Istoric Jilava

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Istoric Jilava Istorie modernã ºi contemporanã FORTUL 13 JILAVA M. MIHĂILESCU, RALUCA IOSIPESCU Abstract In the second half of 19th century, the European political tensions and especially the implication of Romanian Principalities in the Russian-Turkish war from 1877-1878 has demonstrated again the necessity of a unique system of fortifications. General Henri Alexis Brialmont (1821-1903), an au- thority in the field of fortifications, who designed the defending systems to Anvers (1856-1875), Namur and Liege (1872), author of many books in the field of military constructions, using the former projects he realized a statement where he proposed 5 fortifications zones, each of one with an major centre of interest. The capital of Bucharest, by its position in the middle of the country, at equal distance from various crossing points and also the principal administrative, economic and commercial town, was considered one of the 5 zones. Until the end of the 19th century, there were realized the Fortress of Bucharest and the Fortified line Focşani-Nămoloasa-Galaţi – armoured front; the Bridge Head of Cernavodă and the Passenger Fortification of Cobadin at the beginning of 20th century; the fortified counties Turtucaia and Silistra after 1914. The 13 Fort Jilava, part of the Fortress of Bucharest, represents a special case because it became from 1906 a military penitentiary, then prison of maximum security. Keywords: Bucharest fortifications, Jilava fort, XIXth century, Romania, General H. A. Brialmont Fortul 13 Jilava este amplasat în zona sudică Considerente politico-militare a Şoselei de Centură a Bucureştilor la cca 5 km E interne şi externe de intersecţia acesteia cu Şoseaua Giurgiului – DN5 În a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, şi la cca 800 m de intersecţia cu str. Gării, com. Principatele Unite şi problema românească au Jilava, în incinta Penitenciarului omonim. Zona constituit sursa unor tensiuni politice europene, limitrofă la est, sud şi vest se compune din terenuri Imperiul Otoman şi cel Habsburgic cerând dez- agricole, cu trasee de drumuri săteşti. Proprietarul membrarea noului stat şi revenirea la situaţia originar a fost Ministerul de Război (1883-1948), anterioară anului 1859. iar acum el face parte din domeniul public al Alegerea în 1866 a prinţului Carol I de statului, comuna Jilava, judeţuI Ilfov. Administra- Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, în urma unui plebiscit, tor este Ministerul Justiţiei, Direcţia Generală a a declanşat opoziţia Imperiului Otoman, dispus să Penitenciarelor, Penitenciarul Jilava. intervină militar prin desfăşurarea de trupe la * La elaborarea studiului au participat arh. M. Mihăilescu, arh. Dan D. Ionescu, arh. Raluca Iosipescu, ing. Constantin Mehedinţeanu. 74 P Revista de istorie militară P • Vedere satelitar` a Fortului 13 Jilava graniţa sudică a ţării, la Giurgiu şi Silistra. Armata împărţită în 5 mari zone şi anume Oltenia, până la română a hotărât pregătirea pentru ripostă, prin Olt, Muntenia, până la Focşani şi Galaţi, Moldova dispunerea trupelor în puncte considerate ca fiind de vest, până la Siret, Moldova de est, între Siret şi strategice la Giurgiu, Olteniţa, Călăraşi şi pe râul Prut, şi Dobrogea. Împărţirea era absolut firească, Sabar. ea reprezentând în fapt atât regiunile istorice (cu În aceste împrejurări, principele Carol I a numit excepţia divizării Moldovei pe un ax longitudinal), şi însărcinat o comisie pentru studierea posibilităţii cât şi diviziunile geomorfologice ale Principatelor. de întărire a capitalei prin fortificaţii provizorii, Este de la sine înţeles că fortificarea Bucureştiului propunerea maiorului Gh. Slăniceanu şi a căpi- era socotită prioritară. tanilor Eraclie Arion şi Nicolae Dabija fiind execu- În