2010, Lindamoralee, The Blade of the Northern Lights, Tannertimsah7, John Cline, SVG, Wackywace, Sagaciousphil, Widge292, H3llBot, Wingman4l7, RaptureBot, Jess567, Mrcutiepie, Kalinaweener, Mark Ev- eret, Brandmeister, L Kensington, ChuispastonBot, MyTattyBlueNose, Sven Manguard, JRT Mom, Manytexts, Digital native, Mag- piec123, Shocking2009, ClueBot NG, Archita78, AuberonThorn, Brendenmatthews, Chester Markel, E2mq173, CopperSquare, HaroX, Skiles1611, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Petlil, Behindu, Gluonman, Chrisnewlin1, Slh243, Ciaoate, CitationCleaner- Bot, Vvven, Comatmebro, Makecat-bot, MaggieDavaskie, MaybeMaybeMaybe, JustAMuggle, JSydel893, Chris troutman, Monkbot, Asuspedia, KasparBot and Anonymous: 689 • Jagdterrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdterrier?oldid=654423259 Contributors: Inyuki, Lfh, Silvonen, Psychonaut, Elf, Dr. Colossus, Huntster, Kwamikagami, Trysha, Lectonar, Bremen, Maltmomma, YurikBot, WritersCramp, Gaius Cornelius, Tvar- noe~enwiki, Reedy, Srnec, Tutnkmn, Blauenschild~enwiki, Neddyseagoon, Pharaoh Hound, Mfield, Filelakeshoe, CmdrObot, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Dgies, Escarbot, Deflective, SiobhanHansa, CommonsDelinker, PBurns3711, LordAnubisBOT, Ukpop, VolkovBot, ^demonBot2, GijsvdL, Jjdon, EmxBot, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Seedbot, ClueBot, Hutcher, Hafspajen, Dana boomer, Life of Riley, Shawnregan, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Gigemag76, Tux-Man, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, Karlowolf05, Louperibot, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Crnagujabps, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, RafikiSykes, Jemmaca, Jpmcg69, Mogism and Anonymous: 37 • Jämthund Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mthund?oldid=637900252 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Mic, Sannse, Michael Reiter, Wik, Vancouverguy, Elf, ChicXulub, Johan Elisson, Jordgubbe, Trysha, BD2412, Bremen, FlaBot, Tekana, SMcCandlish, Gar- ion96, Thomas Blomberg, SmackBot, Reedy, Valich, Magore, Adagio Cantabile, RomanSpa, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Pleple2000, Tkynerd, Nelsonismyhero, CommonsDelinker, Catxx, Heimvennar, Tikuko, GijsvdL, Hafwyn, Tomas e, Mild Bill Hiccup, Auntof6, Dthomsen8, Scorese, Addbot, SpBot, Stiaand, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Dhidalgo, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Miyagawa, George2001hi, D'ohBot, RedBot, Emaus- Bot, SunOfErat, Ik99, L888Y5, Simpan1993, Vvven, Jajobi, Arto Pääkkönen, Liz, Jämtland98 and Anonymous: 19 • Japanese Chin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Chin?oldid=657434115 Contributors: Ixfd64, HarryHenryGebel, Di- madick, Altenmann, Elf, Bobblewik, Wintersmith, Tsemii, Fg2, CALR, Discospinster, Xezbeth, CanisRufus, Haham hanuka, Alan- sohn, Trysha, Axeman89, Commander Keane, Bremen, The wub, Maltmomma, Gdrbot, ESQ24, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Wavelength, 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 505

