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Growing Carrots, Beets, Radishes, and Other Root Crops in Wisconsin

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Growing Carrots, Beets, Radishes, and Other Root Crops in Wisconsin A3686 Growing carrots, beets, radishes, and other root crops in Wisconsin A guide for fresh-market growers K.A. Delahaut A.C. Newenhouse Contents Plant description, 1 Site selection, 3 Cultivar selection, 3 Planting and culture, 5 Soils and nutrient management, 7 Irrigation, 9 Harvest, handling, and storage, 10 Insect management, 11 Disease management, 15 Weed management, 18 Additional reading, 19 s Successful fresh-market gardening involves more than just a talent for growing high-quality vegetables. You also need to find a market for them. Before you start, visit other growers, develop a marketing plan, and evaluate the feasibility of your proposed business. Think about what is unique about your product. Are you promoting the product for taste, freshness, health benefits, value-added, or time of avail- ability? For assistance determining your mar- ket, consult with your county Extension agent or refer to Extension publication Direct Marketing of Farm Produce and Home Goods (A3602). 1 arket gardeners typically grow found in carrots grown in some areas of Europe and several root crops in Wisconsin. Asia, although orange has become the standard in plant description The flavor of fresh, locally grown the United States. carrots far surpasses supermar- M Carrots are biennials. They form a rosette of herba- ket carrots. Carrots are becoming more ceous leaves and the edible root the first year. If left popular as the role of beta carotene in in the ground the second year, carrots produce a human health is understood. Carrots short branched seed stalk which bears an umbel contain a high amount of beta carotene, type of flower cluster. Queen Anne’s lace is a wild a precursor to vitamin A. Vitamin A helps form of carrot and produces the typical carrot flower. prevent infection, may prevent some Carrot flowers are white and contain both male and forms of cancer, and improves vision. female parts. Honey bees are the main pollinator. Carrots are the main dietary source of vita- Flowers are produced after the plant has been min A in the United States. They also con- exposed to temperatures below 50°F for 6–8 weeks. tain vitamin C, thiamine (B ), and riboflavin 1 Long day conditions can accelerate flowering. Under (B ). Beets provide a multiseason crop for 2 heat or moisture stress a flower stalk may fresh market beginning with early salad develop during the first year. Stored sug- greens, followed by early beets, and later stor- ars then break down and move from the age beets. Radishes are popular in salads and carrot root to the flower which causes car- provide market gardeners with an early season rots to become woody and inedible. crop. Other root crops such as parsnips, turnips, and crown rutabagas may be profitable in niche markets. Carrot seed leaves Properly stored root crops can extend the fresh-mar- (cotyledons) are strap- cortex ket vegetable season into late fall in Wisconsin. like. True leaves are (phloem) fern-like and doubly Although carrots, beets, radishes, parsnips, turnips, compound. Carrot central core and rutabagas are very different botanically, they (xylem) roots are share similar growth requirements such as soil type composed and cultural practices. of four dis- tinct sec- Plant description tions: peel or cambium periderm, cortex secondary Botanically, the part of the plant that we eat in all of (comprised of the root the crops discussed in this publication is the phloem, or food-con- enlarged stem below the seed leaves (the hypocotyl). ducting tissue), cam- There are feeder roots along this structure and a tap- bium, and the central peel root below. In this publication the term “root” for root core (comprised of (periderm) crops will refer to the edible hypocotyl portion. The xylem, or water-conduct- vegetables fall into three plant families: Umbelliferae, ing tissue). Sugar and Chenopodiaceae, and Cruciferae. carotene are concen- trated in the cortex. Carrots Carrots, Daucus carota var. sativus, belong to the Umbelliferae family. Red carrots were originally culti- vated over 2000 years ago as medicinal plants in Figure 1. Parts of a carrot root middle Asia. Red carrots remained the standard until the 17th century when white, purple, yellow, and orange varieties were selected. These colors are still 2 Parsnips Radishes Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, is also a member of the Radishes, Raphanus sativus, belong to the Umbelliferae family. Parsnips are native to the Brassicaceae family (cole crop family). Like other Mediterranean. Parsnips resemble long, white, brassicas, radishes contain mustard oils, which give tapered carrots, and have high niacin levels similar to them pungency. Radishes were originally cultivated carrots. Like carrots, parsnips are hardy biennials in China. There are quick-growing