Dr. Christoph Gassenschmidt Modern European Antisemitism and The
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Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade. -
Pius XII on Trial
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Pius XII on Trial Katherine M. Campbell University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Katherine M., "Pius XII on Trial" (2014). Honors College. 159. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/159 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PIUS XII ON TRIAL by Katherine M. Campbell A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Anthropology and Political Science) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Henry Munson, Professor of Anthropology Alexander Grab, Professor of History Mark D. Brewer, Associate Professor of Political Science Richard J. Powell, Associate Professor of Political Science, Leadership Studies Sol Goldman, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Political Science Copyright 2014 Katherine M. Campbell Abstract: Scholars have debated Pope Pius XII’s role in the Holocaust since the 1960s. Did he do everything he could and should have done to save Jews? His critics say no because of antisemitism rooted in the traditional Catholic views. His defenders say yes and deny that he was an antisemite. In my thesis, I shall assess the arguments on both sides in terms of the available evidence. I shall focus both on what Pius XII did do and what he did not do and on the degree to which he can be held responsible for the actions of low-level clergy. -
Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas. -
FORUM Holocaust Scholarship and Politics in the Public Sphere: Reexamining the Causes, Consequences, and Controversy of the Historikerstreit and the Goldhagen Debate
Central European History 50 (2017), 375–403. © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association, 2017 doi:10.1017/S0008938917000826 FORUM Holocaust Scholarship and Politics in the Public Sphere: Reexamining the Causes, Consequences, and Controversy of the Historikerstreit and the Goldhagen Debate A Forum with Gerrit Dworok, Richard J. Evans, Mary Fulbrook, Wendy Lower, A. Dirk Moses, Jeffrey K. Olick, and Timothy D. Snyder Annotated and with an Introduction by Andrew I. Port AST year marked the thirtieth anniversary of the so-called Historikerstreit (historians’ quarrel), as well as the twentieth anniversary of the lively debate sparked by the pub- Llication in 1996 of Daniel J. Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. To mark the occasion, Central European History (CEH) has invited a group of seven specialists from Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States to comment on the nature, stakes, and legacies of the two controversies, which attracted a great deal of both scholarly and popular attention at the time. To set the stage, the following introduction provides a brief overview of the two debates, followed by some personal reflections. But first a few words about the participants in the forum, who are, in alphabetical order: Gerrit Dworok, a young German scholar who has recently published a book-length study titled “Historikerstreit” und Nationswerdung: Ursprünge und Deutung eines bundesrepublika- nischen Konflikts (2015); Richard J. Evans, a foremost scholar -
Volksgemeinschaft Und Gleichschaltung
Kalin-Karli R9 Volksgemeinschaft und Gleichschaltung „Volksgemeinschaft“ Alle Deutschen sollten eine verschworene „Volksgemeinschaft“ bilden. Ausnahmen waren ausgestoßene Gruppen, wie z.B. Juden, Sinti und Roma. Somit sollte es eine Gesellschaft ohne Klassenunterschiede geben. „Du bist nichts, dein Volk ist alles“ war das Motto. Das heißt, die Interessen einzelner wurde dem Gemeinwohl untergeordnet. Alle Menschen sollten als „gleich“ angesehen werden. Herkunft, Beruf, Bildung und Vermögen spielten http://www.bildungswerk-bayern.de/politische-bildung keine Rolle mehr. So war aber kein selbstbestimmtes Leben mehr möglich. Denn diese Vorstellung bedeutete mehr Kontrolle und „Gleichschaltung“. Sowohl im Beruf als auch im Privatleben sollte der „Volksgenosse“ sein Leben und Denken nur nach den Vorstellungen und Ideen der Nationalsozialisten richten. Tat er dies nicht, machte er sich verdächtig und wurde von der Gesellschaft ausgeschlossen. Gleichschaltung – alle im gleichen Marschschritt Die Nationalsozialisten sorgten 1933 dafür, dass alle Länder des Deutschen Reiches mit der Zentrale in Berlin „gleichgeschaltet“ wurden. Parteigenossen der NSDAP übernahmen die staatliche Macht. Bürgermeister wurden abgelöst und NS-Gefolgsleute an ihre Stelle gesetzt. Versammlungsverbote und das Verbot politischer Parteien trugen zur Zerstörung der Demokratie bei. Verbot der Gewerkschaften Nach dem „Tag der nationalen Arbeit“ (1. Mai 1933) wurden die freien Gewerkschaften verboten und alle „schaffenden Deutschen der Stirn und der Faust“ in der Deutschen Arbeiterfront -
Was Hitler a Darwinian?