RobotE, Tekana, Wknight94, Shirley Ku, Closedmouth, Red Jay, Thelb4, Garion96, NeilN, SmackBot, Reedy, David.Mestel, Chair- man S., MalafayaBot, TheLeopard, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Sharraleigh, OrphanBot, Zvar, Yozakura~enwiki, Falard, SashatoBot, Joelmills, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Fernypants, Juhachi, Cydebot, Mishy dishy, Steven Walling, Jessicapierce, Benjamintchip, Martin- Bot, J.delanoy, Carolfrog, Matthardingu, Bricology, 7Kim, LeaveSleaves, David Condrey, Hmwith, Moony55~enwiki, SieBot, Donovan Fonseca, Mordorica, Toddst1, Oxymoron83, Ceallagh, Dabomb87, Mfugue, ImageRemovalBot, Hafwyn, ClueBot, Hafspajen, Bone- yard90, Excirial, Alexbot, Exceptionalrule, 7&6=thirteen, Shawnliu03, Nathalieny, Another Believer, Dana boomer, SoxBot III, Jazzears, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, Pamalleg, PL290, Aunt Entropy, Addbot, Binary TSO, Ronhjones, Magicbone, Cst17, Download, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OwnedbyChin, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, JohnnyMorales, Benhen1997, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Animefreak383838, Bellerophon, Shadowjams, Miyagawa, Elentiras, Jccawebmaster, Wikipe-tan, OliviaCC, Malibucelebrity, DrilBot, Dynamitebaby1, Lit- tleWink, Phoenix7777, Lotje, ESFJ Girl, DASHBot, John of Reading, Toxicshima, ZéroBot, Proximo128, Michaelfiebig, Sagaciousphil, Maxinpains, Tolly4bolly, Killerprey23, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Schumeru, Jk2q3jrklse, BG19bot, Yowanvista, Altaïr, Joshua Jonathan, EricEnfermero, MurasakiSunshine, YFdyh-bot, Vanamonde93, I am One of Many, Cavalryman V31, KatrinaJ84, White- shadow1618, Comicshead, Football Demon7, Tingiraffe, LanaDP86, Alialialice and Anonymous: 160 • Japanese Spitz Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Spitz?oldid=652777331 Contributors: Tpbradbury, Dimadick, Enochlau, DocWatson42, Elf, Indosauros, Bobo192, Chirag, Miranche, Trysha, Gosgood, LOL, Graham87, Doughboy, Rjwilmsi, Chobot, Yurik- Bot, Wavelength, GSchjetne, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, Derek.cashman, Tekana, Shirley Ku, Theda, Tevildo, Garion96, SmackBot, Reedy, Gs- dlova, Papa November, Kasyapa, Badbilltucker, Yozakura~enwiki, Mihiri, SilkTork, Twas Now, CmdrObot, JohnCD, R9tgokunks, Cyde- bot, After Midnight, Biruitorul, N5iln, Ju66l3r, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Zappernapper, Instinct, Krisgrotius, Magioladitis, Bcsr4ever, JNW, Steven Walling, CommonsDelinker, Schlumpff, Spaceflower, TXiKiBoT, Btiet, Oidia, Guldenat, Meters, Ssmats, Dogah, SieBot, Fylar, Oda Mari, Bryndel, Boromir123, Mfugue, ImageRemovalBot, Hafwyn, ClueBot, Patrick Rogel, Excirial, 7&6=thirteen, Bramble- berry of RiverClan, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Kimyata, XLinkBot, Avalik, Like2fly, Ppsb, Laura japs, Addbot, Eichikiyama, Omarsal- imakhtar, Tide rolls, Lightbot, David0811, Yobot, Amirobot, Nallimbot, AnomieBOT, Fatal!ty, Ulric1313, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Hakumichi, OgreBot, DrilBot, I dream of horses, MastiBot, WikiKing1234, Stroppolo, EmausBot, Sveinson, Traxs7, Sagaciousphil, TyA, ClueBot NG, Satellizer, Widr, Jk2q3jrklse, 0894Leanne, Helpful Pixie Bot, Tashif, ThomasWerf, MusikAnimal, Reinana kyuu, Zeroyon01, Monkbot, Lilotzzz, Issybee123, Simplymeee and Anonymous: 99 • Japanese Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Terrier?oldid=632695740 Contributors: Sannse, Dimadick, DocWat- son42, Elf, Quill, Sietse Snel, Trysha, Bluemoose, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, Pazuzu413, Maltmomma, RussBot, Shirley Ku, Deville, SmackBot, Reedy, Hmains, Yozakura~enwiki, Ryulong, Cydebot, Mrmoocow, Magioladitis, Bcsr4ever, R'n'B, VolkovBot, JhsBot, GijsvdL, Jater- wikigirl, Dogah, Chrisrus, Mfugue, Hafspajen, 7&6=thirteen, Shawnregan, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, SassoBot, Foxgirl18, Miyagawa, Dinamik-bot, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Augenesburg, Jk2q3jrklse, Bordercolliez, Canarian and Anonymous: 13 • Kaikadi (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikadi_(dog)?oldid=622989434 Contributors: Elf, FlaBot, Shirley Ku, SMcCan- dlish, SmackBot, Reedy, Geethanjali, Cydebot, Ilion2, Ensyc, 7&6=thirteen, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Dhidalgo, Erik9bot, Jenks24, MerlIwBot, MrNiceGuy1113, Wikicology and Anonymous: 2 • Kai Ken Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Ken?oldid=664061907 Contributors: The Anome, Geni, Discospinster, Alansohn, Pa- coCrunz, Bfigura, Anetode, Shirley Ku, Quadpus, SmackBot, Bluebot, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Stwalkerster, Ryulong, R9tgokunks, Caronna, Cydebot, Ltshears, Thijs!bot, Erudasi, The Anomebot2, Tarafuku10, Nawulf, SieBot, Oda Mari, Hafwyn, Sennen goroshi, 7&6=thirteen, Shawnregan, Dthomsen8, Akakbuto, Addbot, Eichikiyama, Startstop123, Glane23, SpBot, Luckas-bot, Caffeinebot, Marshor~enwiki, Dylanlittle, Rubinbot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Miyagawa, FrescoBot, MastiBot, EmausBot, Craperaser, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, KLBot2, Jemmaca, The Anonymouse, Momotarou2012, , KasparBot and Anonymous: 29 • Kangal dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangal_dog?oldid=662784298 Contributors: Robbot, Dave6, DocWatson42, Elf, Lupin, ,Jumbuck, Alansohn ,לערי ריינהארט ,Bobblewik, RahmiOktayAltunergil, Sam Hocevar, Ukexpat, EliasAlucard, Adornix, MelSkunk Trysha, Lectonar, Denniss, Ceyockey, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, Tickle me, Graham87, BD2412, Bremen, Skork- maz, RobertG, Gurch, Intgr, Amo~enwiki, RobotE, RussBot, Apokryltaros, Zwobot, Ray Chason, SmackBot, Oayfer, Tfinney, Gilliam, Chris the speller, TimBentley, Snori, Droll, Lisasmall, Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki, Traceywashere, Majorclanger, Pharaoh Hound, Peter R Hastings, Hu12, Blehfu, Erhan28, Makeemlighter, Anthony Bradbury, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, SemaviLady, Mirrabooka, Heroeswith- metaphors, Cuon, GurchBot, Kizzuwatna, Steven Walling, Catgut, Iwantedthedudebutitwasgone, Dark hyena, Chapultepec, Beautdogs, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Joonipar, J.delanoy, BigrTex, Extransit, Skier Dude, Kansas Bear, Undress 006, Dextrose, Cú Faoil, Cronje.fourie, ^demonBot2, Uannis~enwiki, Margaret mellor, Akala ahmet, Soerenschulz, Cyfal, Altzinn, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Cha- wol~enwiki, Mild Bill Hiccup, Kvorakir, Hafspajen, Homonihilis, 842U, 7&6=thirteen, DeltaQuad, Northerncanine, Versus22, DumZi- BoT, Shawnregan, Dthomsen8, SilvonenBot, Kangalmom, Zirguezi, Agatsa, Queenmomcat, Baburns21, Emojojo2002, Tyw7, Lightbot, Yobot, Dunkalax, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Alfaarti, Collieuk, Mokoniki, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Xqbot, Mariomassone, Jeffrey Mall, Gatorgirl7563, GrouchoBot, Frankie0607, Oranjezicht, Brutaldeluxe, Abuk SABUK, Miyagawa, Mlu student, Anka Friedrich, NKato, FrescoBot, PigFlu Oink, , KAPITALIST88, Jonesey95, Miladmilad11, Aallderman, Lord of the Pit, Puratu45, RjwilmsiBot, Duman06, Superk1a, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Родолюбец, Shateri87, Ğaaw, Kayahannn, Bawer1, Bellekci, Baran Hannan, Sagaciousphil, DeutscheDogge, KazekageTR, L Kensington, Ezafo, Cadiks, Donner60, Cgt, ClueBot NG, CReep, Emolimex, Veryez, Tideflat, Keetanii, Jk2q3jrklse, Raffeal, Electriccatfish2, KLBot2, Yuric, BG19bot, Xirnuk, Linaros, Cattyy, Melikian, Minnos kedicik, Wikinedir, Insidiae, Superdortlu, Katchal, Fylbecatulous, WovenTales, Brzenczyszczykiewicz, SdOrlando, Hama96, Stk2010, KangalMerakum, Bebekve, Cobra-BlackMamba, Birhanb, Endrit1598, User without username, Vleermuis12, Kangalturkiye, Quackriot, Kangalsöpek and Anonymous: 279 • Kanni Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanni?oldid=662915034 Contributors: Elf, Rohan nog, LindsayH, Trysha, Versageek, Tb- jornstad, Matt Deres, Bgwhite, Ntrilok, Tekana, Shirley Ku, Deville, SmackBot, Reedy, Geethanjali, Chris the speller, Bejnar, Yohan euan o4, Cydebot, Dr. Blofeld, Magioladitis, Redtigerxyz, Thomas.W, Ensyc, Dogsworldindia, Rajapalayamdogs, Uncle Milty, Alexbot, 7&6=thirteen, Shawnregan, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, FrescoBot, Perumalism, DixonDBot, Sagaciousphil, Rbalajir, ClueBot NG, Raghith, Futuristicpal, Futuristicpals, BG19bot, Richie2089, Tvkcyadav, Nidhishwar, Madhanengg, Naankarthik and Anonymous: 18 • Karakachan (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakachan_(dog)?oldid=647810434 Contributors: Dimadick, Cemyildiz, Woohookitty, TodorBozhinov, RussBot, Ospalh, Fang Aili, Reyk, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Jameswilson, Pharaoh Hound, JMK, SkyWalker, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Coaster1983, Thijs!bot, Edal, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Naniwako, Richard New Forest, Sthenel, VolkovBot, WereSpielChequers, Jingiby, Seedbot, Big BLA, Scroch, Mild Bill Hiccup, Sun Creator, 7&6=thirteen, Karak1, Common Good, Esparca- dia, Addbot, Queenmomcat, SpBot, Lightbot, Jarble, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Momoricks, Collieuk, Dhidalgo, GrouchoBot, Anka Friedrich, George2001hi, Anna Roy, Shadow971, Kprwiki, Askakun, Alfredo