Analisis Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Tiongkok –

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Analisis Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Tiongkok – ANALISIS PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERBATASAN TIONGKOK – INDIA DI WILAYAH HIMALAYA PASCA PERJANJIAN 2005 HINGGA DOCKLAM STANDOFF 2017 SKRIPSI Oleh: Bayu Kurniahadi Pranoto 14323024 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI DAN ILMU SOSIAL BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA 2018 ANALISIS PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERBATASAN TIONGKOK – INDIA DI WILAYAH HIMALAYA PASCA PERJANJIAN 2005 HINGGA DOCKLAM STANDOFF 2017 SKRIPSI Diajukan Guna Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Hubungan Internasional Pada Program Strata 1 Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Sosial Budaya Universitas Islam Indonesia Oleh: Bayu Kurniahadi Pranoto 14323024 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI DAN ILMU SOSIAL BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA 2018 i ii iii DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................................. iv DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................................... vii DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................................. viii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Signifikansi ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Cakupan Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Kajian Pustaka ................................................................................................................ 9 1.7 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................................................. 14 1.8 Metode Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 20 1.8.1 Metode Kualitatif ................................................................................................... 20 1.8.2 Subjek Penelitian.................................................................................................... 21 1.8.3 Alat Pengumpul Data ............................................................................................. 21 1.8.4 Proses Penelitian .................................................................................................... 21 BAB II SENGKETA PERBATASAN ANTARA TIONGKOK DAN INDIA DI WILAYAH HIMALAYA ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Wilayah Sengketa Perbatasan ....................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Sektor Timur .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2 Sektor Tengah ........................................................................................................ 27 2.1.3 Sektor Barat ........................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Dinamika Negosiasi China-India atas Kasus Sengketa Perbatasan Periode 1954 – 2004 ............................................................................................................................................ 29 2.2.1. Panchsheel Agreement .......................................................................................... 29 2.2.2. Perjanjian antara China dan Pakistan tentang Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan 31 2.2.3 Revitalisasi Hubungan Bilateral Pasca 15 tahun Kekosongan Diplomatik (1960- 1975) ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.4 Perjanjian Pembentukan Joint Working Group untuk membahas Masalah Perbatasan ....................................................................................................................... 33 iv 2.2.5 Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Transquility along the Line of Actual Control ............................................................................................................................ 36 2.2.6 Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in Military Fields along the LAC in the India-China Border Area ........................................................................................... 37 2.2.7 Pertemuan China dan India pasca Perjanjian 1993 dan 1996 ................................ 38 2.2.8 Agreement on Adopting the "Forward Looking" Approach and forming an Expert Group at the JWG to Resolve Border Disputes and Clarification of LACs and Inter- Military CBMs ................................................................................................................ 39 2.2.9 Agreement and Declaration of the Principles of Comprehensive Relations and Cooperation between India and China. ........................................................................... 40 2.2.10 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question ............................. 44 2.2.11 Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of India and the Ministry of National Defence of the People’s Republic of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence 2006 .............................................. 45 2.2.12 Point Strategy in A Joint Declaration on Further Developing the Strategic and Cooperative Partnership between China and India ......................................................... 45 2.2.13 The Shared Vision of India and China for the 21st Century 2008 ........................ 46 2.2.14 Joint Communique of the Republic of India and the People’s Republic of China 2010................................................................................................................................. 46 2.2.15 Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism on Consultation a Coordination on India-China Border Affairs 2012 ......................................................... 47 2.2.16 A Vision for Future Development of China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership 2013 ............................................................................................................. 49 2.2.17 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Border Defense Cooperation Agreement (BDCA) ........................................................................................................ 49 2.2.18 China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity 2014 ........................................................................................................................................ 50 BAB III FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT PROSES PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERBATASAN TIONGKOK-INDIA .................................................................................... 52 3.1 Material Linkage ........................................................................................................... 54 3.1.1 Kurangnya Implementasi Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) ....................... 54 3.1.2 Pengaruh Prestise Negara (State Prestige) ............................................................. 60 3.2 Political Linkage ........................................................................................................... 67 3.2.1 Pengaruh Tibet dalam Sengketa Perbatasan Tiongkok dan India .......................... 68 v 3.2.2 Pengaruh Pakistan dalam Hubungan Bilateral Tiongkok-India ............................. 73 3.3 Bargaining Linkage ....................................................................................................... 78 3.3.1 Pengaruh Ekonomi dan Perdagangan..................................................................... 78 3.4 Organisational and Procedural Linkage ........................................................................ 81 3.4.1 Posisi South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) dalam Sengketa Perbatasan India-Tiongkok .............................................................................. 81 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................................... 86 5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................................... 86 5.2 Rekomendasi dan Saran ................................................................................................ 91 Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................................... 92 vi DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Joint Working Group .................................................................................. 34 Tabel 2.2 Special Representative Meeting (SRM) ..................................................... 42 Tabel 2.3 WMCC on India-China Border Affairs .....................................................