Was Hitler a Darwinian? Robert J. Richards The University of Chicago The Darwinian underpinnings of Nazi racial ideology are patently obvious. Hitler's chapter on "Nation and Race" in Mein Kampf discusses the racial struggle for existence in clear Darwinian terms. Richard Weikart, Historian, Cal. State, Stanislaus1 Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, 2. 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Issues regarding a Supposed Conceptually Causal Connection . 4 3. Darwinian Theory and Racial Hierarchy . 10 4. The Racial Ideology of Gobineau and Chamberlain . 16 5. Chamberlain and Hitler . 27 6. Mein Kampf . 29 7. Struggle for Existence . 37 8. The Political Sources of Hitler’s Anti-Semitism . 41 9. Ethics and Social Darwinism . 44 10. Was the Biological Community under Hitler Darwinian? . 46 11. Conclusion . 52 1. Introduction Several scholars and many religiously conservative thinkers have recently charged that Hitler’s ideas about race and racial struggle derived from the theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), either directly or through intermediate sources. So, for example, the historian Richard Weikart, in his book From Darwin to Hitler (2004), maintains: “No matter how crooked the road was from Darwin to Hitler, clearly Darwinism and eugenics smoothed the path for Nazi ideology, especially for the Nazi 1 Richard Weikart, “Was It Immoral for "Expelled" to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Racism?” (http://www.discovery.org/a/5069.) 1 stress on expansion, war, racial struggle, and racial extermination.”2 In a subsequent book, Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress (2009), Weikart argues that Darwin’s “evolutionary ethics drove him [Hitler] to engage in behavior that the rest of us consider abominable.”3 Other critics have also attempted to forge a strong link between Darwin’s theory and Hitler’s biological notions. -
The Historian As Judge", a Review of Daniel J
Fairfield University DigitalCommons@Fairfield History Faculty Publications History Department Spring 2004 "The Historian as Judge", A Review of Daniel J. Goldhagen’s A Moral Reckoning Gavriel D. Rosenfeld [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-facultypubs Copyright 2004 University of Pennsylvania Press, The Jewish Quarterly Review. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of scholarly citation, none of this work may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. For information address the University of Pennsylvania Press, 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112. Peer Reviewed Repository Citation Rosenfeld, Gavriel D., ""The Historian as Judge", A Review of Daniel J. Goldhagen’s A Moral Reckoning" (2004). History Faculty Publications. 40. https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-facultypubs/40 Published Citation Rosenfeld, G. (2004) "The Historian as Judge: A Review of Daniel J. Goldhagen’s A Moral Reckoning," The Jewish Quarterly, The Jewish Quarterly Review, Spring, 2004, 94(2) pp. 376-385. This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. -
Totalitarian Dynamics, Colonial History, and Modernity: the US South After the Civil War
ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. -
1933 Bis 1944 Die „Gleichschaltung”
1933 bis 1944 Die „Gleichschaltung” Viele Deutsche machten 1929 Vorstands 1949 bis 1973. Die dikta- Für die wahre Idee der Feuerbe- die bittere Erfahrung, auf einem torische Macht gab den National- stattung, im Sinne ihrer Pioniere, überfüllten Arbeitsmarkt nicht Fuß sozialisten die Möglichkeit, das bis hatten die Nazis nicht viel übrig. fassen zu können. Arbeitslosigkeit dahin organisch gewachsene Ge- Wie in vielen Bereichen miss- und Massenverelendung kenn- füge des Vereins durch diktatori- brauchten sie auch diese Idee für zeichneten in der Wirtschaftskrise sche Eingriffe, Verfügungen und ihre Gräueltaten. Das heute noch die Alltagssituation breiter Bevöl- Maßnahmen zu lenken, wie es gültige „Reichsgesetz” über die kerungsschichten. Resignation und ihnen beliebte. Der Verein wurde Feuerbestattung" vom 15. Mai Verzweiflung waren Begleiterschei- gleichgeschaltet. Die 625000 Mit- 1934 brachte gegenüber den frü- nungen der Krise, in der Tausende glieder und Rücklagen von rund heren Landesgesetzen zunächst ihr als nutzlos empfundenes Leben 15 Millionen Reichsmark (RM) wur- einige Erleichterungen. In recht- freiwillig beendeten. Andere sahen den von den Nationalsozialisten licher Beziehung wurde die Feuer- in Adolf Hitler „die letzte Hoff- übernommen. Der Verein wurde in bestattung der Erdbestattung nung” auf Arbeit und Auskommen. „Großdeutsche Feuerbestattung gleichgestellt. Es wurde ferner be- Mit der Machtergreifung der Natio- V.V.a.G. zu Berlin” umbenannt. stimmt, dass sich die Bestattungs- nalsozialisten 1933 begann das art grundsätzlich nach dem Willen dunkelste Kapitel deutscher Ge- Im Zuge der Gleichsetzung von der Verstorbenen zu richten habe. schichte – auch für den Volksfeuer- Partei und Staat wurde der bis da- Nur wenn eine solche Willenskund- Bestattungsverein. hin eigenständige Verband zum gebung nicht vorliegt, können die „Großdeutschen Verband der Es ist wohl keine Überraschung, Feuerbestattungsvereine” mit zen- dass ein so bedeutender Verein wie tralistischer, autokratischer Spitze der Volksfeuer-Bestattungsverein umgestaltet. -