paralel cu comisia general Manu, regele tarea unor fortificaţii pasagere în jurul Bucureş- Carol I a solicitat şi opinia unor ofiţeri din Marele tiului. Stat Major prusian care, pe baza studierii Recunoaşterea de către Poartă a lui Carol I ca configuraţiei terenului, au supus regelui câteva principe, în octombrie 1866, a detensionat relaţiile memorii conţinând propuneri de fortificare. politice şi a determinat renunţarea la propunerea Dificultăţi diplomatice au determinat însă comisiei. renunţarea la această colaborare şi au impus Ideea asigurării unui sistem defensiv al ţării căutarea unor noi soluţii. Astfel, s-a ajuns la este reluată după 1871, când generalul Ioan contactarea unui specialist dintr-o ţară neutră şi Emanoil Florescu numeşte o comisie ministerială, anume la generalul Henri Alexis Brialmont (1821- sub comanda colonelului Gh. Manu, pentru studie- 1903), o somitate în domeniul fortificaţiilor, rea posibilităţii realizării de fortificaţii permanente, realizatorul sistemelor defensive de la Anvers cu precădere în jurul capitalei. În 1872, maiorul Eraclie Arion reia ideea şi publică în „Monitorul Oastei” un studiu dedicat necesităţii întăririi sistemului de apărare al ţării enunţând principiile sistemului defensiv ce trebuia adoptat conform configuraţiei terenului, reliefului şi graniţelor României. Implicarea României în războiul ruso-turc din 1877-1878 a demonstrat din nou necesitatea conceperii şi realizării unui sistem unitar de fortificaţii, cu atât mai mult cu cât apărarea inde- pendenţei câştigate şi atitudinea ofensivă a Rusiei o impuneau. În aceste condiţii în 1882, regele Carol I numeşte o comisie condusă de acelaşi Gheorghe Manu, ajuns între timp la rangul de general, care, reluând mai vechile studii de teren, a realizat primul proiect complet de fortificare a ţării. România era • Henri Alexis Brialmont P Revista de istorie militară P 75 (1856-1875), Namur şi Liège (1872) şi autor al unor Silistra, după 1914. lucrări de referinţă în domeniul construcţiilor militare. Dezvoltarea tehnicii militare în ritm rapid, Sosit în România, într-o vizită privată, în octom- apariţia unor noi tipuri de armamente de atac, mai brie 1882, generalul Henri Alexis Brialmont a fost puternice, au determinat pe parcursul execuţiei însoţit în scurta vizită efectuată prin ţară de căpi- lucrărilor reluarea repetată şi modificări succesive tanul Ioan Culcer din Regimentul de Geniu. Ca ale proiectelor iniţiale, ceea ce a condus la ridicarea material documentar, generalului belgian i s-a pus costurilor şi, implicit, a efortului financiar. la dispoziţie şi proiectul întocmit de comisia gen- Începutul secolului XX, marcat de o puternică eral Manu. Proiectul a fost în mare parte adoptat, criză economică şi de Primul Război Mondial, a completat şi îmbunătăţit. afectat continuarea lucrărilor de fortificaţii, astfel În decembrie 1882, generalul Brialmont a remis încât, în 1914, s-a constatat că lucrările de organi- regelui Carol I un memoriu care susţinea realizarea zare erau neterminate şi lipsea, fie era dislocat, în a 5 zone fortificate, fiecare având un centru de mare parte, armamentul greu. În perioada de neutralitate a României, între interes major. Bucureştiul, prin situarea sa în 1914-1916, pe baza Planului de completare, transfor- mijlocul ţării, la egală distanţă de diversele puncte mare şi reformare a armamentului, muniţiilor şi de trecere, reprezentând centrul administrativ, eco- materialului de război, adoptat în august 1914, ca nomic şi comercial, era socotit una din cele cinci urmare a reanalizării stării sistemului de fortificare, zone. Celelalte patru zone, şi anume un cap de pod s-a decis dezarmarea Cetăţii Bucureşti şi a Liniei pe Siret, Galaţiul, principalul port pe Dunăre, FNG. Piesele de artilerie din cupole şi cazemate au Cernavodă, cap de pod pentru Dobrogea şi fost