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The Method of María Zambrano: an Analysis and Translated Selection of Essays Centered on the Concepts of the Word, the Person, Compassion and Love

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The Method of María Zambrano: an Analysis and Translated Selection of Essays Centered on the Concepts of the Word, the Person, Compassion and Love The Method of María Zambrano: an analysis and translated selection of essays centered on the concepts of the word, the person, compassion and love by Sarah J. Cyganiak A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Romance Languages and Literatures: Spanish) in the University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Juli A. Highfill, Chair Professor Alejandro Herrero-Olaizola Associate Professor Catherine Brown Associate Professor Cristina Moreiras-Menor Copyright Sarah J. Cyganiak 2011 Dedication To Liz and Jon Cyganiak ii Acknowledgements Words cannot describe how thankful I am for the support during this process of writing the dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Liz and Jon Cyganiak, who have always been there to lend an ear and to support my endeavors. I would also like to extend thanks to the chair of this dissertation, Professor Juli Highfill, who stayed with me throughout this difficult project. Thanks are also due to the following committee members for taking the time to read and comment on my work: Professors Catherine Brown, Alejandro Herrero-Olaizola, and Cristina Moreiras-Menor. I would like to thank my colleagues at Marquette University and Carthage College for their support, patience and understanding in undertaking this endeavor while working full-time, especially Dr. Eric Pullin. Special thanks also goes to Dr. Dave Harris for spending countless hours encouraging me along the way. I would like to thank Dr. Annie Hesp, a member of my cohort for her friendly disposition and help at certain points along the way. Thanks are also due to the tennis community at the University of Michigan as well as the greater Ann Arbor area. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and other members of my family who listened to me throughout this entire process. The support has meant a lot to me. Thank you. iii Table of Contents Dedication........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Abstract............................................................................................................................... v Translator’s Note .............................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2 The word .......................................................................................................... 28 Translation of “Towards a knowledge of the soul” ...................................................... 60 Translation of “Why one writes” .................................................................................. 73 Translation of “Words”................................................................................................. 83 Chapter 3 The person...................................................................................................... 100 Translation of Horizon of Liberalism ......................................................................... 137 Translation of part one of Person and Democracy..................................................... 168 Chapter 4 Compassion .................................................................................................... 213 Translation of “Towards a history of compassion” .................................................... 228 Translation of “What is compassion?” ....................................................................... 239 Chapter 5 Love................................................................................................................ 256 Translation of “On a history of love” ......................................................................... 277 Translation of “The metaphor of the heart”................................................................ 299 Chapter 6 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 317 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 330 iv Abstract Abstract The Method of María Zambrano: an analysis and translated selection of essays centered on the concepts of the word, the person, compassion and love by Sarah J. Cyganiak Chair: Juli A. Highfill This dissertation offers a critical introduction to translations of selected essays by María Zambrano. As of now, only one of her works has been translated into English. I organize the translations into four sections that exemplify four cornerstones to Zambrano’s thought: the word, the person, compassion and love. In so doing, I also provide an introductory essay to each of these key concepts. The word, a fundamental concept, functions as an undertaking that allows the writer in solitude to justify the actual state of being of the writer and to communicate to others. Without the word, there is no potential for active thought. The person in Zambrano’s work acts as the effective force that evaluates his philosophy of living in the political and ethical realms, thus becoming an ethical agent for change. Compassion centers on the historization of an emotion and knowing how to deal with the mystery of “the other.” Love, for Zambrano, is a v potentializing force that projects itself out into the world, creating openings without limits, rather than turning it into love that is focused on the object. Both compassion and love function as positive energies through which the person connects with his daily surroundings in order to create a new person, the embodiment of an ethical pragmatism ready to make changes in the world. Without the combination of the word, the person, compassion and love, Zambrano demonstrates that the creative force of a new person, politically and ethically, cannot exist. Among the works that I have translated are two articles, “Por qué se escribe” and “Hacia una saber sobre el alma.” These come from the collection, Hacia un saber sobre el alma. In addition, I have translated selections from the following texts: Horizonte del liberalismo, Persona y democracia: la historia sacrificial, El hombre y lo divino, Cuba secreta y otros ensayos, and Claros del bosque. The goal of this dissertation is to introduce to a wider audience selected works that demonstrate the key concepts of Zambrano’s philosophical thought, while offering insight and guidance into Zambrano’s method of thinking and working. vi Translator’s Note For me, translating María Zambrano’s work has been a highly creative and personal activity. My role as a translator brings with it an inescapable personal responsibility, which manifests itself in the choices that are made with each word used. In translating these texts by María Zambrano, I originally took the approach of interlineal translation, “where the target text attempts to respect the details of second language grammar by having grammatical units corresponding point for point to every grammatical unit of the source text” (Haywood, Hervey, and Thompson 17). This proved to be an ineffective way to transform Zambrano’s texts because the translations became too literal and did not capture the essence of her thought. On the other end of the spectrum, I considered but rejected free translation, “where there is only a global correspondance between textual units of the source text and those of the target text” (Haywood, Hervey and Thompson 18). This approach to translating left too much open for interpretation and abandoned much of the feel of her language. As a result, I chose a third, even middle, path that attempted to strike a balance between the extremes of these approaches. The complexity and idiosyncrasy of Zambrano’s style impose a tremendous burden on the translator. Such stylistic idiosyncrasies take many jarring twists and turns. Her prose abounds with sentence fragments, often making it difficult to determine the implicit subject in any given case. In addition, the length of her sentences frequently vii make it necessary to either divide sentences, or restructure them entirely. Making Zambrano’s texts more reader-friendly therefore requires taking liberties such as these. Indeed, the need to recraft many of Zambrano’s sentences forced me to consider very specific translation choices about word phrases and even individual words. From hyperbaton, word choice and sentence fragments, the translation difficulties in Zambrano’s texts were apparent; the only thing to do was to re-work and continue on as best as is possible. It is important to note that to date, only one of Zambrano’s texts has been translated from Spanish to English.1 Undoubtedly, one of the major reasons for this is the difficulty in translating María Zambrano. However, despite these difficulties, numerous translations have appeared in Italian and French.2 Zambrano’s writing 1 María Zambrano, Delirium and Destiny: a Spaniard in Her Twenties (New York: SUNY UP, 1999). 2 These are the following texts that have been translated into Italian: María Zambrano, La confessione como genero letterario (Milano: Bruno Mondadori, 1997), María Zambrano, Spagna: pensiero, poesia e una città (Firenze: Vallechi, 1964), María Zambrano, I sogni e il tempo (Roma: De Luca, 1960), María Zambrano, Luoghi della
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