Recommended publications
  • ORF Occasional Paper#42
    EARCH S F E O R U R N E D V A R T E I O S N B ORF OCCASIONAL PAPER #42 O MAY 2013 Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Rahul Prakash OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Rahul Prakash OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION About the Authors Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan is Senior Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi. Dr. Rajagopalan joined ORF after an almost five-year stint at the National Security Council Secretariat (2003-2007), where she was an Assistant Director. Prior to joining the NSCS, she was Research Officer at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She was also a Visiting Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Politics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan in early 2012. She is the author of three books: Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity Among Asian Great Powers; The Dragon's Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia; and Uncertain Eagle: US Military Strategy in Asia. Rahul Prakash is a Junior Fellow at Observer Research Foundation. His research interests include technology and security, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) issues and security developments in Asia. He has co-authored a report on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Materials: An Analysis of Security Risks and Terrorist Threats in India, an outcome of a joint study conducted by ORF and the London-based Royal United Services Institute. He has also published Issue Briefs on China’s Progress in Space and Rise of Micro Blogs in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Events Leading to the Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962 | 1
    EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 | 1 IDSA MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 58 FEBRUARY 2017 EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 SUNIL KHATRI 2 | SUNIL KHATRI Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-71-0 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Monograph are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute or the Government of India. First Published: February 2017 Price: Rs. 300/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Layout & Cover by: Vaijayanti Patankar Printed at: M/S Manipal Technologies Ltd. EVENTS LEADING TO THE SINO-INDIAN CONFLICT OF 1962 | 3 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 9 Chapter I NON-ALIGNMENT: AN INDIAN RESPONSE TO THE COLD WAR ...................................................................... 14 Chapter II THE MACHINATIONS OF THE DALAI LAMA'S BROTHERS ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Border Disputes, War and the Changing Dynamics of India's China Policy
    Border Disputes, War and the Changing Dynamics of India's China Policy Sibaram Badatya Abstract Relations between India and China, two of the oldest living civilizations had been warm, friendly and cooperative for centuries. Both nations had established greater linkages through cultural exchanges and trade throughout history. Ancient trade and religious pilgrimages had been flourishing through the ancient silk route for centuries. After independence, the civilizational relationship gains new momentum and the spirit of 'Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai' guided a new era of the Asian century. However, the brotherhood spirit started deteriorating after the Tibetan Uprising of 1959, leading to a trust deficit and subsequent border disputes. In 1962, both the neighbours engage a brief war and stand to juxtapose in many regional and global issues. Over the years, Chinese has emerged as a major international player and India's China policy has undergone a dynamic change to balance the Chinese threat. In this background, the current paper is intended to highlight the dynamics of India's China policy and analyse the changing relationship between India and China over the years. Keywords India-China relations, Border disputes, War, Tibet uprising. Introduction India and China have been sharing a friendly and cooperative relationship since ancient times. This relationship has developed further after the independence of both countries during the late 1940s. The period between post-independence to 1957, known as the "Period of Panchsheel" is perhaps the golden age of India China relationship. India's full support to China's freedom movement and its reorganization, its unconditional support to China's admission into UN, support to China's stand on Korean crisis, annexation of Tibet and India's policies towards Formosa crisis are some of the events on which India and China shared similar thoughts.