ougaowen, ZéroBot, Jenks24, BulGen, H3llBot, Puffin, ClueBot NG, CReep, Kndimov, Rotlink, Athenianepirote, Cb10aad2 and Anonymous: 26 506 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• Karelian Bear Dog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Bear_Dog?oldid=648692929 Contributors: Pengo, Samwz, Elf, Michael Devore, Varlaam, CanisRufus, Ralphmerridew, Trysha, Strega~enwiki, Marudubshinki, Bremen, Vmenkov, YurikBot, Hede2000, Muu- karhu, Staffelde, Garion96, SmackBot, Reedy, Algont, NCurse, Robogun, Gaddy1975, Badbilltucker, Avitya, Pharaoh Hound, Cm- drObot, WeggeBot, Cydebot, Mundaneman, Ltshears, Coaster1983, Intrepidacious, JustAGal, Tursiops (usurped), DuncanHill, Avjoska, JNW, Naniwako, Krasniy, DH85868993, Rocketj3, SieBot, Seedbot, Hafwyn, Isaac.holeman, Jeremiestrother, Klorinth, Shawnregan, Addbot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Flewis, Mokoniki, Pitke, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Rkr1991, Louperibot, Ejgreen77, Emaus- Bot, WikitanvirBot, Anir1uph, Lallibhalu, Donner60, ClueBot NG, Ik99, Helpful Pixie Bot, Melonhed85, Fraczek.marcin, BattyBot, Teammm, Zeroyon01, Leijailen, LlamaDude78, MarshMellow9, Jämtland98 and Anonymous: 64 • Karst Shepherd Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Shepherd?oldid=646611410 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard, Bobrayner, BD2412, Eleassar, Ospalh, Garion96, SmackBot, Boris Barowski, Chris the speller, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, Snori, Dodo bird, KarstenShep, Jaz pa pojdem, Viator slovenicus, Imbris, Yerpo, N , Hafwyn, Alexbot, 7&6=thirteen, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Collieuk, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Doremo, Bonmarley, RedBot, Igabiba, Родолюбец, ZéroBot, Tide- flat, Rezabot, Ginsuloft, 7Sidz, FourViolas and Anonymous: 7 • Keeshond Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeshond?oldid=662015068 Contributors: Tobias Hoevekamp, Nate Silva, Ram-Man, Sannse, Qaz, Ahoerstemeier, Lfh, Scott McNay, Matt Gies, DocWatson42, Elf, Peking Duck, Iceberg3k, ChicXulub, Andy Christ, Dis- cospinster, CanisRufus, El C, Kwamikagami, Sietse Snel, Bobo192, MelSkunk, Msh210, Alansohn, Trysha, Bremen, The wub, FlaBot, Pathogen1014, Vmenkov, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Welsh, Tekana, Hansci, Ikkyu2, JLaTondre, Amber- rock, SmackBot, Snufkin~enwiki, Reedy, CSZero, Strabismus, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Lisas- mall, JorisvS, Waggers, Geologyguy, Pharaoh Hound, Peter Horn, Dodo bird, Blue eyed writer, Carroy~enwiki, R9tgokunks, Phatom87, Cydebot, LdyDragonfly, Coaster1983, PKT, Marek69, Cuon, Deflective, PhilKnight, Kerotan, Geniac, General Holtarna, Electriceccen- tric, Johnpacklambert, Keesiewonder, Spaceflower, Terroardon, Xnuala, Theendofforever, TXiKiBoT, Qxz, Jdewald725, LeaveSleaves, Cgkimpson, Paucabot, Bentogoa, Jharleman, Carzand, Mnudelman, Fratrep, Keesvp, ClueBot, Hafspajen, Rotational, Thegargoylevine, Trebolo, -Midorihana-, Thingg, Wallaby4, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Reecefitta, Coffeegirl37, Addbot, Protonk, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, Gigemag76, Karamit, Miyagawa, Kails519, George2001hi, I dream of horses, Blajeblaje, SmartyBoots, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, Oliebolz, Wikipelli, KeezKeeshonden, Sagaciousphil, Dohn joe, Coasterlover1994, ChuispastonBot, Kafkacell~enwiki, ClueBot NG, Jbachelor, Noraraa, Jk2q3jrklse, BG19bot, Vvven, ChrisGualtieri, Secret Snelk, KeeshondWorld, Ithinkitsnice, Kermedia, Coffeecupgals and Anonymous: 143 • Kerry Beagle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Beagle?oldid=654424430 Contributors: Bearcat, Michael Devore, Discospin- ster, FlaBot, Wavelength, Dodo bird, CmdrObot, Blufawn, VolkovBot, Beeblebrox, Gene93k, Alexbot, Shawnregan, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Mhosny, Abujoy, GrouchoBot, Dewritech, ZéroBot, Frietjes, Jk2q3jrklse, TCN7JM, Vvven, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 9 • Kerry Blue Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Blue_Terrier?oldid=654424473 Contributors: Edward, Sannse, Safor- rest, Elf, Chowbok, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Jpgordon, Nk, Trysha, Bonzo, Santalai, Woohookitty, Obersachse, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Bremen, The wub, FlaBot, Maltmomma, FeldBum, YurikBot, Hede2000, Million Little Gods, MSJapan, LaLa, Mais oui!, SmackBot, Reedy, Kslays, Hmains, MaxSem, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Ck lostsword, Ohconfucius, SirIsaacBrock, Sashato- Bot, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Mfield, Floridan, Montanabw, Cydebot, Tendancer, Pleple2000, ST47, Myanw, Bobsmith319, JNW, Objectivesea, Movingimage, Starrycupz, CommonsDelinker, Jevansen, KevinMcGowan, Littleolive oil, VolkovBot, Mary Louisa, Ul- rika F.~enwiki, ^demonBot2, GijsvdL, Shawnalfong, Kevincolwill, VVVBot, Fratrep, Smarcy, Compuandy, ClueBot, RashersTier- ney, Chessy999, Tevildoii, Hafspajen, DragonBot, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Mglezer, Zolstijers, Addbot, Miculadh, Alainnkbt, Laa- knorBot, SpBot, Lightbot, Gail, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Collieuk, Dhidalgo, Materialscientist, Roadnote, Pitke, ASCIASA, GrouchoBot, George2001hi, Neurophile, LucienBOT, MastiBot, Kelvin Samuel, Sparkyzxz, Jimmychromeyellow, Tommypatch, Mr0bojangles, Rjwilm- siBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, T700, Wikipelli, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, Vbi20, ClueBot NG, Eynsteinn, Markan80, Frietjes, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Vvven, Prof. Squirrel, RotlinkBot, Billkerry, Amortias and Anonymous: 86 • King Charles Spaniel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_Spaniel?oldid=660088571 Contributors: Sannse, The Tom, Elf, ElfMage, Antandrus, Neutrality, CanisRufus, Chuckstar, Trysha, Bonzo, Ghirlandajo, Firsfron, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, The wub, Ucucha, FlaBot, Gareth E Kegg, Chobot, Uvaduck, Wavelength, Larry laptop, Tekana, Tevildo, Thelb4, SDS, Reedy, Cheesy mike, Mythicaldog, Greg5030, Abrahami, RolandR, SashatoBot, Ian Dalziel, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Sasata, Clarityfiend, JoeBot, Tawkerbot2, JForget, Funnyfarmofdoom, Cydebot, MC10, Ltshears, Jon Stockton, A Softer Answer, Amandajm, Doug Weller, Brad101, Casliber, Thijs!bot, Yomangani, David Shankbone, Ericoides, Arch dude, Theunicyclegirl, Gabriel Kielland, Daemonic Kangaroo, Keith D, J.delanoy, DrKier- nan, Karanacs, Johnbod, Carolfrog, 7Kim, VolkovBot, Dom Kaos, TXiKiBoT, Rei-bot, Angiefernandez, GijsvdL, Hmwith, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Comu nacho, Seedbot, Ixectrona, WikiLaurent, Hafwyn, ClueBot, Hafspajen, Str4nd, Jusdafax, Dana boomer, Shawnregan, Dthomsen8, SilvonenBot, Noctibus, Surtsicna, Addbot, SpBot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Aditya, Flewis, Prometheus58, Citation bot, Xqbot, JimVC3, Mdk572, N419BH, Miyagawa, George2001hi, FrescoBot, Calmer Waters, Tomcat7, Wikitanvir, Mean as custard, EmausBot, GA bot, Fæ, Sagaciousphil, Katpod, H3llBot, DogPowerPeaceMaker, ClueBot NG, Lucy-nella, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Nirame, CitationCleanerBot, Vvven, BattyBot, CHBothma, Dubrocks, QueenPenelopeafk, Monkbot, Cavalryman V31, Darkonni, Ozzygumbubble123, Grlwolflover and Anonymous: 75 • King Shepherd Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Shepherd?oldid=664386467 Contributors: DragonflySixtyseven, RHaworth, SmackBot, Shepalutes, OrphanBot, Ameliorate!, Coaster1983, Richhoncho, Acroterion, KylieTastic, Tikuko, SieBot, SMakabwe, Clue- Bot, Drmies, Auntof6, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Pickle753, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, Highlandmistkings, DarkElrad, Fres- coBot, Gerard77777, Shepaluteprez, Ejgreen77, AsceticRose, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Jk2q3jrklse, Vas65, Theseeyes, George- CrossIV, Zeroyon01, Monkbot, Vleermuis12, Veraxis, DiscantX, Madison pittore and Anonymous: 37 • Kintamani (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintamani_(dog)?oldid=658951834 Contributors: Robbot, Elf, Michael Devore, Rich Farmbrough, Visviva, Ynhockey, Woohookitty, Sherool, Wavelength, Shirley Ku, SmackBot, Reedy, Mifren, RDBrown, Cyde- bot, Machpovii3, Z10x, Nick Number, Tijden, Ensyc, Synthebot, Fratrep, Chrisrus, ImageRemovalBot, Imk0278, Ricoflan, Shawn- regan, XLinkBot, SilvonenBot, Addbot, TaBOT-zerem, Dhidalgo, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Anka Friedrich, Angrytoast, Gsarwa, Jk2q3jrklse, Mogism, Yogwi21, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Canarian, Vieque and Anonymous: 14 • Kishu Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishu?oldid=664062449 Contributors: Dante Alighieri, Dimadick, DocWatson42, Kusunose, Giraffedata, Bennetto, Shikai shaw, Pseudomonas, Mkill, SmackBot, Kavol, Algont, Xichael, Ryulong, Kocur, GrahamBould, Cydebot, Alaibot, Nick Number, Transentient, The Anomebot2, Catxx, Athaenara, Motdakasha, Nawulf, Vgranucci, Oda Mari, Mfugue, Hafwyn, Dachshundluver99, ClueBot, GorillaWarfare, Hafspajen, DragonBot, Excirial, NuclearWarfare, 7&6=thirteen, KishuKen1, Dthomsen8, 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 507

