Korean-To-Japanese Neural Machine Translation System Using Hanja Information
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Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Neuroscience http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.10.1416 • J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1416-1424 Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Zang-Hee Cho,1 Nambeom Kim,1 The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Sungbong Bae,2 Je-Geun Chi,1 Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together Chan-Woong Park,1 Seiji Ogawa,1,3 since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being and Young-Bo Kim1 purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these 1Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; 2Department of linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was Psychology, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea; to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading 3Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological University, Sendai, Japan routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Received: 14 February 2014 Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the Accepted: 5 July 2014 effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Address for Correspondence: (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are Young-Bo Kim, MD Department of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Gachon activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes Using Support Vector Machine a Thesis
Recognition of Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Strokes using Support Vector Machine A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology Submitted by Rahul Agrawal (Roll No. 601003022) Under the supervision of Dr. R. K. Sharma Professor School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala – 147004 (Punjab), INDIA June 2012 (i) ABSTRACT Pen-based interfaces are becoming more and more popular and play an important role in human-computer interaction. This popularity of such interfaces has created interest of lot of researchers in online handwriting recognition. Online handwriting recognition contains both temporal stroke information and spatial shape information. Online handwriting recognition systems are expected to exhibit better performance than offline handwriting recognition systems. Our research work presented in this thesis is to recognize strokes written in Gurmukhi script using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The system developed here is a writer independent system. First chapter of this thesis report consist of a brief introduction to handwriting recognition system and some basic differences between offline and online handwriting systems. It also includes various issues that one can face during development during online handwriting recognition systems. A brief introduction about Gurmukhi script has also been given in this chapter In the last section detailed literature survey starting from the 1979 has also been given. Second chapter gives detailed information about stroke capturing, preprocessing of stroke and feature extraction. These phases are considered to be backbone of any online handwriting recognition system. Recognition techniques that have been used in this study are discussed in chapter three. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
+ Natali A, Professor of Cartqraphy, the Hebreu Uhiversity of -Msalem, Israel DICTIONARY of Toponymfc TERLMINO~OGY Wtaibynafiail~
United Nations Group of E%perts OR Working Paper 4eographicalNames No. 61 Eighteenth Session Geneva, u-23 August1996 Item7 of the E%ovisfonal Agenda REPORTSOF THE WORKINGGROUPS + Natali a, Professor of Cartqraphy, The Hebreu UhiVersity of -msalem, Israel DICTIONARY OF TOPONYMfC TERLMINO~OGY WtaIbyNafiaIl~- . PART I:RaLsx vbim 3.0 upi8elfuiyl9!J6 . 001 . 002 003 004 oo!l 006 007 . ooa 009 010 . ol3 014 015 sequala~esfocJphabedcsaipt. 016 putting into dphabetic order. see dso Kqucna ruIt!% Qphabctk 017 Rtlpreat8Ii00, e.g. ia 8 computer, wflich employs ooc only numm ds but also fetters. Ia a wider sense. aIso anploying punauatiocl tnarksmd-SymboIs. 018 Persod name. Esamples: Alfredi ‘Ali. 019 022 023 biliaw 024 02s seecIass.f- 026 GrqbicsymboIusedurunitiawrIdu~morespedficaty,r ppbic symbol in 1 non-dphabedc writiog ryste.n& Exmlptes: Chinese ct, , thong; Ambaric u , ha: Japaoese Hiragana Q) , no. 027 -.modiGed Wnprehauive term for cheater. simplified aad character, varIaoL 031 CbmJnyol 032 CISS, featm? 033 cQdedrepfwltatiul 034 035 036 037' 038 039 040 041 042 047 caavasion alphabet 048 ConMQo table* 049 0nevahte0frpointinlhisgr8ti~ . -.- w%idofplaaecoordiaarurnm;aingoftwosetsofsnpight~ -* rtcight8ngfIertoeachotkrodwithap8ltKliuofl8qthonbo&. rupenmposedonr(chieflytopogtaphtc)map.see8lsouTM gz 051 see axxdimtes. rectangufar. 052 A stahle form of speech, deriyed from a pbfgin, which has became the sole a ptincipal language of 8 qxech comtnunity. Example: Haitian awle (derived from Fresh). ‘053 adllRaIfeatlue see feature, allhlral. 054 055 * 056 057 Ac&uioaofsoftwamrcqkdfocusingrdgRaIdatabmem rstoauMe~osctlto~thisdatabase. 058 ckalog of defItitioas of lbe contmuofadigitaldatabase.~ud- hlg data element cefw labels. f0mw.s. internal refm codMndtextemty,~well~their-p,. 059 see&tadichlq. 060 DeMptioa of 8 basic unit of -Lkatifiile md defiile informatioa tooccqyrspecEcdataf!eldinrcomputernxaxtLExampk Pateofmtifii~ofluwtby~namaturhority’. -