    [Show full text]
  • (540) on Manuscript Rights
    Al-Farabi Kazakh National University R.B. Suleimenov Institute of Oriental Studies UDK 005.44:327.5(510)(540) On manuscript rights MURATBEKOVA ALBINA MIRZAKHANOVNA China’s Contemporary Social and Economic Interaction with India in Border Areas: Models and Challenges 6D020900 - Oriental Studies Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Research supervisors: Assoc. Prof., Dr. Laura G. Yerekesheva Dr. Siddharth S. Saxena Republic of Kazakhstan Almaty, 2019 CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ 3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 4 NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 18 1.1 Introduction to Asian international relations ........................................................ 18 1.2 Theoretical approaches of globalisation ............................................................... 21 1.3 Economic interdependence ................................................................................... 23 1.4 The value of territory and the concept of border .................................................. 26 2 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH ............................... 30 2.1
    [Show full text]
  • China's Strategic Posture in Tibet Autonomous Region and India's Response
    ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ¨ ¨ © ¨ ¨ ¢ £ ¤ £ £ ¢ ¤ ¥ ¦ ¦ £ ¦ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * " ! + , % ' * ! CHINA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE IN TIBET AUTONOMUS REGION AND INDIA’S RESPONSE Published in 2012 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi – 110021, Copyright @ Vivekananda International Foundation, 2012 _________________________________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this may be reproduced or utilized in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations II Foreword V Members of the Group VII Part I Strategic Posture of China in Tibet Autonomous Region 1 and its Implications: Is India prepared? Part II China’s military Posture in Tibet and India’s Response 13 II List of Abbreviations AEW&C Airborne Early Warning & Control AFNET Air force Network ALG Advanced Landing Ground ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Automated Air Traffic Management AWACS Airborne Warning & Control System BMC Bi- Modular Charge BRO Border Roads Organisation BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd CADF Commutated Automatic Direction Finder CAINONET China’s Advanced Info-Optical Network CBI Central Bureau of Investigation CCI Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure CCS Cabinet Committee on Security CMC Central Military Commission CPC Communist Party of China CSG China Study Group CSS China’s Surface to Surface (NATO Code
    [Show full text]
  • China and the Sino‑Indian Border Dispute
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Wars, fought and unfought : China and the Sino‑Indian border dispute Balazs, Daniel 2021 Balazs, D. (2021). Wars, fought and unfought : China and the Sino‑Indian border dispute. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/150314 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/150314 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/150314 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY‑NC 4.0). Downloaded on 23 Sep 2021 18:11:51 SGT WARS, FOUGHT AND UNFOUGHT: CHINA AND THE SINO-INDIAN BORDER DISPUTE DANIEL BALAZS S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 2021 1 WARS, FOUGHT AND UNFOUGHT: CHINA AND THE SINO-INDIAN BORDER DISPUTE DANIEL BALAZS MAIN SUPERVISOR: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ANIT MUKHERJEE CO-SUPERVISOR: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR HOO TIANG BOON CO-SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR HARSH V. PANT S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2021 2 3 4 5 Acknowledgments Writing a PhD dissertation is much like walking through a dark forest. There is no clear road ahead and everybody has to find their own way of getting through. However, it is not completely dark all the time. On numerous occasions, people appear with flashlights on the other end and for a brief period of time, we get a sense of direction to move forward. As the years pass by, we make incremental progress every day and find the way out before we know it.
    [Show full text]
  • Bab Ii Sengketa Perbatasan Antara Tiongkok Dan India Di