Addbot, LaaknorBot, Yobot, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Aff123a, Xqbot, Miyagawa, Cherry Blossom OK, , DblDoc, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, ChuispastonBot, Irvin calicut, Jk2q3jrklse, Curb Chain, Crispette, Toonlink656, KasparBot and Anonymous: 31 • Komondor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komondor?oldid=661154208 Contributors: Malcolm Farmer, Nate Silva, Sannse, Grin, David Latapie, Roadmr, Nickshanks, Psychonaut, Nach0king, Hadal, Elf, Sam Hocevar, Deeceevoice, Guppyfinsoup, Narsil, Can- -Jemfinch, Gunter.krebs, Grutness, Trysha, Arthena, Velella, SidP, Bonzo, BDD, Fdewaele, Firs ,לערי ריינהארט ,isRufus, Bobo192 fron, Woohookitty, GVOLTT, Graham87, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Bremen, The wub, FlaBot, Kapowza, VolatileChemical, ,,n, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, SpuriousQ, Gaius Cornelius, Aetil, Semperf, Nenuial, Ms2ger, GrinBot~enwiki, SmackBot, 1dragon, Reedy, Lagringa, Pfactor, IstvanWolf, KIDB, Decidus, Smooth O, Sammydavidjr, Astroview120mm, Yozakura~enwiki, SashatoBot, Tracey- washere, Ringmaster j, Pharaoh Hound, Norm mit, DeliciousCrab, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Ltshears, Malleus Fatuorum, Biruitorul, Jp07, Sobreira, AgentPeppermint, Philippe, Kinoko Otoko, Leeroy SD, Dalassa, J.P.Lon, Steven Walling, Geoffmark, Grey Wanderer, Robot- man1974, Catxx, Truemyths, Keesiewonder, L'Aquatique, Skier Dude, KylieTastic, STBotD, Hotaro, TXiKiBoT, Zsoka, Beusson, Crispy park, Lily15, Logan, Lynovella, Nummer29, Flyer22, Fratrep, Seedbot, Into The Fray, Squash Racket, ClueBot, Garyzx, MorganaFio- lett, Drmies, Hafspajen, Lessogg, Arjayay, 7&6=thirteen, Savolya, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, Koumz, Ost316, NCDane, Addbot, Favonian, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, GB fan, ArthurBot, Qorilla, Xqbot, Capricorn42, ChildofMidnight, Julle, INeverCry, FrescoBot, Meoconne, D'ohBot, Ashergben, I dream of horses, Diannaa, Proki, EmausBot, John of Reading, Fakirbakir, RenamedUser01302013, Scooterunderwood, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, H3llBot, Monterey Bay, Someone65, Thehoboclown, Chuispas- tonBot, Nicoletter94, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, TARDISChild3, Tideflat, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Smart Nomad, Lollypop0099, Mark Arsten, Naka16, Zeroyon01, DavidLeighEllis, Kind Tennis Fan, ObsSnobs, Monkbot, Darkonni and Anonymous: 162 • Kooikerhondje Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooikerhondje?oldid=662677126 Contributors: Mazzy, Sannse, Nv8200pa, Gi- donb, Elf, DO'Neil, Rdsmith4, Walter Görlitz, Trysha, Bremen, FlaBot, Uriah923, Jcrwiki~enwiki, Anchjo, Tekana, Thelb4, SmackBot, Reedy, Dedden, Eskimbot, Chris the speller, OrphanBot, Alca Isilon~enwiki, Microchip08, Pharaoh Hound, R9tgokunks, DanielRi- gal, Cydebot, Ltshears, Dryke, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Airwen, Allstarecho, Mofle, Prairie Dad, SieBot, Kweniston, Phina.v, Seed- bot, Hafwyn, Henrik Rathje, GJCaesar, Shawnregan, XLinkBot, R44t2, Jan D. Berends, Addbot, Queenmomcat, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, Yobot, Dhidalgo, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Miyagawa, FrescoBot, Simple Bob, TjBot, Ripchip Bot, EmausBot, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Heyya123, Avietar~enwiki, Jk2q3jrklse, Bordercolliez, Vvven, JAIDOS, Mogism, RotlinkBot, Clarrrence, Sweetwrap, Novalswife, Cavalryman V31 and Anonymous: 47 • Koolie Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolie?oldid=644516319 Contributors: Ixfd64, Francs2000, Richotek, Elf, Tech1exec, Quill, Lachatdelarue, CanisRufus, Jpgordon, Jeodesic, Trysha, Tabletop, BD2412, Bremen, Ian Pitchford, OpenToppedBus, Colenso, Twiftshoeblade, JarrahTree, Odbe, Gaius Cornelius, Snek01, Veledan, Chick Bowen, Koolieoz, SmackBot, Brian1979, Reedy, Gilliam, Hmains, Chris the speller, Cgoodwin, Chendy, OrphanBot, Jennica, TedE, Jklin, Thomaskorp, Tjukurpa, Mr Stephen, Pharaoh Hound, Dl2000, Phuzion, Falc, Alan.ca, Tawkerbot2, CmdrObot, USACoolie, Coaster1983, PKT, Cooliedog, Bonniebank, Artorius6002, Nick Number, Zappernapper, Alphachimpbot, Ceasia, Meredyth, Steven Walling, KConWiki, ThePetDirectory, Smitty, Richard New Forest, Beatfox, Flyingidiot, Jeff G., Techman224, KathrynLybarger, JohnnyMrNinja, Sting au, 7&6=thirteen, SoxBot III, Shawnregan, Dthom- sen8, Addbot, RangerDanielBoone, Queenmomcat, Damiens.rf, DFS454, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, ASCIASA, KarolinaKoolie, Whenselm, Bonmarley, Weedwhacker128, EmausBot, John of Reading, Gwen-chan, Invitrovanitas, Eynsteinn, Skoot13, Strike Eagle, FSII, Vvven, Hergilei, Jakewhyland and Anonymous: 87 • Korean Jindo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Jindo?oldid=662650104 Contributors: Andre Engels, Sannse, Ineuw, Rob- bot, Astronautics~enwiki, Elf, Drunkasian, Jackol, Bobblewik, Chowbok, Piotrus, Lachatdelarue, Bobo192, Anthony Appleyard, Trysha, Visviva, SidP, Woohookitty, Arotto, Bremen, Himasaram, FlaBot, ChongDae, Jon2k, Chobot, Stephenb, Brandon, Tekana, Shirley Ku, Theda, Ryoske, SmackBot, Reedy, Gsdlova, Algont, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Parent5446, DMacks, Esun1, Will Be- back, Gillyruless, Ispy1981, SKS2K6, Cydebot, Crossmr, Cerviel, Omicronpersei8, Vortex Dragon, Mercury~enwiki, Merkurix, Nick Number, Hkun, Jojeda1981, Melonbarmonster, Robotman1974, Llencyclopediall, Anaxial, Keith D, CommonsDelinker, Hairwizard91, Dhcp~enwiki, Naniwako, Hkwon, Jck16, VolkovBot, Satani, Sir Joestar, SpecMode, Madhero88, Chrisrus, Sphilbrick, Jordan 1972, ImageRemovalBot, Hafwyn, Famitsudc, Mild Bill Hiccup, Hafspajen, Niceguyedc, Mynameisnotpj, Mikaey, Joncarolyn, Shawnregan, AndreNatas, The Canaan, Addbot, Jindo owner, Download, Bassbonerocks, Tide rolls, First Light, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Melonbarmon- ster2, Eric-Wester, AnomieBOT, Rjanag, Galoubet, Ulric1313, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, RobertEves92, Xqbot, The sock that should not be, Sellyme, Anna Frodesiak, Miyagawa, Dougofborg, Green Cardamom, Treasuredk9s, Kylemiller, Oldsingerman20, MastiBot, Kelvin Samuel, 660gd4qo, Mokiesmum, Fastilysock, Acsian88, EmausBot, Kang cjk, Chelsh, ZéroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Bongoramsey, Sagaciousphil, Gn2568, Kpark15, Shrigley, Kfulton8, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gorbytim, Jemmaca, Mark Arsten, Minki001, Jeancey, Happy1892, Sawol, Hergilei, ChrisGualtieri, Minny24, Mogism, Makecat-bot, Sam Sailor, Jindoguy, Wlrtr, Gupdaal and Anonymous: 177 • Kromfohrländer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromfohrl%C3%A4nder?oldid=616622353 Contributors: Lfh, Bobblewik, Kwamik- agami, Anthony Appleyard, Roboto de Ajvol, Reedy, Hmains, Avitya, Pharaoh Hound, Eastfrisian, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Gsdlova143, De- flective, Gwern, GijsvdL, VVVBot, Seedbot, Hafspajen, DragonBot, Gundersen53, Shawnregan, Addbot, Friginator, Fieldday-sunday, Luckas-bot, Yobot, SwisterTwister, Dhidalgo, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Miyagawa, VS6507, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, Snotbot, Halfdanr, Ca- narian, Tangobutt and Anonymous: 16 • Kumaon Mastiff Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_Mastiff?oldid=619902075 Contributors: Keith D, Tikuko, 7&6=thir- teen, AnomieBOT, Dhidalgo, Kalikumaun, FrescoBot, EmausBot, BG19bot, ChrisGualtieri, Cerabot~enwiki, JesseKramme, Hemant Dabral and Anonymous: 2 • Kunming wolfdog Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming_wolfdog?oldid=654424409 Contributors: Silvonen, Lowellian, Xanzzibar, Varlaam, Rich Farmbrough, Elmer Clark, RussBot, Thumperward, Bigsteeve, Takamaxa, Tmfox, Iridescent, HongQiGong, Tubezone, Vortex Dragon, Steven Walling, Scottalter, Paul Gard, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, Nosferatuslayer, ClueBot, 7&6=thirteen, Exhaust- fumes, Shawnregan, Kbdankbot, Queenmomcat, Magicbone, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, Materialscientist, Xqbot, Josemanimala, Erik9bot, Ytx, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Mei Sze-teh, BabbaQ, ClueBot NG, Augenesburg, Snotbot, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ramesh Ramaiah, Bordercolliez, ChrisGualtieri and Anonymous: 28 • Kurī Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C4%AB?oldid=650652143 Contributors: Zigger, Varlaam, Grutness, Apokryltaros, Leptictidium, Yamaguchi , Snori, Kotare, Kahuroa, Pharaoh Hound, Cordyceps, Biruitorul, Squids and Chips, Helenalex, Calineed, Detonate, Sossos, Alexbot, Islandbaygardener, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, Rudolph89, Miyagawa, Johnnie Rico, Warrah, EmausBot, BG19bot, BattyBot, Canarian, Ginsuloft and Anonymous: 12 508 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• Kuvasz Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvasz?oldid=661154203 Contributors: PierreAbbat, Dante Alighieri, Sannse, Bogdan- giusca, Ineuw, Psychonaut, Lowellian, Adam78, Elf, ChicXulub, Leibniz, Lachatdelarue, CanisRufus, Kwamikagami, Grutness, Trysha, Bart133, RPellessier, Bonzo, Galaxiaad, Schultz.Ryan, BD2412, The wub, FlaBot, YurikBot, Wavelength, RussBot, Conscious, Cam- bridgeBayWeather, Aetil, Complainer, Mathae, Tevildo, Curpsbot-unicodify, SmackBot, Reedy, TimBentley, Traceywashere, FireIn- MySoul, Lisapollison, Mpaulin, TastyPoutine, Pharaoh Hound, Norm mit, HisSpaceResearch, Iridescent, JoeBot, Tawkerbot2, OS2Warp, CmdrObot, No1lakersfan, Shanew2, Cydebot, Carlroller, Biruitorul, Sobreira, Gligeti, DOSGuy, JAnDbot, .anacondabot, BashmentBoy, Donarst, VictoryClassWoman, Skier Dude, Widders, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Ocolon, Gepcsirke, SieBot, BotMultichill, Yerpo, Fratrep, Seedbot, JL-Bot, Tweatyb, Squash Racket, Hafspajen, DragonBot, Alexbot, Mbpushkin, PixelBot, 7&6=thirteen, Savolya, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Addbot, Queenmomcat, Favonian, 5 albert square, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Wolfbyte1, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, ArthurBot, Qorilla, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Unch63, Kuvaszprince, Dskatz, Lehoo, Doremo, Gsdash, TBloemink, Minimac, Solarra, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Kodfatyol, CReep, Tideflat, GoogolplexForce, BG19bot, Altaïr, Zeroyon01, Lugia2453, Kuvaszf, Yoda9, Kuvaszos and Anonymous: 108 • Kyi-Leo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyi-Leo?oldid=650923326 Contributors: Caknuck, Discospinster, RHaworth, Tone, Wave- length, SmackBot, Caronna, Cydebot, Ltshears, Pichukid78, Corvus cornix, Jnance30, Tikuko, SieBot, Lightmouse, Davmid055, Nn123645, Hafwyn, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Razorflame, Ambeanerxcore, XLinkBot, Addbot, Pickle753, RocketRodRyan, Yobot, Backslash For- wardslash, Miyagawa, LucienBOT, Annexatious, Ejgreen77, Sagaciousphil, Rcsprinter123, Jk2q3jrklse, Helpful Pixie Bot, KLBot2, Jackiesayward, BattyBot and Anonymous: 15 • Labrador Husky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Husky?oldid=648759967 Contributors: Bearcat, Kabulykos, Oknaze- vad, Zetawoof, SmackBot, Anonymi, Coaster1983, Vortex Dragon, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Tikuko, ClueBot, Gene93k, Nickersonl, Excirial, Exhaustfumes, XLinkBot, Skarebo, Addbot, Magicbone, Tide rolls, SaintHammett, Mokoniki, Materialscientist, Miyagawa, ArchitectedAsylum, Vrenator, ClueBot NG, Melissaputt, Forestgold27, BALMAINM and Anonymous: 34 • Labrador Retriever Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Retriever?oldid=660348379 Contributors: Karen Johnson, William Avery, Montrealais, Nevilley, Ixfd64, Tango, Sannse, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, Andrewa, Ijon, Julesd, Habj, Andres, Raven in Orbit, Redjar, Lfh, Roadmr, Tpbradbury, Tempshill, Topbanana, Dyno08, Pollinator, Lumos3, Dale Arnett, Friedo, RedWolf, Aca- demic Challenger, Meelar, Timrollpickering, Rasmus Faber, Cyberia23, Psb777, DocWatson42, Elf, Inter, Nunh-huh, Angmering, 0x6D667061, BigHaz, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Prichardson, ChicXulub, Chowbok, Andycjp, Holmoak, LiDaobing, OverlordQ, Khaos- works, Peter Chapman, DragonflySixtyseven, Karl Dickman, Lpangelrob, Mike Rosoft, Quill, Alkivar, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Themusicking, FT2, GeoEvan, Vsmith, Lachatdelarue, Bender235, ESkog, JoeSmack, Meamemg, CanisRufus, Shanes, Femto, Bobo192, -Llywelyn, Jakew, Landroni, Jumbuck, Alansohn, SonicTailsKnuckles, Hektor, Pop ,לערי ריינהארט ,Circeus, Elipongo, Adrian~enwiki UpPirate, Trysha, Arthena, Borisblue, DrBat, AzaToth, Derumi, Axl, Lightdarkness, Redfarmer, Hu, Bart133, Hohum, Marianoce- cowski, Wtmitchell, Velella, Gdavidp, Cburnett, EAi, Docboat, Sciurinæ, Bonzo, Gene Nygaard, Admiral Valdemar, Richwales, Stu- artyeates, Reinoutr, Woohookitty, Professor Ninja, Madmardigan53, PoccilScript, Scjessey, WadeSimMiser, Hailey C. Shannon, Eru-, Chris Buckey, Macaddct1984, Okc~enwiki, RuM, Mandarax, Graham87, Wachholder0, Kane5187, Edison, Jsbrown, Rjwilmsi, Bre- men, Jivecat, Vary, JHMM13, Bruce1ee, Thangalin, Jehochman, MarnetteD, MLRoach, Utuado, Wikifier, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Ground Zero, Lacktherof, WillC, Bmpower, Askolnick, Backin72, Isotope23, Gurch, Alphachimp, GreyCat, Silivre- nion, Russavia, Glenn L, Hibana, Antikon, Unexplained, Colenso, Lilyth, DVdm, Calebdh82, YurikBot, Wavelength, TheTrueSora, RobotE, Candy156sweet, Rtkat3, Arzel, Sarranduin, Muchness, Anonymous editor, Hede2000, ChuckyDarko, Chris Capoccia, Yl- losubmarine, Simtropolitan, Gaius Cornelius, Neilbeach, NawlinWiki, Nahallac Silverwinds, Bachrach44, Hydroxides, Ferrites, Ane- tode, Kumarrrr, Aaron Schulz, Kyle Barbour, Derek.cashman, D-Day, Tekana, MLA, Orioane, 21655, Wendigo avsfan, Lt-wiki-bot, Theflyingorc, Closedmouth, Canley, JoanneB, Egumtow, Smurrayinchester, SigmaEpsilon, Garion96, Allens, Airconswitch, SkerHawx, Marlosfabris, Bibliomaniac15, Aleef, JerryOrr, Attilios, Veinor, SmackBot, Brammers, Cubs Fan, Schyler, Reedy, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, C.Fred, Jacek Kendysz, HalfShadow, SmartGuy Old, Yamaguchi , Cheesy mike, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Skizzik, CPStapleton, ERcheck, Chris the speller, NCurse, Stevil84, EncMstr, CMacMillan, Davemo, GoodDay, H Bruthzoo, Mungk, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Robogun, Tamfang, Djpaetkau, OrphanBot, Jennica, Nspicar, Addshore, Xichael, NoIdeaNick, Shamir1, Witchbaby, Dreadstar, THD3, Kevin82485, Mtelewicz, Midimacman, Bob Castle, Xeno666, HDow, Yozakura~enwiki, MMX, Rewguy, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Esrever, Wafwot, Siva1979, Soap, Kuru, Avitya, Marco polo, Gobonobo, CPMcE, Joelmills, EarthFurst, Minna Sora no Shita, Seanoquinn, CyrilB, Ccastleman, SandyGeorgia, Allamericanbear, AdultSwim, H-ko, Ryulong, Pharaoh Hound, Dr.K., RichardF, Dodo bird, Thatcher, Xionbox, Eastfrisian, Cheesehead Fan, Hu12, Floridan, Jaimbo, Iridescent, The Giant Puffin, Stargam- ing~enwiki, Anger22, JohnnyPants, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, Plasma Twa 2, Poolkris, Tahninial, ChrisCork, Lahiru k, J3wishVulcan, SkyWalker, Pgitty, JForget, Mellery, DangerousPanda, CmdrObot, NorwegianMarcus, Plow76, Ejoosten, Dycedarg, Hacktivist, Dgw, Tim Long, ShelfSkewed, Erikeltic, UncleBubba, Gogo Dodo, TicketMan, Vargob, Dusty relic, Nmajdan, Srajan01, DavidRF, Jay- oungncsu, DumbBOT, Ameliorate!, L d allan, Dangreddy, Kozuch, Coaster1983, Seicer, Epbr123, Luminifer, Summerdog12, Olayak, Kablammo, Ucanlookitup, N5iln, Sochwa, Minutiaman, Marek69, John254, Allyx3, Bobblehead, A3RO, Cello06, Horologium, JustA- Gal, GideonF, Alphius, Dawnseeker2000, Simone.schulz, Bingen, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Devonclaire, Chubbles, Seaphoto, Herald Alberich, Navierstokes, Babel2675, Flogdog, KP Botany, BigNate37, Fuzioneer, InSPURation, Smartse, Sumoeagle179, Satou-chan, Billyblunt, Caedmon, DOSGuy, JAnDbot, Gopal1035, Dan D. 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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 509

