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Endnotes Transport and Climate Change Global Status Report - 2nd edition Endnotes Executive Summary Executive Summary 319 1 R. Betts (2021), “Met Office: Atmospheric CO2 now hitting 50% higher than pre-in- 1.1 Global Transport and dustrial levels”, CarbonBrief, 16 March, https://www.carbonbrief.org/met-office-at- mospheric-co2-now-hitting-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels. Climate Change 321 2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2020), Review 1.2 Africa of Maritime Transport 2020, New York, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-docu- Regional Overview 322 ment/rmt2020_en.pdf. 1.3 Asia 3 International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021), “Global energy review: CO2 emissions in Regional Overview 323 2020”, 2 March 2021, https://www.iea.org/articles/global-energy-review-co2-emis- sions-in-2020. 1.4 Europe 4 M. Crippa et al. (2020), Fossil CO2 Emissions of All World Countries, JRC Science Regional Overview 325 for Policy Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https:// ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/fos- 1.5 Latin America and the sil-co2-emissions-all-world-countries-2020-report. Caribbean Regional Overview 328 5 Ibid. 1.6 North America 6 IEA (2019), “Transport sector CO2 emissions by mode in the Sustainable De- Regional Overview 330 velopment Scenario, 2000-2030”, updated 22 November, https://www.iea.org/ data-and-statistics/charts/transport-sector-co2-emissions-by-mode-in-the-sustain- 1.7 Oceania able-development-scenario-2000-2030. Regional Overview 333 7 S. Gota et al. (2019), “Decarbonising transport to achieve Paris Agreement targets”, 2.1 Transport Demand 334 Energy Efficiency, Vol. 12, Springer, pp. 363-86, https://link.springer.com/arti- cle/10.1007/s12053-018-9671-3. 2.2 Transport Emissions 336 8 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2020), Emissions Gap Report 2.3 Low Carbon Transport Pathways 337 2020, Nairobi, https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020. 9 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) and 3.1 National Policy Frameworks SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport, “Tracker of Climate for Transport and Climate Change 338 Strategies for Transport”, https://www.changing-transport.org/tracker (accessed 3.2 Sustainable Mobility Planning and 28 May 2021) Transport Demand Management 339 10 For example, official development assistance from the UK’s Foreign Common- wealth and Development Office dropped from 0.7% to 0.5% of gross national 3.3 Walking income in 2020, from W. Worley (2020), “Tracking the UK’s controversial aid and Cycling 342 cuts”, Devex, https://www.devex.com/news/tracking-the-uk-s-controversial-aid- cuts-99883. 3.4 Urban Passenger and Freight Transport 344 11 S. Gota et al., op. cit. note 7. 12 SLOCAT (2020), Transport and Voluntary National Reviews 2020, http://slocat.net/ 3.5 Passenger and wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SLOCAT-2020-VNR-Analysis.pdf. Freight Railways 347 13 SLOCAT, “Transport Knowledge Base”, https://slocat.net/our-work/knowl- 3.6 Shared Mobility Services 348 edge-and-research/trakb (accessed 13 May 2021). 14 Crippa et al., op. cit. note 4; Gota et al., op. cit. note 7. 3.8 Electric Mobility 352 15 Crippa et al., op. cit. note 4. 3.9 Renewable Energy in Transport 355 16 Ibid.; European Commission, “Reducing emissions from aviation”, https://ec.euro- 3.10 Aviation 357 pa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_en (accessed 28 May 2021). 17 Crippa et al., op. cit. note 4. 3.11 Shipping 359 18 Ibid. Section 4. Financing Climate Action 19 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2020), In Transport 360 Publication of Nationally Determined Contribution Synthesis Report, Bonn, https:// unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/notification_on_ndc_synthesis_2020_ Focus Feature 1 | Impact of COVID 19 ec_2020_306.pdf. on Travel Behaviour 362 20 Gota et al., op. cit. note 7. Focus Feature 2 | Addressing 21 GIZ and SLOCAT, “Summary analysis”, https://www.changing-transport.org/ Climate Change and Improving summary-analysis%e2%80%8b (accessed 28 May 2021). Access to Opportunities 362 22 Ibid. Focus Feature 3 | Adaptation 23 Ibid. Policy Measures in the Transport Sector 362 24 UNFCCC, “National Adaptation Plans”, https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-re- Focus Feature 4 | Gender and silience/workstreams/national-adaptation-plans (accessed 15 June 2021); Sustainable Mobility 362 UNFCCC, “National Adaptation Programmes of Action”, https://unfccc.int/topics/ resilience/workstreams/national-adaptation-programmes-of-action/introduction Focus Feature 5 | Health Impacts (accessed 15 June 2021). of Transport 363 25 Oxford Economics (2017), Global Infrastructure Outlook, Global Infrastructure Hub, https://cdn.gihub.org/outlook/live/methodology/Global+Infrastructure+Out- Focus Feature 6 | Paratransit as a look+-+July+2017.pdf. Complement to Formal Transport Networks 363 26 Climate Action Tracker (CAT) (2020), “Global update: Pandemic recovery with just a hint of green”, 23 September, https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glob- Focus Feature 7 | Multi-stakeholder al-update-pandemic-recovery-with-just-a-hint-of-green. Mobilisation for Climate Action 27 UNEP (2020), Used Vehicles and the Environment – A Global Overview of Used in Transport 363 Light Duty Vehicles: Flow, Scale and Regulation, Nairobi, https://www.unep.org/ resources/report/global-trade-used-vehicles-report. Annex 1: Methodological Note 364 28 IEA (2021), Global EV Outlook 2021, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-out- look-2021. 