    BAB II SENGKETA PERBATASAN ANTARA TIONGKOK DAN INDIA DI WILAYAH HIMALAYA Hubungan diplomatik antara India dan Tiongkok yang terbangun sejak 31 Desember 1949 telah melahirkan berbagai bentuk kerjasama maupun agresi. Hubungan bilateral keduanya juga didorong dengan potensi ekonomi yang besar dan kepentingan nasional yang dibawanya. Namun kedua negara menghadapi tantangan besar yang belum terselesaikan yakni sengketa perbatasan. Wilayah perbatasan diperdebatkan pasca ekspansi Inggris dan Rusia ke wilayah tersebut dan menempatkan Tibet sebagai buffer zone. Aksi klaim garis perbatasan yang dimulai sejak tahun 1954 dan memuncak pada perang tahun 1962 antara India dan Tiongkok. Saat ini hubungan bilateral lebih mengarah ke arah kerjasama pragmatis dengan stagnansi pada perkembangan hubungan dan defisit kepercayaan (Muratbekova, 2017, pp. 1-2). Permasalahan sengketa perabatasan antara Tiongkok dan India semakin beku dan sulit untuk terselesaikan. Tiongkok sudah menyelesaikan sengketa perbatasan di wilayah McMahon Line dengan Myanmar namun tidak dengan India. Tiongkok telah menyelesaikan hampir seluruh masalah perbatasan termasuk dengan negara adidaya Rusia pada tahun 2015. Proses negosiasi sudah berlangsung 64 tahun sejak tahun 1954 dan memuncak dengan peristiwa Docklam Standoff pada tahun 2017. Garis sengketa perbatasan yang luas dan kompleks di wilayah Himalaya menjadi salah satu sebab sulitnya mengontrol proses resolusi sengketa perbatasan (Thapliyal, 2010, pp. 203-204). 2.1 Wilayah Sengketa Perbatasan Tiongkok maupun India mempunyai versi sendiri dalam menentukan garis perbatasan di wilayah sengketa. Hal ini bermula ketika Inggris dan Rusia tidak memberikan delimitasi ataupun demarkasi garis batas wilayah pasca ekspansi. Dampaknya masing-masing negara mempunyai kesempatan untuk memaksakan definisi garis perbatasan. Secara umum terbagi menjadi 3 wilayah besar yakni Sektor Timur, Sektor Tengah dan Sektor Barat (Shrivastava, 2016, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems and Prospects of the Negotiated Settlement of Sino-Indian Border Dispute
    PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF SINO-INDIAN BORDER DISPUTE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of Pi)ilodopI)p IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY SAHEBA REHMAN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. S. NAHEED MURTAZA KHAN DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2007 /"•••• 16594 To My (parents NAHEED MURTAZA KHAN Telephones Chairperson 0571-2701720 [Office] Department of Political Science 0571-2500653 [Resi.J Aligarh Muslim University yusuf_Khan [email protected] Aligarh-202002 (Dated: ;^(- II- "7 Certificate I certify that !Ms. SaheSa (Rahman a 6onafide (Research ScdoCar of the (Department of (poCiticaC Science, Jlfigarh has com-pCeted her research titCed "(ProSkms and (Prospects of the ^NegotiatedSettlement of Sino-Indian (Border (Dispute" under my supervision. T^e present thesis has Seen submitted to the (Department of (PoCiticaC Science, JlCigarh MusCim University, JiCigarh in the fuCfiCment of the requirements for the award of the degree of (Doctor of (PhiCbsophy. To the 6est of my ^owCedge, it is her originaC wor^ and the matter presented in the thesis is not submitted in part orfuCCfor any degree of this or any other Vniversity. Supervisor j^ ((ProflS.JN'afiemMutl^a.rM %fian) Jic^owkdgement I Bow in reverence to^dah the aCmigHty ivfiose gracious SCessings gave me the courage, sustenance and devotion to compkte this tasl{, I shafC ever Be indebted to my [earned supervisor <Prof. S. J{aheed Murtaza %jian, Chairperson, (Department of (poCiticaC Science, Ji.M.V. for her ahk guidance, constant help and cooperation throughout the course of preparation of the thesis. I express myprofoundthan^ to my teachers (Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Scholar Warrior -Autumn 2019
    D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V SCHOLAR WARRIOR CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V SCHOLAR WARRIOR not be quoted or cited as representing the CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES views or policy of the Government of India, or New Delhi Integrated Headquarters of MoD (Army), or the Centre for Land Warfare Studies. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Lt Gen (Dr.) VK Ahluwalia PVSM, AVSM**, YSM, VSM SUBSCRIPTION RATES (Retd) India: Rs 500 (Single Issue) Director, CLAWS Rs 1000 Annual Subscription EDITOR Col Ashwani Gupta (2 issues) Scholar Warrior is published by the Centre for SAARC Countries: US $15 (Single Issue) Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi. All Other Countries: US $20 (Single Issue) CLAWS is an independent think-tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional and ISSN 2319 – 7331 sub-conventional conflict and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy oriented in approach. CLAWS Vision: To establish as a leading Centre of Excellence, Research and Studies on Military Strategy & Doctrine, Land Warfare, Regional & National Security, Military Technology and Human Resource Mailing address Editor, SCHOLAR WARRIOR Centre for Land Warfare Studies Distributed by: RPSO Complex, Parade Road New Delhi 110010, India. Tele: +91-11-25691308, Fax: +91-11-25692347 KW Publishers Pvt Ltd Email: [email protected] 4676/21, First Floor Website: http://www.claws.in Ansari Road, Daryaganj Army No.
    [Show full text]