"Hitler's Willing Executioners" and "Ordinary Germans"
KONRAD KWIET “Hitler’s Willing Executioners” and “Ordinary Germans” Some Comments on Goldhagen’s Ideas1 Much has been said about Daniel Jonah Goldhagen and his efforts to revise the history of Germany in general, and the history of the Shoah in particular.2 Yet, the debate surrounding “Hitler’s willing executioners” and “ordinary Germans” perpetrating the murder of the Jews and celebrating the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” still drags on. It is a debate centered more on Goldhagen’s reception than on historical events. Once the dust of the public response had settled, the debates about the debate became a central focus. This shift encouraged both literate and illiterate commentators to raise their voices despite their lack of expertise in the subject. At any rate, the Goldhagen affair had begun long before the book was published. The manuscript was sent to several publishing companies and historians paving the way for lucrative international marketing campaigns. Early critical comments and suggestions to correct or modify his approach and interpretations went unheard. Launched at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC in April 19963 and enthusiastically received by a large audience, Hitler’s Willing Executioners caused a sensation. It attracted more publicity and public interest than any other work on the Shoah. Within the extensive media coverage reviews occupied a prominent position. All in all, they must have passed the one thousand mark. Television and radio talk shows, symposia and conference sessions, as well as cyber communication sparked further discussion. The mandatory Goldhagen readers and special issues of journals followed suit accompanied by an endless stream of articles.4 In August 1996, commentators already pointed at the Goldhagen 1 This article is a revised version of a paper which I presented at the book launch of Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executioners staged at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum on April 6, 1996, and later, on October 15, 1997, at the Central European University, Budapest. -
From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Miranda Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone / Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal on the English- speaking world 11 | 2015 Expressions of Environment in Euroamerican Culture / Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain Johann Chapoutot Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/miranda/6680 DOI: 10.4000/miranda.6680 ISSN: 2108-6559 Publisher Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès Electronic reference Johann Chapoutot, “From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain ”, Miranda [Online], 11 | 2015, Online since 23 July 2015, connection on 16 February 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/miranda/6680 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/miranda.6680 This text was automatically generated on 16 February 2021. Miranda is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain 1 From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain Johann Chapoutot 1 Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a typical member of the 19th century British gentry but had the most atypical destiny―a destiny which was built around the culture of two countries: England which he left early and Germany which was to become his true home. The son of a naval officer―his father was an admiral in the Royal Navy –, he spent his whole youth travelling around Europe. After attending a lycée in Versailles and a boarding school in Cheltenham, he visited destination spas and various health resorts―he did not have a very sound constitution―with his chaperon and a tutor. -
German Captured Documents Collection
German Captured Documents Collection A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Allan Teichroew, Fred Bauman, Karen Stuart, and other Manuscript Division Staff with the assistance of David Morris and Alex Sorenson Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2011 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms011148 Latest revision: 2012 October Collection Summary Title: German Captured Documents Collection Span Dates: 1766-1945 ID No.: MSS22160 Extent: 249,600 items ; 51 containers plus 3 oversize ; 20.5 linear feet ; 508 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in German with some English and French Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: German documents captured by American military forces after World War II consisting largely of Nazi Party materials, German government and military records, files of several German officials, and some quasi-governmental records. Much of the material is microfilm of originals returned to Germany. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Wiedemann, Fritz, b. 1891. Fritz Wiedemann papers. Organizations Akademie für Deutsches Recht (Germany) Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Deutsches Ausland-Institut. Eher-Verlag. Archiv. Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Germany. Reichskanzlei. Germany. Reichsministerium für die Besetzten Ostgebiete. Germany. Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion. Germany. Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda.