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92 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION .

TABLE 3.--;State' applications to Congr ss seeking convention to limit federal income taxing po

Petitions

State P1!558d Passed Committee Congressio9:al Resolution No. referred to Record cita on Naturet Resolution No. Year Upper Lower Year Upper Lower chamber chamber chamber chamber

Alabama ...... H.J. Res. 66 . . 1943 July June 24 H. Judiciary 89 Congressional A H.J. Res. 10 . • 1945 lune 13 June 6 S. Judiclar y Record, pp. ) 7523-7524. .. ..•... S. Con. Res. 1943 Mar. 2 Mar. S. Judiciary 98 Congressiopal C H. Con. Res. 3. 1945 Feb. 9 Jan. 16 10. H. Judiciary Record, p. 742. ...... S. Con. Res. 6. 1943 Mar. 25 Apr. 9 S. Judiciary Sil Congressional C H. Judiciary Record, p, 4017. .•..•.•••. S. Con. Res. 1951 Apr. 20 Apr. 27 S. Judiciary lli CongrtSSlonal A• H. Con. Res. 1953 May 4 Ma:ir 4 ...... 206. H . Judiciary Record, pp. 696. 5155-5156. I ...... H. Res. 218 . ... 1952 Jan. 22 Jan. 21 S. Judiciary 98 Congress! nal ..... ' l:I. Judiciary Record, p. 1057. Tilinois ...... i H. J. Res. 32 .• 1943 May 26 ;\fay 5 s. .Judiciary 98 Congress! n al .... H. J. Res. 7. .. 1945 H. Judiciary Record, p. 42.

Indiana .••...... H. Con. Res. 1~ Mar. 6 Mar. 2 I S . .Tudlclary 98 Congress lo al 0 10. H. Judiciary Record, pp. 1051H057. H. Con. Res. 11957 ------S. Judiciary Daily,May 8. 957. 8. 8P· 571l3, 5 64. . rows ...... H. Con. Res .. · 1941 Apr. 10 Feb. 17 S. Judiciary 87 ongreMlo al . C H. Con. Res. 1945 Mar. 14 Feb. 14 15. H. Judiciary Record, p. 3 12; · 9. 3232-3233. s. Con. Res. 1951 Mar. 28 Mar, 28 S. Judiciary 97 Congression v · 11 . H:Jt1diclary · Recorcr, pp. 3939-3040. ...... S. Con. Res. 4. 1951 Feb. lS :VIar. 21 H. Ways 97 Congression I A ...• - .•.. . - - .... . - . .••••. ·······I· ... •... .. I . ••. ••••.. and Record, p. 29 l\,[eans. S. Judiciary ...•.•. H . Con. Res. 1944 Mar. 14 Mar. 8 S. Judiciary 90 Congressional S. Res. 43 ••••• 1946 Mar. 13 Mar. 21 79. Record, pp. 404()-4041. Lonlslan.~ .. . . ••. , H. Res. 24..... 1950 June 12 June 12 S. Judiciary 99 Congresslona A s. Con. Res. 19M June 23 June 24 H. Judiciary Record, pp. 15. 320-321. Marne •. •.. ___ ..• J . Res ...... •.. · 1941 Apr. 15 Apr. 17 S. Judiciary 87 Congressional A J . Res ..••...•• 1953 Apr. 22 .lpr. 21 H. Judiciary Record, pp. 33,0-3371. J. ~-···· · ··· 1951 May 15 May 15 S. Judiciary 97 Congressional D H. Judiciary Record, pp. 6033-6034. 1\bzyla ~d •. •.... ·· ····· ···· -· -·· .....• ·······-· - .•...... -·-····· --·· ·· ··· · -········ · · ··-·· · •···•·· 1'!l>.."-sachtLaetrs .. • 3. 658 ...... ••. 1941 Apr. 24 Apr. 29 S. Judiciary 87 Congressional A :ties...... 1952 Apr. 22 Apr. 3 H: Judlci I H . Jud.iclary Record. pp. S. Judie I 3812-3813. lilchlgao . .••..•• . S. Con. Res. 11).U Apr. 29 May 16 S. Finance 87 Congressional A 20. H. Judiciary Record, p. 8904 • 1. H. Con. Res. 1949 Apr. 11 Apr. 7 8 . Judiciary 95 Co1,gresslonal D i 26. H. Judiciary Record, pp. · 5628--.5629. Misaisaippl...... '. S. Con. Res. 1940 Apr. 29 Apr. 29 8 . Judiciary 86 Oongressional . I 14. H. Judiciary Record, p. 6025. :l\iebraska ....••.. ; Leg. Res. 32._ 1949 Uni• M ay 23 S. Judiciary 95 Congressional D Leg. Res. Zl... 1953 Uni• j i:a.meral Record, pp. camera! l 7803-7894. New Hampshin'. r!. Con. Res.. 1943 Apr. 21 Apr. 13 8. Finance 89 Congre5slonal 0 Record, pp. 3761-3762. H . Con. Res.. 1951 Aug. 21 Aug. 21 S. Judlclary 97 Congressional D H. ludlciary Record, pp. 10716-10717. ...... J . Res. o •••••• 1944 Feb. 25 Mar. 27 8. Jucllclary 90 Congressional B 8. J. Res. 4. ... 19M May .3 June 28 S. Judicia H. Judiciary Record, p. 6141. H. Judlcia .; ••• H. J. Res. 12 • • 1951 Mar. 10 Feh. 28 S. Judiciary 98 Congressional D H . ludlclary Record, pp. 947- 948. •.••••. S.1. Re.,. lb• •• 1955 May 11 May 23 H. Ways 101 Congressional E and Record p. 8397- Means. 8398, 8776, 9941. See footnotes at end of tah ie, pp. 9-1-95. -==-::l":':<':':Tl',"7..... -:-7:7'"7 i'"'---:::-:-:~-:.1;;:·~Q.~7:~-:-\..-: :~:-~~J:-,:~r':;:r~:.-:;,:._·'i~;~~~}:;: ·:., ·:. _·: <~: }t >~{(:\~~ ~·- . \ ,. \~...... ~:!1·t... _: ..... {.., ~.~:. )· ... ---~ ·~. ' .. • !. I