spring type although they are treated like slow-growing, cool-sea- radishes and slow-growing summer and winter son annuals. After planting in spring, they are har- radishes. Daikons are a long white Asian type of win- vested in late fall of the first year or early spring of the ter radish. Radishes may be grown as a cool-season second year, before the plant begins to flower. annual sown in the spring and early summer, or as a Parsnip leaves are pinnately compound with smaller biennial if sown in fall. Radish leaves are deeply pin- upper leaves attached directly to the stalk. Flowers nate and form a basal rosette. Most radishes produce are umbels with both male and female parts. They a flower stalk the second year, after cool tempera- are pollinated by bees and blow flies. tures followed by long days initiate bolting. Flowering or bolting in annual radishes can occur after roots reach edible size and the plant is exposed to warm Beets temperatures. Once the plant produces a flower Beets, Beta vulgaris, are grown for both their edible stalk, radish flavor and quality deteriorate. Rose or roots and greens. This publication will discuss beet white flowers are borne in an elongated raceme and root production. Beets belong to the have the characteristic cross shape of brassicas. Chenopodiaceae or goosefoot family, along with Radish flowers are insect pollinated. Swiss chard, spinach, celery, and parsley. Beets orig- inated in western Europe and north Africa where they Rutabagas and turnips were grown to feed both humans and livestock. Beets contain alternating light and dark bands or zones of Rutabagas, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, and phloem and secondary xylem. This crop is a biennial turnips, Brassica rapa, also belong to the grown as a cool-season annual. During the first year, Brassicaceae family. Rutabagas and turnips are cool- they produce a basal rosette of fleshy triangular season biennials native to Asia and Eurasia. leaves with long petioles, and the edible beet root. If Rutabagas, also called Swedes, are thought to have plants are left in the ground the second year, a flower originated from a cross between turnips and cab- stalk is produced. If beets are exposed to tempera- bage. Rutabagas are large, round, and have solid tures below 50°F for 2–3 weeks their first year they yellow flesh. Their leaves are smooth, fleshy and will bolt and produce flowers. Flowers contain both large, and grow from a short stem, unlike turnip. male and female parts and are borne in a panicle. Rutabagas contain carotenes which are a precursor Thrips pollinate beet flowers. After pollination, a corky to vitamin A, although carotene levels are low com- seed ball develops which contains one or more fruit pared to carrot. with two to five seeds each. Beets contain a deep red Turnips are smaller than rutabagas and can be pigment (betacyanin) and a yellow round, flattened, or elongated. The flesh is white. pigment (betaxanthin). They are Turnip leaves are hairy, thin, smaller than rutabaga high in carbohydrates. leaves, and are used as greens. This crop requires a shorter growing season than rutabagas. Rutabagas and turnips form yellow flowers in a raceme the sec- ond year. Both flowers readily cross pollinate, but turnips require cross pollination to produce seed whereas rutabagas are self-fertile. If rutabagas are exposed to temperatures below 50°F for 3–6 weeks flowers are induced. When flower production begins, root flavor and quality deteriorate. 3 Site selection Cultivar selection site selection Choose a sunny site with deep, friable soil for root Refer to table 1 for a list of some suggested root crop crops. Soils may range from organic muck soils to cultivars for Wisconsin. sandy loams. A compaction layer or shallow plow pan will hamper root growth. Root crops grow best on fluffy soils with good tilth. Root crops can tolerate Carrots a wide pH range. Carrots, parsnips, and rutabagas Carrots are grouped according to shape and market grow well in pH 5.5–7.0, radishes in 6.0–7.0, and use into four classes: Imperator, Nantes, Chantenay, beets in 6.0–7.5. and Danvers. Imperator carrots are grown for fresh market sale and sold either in bunches with their tops or in bulk without. Imperator carrots are long and tapered and have a deep orange cortex with a lighter orange core. Harvest Imperator carrots before they R mature and become woody. Nantes carrots are also cultivars Table 1. Recommended cultivars grown for fresh market sale. They are bright orange, short, and cylindrical with a blunt, rounded base. 1 3 Carrots Radishes Baby Nantes cultivars are only ⁄2– ⁄4 inch in diameter and 21⁄2–3 inches long. They typically have a small Long Spring type core, sweet flavor, crisp texture, and high quality. A Plus Cherry Belle Carrots of several cultivars can be harvested as baby Imperator Early Scarlet Globe carrots when immature. Chantenay carrots are short, Ingot tapered and are primarily for storage or processing.
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