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UK Election Statistics: 1918- 2021: a Century of Elections

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UK Election Statistics: 1918- 2021: a Century of Elections By Sam Pilling, RIchard Cracknell UK Election Statistics: 1918- 18 August 2021 2021: A Century of Elections 1 Introduction 2 General elections since 1918 3 House of Commons by-elections 4 European Parliament elections (UK) 5 Elections to devolved legislatures and London elections 6 Local Elections 7 Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) Elections 8 Referendums 9 Appendix A: Voting systems and electoral geographies used in the UK elections commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number CBP7529 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections Image Credits Autumn colours at Westminster by Manish Prabhune. Licensed by CC BY 2.0 / image cropped. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing ‘Legal help: where to go and how to pay’ for further information about sources of legal advice and help. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. Feedback Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publicly available briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Please note that authors are not always able to engage in discussions with members of the public who express opinions about the content of our research, although we will carefully consider and correct any factual errors. You can read our feedback and complaints policy and our editorial policy at commonslibrary.parliament.uk. If you have general questions about the work of the House of Commons email [email protected]. 2 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections 3 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 General elections since 1918 9 2.1 Summary of results 9 Conservatives 10 Labour 10 Liberals 11 Scottish National Party 11 Plaid Cymru 11 Other parties 12 Speaker 13 2.2 Governments formed 15 2.3 Turnout and electorate 29 2.4 Spoilt Ballots 31 2.5 Postal votes 32 2.6 Characteristics of Members of Parliament 33 Gender 33 Age of MPs 35 Ethnicity 36 Parliamentary experience 36 Education 37 Occupation 39 3 House of Commons by-elections 44 3.1 Great Britain 44 3.2 Northern Ireland 57 4 European Parliament elections (UK) 61 4 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections 5 Elections to devolved legislatures and London elections 64 5.1 Senedd Cymru/Welsh Parliament 64 5.2 Scottish Parliament 67 5.3 Northern Ireland Assembly 69 5.4 London Assembly 71 5.5 Mayor of London 74 5.6 Women’s representation in devolved legislatures and the European Parliament 76 6 Local Elections 78 6.1 Council Elections 78 Electoral system 78 Party affiliation of Councillors 78 Estimated national vote share 81 Council control immediately following elections 82 6.2 Elected Local Authority Mayors (outside London) 84 6.3 Elected “Metro-mayors” 99 7 Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) Elections 100 Electoral process 100 Turnout 100 PCC election results in 2012, 2016 & 2021 100 8 Referendums 105 8.1 European Union Referendum (June 2016) 105 8.2 Europe (June 1975) 106 8.3 Scotland (1979, 1997 and 2014) 106 8.4 Wales (1979, 1997 and 2011) 109 8.5 Northern Ireland (1973 and 1998) 110 8.6 London (May 1998) 111 8.7 North East England (November 2004) 111 5 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections 8.8 Alternative Vote (May 2011) 111 9 Appendix A: Voting systems and electoral geographies used in the UK elections 112 9.1 General Elections 112 9.2 Local government elections 112 England and Wales 112 Scotland and Northern Ireland 112 9.3 European Parliament Elections 113 9.4 Elections to devolved parliaments and assemblies 113 9.5 Mayoral Elections 114 9.6 Further information 114 6 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections 1 Introduction This paper provides summary results for UK elections from 1918 to 2021, giving more extensive details about UK general elections. 1918 marked a major shift in British electoral politics. An extension of the electoral franchise meant women aged over 30 were able to vote in general elections for the first time. It was also no longer necessary to hold property to be able to vote, thus bringing many more working-class people into the electorate. The Liberals’ position as one of the two dominant parties in British politics alongside the Conservatives was threatened by splits in the party leadership. Labour became the main opposition party at the 1918 General Election as a consequence of a Conservative-Liberal coalition, and by 1922 Labour had supplanted the Liberals as the Conservatives’ main challenger. Since 1918, British elections have been dominated by the Conservatives and Labour. In 18 out of 28 general elections since 1918 the Conservative Party won most seats, while Labour won most seats on the other ten occasions. In all general elections between 1918 and 1935 the Conservatives received more votes than any other party. Since 1945 the Conservatives’ lowest vote share was 31% in 1997, and Labour’s 28% in 1983. Labour did not win a House of Commons majority until 1945, although it twice formed minority governments after the 1923 and 1929 elections. Labour became the second largest party at Westminster behind the Conservatives in 1922, when it received slightly more votes than the Liberals but won more than twice as many seats. Between 1945 and 1970 all but a handful of House of Commons seats were held by the Conservatives and Labour, who together took about nine in every ten votes cast in general elections over this period. From 1974 to 2010 an increasing share of the vote went to the Liberal Party and its successor, the Liberal Democrats. The Scottish National Party became the third largest in Parliament in 2015 with 56 MPs and retained that position with 48 seats in 2019. The number of Liberal Democrat MPs decreased from 57 in 2010 to 8 in 2015 before rising to 12 in 2017 and 11 in 2019. Support for candidates other than the four largest parties (those with 8 or more MPs) and independent candidates increased from less than 1% in 1951 to nearly 20% in 2015, but since fell to 8% in 2019. The profile of Members of Parliament elected at general elections has altered since 1918. Only one of the 707 Members elected in 1918 was a woman, compared to 220 out of 650 MPs in 2019. Four Labour MPs elected in 1987 were the first black and minority ethnic (BME) Members to sit in the House in the post-war era; it is estimated that 65 Members elected in 2019 were from BME backgrounds. Today more MPs have been to university than was the case 7 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections sixty years ago, while the numbers who attended private schools or went to Oxbridge has decreased. The growth in support for other parties at general elections can also be observed in local government elections and elections to the European Parliament. The Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat parties won 97% of the vote in the 1979 European Parliament elections but only 56% in 2014 and 43% in 2019. The introduction of a proportional voting system for European Parliament elections in 1999 was a factor in more MEPs being elected from other parties. The First Past the Post electoral system used in Westminster elections and local elections in England and Wales means that the increase in votes for other parties has not translated to the same extent into an increase in their number of MPs or councillors. The Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru have generally performed better in devolved elections than in Westminster elections. While the SNP has improved on its performance in the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999, Plaid Cymru has been unable to match its performance in 1999 at subsequent elections. Parliamentary by-elections are now less common than 50 years ago and in areas that have moved from a two-tier structure to unitary status, local elections are less frequent. However, devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the introduction of elected mayors and police and crime commissioners mean additional events have been added to the electoral calendar. Detailed results from individual elections can be found in relevant House of Commons Library research papers, and underlying data for each chart and figure and additional statistics can be found in the accompanying Excel file. This paper replaces Library Briefing Paper 7529 “Election Statistics: 1918-2019: A Century of Elections” (27th February 2020) and has been updated to include results of the 2021 Local, Mayoral and PCC Elections. It will be updated to take account of any subsequent elections and when new data becomes available. For example, on the Background of MPs elected in 2019. 8 Commons Library Research Briefing, 18 August 2021 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections 2 General elections since 1918 2.1 Summary of results There have been 28 UK general elections since 1918.
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