DOCSLIB.ORG

Insect Orders Taxonomy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Insect Orders Taxonomy 4-H Entomology Project Insect Orders (Taxonomy) This publication was prepared by Vicky Wallace, Pawnee County 4-H Entomology project leader — January 2016. Directed and supervised by Diane Mack, 4-H Youth Development Specialist, Kansas State University; Sharon Dobesh, Great Plains Diagnostic Network Associate Director, Plant Pathology Department, Kansas State University; Dale Weishaar, Kansas State Fair 4-H Entomology Superintendent; David and Dana Wil- liams, Sedgwick County 4-H Entomology project leaders. If you have questions about this material, contact: Vicky Wallace, [email protected] Sharon Dobesh, [email protected] Dale Weishaar, [email protected] David and Dana Williams, [email protected] Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit 4-H Youth Development, 4-H Entomology Project Insect Orders (Taxonomy), Kansas State University, January 2016. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, John D. Floros, Director. Insect Orders (Taxonomy) Option A: Insects In Kansas Option B: “Insects in Kansas Book: 2016 Revised Tax- onomy” which follows www.bugguide.net 1 Blattodea - Cockroaches Blattodea - Cockroaches and Termites 1 2 Isoptera - Termites 3 Coleoptera - Beetles Coleoptera - Beetles 2 4 Dermaptera - Earwigs Dermaptera - Earwigs 3 5 Diptera - Flies, Crane Flies and Mosquitoes Diptera - Flies, Crane Flies, and Mosquitoes 4 6 Diplura - Diplurans Embiidina - Webspinners 5 7 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies Ephemeroptera - Mayflies 6 8 Hemiptera - True bugs Hemiptera - True bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies 7 9 Homoptera - Aphids, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Cicadas, and Scale Insects 10 Hymenoptera - Ants, Bees, Wasps, and Sawflies Hymenoptera - Ants, Bees, Wasps, and Sawflies 8 11 Lepidoptera - Butterflies, Skippers, and Moths Lepidoptera - Butterflies, Skippers, and Moths 9 12 Mantodea - Mantids Mantodea - Mantids 10 13 Neuroptera - Dobsonflies, Antlions, Lacewings, Owlflies, Neuroptera - Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings, Mantidflies, and 11 Mantidflies, Alderflies, and Snakeflies Allies 14 Mecoptera - Hangingflies and Scorpionflies Mecoptera - Scorpionflies, Hangingflies, and Allies 12 Megaloptera - Alderflies, Dobsonflies, and Fishflies 13 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies 14 15 Thysanura - Silverfish and Bristletails Microcoryphia - Bristletails 15 Zygentoma - Silverfish 16 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers 17 16 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies 18 17 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids 19 18 Phasmatodea - Walkingsticks Phasmida - Walkingsticks 20 19 Plecoptera - Stoneflies Plecoptera - Stoneflies 21 20 Psocoptera - Booklice and Barklice Psocodea - Barklice, Booklice, and Parasitic Lice 22 21 Mallogphaga - Biting or Chewing Lice 22 Anoplura - Sucking Lice 23 Siphonaptera - Fleas Siphonaptera - Fleas 23 Strepsiptera - Twisted-wing insects 24 24 Thysanoptera - Thrips Thysanoptera - Thrips 25 25 Trichoptera - Caddisflies Trichoptera - Caddisflies 26 26 Collembola - Springtails Zoraptera - Zorapterans 27 Protorthoptera - Primitive Winged Insects (Extinct Insects) 28.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny of Endopterygote Insects, the Most Successful Lineage of Living Organisms*
    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 237-253, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms* N iels P. KRISTENSEN Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Insecta, Endopterygota, Holometabola, phylogeny, diversification modes, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleóptera, Strepsiptera, Díptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Abstract. The monophyly of the Endopterygota is supported primarily by the specialized larva without external wing buds and with degradable eyes, as well as by the quiescence of the last immature (pupal) stage; a specialized morphology of the latter is not an en­ dopterygote groundplan trait. There is weak support for the basal endopterygote splitting event being between a Neuropterida + Co­ leóptera clade and a Mecopterida + Hymenoptera clade; a fully sclerotized sitophore plate in the adult is a newly recognized possible groundplan autapomorphy of the latter. The molecular evidence for a Strepsiptera + Díptera clade is differently interpreted by advo­ cates of parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of sequence data, and the morphological evidence for the monophyly of this clade is ambiguous. The basal diversification patterns within the principal endopterygote clades (“orders”) are succinctly reviewed. The truly species-rich clades are almost consistently quite subordinate. The identification of “key innovations” promoting evolution­