montate pe afete şi repartizate altor unităţi de Constanţa, principalul port la Marea Neagră, indică însoţire a infanteriei, antiaeriene şi de munte şi au direcţia din care România se temea că va fi atacată. constituit primele trei regimente de artilerie grea, Concentrarea zonelor fortificate spre estul şi sudul începând din anul 1915. ţării este semnificativă. În acelaşi timp este Un caz deosebit este constituit de Fortul 13 Jilava, remarcabilă intuiţia militară şi strategică a gene- componentă a centurii de fortificaţii a Cetăţii Bucureşti, ralului Brialmont privitoare la fortificarea căilor care a devenit la începutul secolului XX (1906) navigabile, a Dunării în mai multe puncte şi în spe- penitenciar militar, ulterior penitenciar de maximă cial a litoralului Mării Negre, zone sensibile şi uşor siguranţă, în administrarea Ministerului Afacerilor de cucerit în condiţiile deschiderii circulaţiei mari- Interne, actualmente a Ministerului de Justiţie. time. Din cele 5 sisteme de fortificare a Principatelor Evoluţie istorică, etape constructive Unite s-au realizat până la sfârşitul secolului XIX: Memoriul generalului H. A. Brialmont, prezen- Cetatea Bucureşti – cetate cu forturi şi Linia tat regelui Carol I în decembrie 1882, a cuprins un Focşani-Nămoloasa-Galaţi (linia FNG) – front plan general al sistemului de apărare a ţării, sprijinit cuirasat; la începutul secolului XX Capul de pod în special pe câmpul retranşat din Bucureşti, ca Cernavodă – cetate cu grup de lucrări şi fortificaţia punct central, pivot strategic şi centru de rezervă, pasageră Cobadin, raioanele fortificate Turtucaia, ceea ce conducea la creşterea importanţei sale în 76 P Revista de istorie militară P sistemul general al forţelor Europei. Au urmat alte stabilite în raport cu lungimile de bătaie ale pieselor două memorii, în iunie şi iulie 1883, de detaliere şi de artilerie din epocă. estimare a costurilor de organizare a celor 5 poziţii Linia centurii a fost organizată în trei sectoare, întărite, analizate şi dezbătute de o comisie
Recommended publications
  • AN UPHILL BATTLE Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium, 1870-1914
    AN UPHILL BATTLE Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium, 1870-1914 - Nel de Mûelenaere - Belgium plays a minor role, if it is mentioned at all, in the annals of the previously unparalleled European militarization that led to the First World War. This article presents a more nuanced image of Belgium as a non-militarized state during these decades, by focusing on the attempts of the militaristic political lobby to expand Belgium’s military infrastructure. Between 1870 and 1914, Belgium was indeed the scene of an intense militaristic movement that, despite its high level of activism, quickly fell into oblivion. At the start of their campaigns, in which the main goal was the adoption of personal military service, the militaristic lobbyists were primarily military or ex-military functionaries. The main motivation for their campaign was improving the sense of military purpose that acted as a preparation for war. This changed fundamentally throughout the campaigns. The militarists steadily built up a civilian network and expanded their influence. This was a key factor in the successful dissemination of the idea that a reformed Belgian army was very much needed in order to avert external dangers. At the same time, civilian influence altered the militarists’ view of the societal role of the military. This reciprocal influence reduced the gap between the military and civilian worlds, and suggests the presence of under- acknowledged militarization processes in Belgium prior to World War One. 145 Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium I. Introduction ment of army officials and prominent Liberals pursuing the goal of a more powerful Belgian army.