29 Gota et al., op. cit. note 7. 30 SLOCAT (2021), “E-mobility trends and targets”, https://slocat.net/e-mobility (accessed 28 May 2021). 31 D. Carlin (2021), “The case for fossil fuel divestment”, Forbes, 20 February, https:// www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2021/02/20/the-case-for-fossil-fuel-divestment; J. Lee (2021), “The day the world changed for big oil”, Bloomberg, 30 May, https:// 319 Endnotes www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-30/exxon-shell-chevron-saw-the- 52 ICLEI, op. cit. note 42; ITF, op. cit. note 50. world-change-for-big-oil-emissions. 53 Deutsche Post DHL Group (2017), “Zero emissions by 2050: DHL announces 32 V. Henze (2020), “Battery pack prices cited below $100/kWh for the first time in ambitious new environmental protection target”, https://www.dhl.com/global-en/ 2020, while market average sits at $137/kWh”, BloombergNEF, 16 December, home/about-us/delivered-magazine/articles/2017/issue-2-2017/zero-emis- https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-cited-below-100-kwh-for-the-first- sions-by-2050.html. time-in-2020-while-market-average-sits-at-137-kwh. 54 UN (2021), “Global e-commerce jumps to $26.7 trillion, fuelled by COVID-19”, 3 33 Cycling Industries Europe (2020), “New European Cycling Industry forecast shows May, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1091182. huge growth in bike and e-bike sales”, 2 December, https://cyclingindustries.com/ 55 UNCTAD, op. cit. note 2. news/details/new-european-cycling-industry-forecast-shows-huge-growth-in-bike- and-e-bike-sales; IEA (2020), Global EV Outlook 2020, Paris, https://www.iea.org/ 56 UN Women (2019), “UN Commission on the Status of Women delivers roadmap reports/global-ev-outlook-2020. on ensuring women’s social protection, mobility, safety, and access to economic opportunities”, 22 March, https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/3/ 34 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2017), Light-duty Vehicle press-release-csw-63-delivers-roadmap-on-ensuring-womens-social-protection. Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy, 2017 Global Update, Washington, D.C., https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/2017-Global-LDV-Standards-Up- 57 S. Tobin (2017), “Gender equality: What causes gender gaps in the labour date_ICCT-Report_23062017_vF.pdf; IEA (2019), Fuel Economy in Major Car market?” International Labour Organization, 1 August, https://www.ilo.org/global/ Markets: Technology and Policy Drivers 2005-2017, Global Fuel Economy Initiative, about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_566891/lang--en/index.htm. London, https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/708177/gfei-wp19.pdf. 58 UN (2019), “Report of the Commission on the Status of Women, Report on the 35 UNEP, op. cit. note 27. sixty-third session (23 March 2018 and 11–22 March 2019)”, Economic and Social Council, Official Records 2019, Supplement No. 7, https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol- 36 SLOCAT (2021), “SLOCAT quick wins on transport, sustainable development and =en/E/2019/27. climate change”, https://slocat.net/quick-wins; T. Combs, “Local actions to support walking and cycling during social distancing dataset”, Pedestrian and Bicycle In- 59 C40 (2019), Gender Inclusive Climate Actions in Cities: How Women’s Leadership formation Center, http://pedbikeinfo.org/resources/resources_details.cfm?id=5209 and Expertise Can Shape Sustainable and Inclusive Cities, London, https://w4c.org/ (accessed 29 September 2020). sites/default/files/2019-02/W4C_REPORT_Gender%20Inclusive%20Climate%20 Action%20in%20Cities_BD.pdf; ITF (2018), Women’s Safety and Security: A Public https://ecf. 37 European Cyclists’ Federation (ECF), “COVID-19 Cycling Measures Tracker”, Transport Priority, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development com/dashboard (accessed 20 May 2021). (OECD), Paris, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/womens-safety-se- 38 C. Venter, A. Mahendra and D. Hidalgo (2019), From Mobility to Access for All: curity_0.pdf. Expanding Urban Transportation Choices in the Global South, World Resources 60 ITF, op. cit. note 50. Institute, Washington, D.C., https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/from-mobility-to-access- for-all.pdf. 61 IEA (2019), The Future of Rail, Paris, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-rail. 39 Ibid. 62 World Bank, “Rural population (% of total population)”, https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS (accessed 1 June 2021); World Health Organization 40 World Bank (2006), “Rural Access Index”, Washington, D.C. Data are currently (WHO) (2018), Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018, Geneva, https://www.
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