Chinese Script Generation Panel Document
Chinese Script Generation Panel Document Proposal for the Generation Panel for the Chinese Script Label Generation Ruleset for the Root Zone 1. General Information Chinese script is the logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. They are called Hanzi in Chinese, Kanji in Japanese and Hanja in Korean. Since the Hanzi unification in the Qin dynasty (221-207 B.C.), the most important change in the Chinese Hanzi occurred in the middle of the 20th century when more than two thousand Simplified characters were introduced as official forms in Mainland China. As a result, the Chinese language has two writing systems: Simplified Chinese (SC) and Traditional Chinese (TC). Both systems are expressed using different subsets under the Unicode definition of the same Han script. The two writing systems use SC and TC respectively while sharing a large common “unchanged” Hanzi subset that occupies around 60% in contemporary use. The common “unchanged” Hanzi subset enables a simplified Chinese user to understand texts written in traditional Chinese with little difficulty and vice versa. The Hanzi in SC and TC have the same meaning and the same pronunciation and are typical variants. The Japanese kanji were adopted for recording the Japanese language from the 5th century AD. Chinese words borrowed into Japanese could be written with Chinese characters, while Japanese words could be written using the character for a Chinese word of similar meaning. Finally, in Japanese, all three scripts (kanji, and the hiragana and katakana syllabaries) are used as main scripts. The Chinese script spread to Korea together with Buddhism from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. -
Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
(internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note. -
The Japanese Writing Systems, Script Reforms and the Eradication of the Kanji Writing System: Native Speakers’ Views Lovisa Österman
The Japanese writing systems, script reforms and the eradication of the Kanji writing system: native speakers’ views Lovisa Österman Lund University, Centre for Languages and Literature Bachelor’s Thesis Japanese B.A. Course (JAPK11 Spring term 2018) Supervisor: Shinichiro Ishihara Abstract This study aims to deduce what Japanese native speakers think of the Japanese writing systems, and in particular what native speakers’ opinions are concerning Kanji, the logographic writing system which consists of Chinese characters. The Japanese written language has something that most languages do not; namely a total of three writing systems. First, there is the Kana writing system, which consists of the two syllabaries: Hiragana and Katakana. The two syllabaries essentially figure the same way, but are used for different purposes. Secondly, there is the Rōmaji writing system, which is Japanese written using latin letters. And finally, there is the Kanji writing system. Learning this is often at first an exhausting task, because not only must one learn the two phonematic writing systems (Hiragana and Katakana), but to be able to properly read and write in Japanese, one should also learn how to read and write a great amount of logographic signs; namely the Kanji. For example, to be able to read and understand books or newspaper without using any aiding tools such as dictionaries, one would need to have learned the 2136 Jōyō Kanji (regular-use Chinese characters). With the twentieth century’s progress in technology, comparing with twenty years ago, in this day and age one could probably theoretically get by alright without knowing how to write Kanji by hand, seeing as we are writing less and less by hand and more by technological devices. -
Negotiation Philosophy in Chinese Characters
6 Ancient Wisdom for the Modern Negotiator: What Chinese Characters Have to Offer Negotiation Pedagogy Andrew Wei-Min Lee* Editors’ Note: In a project that from its inception has been devoted to second generation updates, it is instructive nonetheless to realize how much we have to learn from the past. We believe Lee’s chapter on Chinese characters and their implications for negotiation is groundbreaking. With luck, it will prove to be a harbinger of a whole variety of new ways of looking at our field that will emerge from our next round of discussion. Introduction To the non-Chinese speaker, Chinese characters can look like a cha- otic mess of dots, lines and circles. It is said that Chinese is the most difficult language in the world to learn, and since there is no alpha- bet, the struggling student has no choice but to learn every single Chinese character by sheer force of memory – and there are tens of thousands! I suggest a different perspective. While Chinese is perhaps not the easiest language to learn, there is a very definite logic and sys- tem to the formation of Chinese characters. Some of these characters date back almost eight thousand years – and embedded in their make-up is an extraordinary amount of cultural history and wisdom. * Andrew Wei-Min Lee is founder and president of the Leading Negotiation Institute, whose mission is to promote negotiation pedagogy in China. He also teaches negotiation at Peking University Law School. His email address is an- [email protected]. This article draws primarily upon the work of Feng Ying Yu, who has spent over three hundred hours poring over ancient Chinese texts to analyze and decipher the make-up of modern Chinese characters. -