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis (PDF, 13.51MB)
    Insects and their endosymbionts: phylogenetics and evolutionary rates Daej A Kh A M Arab The University of Sydney Faculty of Science 2021 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Authorship contribution statement During my doctoral candidature I published as first-author or co-author three stand-alone papers in peer-reviewed, internationally recognised journals. These publications form the three research chapters of this thesis in accordance with The University of Sydney’s policy for doctoral theses. These chapters are linked by the use of the latest phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary techniques for analysing obligate mutualistic endosymbionts and their host mitochondrial genomes to shed light on the evolutionary history of the two partners. Therefore, there is inevitably some repetition between chapters, as they share common themes. In the general introduction and discussion, I use the singular “I” as I am the sole author of these chapters. All other chapters are co-authored and therefore the plural “we” is used, including appendices belonging to these chapters. Part of chapter 2 has been published as: Bourguignon, T., Tang, Q., Ho, S.Y., Juna, F., Wang, Z., Arab, D.A., Cameron, S.L., Walker, J., Rentz, D., Evans, T.A. and Lo, N., 2018. Transoceanic dispersal and plate tectonics shaped global cockroach distributions: evidence from mitochondrial phylogenomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(4), pp.970-983. The chapter was reformatted to include additional data and analyses that I undertook towards this paper. My role was in the paper was to sequence samples, assemble mitochondrial genomes, perform phylogenetic analyses, and contribute to the writing of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects David Grimaldi and Michael S
    Cambridge University Press 0521821495 - Evolution of the Insects David Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel Index More information INDEX 12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; parasitism in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub-fossil 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) Amblycera, 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 Agaonidae, 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 abdomen: function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 Acacia, 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 taxonomy, 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using fossils, 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in-Cretaceous amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 Amphientomidae,
    [Show full text]
  • Madygen, Triassic Lagerstätte Number One, Before and After Sharov
    ALAVESIA, 2: 113-124 (2008) ISSN 1887-7419 Madygen, Triassic Lagerstätte number one, before and after Sharov Dmitry E. SHCHERBAKOV Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, Moscow 117647, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The insect fauna of the world’s richest Triassic fossil locality, Madygen (Ladinian–Carnian of Kyrgyzstan) is reviewed; other groups of animals and plants recorded from the locality are also listed. The research history, fossil preservation and paleoenvironment of the Madygen Formation are briefly discussed. The site was discovered in 1933, and the better part of fossils was collected from the outcrop richest in insects, Dzhayloucho, during five expeditions headed by Alexander Sharov, who discovered there and described two peculiar gliding reptiles that made Madygen worldwide known. The entomofauna includes 20 orders (including the earliest Hymenoptera and early Diptera) and nearly 100 families. The insect assemblage is numerically dominated by Coleoptera, Blattodea, and Auchenorrhyncha. In Dzhayloucho, subdo- minants are Mecoptera, Orthoptera, and Protorthoptera. The largest insects belong to Titanoptera, the order established by Sharov and the most diverse in Madygen. Amphibiotic insects are rare and represented almost exclusively by adults. In some outcrops phyllopod Kazacharthra are common. The paleoenvironment may be reconstructed as an intermontane river valley in seasonally arid climate, with mineralized oxbow lakes and ephemeral ponds on the floodplain. KEY WORDS: Middle–Late Triassic. Insects. Composition of entomofauna. Paleoenvironment. INTRODUCTION 1966; cited after Dobruskina 1995). According to her ideas The world renown fossil site near the village of Mady- the Madygen Formation contains both Permian and Trias- gen, in foothills of the Turkestan Range (south of Fergana sic strata (cropping out in different areas), and the Permian Valley), Kyrgyzstan has yielded more than twenty thousand Madygen flora was rich in Mesozoic elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification of Insects Since the Devonian