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HalfOfAMind, Thomas story, Ilovelucy322, Lilotzzz, BethNaught, Dnk9s, Trasher7856, MartinTheAwesome, Esams33, Wrl6199, Looneyboy6, American Kennel Club, Adirishucd, Forthemall, Pitloversince01, Whatstillremains, Goergey736373, Iatetherabbit, Sfgfhj, Jackson Mcfalls, 103085Nick, Mwlloyd1216, Jd3120, Kjamesbailey, Watanabemayus, Kamryn86253, Canary33 and Anonymous: 1629 • Lagotto Romagnolo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagotto_Romagnolo?oldid=656263351 Contributors: Elf, Trysha, Gene Ny- gaard, TheCoffee, FlaBot, CambridgeBayWeather, Tekana, Entheta, SmackBot, Reedy, Codyhilton, Pharaoh Hound, DangerousPanda, Jameboy, Calaka, Kateaclysmic, Magioladitis, Kaivosukeltaja, JaGa, J.delanoy, Rtdixon86, Dmd1590, Judithtmartin, FlagSteward, Gi- jsvdL, Richpig, RobertEgert, Fratrep, Seedbot, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, ClueBot, Timberframe, Bzalforno, Thegargoylevine, A ntv, Shawnregan, Addbot, SpBot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Gigemag76, Tbhotch, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Sagaciousphil, KiraFredo, Mbalexandre, Lagotto, Jk2q3jrklse, Mark Arsten, Becky4239, Vvven, Zeroyon01, Ebdòmero, Lagotto Ro- magnolo of Canada, Breock124, DrNadaWanda and Anonymous: 60 • Lakeland Terrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Terrier?oldid=632679573 Contributors: Sannse, Angela, Elf, ChicX- ulub, JoeSmack, CanisRufus, Alansohn, Trysha, Dc, Hailey C. 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MAGYAR AGÁR