Hangeul As a Tool of Resistance Aganst Forced Assimiliation: Making Sense of the Framework Act on Korean Language
Washington International Law Journal Volume 27 Number 3 6-1-2018 Hangeul as a Tool of Resistance Aganst Forced Assimiliation: Making Sense of the Framework Act on Korean Language Minjung (Michelle) Hur Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Minjung (Michelle) Hur, Comment, Hangeul as a Tool of Resistance Aganst Forced Assimiliation: Making Sense of the Framework Act on Korean Language, 27 Wash. L. Rev. 715 (2018). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol27/iss3/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Compilation © 2018 Washington International Law Journal Association HANGEUL AS A TOOL OF RESISTANCE AGAINST FORCED ASSIMILATION: MAKING SENSE OF THE FRAMEWORK ACT ON KOREAN LANGUAGE Minjung (Michelle) Hur† Abstract: Language policies that mandate a government use a single language may seem controversial and unconstitutional. English-only policies are often seen as xenophobic and discriminatory. However, that may not be the case for South Korea’s Framework Act on Korean Language, which mandates the use of the Korean alphabet, Hangeul, for official documents by government institutions. Despite the resemblance between the Framework Act on Korean Language and English-only policies, the Framework Act should be understood differently than English-only policies because the Hangeul-only movement has an inverse history to English-only movements. -
The Writings of Henry Cu
P~per No. 13 The Writings of Henry Cu Kim The Center for Korean Studies was established in 1972 to coordinate and develop the resources for the study of Korea at the University of Hawaii. Its goals are to enhance the quality and performance of Uni versity faculty with interests in Korean studies; develop compre hensive and balanced academic programs relating to Korea; stimulate research and pub lications on Korea; and coordinate the resources of the University with those of the Hawaii community and other institutions, organizations, and individual scholars engaged in the study of Korea. Reflecting the diversity of academic disciplines represented by its affiliated faculty and staff, the Center especially seeks to further interdisciplinary and intercultural studies. The Writings of Henry Cu Killl: Autobiography with Commentaries on Syngman Rhee, Pak Yong-man, and Chong Sun-man Edited and Translated, with an Introduction, by Dae-Sook Suh Paper No. 13 University of Hawaii Press Center for Korean Studies University of Hawaii ©Copyright 1987 by the University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kim, Henry Cu, 1889-1967. The Writings of Henry Cu Kim. (Paper; no. 13) Translated from holographs written in Korean. Includes index. 1. Kim, Henry Cu, 1889-1967. 2. Kim, Henry Cu, 1889-1967-Friends and associates. 3. Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965. 4. Pak, Yong-man, 1881-1928. 5. Chong, Sun-man. 6. Koreans-Hawaii-Biography. 7. Nationalists -Korea-Biography. I. Suh, Dae-Sook, 1931- . II. Title. III. Series: Paper (University of Hawaii at Manoa. -
Korean Studies Program
korean studies program university of michigan fall 2006 director’s note koryo saram-the unreliable people, premiers in the fall I am happy to report that Koryo Saram-The Unreliable People, every Korean who was connected to the Comintern. One cannot a one-hour documentary created by the Korean Studies Program help wondering what would have happened to modern Korean (KSP) will make its international premier at the Smithsonian history if one or more factor had changed. For instance, if the Institution’s Sackler Gallery in Washington DC on October 29. Korean communist leadership in the Soviet Union had not This documentary, which has taken two years to make, is the perished in the Great Terror, would it not have been parachuted result of an extensive collaboration between units in the into North Korea by the Soviets in the aftermath of World War II? International Institute and within the university. We were fortu- Would someone from the ranks of the Comintern-connected nate to have access to some of the lowest paid but highest skilled Koreans have ruled the roost in North Korea and not Kim Il workers to be found in the country: the UROP (Undergraduate Sung? If so, is it possible that North Korea might have ended Research and Opportunity Program) and work-study students up looking more like a garden-variety Soviet satellite, rather than who streamed in and out of the KSP offices on the third floor what it became, a beleaguered nationalist regime held together of the International Institute. These individuals worked on by a cult of personality? a multitude of tasks: sorting through primary documents and The answers, it turned out, were not only unanswerable, film footage in Russian, Korean and English; translating oral but un-researchable.