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Diversifcation of insects since the Devonian: a new approach based on morphological disparity of Received: 18 September 2017 Accepted: 12 February 2018 mouthparts Published: xx xx xxxx Patricia Nel1,2, Sylvain Bertrand2 & André Nel1 The majority of the analyses of the evolutionary history of the megadiverse class Insecta are based on the documented taxonomic palaeobiodiversity. A diferent approach, poorly investigated, is to focus on morphological disparity, linked to changes in the organisms’ functioning. Here we establish a hierarchy of the great geological epochs based on a new method using Wagner parsimony and a ‘presence/ absence of a morphological type of mouthpart of Hexapoda’ dataset. We showed the absence of major rupture in the evolution of the mouthparts, but six epochs during which numerous innovations and few extinctions happened, i.e., Late Carboniferous, Middle and Late Triassic, ‘Callovian-Oxfordian’, ‘Early’ Cretaceous, and ‘Albian-Cenomanian’. The three crises Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Cenozoic had no strong, visible impact on mouthparts types. We particularly emphasize the origination of mouthparts linked to nectarivory during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. We also underline the origination of mouthparts linked to phytophagy during the Middle and the Late Triassic, correlated to the diversifcation of the gymnosperms, especially in relation to the complex ‘fowers’ producing nectar of the Bennettitales and Gnetales. During their ca. 410 Ma history, hexapods have evolved morphologically to adapt in a continuously changing world, thereby resulting in a unique mega-biodiversity1. Age-old questions2–4 about insects’ macroevolution now- adays receive renewed interest thanks to the remarkable recent improvements in data and methods that allow incorporating full data, phylogenomic trees besides fossil record5–9.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Silky Lacewings (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)
    Systematic Entomology (2018), 43, 43–55 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12247 Phylogeny and historical biogeography of silky lacewings (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) DEON K. BAKKES* , MERVYN W. MANSELLand CATHERINE L. SOLE Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa Abstract. Psychopsidae (silky winged lacewings) are a small family of Neuroptera characterized by broad hirsute wings that impart a physical resemblance to moths. The fossil record includes many psychopsid-like taxa from the Late Triassic to Early Oligocene from all major continents. Extant species have a disjunct, tripartite distribution comprising Afrotropical, Southeast Asian and Australian regions that is significant to historical biogeography. Two subfamilies are currently recognized: Zygophlebiinae in the Afrotropics, and Psychopsinae in Australia and Southeast Asia. This study explores phylogeny and historical biogeography of Psychopsidae, using data from biogeography, comparative morphology and molecular sequences (16S, 18S, CAD, COI). Our results show that: (i) the morphological phylogeny is incongruent with molecular data; (ii) Afrotropical Silveira Navás represent a separate lineage that warrants placement in its own subfamily; (iii) the family originated in Pangea; and (iv) the present genus level distribution resulted from two vicariance events associated with Gondwanan fragmentation. Introduction species are known to live under the bark of myrtaceous trees, preying on Microlepidoptera (Tillyard, 1919b; Tjeder, 1960). Psychopsidae Handlirsch
    [Show full text]
  • Dermaptera Hindwing Structure and Folding: New Evidence for Familial, Ordinal and Superordinal Relationships Within Neoptera (Insecta)
    Eur. J. Entorno!. 98: 445-509, 2001 ISSN 1210-5759 Dermaptera hindwing structure and folding: New evidence for familial, ordinal and superordinal relationships within Neoptera (Insecta) Fabian HAAS1 and Jarmila KUKALOVÂ-PECK2 1 Section ofBiosystematic Documentation, University ofUlm, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department ofEarth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Key words.Dermaptera, higher phylogenetics, Pterygota, insect wings, wing folding, wing articulation, protowing Abstract. The Dermaptera are a small order of insects, marked by reduced forewings, hindwings with a unique and complicated folding pattern, and by pincer-like cerci. Hindwing characters of 25 extant dermapteran species are documented. The highly derived hindwing venation and articulation is accurately homologized with the other pterygote orders for the first time. The hindwing base of Dermaptera contains phylogenetically informative characters. They are compared with their homologues in fossil dermapteran ancestors, and in Plecoptera, Orthoptera (Caelifera), Dictyoptera (Mantodea, Blattodea, Isoptera), Fulgoromorpha and Megaloptera. A fully homologized character matrix of the pterygote wing complex is offered for the first time. The wing venation of the Coleo- ptera is re-interpreted and slightly modified . The all-pterygote character analysis suggests the following relationships: Pterygota: Palaeoptera + Neoptera; Neoptera: [Pleconeoptera + Orthoneoptera] +