DrilBot, EmausBot, Eponine999, Sagaciousphil, Eynsteinn, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Vvven, Kpruett16, Miningpyropony and Anony- mous: 34 • Landseer (dog) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landseer_(dog)?oldid=655240192 Contributors: Liftarn, Arwel Parry, Phil Boswell, -Andrzej z Helu, FlaBot, YurikBot, Chick Bowen, Bota47, Closed ,לערי ריינהארט ,Bearcat, Elf, Maximaximax, Discospinster, Linkoman mouth, SMcCandlish, Tvarnoe~enwiki, Argo Navis, Reedy, Hmains, Whpq, Yozakura~enwiki, RomanSpa, Pharaoh Hound, Cydebot, Horologium, JAnDbot, RR, STBotD, Headphonos, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Chrisrus, EoGuy, Hafspajen, TheRedPenOfDoom, Addbot, AndersBot, Yobot, Liderian, AnomieBOT, Mokoniki, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Birdgirl5, Miyagawa, George2001hi, RedBot, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, Jenks24, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hmainsbot1, Jodosma, Monkbot, Canary 22 and Anonymous: 27 • Lapponian Herder Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapponian_Herder?oldid=648996961 Contributors: D6, Jpgordon, Trysha, Woohookitty, BD2412, FlaBot, SmackBot, Algont, Mr Stephen, Pharaoh Hound, Lokal Profil, KConWiki, Apdevries, Ekotkie, Hafwyn, 7&6=thirteen, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, MystBot, Addbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Dhidalgo, ASCIASA, Miyagawa, RedBot, Lightlowe- mon, Ejgreen77, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Eynsteinn, Ik99, Helpful Pixie Bot, Zeroyon01 and Anonymous: 14 • Leonberger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonberger?oldid=656331401 Contributors: Dtgm, Kaare, Elf, CanisRufus, Giraffe- data, Pearle, Trysha, SidP, Saga City, Runtime, Jwinius, Gene Nygaard, Drbreznjev, Thryduulf, Woohookitty, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Titoxd, FlaBot, YurikBot, Morhange, Bota47, Tekana, Reedy, Gsdlova, Ohnoitsjamie, Yozakura~enwiki, Attys, Avitya, Dra- cion, MarkSutton, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, JoeBot, R9tgokunks, Chazsylvester, Cydebot, Mnwess, Gbondy, Jayen466, LdyDragonfly, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Daa89563, JustAGal, D. Webb, Barek, Wimstead, Indon, Edward321, Charles betz, Emit flesti, Ryan Postleth- waite, Spaceflower, KristinB, Richard New Forest, Wikipediite, 4Haik, Guldenat, Nedrutland, Greenmrt, Thehousier, Rontrigger, Boy- hater1994, SieBot, Kelly Cassidy, Oda Mari, Seedbot, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Drmies, Hafspajen, Niceguyedc, Torgeir Nilsen, JO 24, 7&6=thirteen, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Shawnregan, Gjnaasaa, Gwandoya, Dthomsen8, Feinoha, Ariconte, Anditwas- summer, Addbot, Leogrande, Favonian, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Scruffy818, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Collieuk, Dhidalgo, Materialscientist, Leonbergers, АлександрВв, Miyagawa, The Leos Den, FrescoBot, Weijzig, Ben Kroon, Cclass07, Rjwilm- siBot, Barc777, Superk1a, EmausBot, Άρτεμις, Slightsmile, Sagaciousphil, Brandmeister, Artmaestro, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Ileodata, Pluppo, Notts tlo, CReep, Jakke1975, Tideflat, Widr, Unlikelife, Avietar~enwiki, Helpful Pixie Bot, Emma Grant Spalding, Vvven, Pseudofusulina, Zeroyon01, Cwobeel, Mogism, Bonzaibonzerelli, Interference 541, Chiswckchap, Monkbot, Guyscottsouth, Ter- ryAlex, Kianjackson123, Penglujian, Dcolston, Joslynisdabomb, Youngboog, Wilma Kroon, IPhone5S man and Anonymous: 163 • Lhasa Apso Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa_Apso?oldid=659334361 Contributors: Sannse, Delirium, Lfh, L-Bit, Dimadick, Hadal, Zaui, Elf, Neilc, Neutrality, Tsemii, D6, Discospinster, TomPreuss, Lachatdelarue, ESkog, JoeSmack, CanisRufus, Kwamik- agami, Shanes, Bobo192, AmosWolfe, Patrikkennel, Nsaa, Alansohn, Chris16447, Smshepard, LanceHeart, Trysha, Arthena, Hégésippe Cormier, Melaen, SidP, Yuckfoo, Vcelloho, Harej, , Alvis, Tbjornstad, Graham87, NCdave, DePiep, Bremen, CannotRe- solveSymbol, The wub, Matt Deres, Hitsuji Kinno, FlaBot, Naraht, Hottentot, Kerowyn, Bubbleboys, Chobot, DVdm, YurikBot, Hede2000, Epolk, David Woodward, Thegreyanomaly, Mütze, Theda, Tevildo, Jonathan.s.kt, JDspeeder1, DVD R W, SmackBot, Reedy, Uny- oyega, Giandrea, Geethanjali, Betacommand, Bluebot, NCurse, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Lapisphil, Clevomon, Phrique, Pilotguy, Kukini, Aldaniel, Gloriamarie, JzG, Avitya, Buchanan-Hermit, Thinice, Wolfemi1, Ryu- long, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, Jim856796, Yesuthasen, PegaS, Pegasus1138, Woodshed, Bruinfan12, JForget, Lhasapso, Dgw, Cy- debot, Cream147, Steel, Ltshears, ST47, Wikipediarules2221, Alphageekpa, Thijs!bot, Quovado, LaurenV3, Seaphoto, Tangerines, Darklilac, Deflective, Husond, Adbail, Centurylegend, Acroterion, VoABot II, Bcsr4ever, Burty1, Steven Walling, Ed!, Martínhache, Lovethissite, BashmentBoy, TravisButler, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Elminjas, R'n'B, J.delanoy, Jmlee369, Bfts, Isis456, Mississppi Man, Rosenknospe, Tad102, Kraftlos, Lhasagirl, Bonadea, Kailasha, Gothbag, Guillaume2303, ElinorD, Anna Lincoln, Lewis-rangers, Broad- bot, LeaveSleaves, Monkeynoze, Xdrebabiix, Johncaron.ca, Nikitos1979, Crispy park, AlleborgoBot, Logan, Edreynolds8981, Kennyqua- tor, SieBot, Bugg1979, Vanessawitz, Bentogoa, Aillema, Happysailor, JetLover, Oxymoron83, Oni no Akuma, Davmid055, Maralia, Van- ished User 8902317830, Bpeps, LarRan, ImageRemovalBot, Hafwyn, WikipedianMarlith, Rori baggins, ClueBot, Hafspajen, Gwguf- fey, Lartoven, Ngebendi, CowboySpartan, Kakofonous, Parkie1, Rubycubed, Magpiemcfuzz, SoxBot III, Shawis, Rfaerie, Shawnregan, TimTay, XLinkBot, Spitfire, SwirlBoy39, Anturiaethwr, WikHead, Salam32, SilvonenBot, Gene Fellner, Valuebundle79, Thebesto- fall007, Addbot, TutterMouse, Mww113, AndersBot, SpBot, Doniago, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Тиверополник, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jester Hat, Margin1522, Iluvblondes, Kmccosh, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Amirobot, WLasa, Gunnar Hendrich, Dogtrain- ernyc, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, Kingpin13, Mokoniki, Dhidalgo, GB fan, TrissyLove1, Quebec99, Xqbot, Dogpawse, Capricorn42, Mose Schrute, Gensanders, Loveless, GrouchoBot, Typ0fr33k, Earlypsychosis, SassoBot, Firefly 9595, Miyagawa, Some standardized rigour, Gravydavy87, Dawwwwg, George2001hi, Cawcawpigeon, CandS4evr, Michael93555, Chloe Webb, Katelynkersjes, Kwiki, Koil- lokDoido, Ppandm, Piotrbcn, Hellknowz, Redcrayon456, RandomStringOfCharacters, December21st2012Freak, River6969us, 777sms, Reaper Eternal, Khloe webb, ThinkEnemies, Ilovshuz, SunshineJones1, Vikrantsharma1, ThelilBB, EmausBot, MikeGinnyMD, Angry- toast, SlimJim789, Arisoppo, Sagaciousphil, Wingman4l7, Erianna, Lamattinadoro, KC101, ClueBot NG, WIERDGREENMAN, James- dpalmer, CReep, Andrew7878, Keetanii, Jk2q3jrklse, RafikiSykes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lhasam, TheLastNeanderthal, Frze, Golden Sug- arplum, Mark Arsten, Vmparra, Altaïr, Bordercolliez, Biaya, Van squirgle, Reinana kyuu, Sahilkukreja, Pink.up, Sahilk107, Sminthop- sis84, Poppywilding, Epicgenius, Tentinator, Budgielover2988, Forevercharmed7, Trudes1970, Monkbot, Bladeor, Asdklf;, Hunterkt, Reallypo9, Lovepuppies12, Imani Lynn and Anonymous: 403 • Lithuanian Hound Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Hound?oldid=634725101 Contributors: Zetawoof, Russavia, Re- nata3, Opiaterein, Chris the speller, Derek R Bullamore, BetacommandBot, Tikuko, Malcolmxl5, Atasas, Instantnematode2, Addbot, Luckas-bot, LucienBOT, Citation bot 1, Spidey104, Golfandme, ZéroBot, Zeroyon01, O.bengoechea, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Zidikai1, Kaukutis, Monkbot and Anonymous: 1 • Longhaired Whippet Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhaired_Whippet?oldid=641407326 Contributors: Carlossuarez46, RJFJR, Rjwilmsi, SmackBot, Gsdlova, RayAYang, RMHED, MU, Coaster1983, Eastmain, Nelsonismyhero, Edokter, Uncle Dick, Logan, Hafwyn, Mild Bill Hiccup, Sisterdetestai, Addbot, Yobot, Legobot II, Mws77, Mokoniki, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Tux-Man, BenzolBot, Ejgreen77, Houserkm, AdamGerr, ClueBot NG, LHW lover, Speedydogs, 55interestedparty612, Mogism, Longhaired Whippet, LHWsRock, LH- Wsrule, LHWsReign and Anonymous: 17 • Löwchen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wchen?oldid=630030871 Contributors: Psychonaut, Elf, Sam Hocevar, JoeS- mack, CanisRufus, MelSkunk, Trysha, Triddle, The wub, FlaBot, Gaius Cornelius, Fnorp, Jaxl, Muu-karhu, Tekana, Tevildo, SmackBot, Reedy, Hmains, Richlumaui, Pharaoh Hound, Dodo bird, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, Pleple2000, Travelbird, Thijs!bot, Picus viridis, Norcal- robbie, Bunny-chan, Bcsr4ever, S3000, Keesiewonder, 7Kim, TXiKiBoT, Corvus cornix, Keenada, GijsvdL, Erin-luvs-green, Hmwith, Wonderkev, Oxymoron83, Seedbot, Sitush, Hafwyn, Tidalik, Mild Bill Hiccup, Hafspajen, Niceguyedc, Auntof6, Shawnregan, Addbot, Fluffernutter, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Yngvadottir, FreddyFreekshow, Dhidalgo, Xqbot, Molly isla, Miyagawa, George2001hi, RedBot, Ej- green77, EmausBot, ZéroBot, Jappitoo, Titodutta and Anonymous: 38 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 511

• Magyar agár Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_ag%C3%A1r?oldid=663659922 Contributors: Saga City, Woohookitty, Mukkakukaku, CambridgeBayWeather, Aetil, SMcCandlish, Reedy, Hmains, Laslovarga, Soap, Pharaoh Hound, Neelix, Ltshears, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul, Hollomis, Nelsonismyhero, Escarbot, Leftwing Pinko, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, Truthanado, Seedbot, Magyar Agar, Squash Racket, Alexbot, Shawnregan, MystBot, Addbot, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Villy, ArthurBot, Xqbot, TechBot, Tux-Man, Ahb73, Vincenzo80, Triplestop, RedBot, Cserihegyi, Proki, EmausBot, ClueBot NG, KLBot2, Agn106 and Anonymous: 18

100.7.2 Images

• File:05052881_PRT_braun_rau.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/05052881_PRT_braun_rau.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alephalpha • File:0709_gucci_stolt.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/0709_gucci_stolt.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maria Michaëlsson • File:094._Setter.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/094._Setter.JPG License: Public domain Contrib- utors: The Dog in Health and Disease Original artist: Stonehenge (John Henry Walsh) • File:149._King_Charles_and_Blenheim_Spaniels.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/149._King_Charles_ and_Blenheim_Spaniels.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: The Dog in Health and Disease Original artist: Book: Stonehenge (John Henry Walsh); Drawing: William Youatt • File:166121_473455405763_699570763_6351219_1237354_n_Bichon_Havanais.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/ef/166121_473455405763_699570763_6351219_1237354_n_Bichon_Havanais.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Skystar • File:1815_Alpine_Mastiff.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/1815_Alpine_Mastiff.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: The late J.S.Morgan,Esq., Leasowe Castle Original artist: unknown 19th century artist • File:1904_Dog_licence_stamp.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/1904_Dog_licence_stamp.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Scan of original Original artist: British Government. • File:3labradorcols.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/3labradorcols.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con- tributors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Erikeltic (talk) • File:4.5_years_old_indian_spitz.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/4.5_years_old_indian_spitz.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ash7shobinth • File:6_month_old_ibizan_hounds.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/6_month_old_ibizan_hounds.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dannydulai • File:A_Distinguished_Member_of_the_Humane_Society_by_Sir_Edwin_Landseer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/c9/A_Distinguished_Member_of_the_Humane_Society_by_Sir_Edwin_Landseer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Tate Collection Original artist: Edwin Henry Landseer • File:A_Harrier_Dog_Show.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/A_Harrier_Dog_Show.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: 2010 PA Kennel Assoc. Dog Show Original artist: daveynin • File:Acerratownik.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Acerratownik.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Afra_004.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Afra_004.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Afra_007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Afra_007.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Afra_013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Afra_013.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Albert_Heim.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Albert_Heim.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv, Bild-ID Portr_06339. Original artist: Mayall & Co., Studios for Instantaneous Photography, 164, New Bond Street, Westminster, London. • File:Alexandra_of_Denmark_by_Sir_(Samuel)_Luke_Fildes.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Alexandra_ of_Denmark_by_Sir_%28Samuel%29_Luke_Fildes.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This set of images was gathered by User:Dcoetzee from the National Portrait Gallery, London website using a special tool. All images in this batch have been confirmed as author died before 1939 according to the official death date listed by the NPG. National Portrait Gallery: NPG 1889 Original artist: After Luke Fildes • File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:American_and_English_Labrador_heads.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/American_and_English_ Labrador_heads.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • Labrador_Retriever_yellow_profile.jpg Original artist: Labrador_Retriever_yellow_profile.jpg: John R. (Levels corrected from original Flickr photo by Pharaoh Hound) • File:Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Five_Eldest_Children_of_Charles_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/3/39/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Five_Eldest_Children_of_Charles_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: rgETLGbnb2EzxQ at Google Cultural Institute, zoom level maximum Original artist: Anthony van Dyck 512 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• File:Argos_with_duck.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Argos_with_duck.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Askolnick • File:AttentiveChin.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/AttentiveChin.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nattieliz • File:Aussie-blacktri.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Aussie-blacktri.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photo by Pharlap Original artist: User Pharlap on en.wikipedia • File:Ayke_Hovi_sw.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Ayke_Hovi_sw.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Eigene Aufnahme von RABaastrup Original artist: RABaastrup • File:Baxter-garry.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/Baxter-garry.jpg License: PD-US Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Bellalagotto1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Bellalagotto1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Entheta • File:Ben_of_Hyde.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Ben_of_Hyde.png License: Public domain Con- tributors: http://www.uplabradors.com/uplabradorsgenealogy.htm Original artist: Unknown (photo) • File:Berger_allemand_en_montagne_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Berger_allemand_en_montagne_ 2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berger_allemand_en_montagne.jpg Original artist: Flaurentine • File:Bichon_habanero.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bichon_habanero.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pavel Marrero • File:BlackLab2009.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/BlackLab2009.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con- tributors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Erikeltic (talk) • File:Black_German_Shepherd.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Black_German_Shepherd.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JohnJ1212 • File:Black_Labrador_Retriever_kiddie_pool..jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Black_Labrador_Retriever_ kiddie_pool..jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Pete Markham • File:Blenheim_Spaniel_1903.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Blenheim_Spaniel_1903.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: “British Dogs, Their Points, Selection, And Show Preparation”Original artist: W.D. Drury • File:Blue_brindle_glen_of_imaal_puppy.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Blue_brindle_glen_of_ imaal_puppy.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Kindall at English Wikipedia • File:Blue_merle_koolie_short_coat_heading_sheep.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Blue_merle_koolie_ short_coat_heading_sheep.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: self-made Original artist: Tjukurpa (talk) Koolie Club of Australia • File:Britishwolfhunt.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Britishwolfhunt.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The British wolf-hunters: A Tale of England in the Olden Time Original artist: Thomas Miller • File:BrooklynTheDog.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/BrooklynTheDog.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Sandro Sherrod Original artist: Bellevuegeek • File:Buccleuch_Avon_(1885).png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Buccleuch_Avon_%281885%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph obtained from http://www.uplabradors.com as described below. Animal pictured died within 10-15 years of 1885, allowing the photograph to be positively dated at over 100 years old and hence in the public domain. (As a photograph of this specific dog, it is also not possible to source a different version in discussing labrador history.) Original artist: See above/below • File:Buck_The_GSD.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Buck_The_GSD.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nickyhannaway • File:Bulgarian-shepherd.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Bulgarian-shepherd.jpg License: CC BY- SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Edal Anton Lefterov • File:Bungartz-Pinscher.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Bungartz-Pinscher.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://web.archive.org/web/20080501175210/http://www.robinienhof.de/historisches/bung88.htm

Original artist: Jean Bungartz • File:Bvdb-riesen_schnauzer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Bvdb-riesen_schnauzer.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bonnie van den Born, http://www.bonfoto.nl • File:Cachorrospalleiro.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Cachorrospalleiro.JPG License: CC BY- SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Risonsinho • File:Canadian_Golden_Retriever.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Canadian_Golden_Retriever. jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Siavash Ghazvinian • File:Carlisle_Tack.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Carlisle_Tack.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Jean & Frank Jackson: The Making of the Parson Jack Russell Terrier. The Boydell Press, 1986. Original artist: Unknown 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 513

• File:Catherine_II_walking_by_V.Borovikovskiy_(1794,_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ a/ac/Catherine_II_walking_by_V.Borovikovskiy_%281794%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http: //lj.rossia.org/users/john_petrov/416351.html Original artist: Vladimir Borovikovsky • File:Chance_Backing_small.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Chance_Backing_small.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Chez_yellow_labrador_and_rosie_chocolate_labrador_in_corn_field_(2878974890).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/5/59/Chez_yellow_labrador_and_rosie_chocolate_labrador_in_corn_field_%282878974890%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Chez yellow labrador and rosie chocolate labrador in corn field Original artist: IDS.photos from Tiverton, UK • File:Chiot_Irish_Wolfhound.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Chiot_Irish_Wolfhound.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: collection privée Original artist: S. Pruvot/Design Madeleine • File:ChocolateLabPup.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/ChocolateLabPup.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was RichardF at English Wikipedia • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Cuccioloblu.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Cuccioloblu.JPG License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Vannivanni • File:Day_old_Griffon_Puppy.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Day_old_Griffon_Puppy.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Dan9186 at en.wikipedia • File:Denario_de_la_Gens_Postumia_(74-73_a.C.).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Denario_de_ la_Gens_Postumia_%2874-73_a.C.%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OmarCurrosSimón • File:Deutsch-Langhaar1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Deutsch-Langhaar1.jpg License: CC BY- SA 1.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Deutscher_Pinscher.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Deutscher_Pinscher.JPG License: CC- BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Deutscher_Wachtel_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Deutscher_Wachtel_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steffen Heinz (Caronna) • File:Dog.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Dog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Double-suspension.kozmo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Double-suspension.kozmo.jpg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Duffy_the_brindle_Great_Dane.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Duffy_the_brindle_Great_ Dane.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fainomenon • File:Duzy_szwajcarski_pies_i_entelbuher_pl.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Duzy_szwajcarski_ pies_i_entelbuher_pl.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pleple2000 • File:Duży_szwajcarski_pies_pasterski_72.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Du%C5%BCy_szwajcarski_ pies_pasterski_72.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Dylan_Small_Web_view.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Dylan_Small_Web_view.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally uploaded to the English Wikipedia.

descr. there:

100.7.3 Summary

Red Merle Working Sheep Original artist: user:Muu-karhu • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Endal_Dickin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Endal_Dickin.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Allenandendal at English Wikipedia • File:English_Toy_Spaniel_Cropped.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/English_Toy_Spaniel_Cropped. jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: • English_toy_spaniel.jpg Original artist: English_toy_spaniel.jpg: charlyronni • File:Erik_JRT.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Erik_JRT.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Andre Anagnos Original artist: Scout Photographics - Australia • File:Exposició_3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Exposici%C3%B3_3.jpg License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: revista de monogràfiques del pastor alemany Original artist: ? • File:Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/60861613@N00/3956264299/; original is in the Bedford Col- lection, Woburn Abbey, England; published between pages 220 and 221 in Porter, Linda (2007) Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0749909826 Original artist: Hans Eworth (circa 1520–1574?) 514 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• File:Fergus_(2544727297).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Fergus_%282544727297%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Fergus Original artist: Tim Felce (Airwolfhound) • File:File-Pastor_A_Fêmea.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/File-Pastor_A_F%C3%AAmea.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Anthony Beux Tessari Original artist: Anthony Beux Tessari • File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. 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• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

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Original artist: ? • File:Golden-retriever-carlos-bei-der-dummyarbeit.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Golden-retriever-carlos-bei-der-dummyarbeit. jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dirk Vorderstraße • File:GoldenRetrieverSnow.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/GoldenRetrieverSnow.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Newyorker10021 516 CHAPTER 100. MAGYAR AGÁR

• File:GoldenRetriver_agility_tunnel_wb.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/GoldenRetriver_agility_ tunnel_wb.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photo by Donn Dobkin, Just a Moment Photography, from M. Book – with per- mission via Elf. Original artist: Donn Dobkin, Just a Moment Photography, from M. Book • File:Golden_Labrador_Toby_2007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a2/Golden_Labrador_Toby_2007.jpg Li- cense: PD Contributors: ? 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Original artist: ? • File:Gryfonik22.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Gryfonik22.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Pleple2000 • File:Grønlandshund_in_Sisimiut_(7).JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gr%C3%B8nlandshund_ in_Sisimiut_%287%29.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chmee2/Valtameri • File:Gt._Dane,_Lucy.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gt._Dane%2C_Lucy.JPG License: CC BY- SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fainomenon • File:Gull_terr_in_india_owned_by_Sahil_thakur_2014-05-29_17-44.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 6/65/Gull_terr_in_india_owned_by_Sahil_thakur_2014-05-29_17-44.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Sahilthakur 25 • File:Gundy_&_Hereford.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gundy_%26_Hereford.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Photo Revival Original artist: TjukurpaKoolie Club of Australia • File:Hannibal_and_Princess,_Doggen_Hessen-Kassel,_Boar_Hounds,_1807_Chalons.xcf Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/84/Hannibal_and_Princess%2C_Doggen_Hessen-Kassel%2C_Boar_Hounds%2C_1807_Chalons.xcf License: Public do- main Contributors: entnommen dem Sporting Magazin, May 1807, Blatt vor S. 55, Band 30, 1808 Original artist: H.B. Chalon (Zeichner / painter); H.R. Cook (Kupferstecher / engraver) • File:Hareindiandogsblackwhite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Hareindiandogsblackwhite.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Innotata using CommonsHelper. The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society, Published, with the Sanction of the Council, Under the Superintendence of the Sec- retary and Vice-secretary of the Society, by Edward Turner Bennett, Zoological Society of London, William Harvey, Illustrated by John Jackson, William Harvey, G. B., S. S., Thomas Williams, Robert Edward Branston, George Thomas Wright. Published by Printed by C. Whittingham, 1830 Original artist: Edward Turner Bennett, Zoological Society of London 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 517

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[1] Original artist: Jan Steen (1625/1626–1679) • File:JapaneseChinCat.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/JapaneseChinCat.JPG License: CC BY- SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nattieliz • File:JapaneseSpitzPhoto1_-_hiro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/JapaneseSpitzPhoto1_-_hiro.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hakumichi • File:Japanese_Spitz_Siberia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Japanese_Spitz_Siberia.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: 0894Leanne • File:Japanese_Terrier_22.04.2012_6pl.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Japanese_Terrier_22.04.2012_ 6pl.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pleple2000 • File:Japanese_chin_6_months_old.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Japanese_chin_6_months_old. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: From Enlish Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Japanese_chin_6_months_old.jpg Original artist: Exceptionalrule • File:Japspitz003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Japspitz003.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib- utors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Oidia at en.wikipedia • File:Jean-Baptiste_Huet._-_Portrait_of_a_King_Charles_Spaniel.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/ 95/Jean-Baptiste_Huet._-_Portrait_of_a_King_Charles_Spaniel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.sothebys.com Original artist: Jean-Baptiste Huet • File:Jindo_dog_face.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Jindo_dog_face.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Self-photographed Original artist: Arotto • File:Johann_Christof_Merck_-_Ulmer_Dogge_-_WGA15061.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/ Johann_Christof_Merck_-_Ulmer_Dogge_-_WGA15061.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Inkscape.svg Image Information icon.svg Info about artwork Original artist: Johann Christof Merck • File:Junger_Rüde.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Junger_R%C3%BCde.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Günter Rott (Newfoundlanddog at de.wikipedia) • File:Kai-kuro-go_Stuffed_specimen.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Kai-kuro-go_Stuffed_specimen. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Momotarou2012 • File:Kangal_Shepherd_(livestock-guarding_dog)_and_flock_of_goats_in_Namibia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ en/d/d8/Kangal_Shepherd_%28livestock-guarding_dog%29_and_flock_of_goats_in_Namibia.jpg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Kangal_dog_with_spikey_collar,_Turkey.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Kangal_dog_with_ spikey_collar%2C_Turkey.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Commons file “KangalTürkiyede.jpg”Original artist: ? 100.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 519

• File:Kanni_male.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Kanni_male.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Richie2089 • File:Karakachan.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Karakachan.jpg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Semperviva Original artist: Semperviva • File:Karakachan_dogs_in_Pirin_Mtn.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Karakachan_dogs_in_Pirin_ Mtn.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Semperviva Original artist: Semperviva • File:Karelski_pies_na_niedźwiedzie_LM.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Karelski_pies_na_nied% C5%BAwiedzie_LM.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lilly M • File:Karmajhiri2.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Karmajhiri2.JPG License: Public domain Con- tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Logan using CommonsHelper. 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