    [Show full text]
  • Airsoft Games As a Way of Reusing Post-Military Areas
    Civil Engineering and Architecture 4(4): 163-173, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cea.2016.040403 Airsoft Games as a Way of Reusing Post-military Areas Adam Siniecki Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The paper presents the results of a study on or Airsoft only appeared here in the 1980s. This activity, preservation of military facilities conducted in 2013 and which might come across as something hostile and 2014 at the Faculty of Architecture at Poznań University of aggressive, is in fact an apolitical and interesting way to Technology. The study focused on the issue of reusing and spend free time. In research conducted at Poznan University preserving former historic military buildings. The objective of Technology’s Faculty of Architecture, on account of their of the study was to verify the possibilities of adapting shared characteristics and similarities, they have been military areas located in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship for assigned a common title: “paramilitary sports”.1 the organization of games which more or less employ It is assumed that both Airsoft games and Paintball2 are military tactics. The paper introduces a definition of played by adults. Individuals under fourteen years old are paramilitary sports, which was created for the purpose of the prohibited from taking part. Whereas teenagers are older author’s doctoral dissertation. The results of the analysis of than fourteen have to obtain a written consent from their current trends in developing land for the purpose of Airsoft guardians.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete the Chain of Universal Law and Order’
    CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH IN LAW CORE VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL Working Papers No. 2018-1 (March) ‘Complete the Chain of Universal Law and Order’ The first continental conferences of the Friends of Peace and the interdisciplinary dream of peace Frederik Dhondt Please do not cite without prior permission from the author The complete working paper series is available online at http://www.vub.ac.be/CORE/wp ‘Complete the Chain of Universal Law and Order’ The first continental conferences of the Friends of Peace and the interdisciplinary dream of peace1 Frederik Dhondt The first continental congresses of the "Friends of Peace" were held in 1848 (Brussels) and 1849 (Paris). A heterogeneous bourgeois audience convened to discuss the abolition of war and standing armies, unearthing a long pedigree of perpetual peace plans, linking them up with the changing nature of national sovereignty and general concerns for societal reform. The professionalisation of international law, or its establishment as a discipline taught by experts, was preceded by scathing criticism from civil society against the traditional diplomatic and military elites, who monopolised the exercise of force. In spite of the Peace Conferences' failure to alter international order through transnational public opinion, discussions stretching from the 1840s to the late 1860s provide insight into the role of legal arguments in political activism. This paper gives an overview of the personal networks and intellectual inspirations converging at these meetings, situated in the immediate "pre-history" of the Gentle Civilizer of Nations (Koskenniemi, 2001). 1 Henry Vincent, 21 September 1848, L’Indépendance Belge, 22 September 1848, p. 6. Henry Vincent (1813- 1878), radical activist (implicated in the Chartist movement) with an active lecturing career.
    [Show full text]
  • Tailors and Military Outfitters for the Royal Engineers
    \U f I )1 1' The 1 ' Royal Engineers 11 P.4 . r Journal. z ,a 1 0 04 iO\ rl The Quartermaster-General and the Royal Engineers in War Lt.-Gen. Sir Hastings Anderson 1 i i % I The Bridge Problem of the British Army . Capt. C. P. Worsfold 13 Fortifications in 1914-18 . Bt.-Maj. G. I. Thomas 30 1 L.O.X. (The Modern High Explosive) . Col. R. E. M. Russell 43 An Atlantic Liner from the Inside .Lieuts. F. M. Hill and H. E. M. Cotton 59 The Permanent Defences of Shanghai Lieut.-Col. L. E. Barnes 70 A Twentieth-Century Sport . Capt. C. A. de Linde The Forcing of the Save at Schabaz by the Austro-Hungarian Army, August 12th-24th, 1914 . Lt.-Col. Dr. Oskar Regele 78 Suggestions on Preparation for Promotion Examination-Subject (f) ii ,i F. C. C. Bradshaw 90 o1 Lient. Airships and the Empire . Capt. G. MacLeod Ross 99 i;.·9 i- " lex " in the First Plymouth-Santander Race, August, 1929 i Capt. W. G. Fryer 112 The Elizabethan Chronicle Play as War Propaganda . Col. B. R. Ward 122 A Visit to Orakau Battlefield . Lt.-Col. J. E. Duigan 127 iiP Corrections . 131 Memoirs.-Brigadier-General Edward Rowland Bennett Stokes-Roberts, C.B., and Colonel Ralph Pudsay Littledale . 132 Professional Note. Books. Magazines. Correspondence . 142 w I i VOL. XLIV. MARCH, 1930. CHATHAM: THE INSTITUTION OF ROYAL ENGINEERS. I TELEPHONE: CHATHAM, 2669. AGENTS AND PRINTEJIS: M_ACKAYS LTD. i. :· I LONDON: W HIUG REES, LTD., 5, REGENT STREET, S.W.I.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Van Pul De Belgische Militaire
    Paul Van Pul De Belgische militaire onderwaterzettingen rond de Versterkte Plaats van Antwerpen in augustus en september 1914 Een historisch-geografische reconstructie waterbouwkundig laboratorium 1933-2008 Paul Van Pul De Belgische militaire onderwaterzettingen rond de Versterkte Plaats van Antwerpen in augustus en september 1914 Een historisch-geografische reconstructie waterbouwkundig laboratorium 1933-2008 inhoud voorwoord 5 1 voorafgaand 1.1 inleiding 7 1.2 een overzicht 8 1.3 de Position Fortifiée d’Anvers 9 1.4 het landschap 10 1.5 de belegeringskaart 14 1.6 René Deguent 15 1.7 wat betreft de inundatiekaarten 17 1.8 de garnizoenskaart 24 2 de onderwaterzettingen in het Nete- en Rupelbekken 2.1 de inundatie van de Tappelbeek 27 2.2 de Bollaak en de Pulsebeek 31 2.3 de onderwaterzettingen rond Lier 37 2.4 de Beneden-Nete 41 2.5 van Walem tot Willebroek 59 2.6 de inundaties rond Puurs 63 3 de onderwaterzettingen langs de Schelde 3.1 het natte land van Bornem 69 3.2 de Grote en de Kleine Schijns 74 3.3 de uitbreiding van de haven in 1914 78 3.4 de Scheldepolders van het Waasland 80 3.5 de onderwaterzettingen langs de Durme 91 3.6 Dendermonde en omgeving 94 4 nabeschouwingen 4.1 conclusies 99 4.2 het fiasco van de forten 100 4.3 het draait em allemaal om water 107 4.4 hoe ging het verder? 108 4.5 bedanking 110 4.6 glossarium 110 4.7 tabellen 112 4.8 bibliografie 118 4.9 indexen 120 3 over de auteur Paul Van Pul studeerde architectuur in Antwerpen, maar werd uiteindelijk meetkundige – schatter van onroerende goederen (nu landmeter-expert genoemd).
    [Show full text]
  • Province De Liège. Série Forts (1887-1927) / Anne Jacquemin
    BE-A0523_708878_711442_FRE Inventaire des archives de la Province de Liège. Série Forts (1887-1927) / Anne Jacquemin Het Rijksarchief in België Archives de l'État en Belgique Das Staatsarchiv in Belgien State Archives in Belgium This finding aid is written in French. 2 Province de Liège. Série Forts DESCRIPTION DU FONDS D'ARCHIVES:............................................................................3 Consultation et utilisation..............................................................................................4 Conditions d'accès............................................................................................................4 Conditions de reproduction...............................................................................................4 Langues et écriture des documents.................................................................................4 Recommandations pour l'utilisation................................................................................4 Histoire du producteur et des archives..........................................................................5 Producteur d'archives.......................................................................................................5 Nom...............................................................................................................................5 Histoire institutionelle..................................................................................................5 Compétences et activités.............................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • The Inventory of the Objectives Bucharest Fortification Belt for Tourism Arranging Purposes
    Cactus Tourism Journal Vol. 3, Issue 1/2012, Pages 28-35, ISSN 2247-3297 28 The Inventory of the Objectives Bucharest Fortification Belt for Tourism Arranging Purposes Doru Tudorache, Victor Timotin, Alina Cârlogea, Roxana Aştefănoaiei 1 The National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism - Bucharest ABSTRACT Built over 100 years ago, at the initiative of King Carol I, the belt of fortifications of the Romanian capital, a remarkable achievement of the national military architecture, has currently reached an advanced state of decay. The analysis of successful European models (Hollandse Nieuwe Waterlinie forts of Utrecht - Holland, Vesting Antwerpen line - Belgium or fortified line of Essex - United Kingdom) demonstrates that such objectives can be successfully converted into museums, cultural centres, urban parks, recreation centres or even accommodation units, with a great potential in this regard. Their tourist arrangement is required both to stop degradation of valuable cultural-historical objectives (recently classified as historical monuments) and to diversify the out of town cultural recreational opportunities, in order to strengthen one of the most important and fastest growing national tourist destination. This material proposes an inventory of the fortified objectives around Bucharest, to identify those that are best suited to be arranged for tourism. KEYWORDS Fortifications, Tourism arrangement, Inventory Bucharest for the forts, Cultural entertainment. JEL Classification N94, O31, R14. Introduction Each country is remarked by its own history and culture and from this symbiosis can appear special cultural assets which can be capitalised through tourist activities. Romania, lying for centuries in the crossroads of some strong empires, had to act differently from a historic period to another in order to protect its own independence and suzerainty.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of Globalization
    Philosophy of Globalization Philosophy of Globalization Edited by Concha Roldán, Daniel Brauer and Johannes Rohbeck An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org The Open Access book is available at www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-054467-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049241-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-049168-5 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roldan, Concha, editor. Title: Philosophy of globalization / edited by Concha Roldan, Oscar Daniel Brauer, and Johannes Rohbeck. Description: 1 [edition]. | Boston : Walter de Gruyter, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018012830 (print) | LCCN 2018021153 (ebook) | ISBN 9783110492415 | ISBN 9783110544671 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Globalization--Philosophy. Classification: LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | LCC JZ1318 .P4885 2018 (print) | DDC 303.48/201--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018012830 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Concha Roldán, Daniel Brauer, Johannes Rohbeck, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com.
    [Show full text]
  • The King's Most Eloquent Campaigner... Emile De Laveleye, Leopold II and the Creation of the Congo Free State
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography The king's most e oquent #$mpaigne%... &mi e 'e L$(e e)e, Leopo ' II $n' the #%e$tion o* the Congo Free St$te -.N /.N0&R,1I,,&N1 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222+RFC Rese$%#he% 3 4ni(ersit) o* Li5ge 1. INTR604CTI6N In the Belle Époque, #oloni$ thought took ne8 *orms, $nd $ se#ond 8$(e of &"%ope$n #o onis$tion s8ept ove% .*%i#$. King Leopo ' II of Be gium :1835- 1909, %. 1865-1909) be#$me $#ti(e in Congo in 1;76. His $mbition to de(e op $ so-#$ e' Aphi $nth%opi#A p%oBe#t m$te%i$ ise' in $ p%o#ess o* st$te *orm$tion, but this 8$s o(e%shadowe' @) int%igues $nd tensions %es" ting *%om the te%%ito%i$ %$#e bet8een Ceste%n powe%s $nd Leopold's own men in the *ie d. 6n ) $ de#$de $*te% this %$#e beg$n, $t the Be% in Cong%ess in 1884- 1885, 8$s $ *ina sett ement $dopte' in the *orm of the Congo +%ee ,t$te, o* 8hi#h the king of the Be gi$ns be#$me the7$ most7"nass$i $@ e sove%eign. In the $st !"$%te% of the nineteenth #ent"%) tensions bet8een ibe%$ $n' #onse%($ti(e *orms of gove%nment inf uen#e' inte e#t"$ i*e e(e%)8he%e in &"%ope $nd g$(e %ise to st%ong de@$te bet8een $'(oc$tes o* *%ee t%$de $nd supporte%s of #oloni$ ism.
    [Show full text]
  • Self Analysis Report Antwerp
    Self Analysis Report Antwerp donderdag 25 juli 2013 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. General Discription 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Protective Statuses 2.3 Framework ‘Fortengordel rond Antwerpen’ 3. Continuation 4. Enabling conditions of re-use of sites 4.1 Theme heritage and landscape (case Fort of Oelegem) 4.2 Theme ecology and bats (case Fort 7 Wilrijk) 4.3 Theme mobility and accessibility (case Fort Lillo) 4.4 Theme program (case Fort 4 Mortsel) 5. Redevelopment models for multifunctional use of sites 5.1 Public property (case Fort of Duffel) 5.2 Private property (case Fort of Stabroek) 5.3 Public-private partnership (case Fort of Liezele) 6. Governance models 1 7. Report of the RSG-meeting 8. Literature 1. INTRODUCTION In 2009, the 'Fortengordels rond Antwerpen' was selected as a strategic project in lign of the ‘Ruimtelijk Structuurplan Vlaanderen’ (the Spatial Structure Plan for Flanders). This selection provided financing from the Flemish government to support the preparation of the framework ‘Fortengordels rond Antwerpen’. The 'Fortengordels rond Antwerpen' is part of the FLGP-project (forten en linies in grensbreed perspectief) which ran from 2009 to 2012 and was supported by the European program INTERREG IV A Flanders-Netherlands. Additionally, in the context of the Great War-project, supported by Europe, the Province of Antwerp will be looking for people and organizations who wish to undertake initiatives. The Province of Antwerp now wishes to aqcuire and share knowledge of dealing with cultural military heritage within the AT FORT-project, part of the INTERREG IV C- program. Specifically, the Province of Antwerp has three main objectives: a) To explore and research solutions and methods to reuse military heritage in an adapted way, and respectively to identify and improve them.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Belgium - Wikipedia
    12/07/2018 History of Belgium - Wikipedia History of Belgium The history of Belgium predates the founding of the modern state of that name in 1830. Belgium's history is intertwined with those of its neighbours: the Netherlands, Germany, France and Luxembourg. For most of its history, what is now Belgium was either a part of a larger territory, such as the Carolingian Empire, or divided into a number of smaller states, prominent among them being the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and County of Luxembourg. Due to its strategic location and the many armies fighting on its soil, since the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Belgium has often been called the "battlefield of Europe" or the "cockpit of Europe".[1] It is also remarkable as a European nation which contains, and is divided by, a language boundary between Latin-derived French and Germanic Dutch. Belgium's formation, like that of its Benelux neighbours, can be traced back to the "Seventeen Provinces" within the Burgundian Netherlands. These were brought together under the House of Valois-Burgundy, and was unified into one autonomous territory by the inheritor of that line Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in his Pragmatic Sanction of 1549. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to the split between a northern Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands from which Belgium and Luxembourg developed. This southern territory continued to be ruled by the Habsburg descendants of the Burgundian house, at first as the "Spanish Netherlands". Invasions from France under Louis XIV led to the loss of what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais to France, while the remainder finally became the "Austrian Netherlands".
    [Show full text]
  • The Visual, the Accidental and the Actual in the Historiography of the Fort of Shinkakasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1891- 1909
    The visual, the accidental and the actual in the historiography of the fort of Shinkakasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1891- 1909 Willem Bekers, Robby Fivez Ghent University, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Ghent, Belgium [email protected], [email protected] Piecing together the fort of Shinkakasa Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State (État Indépendant du Congo or, from now on, EIC), was nothing like Georges Moulaert, a 25-year-old lieutenant who had joined the EIC’s Force Publique in 1902, had expected. The town he described in his memoirs, published in 1948 was a mosquito-ridden swamp crossed by earthen embankments which were lined by rickety wooden trading posts of Italian, Portuguese and – to Moulaert’s surprise – even African fortune seekers.1 Despite Moulaert’s intentions “to objectively describe the reality he had witnessed”, his lively cityscape reflected more of his own feelings than he accounted for.2 For example, Moulaert’s emphasis on the ricketiness of the ‘wooden shacks’ was probably directly related to his disdain towards the motley crew of coloured traders that inhabited them, just like the general lack of hygiene and infrastructure was probably inspired by his condescending view of the Bomatraciens with their “small bureaucratic mentality”.3 Personal recollections, such as Moulaert’s, are often key sources in the historiography of early colonial Congo. After all, with the archive of the EIC systematically destroyed by king Leopold II prior to the takeover by Belgium, they are often the only textual sources of the period that remain.4 Despite their high historical value, we have to be extremely critical when using these memoirs as a historical source.
    [Show full text]