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence and Diversity of Coal Measure Insects
    Journal of the Geological Sociev, London, Vol. 144, 1987, pp. 5W-511, 3 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland The occurrence and diversity of Coal Measure insects E. A. JARZEMBOWSKI Booth Museum of Natural Hktory, Dyke Road, Brighton BN1 5AA, UK Abslrnd Insects are generally considered to be rare in the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures. However, recent work in the Westphalian D of SW England suggests that many have been overlooked in the past. This is because wings, which are the most characteristic insect fossils, may be mistaken for detached ‘fern’ pinnules, which are much more common. The resemblance may be functional convergence rather than leaf-mimicry. The earliest members of the class Insecta in the strict sense occur in the Upper Carboniferous. Eleven major divisions or orders are represented in the Coal Measures of which only four are still living. Primitively wingless insects (Archaeognatha) are present, relatives of familiar living insects such as the silverfish. There are numerous winged insects, some ofwhich could fold their wings (Neoptera) and others which could not (Palaeoptera). Palaeopterous insects were more diverse than today. They include three extinct orders (Palaeodictyoptera, Megasecoptera, Diaphanopterodea) which were probably plant suckers like present clay bugs. Other extinct palaeopterous insects (order Protodonata) were probably aerial predators like modem dragonflies, and included some of the largest insects of all time (‘giant dragonflies’). By far the most common neopterous insects were cockroaches (Blattodea) which outnumber all other insects in theUpper Carboniferous. This abundance is perhaps less surprising when one considers the general picture of the coal forests as warm, humid, and rich in organic matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Upper Carboniferous Insects: 1. the Geraridae (Order Protorthoptera)
    PSYCHE Vol. 90 1983 No.l-2 STUDIES ON UPPER CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS: 1. THE GERARIDAE (ORDER PROTORTHOPTERA) By Laurie Burnham Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138* INTRODUCTION Despite the importance of the order Protorthoptera, little is known about its evolutionary history. While recent workers have emphasized morphological and taxonomic diversity in the group (Carpenter, 1971, 1977; Wootton, 1981), no one has undertaken serious revisionary study at the family level. As a consequence, our understanding of relationships within the order, as well as relation- ships of the Protorthoptera to other Paleozoic insects, is rudi- mentary at best. Clearly, revisionary studies on this group are badly needed. We know that the Protorthoptera first appear in the fossil record at the base of the Upper Carboniferous (Namurian Stage) and apparently flourished for 80 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Permian. We also know that they were remarkably lt was one of the dominant orders of the Paleozoic (exceeding all other insects both in number of species and in number of individuals), and is considered by many to be ancestral to the Endopterygota (the group to which 90% of all living insects belong). *Present address. Manuscript received by the editor March 5, 1983. 2 Ps.vche [Vol. 90 diverse morphologically, and that diversity in the group (sensu lato) far exceeded that of any other Paleozoic order (Carpenter, 1977). Structural modifications normally associated with more recent insects, including brightly patterned wings, raptorial fore legs, and thoracic extensions of various kinds, are found throughout the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Calibrations for the Cockroach Phylogeny (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Blattodea)
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Fossil calibrations for the cockroach phylogeny (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Blattodea), comments on the use of wings for their identification, and a redescription of the oldest Blaberidae Dominic A. Evangelista, Marie Djernæs, and Manpreet Kaur Kohli ABSTRACT Here we provide the first thorough assessment of the fossil calibrations for diver- gence time estimation of cockroaches. Through a review of published fossil descrip- tions, we evaluate oldest fossils for various nodes in crown Blattodea in accordance with recently proposed best practices. Since most descriptions of fossil cockroaches rely heavily on wing and tegminal venation, we also provide a critical assessment of Rehn (1951), which is the most extensive work on these characters. We find that Rehn (1951) incorrectly reported the state of numerous characters. This, combined with the low number of informative characters in cockroach wings, negatively affects phyloge- netic justifications of some of the oldest purported fossil cockroaches. We conclude that currently the best fossils to use for calibration of the cockroach tree are: Cretahol- ocompsa montsecana, “Gyna” obesa, Cariblattoides labandeirai, and Ectobius kohlsi. One of these, “Gyna” obesa, was insufficiently treated in its original description, so we provide a redescription facilitated by high resolution imagery and modern systematic knowledge. We comment on the difficulty of utilizing the so-called fossil roachoids because their position at the base of Dictyoptera is under dispute and cannot be reli- ably verified. We do not include calibrations for termite lineages. Dominic A. Evangelista, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 Rue Buffon CP50, Paris, France 75005. [email protected] Marie Djernæs.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Perspectives on the Evolution of Insect Diversity
    FOSSIL PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT DIVERSITY Thesis submitted by David B Nicholson For examination for the degree of PhD University of York Department of Biology November 2012 1 Abstract A key contribution of palaeontology has been the elucidation of macroevolutionary patterns and processes through deep time, with fossils providing the only direct temporal evidence of how life has responded to a variety of forces. Thus, palaeontology may provide important information on the extinction crisis facing the biosphere today, and its likely consequences. Hexapods (insects and close relatives) comprise over 50% of described species. Explaining why this group dominates terrestrial biodiversity is a major challenge. In this thesis, I present a new dataset of hexapod fossil family ranges compiled from published literature up to the end of 2009. Between four and five hundred families have been added to the hexapod fossil record since previous compilations were published in the early 1990s. Despite this, the broad pattern of described richness through time depicted remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter term patterns. Corrections for rock record and sampling effort change some of the patterns seen. The time series produced identify several features of the fossil record of insects as likely artefacts, such as high Carboniferous richness, a Cretaceous plateau, and a late Eocene jump in richness. Other features seem more robust, such as a Permian rise and peak, high turnover at the end of the Permian, and a late-Jurassic rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Flight Adaptations in Palaeozoic Palaeoptera (Insecta)
    Biol. Rev. (2000), 75, pp. 129–167 Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge Philosophical Society 129 Flight adaptations in Palaeozoic Palaeoptera (Insecta) ROBIN J. WOOTTON" and JARMILA KUKALOVA! -PECK# " School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon EX44PS, U.K. # Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (Received 13 January 1999; revised 13 October 1999; accepted 13 October 1999) ABSTRACT The use of available morphological characters in the interpretation of the flight of insects known only as fossils is reviewed, and the principles are then applied to elucidating the flight performance and techniques of Palaeozoic palaeopterous insects. Wing-loadings and pterothorax mass\total mass ratios are estimated and aspect ratios and shape-descriptors are derived for a selection of species, and the functional significance of wing characters discussed. Carboniferous and Permian ephemeropteroids (‘mayflies’) show major differences from modern forms in morphology and presumed flight ability, whereas Palaeozoic odonatoids (‘dragonflies’) show early adaptation to aerial predation on a wide size-range of prey, closely paralleling modern dragonflies and damselflies in shape and wing design but lacking some performance-related structural refinements. The extensive adaptive radiation in form and flight technique in the haustellate orders Palaeodictyoptera, Megasecoptera, Diaphanopterodea and Permothemistida is examined and discussed in the context of Palaeozoic ecology. Key words: Wings, flight, Palaeozoic,
    [Show full text]