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i i: 11 I 1!•' I FEDERAL CON,STITUTJON4L : 9_0 :N:VENTION 93 I II,,

_/:onvention to limit federal income taxing powers i 1:. i. 'Ii· I i ji' I Rescissions lf: ·II I Passed Committee Congressional 't' Resolution No. referred to Record citation Nature ·,: I Year Upper Lower 11 chamber chamber I I,. I

H. 1. Res. 10 .• 1945 1une 13 June 6 H . 1udiclary 91 Congress!onal Rescinds prior action at ':!1·I •11·•. Record, pp. legislature. !Iii 6631-6632. I ,' H. Con. Res. 3. 1945 Feb. 9 Jan. 16 S. Finance .. 91 Congressional Res. 3 rescinds prior resolu• ii Record, p. 1209. tion. ·1 il H. Con. Res. 19S3 May 4 May 4 H . Con. Res. 596-never­ " 596. ln nsm itted to Congress.• ------. ------. ------H . 1. Res. 7... 1945 Mar. 28 Mar. 13 S. Judiciary 98 Congressional EA1>resses opposition to ap- H. Judiciary Record, p. 742. plication and intent of prior resolution.

H. Con. Res. 1945 Mar. 14 Feb. 14 S. Judiciary 91 Congressional Rescinds H . Con . Res. 15 9. Record, pp. (19H). and opposes 2383-2384. amending Constitution re income taxes .

...... ·...... ' ... _...... / ...... ··--·· ·--······---

S. Res. 43 ••... 1946 Mar. 13 Mar. 21 S. Judiciary 9i Congressional H . Res. 79 Is repudiated, H. Judictary Record, p. retracted, and wlth• 10973. drawn. s. Oon. Res. 1954 June 23 June 24 S. Jud.lclary 100 Congres- Resclnds H. Con. Res. 24.. 15. H . Judiciary slona.J Record, p. 9420. 1. Res-••. .. .. 1953 Apr. 22 .~pr. 21 S. 1udlciary 99 Conres- Rescinds J. Res. of 1941. H. Judiciary slona Record, pp. 4311, 4435. ------

Res...... 1952 .~pr. 22 Apr. 3 H. Judiciary 98 Congres• Rescinds S. 658 (1941). S. Judiciary slonnl Record, p. 4641.

Leg. Res. 27-.. 195-3 Uni• 1une 2 S. Judiciary 99 Congrcs• Rescinds Leg. Res. 32.. camera! H. Judiciary slona.J Record, pp. 6163, 6283.

S. J. Res. 4.... 1954 May 3 June 28 S.1udic!ary; 100 Congres- Rescinds J. Res. 5. H . J udlclu.ry s lonul Record, p. 11943. 94 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION FEDERAL CONSTIT

TABLE 3.-Slate applications lo Congress seeking convention to limit Federal income taxing

. Petitions

State Pas.sed Passed Committee Congre;slonal Resolution Ko. referred to Record citation '.'-aturet Year . Upper Lower chamber chamber --- .••• Oon. Res. 7. •. 1943 May 8 May 5 S. Judlclary 89 Congressional C H. Judiciary Record p. 82'.!0. (Ve- toed 6-7--13) ...• s. 80 ...••..••• 1~ Feb. 16 Mar. 15 S. Judiciary 86 Congressional ., H. Res. 548. . . 1949 Apr. z; :\Jar. 30 H. Judlclary Record p. 3407. "!Jtab ••••••..•.•. H.J. Res. 3 ..• 1951 June 15 June 15 S. Judlclary 98 Congressional A H. J udiclary Record p. 947. •.••.•••. H. J. Res. 32 •. 11152 Feb. 21 Feb. 5 S. Judiciary 98 Congressional A' H. Judiciary Record p. 1496. \Vlsconsln •••..•• .J . Res. M, A. .. 1943 June 14 May 7 S. Judlciary 89 Congressional A J. Res. 11, A. . 1945 Feb. 20 Feb. a H . Judiciary ' Record p. 7524. ...• ~-- H . J.Mem.4.. 1939 Feb. 16 Feb. 10 S. Judlciary 84 Congressional c• H.Judlc~y Record pp. l 9i3; 2509-2510.

• The House of Delegates or the General Assembly of the State or adopted a resolution request petition was forwarded to Congress and referred to th Ing that Congress call a constitutional convention to limit the maximum rate or taxation to 25 percent on Comml~te~ (84 ~ongressional Record 3320 (1939)). March 15, 1939. Despite the fac! that only one chamber of the legislature had adopted the proposal, the 2 Florida s rescmdlng resolution has not been t ·

tEXPLAXAT ORY. NOTES A-Petitions make application for a constitutional com·entlon to propose an amendment which would . place limitations ·on the Federal power or taxation -e repeal the sixteenth amendment and place a manmum llmltation on the rate of Federal taxation of Incomes, latures of. three-fourths of the States otherwise pro~i inheritances, and gifts of 25 percent; provided, however, that In case of war the limitation may be Hrted fo r (1) 25 percent of all ta.tes collected by the U yearly periods by a th..-ee-fourths ,·ote of each House of Congress. or 50 percent or personal Income and 38 percent .!.'-Petitions are Identical wi h A petitions save only that the limitation on rates or taxation In the pro­ separate funds arter 20 percent. of such sums sha posed amendmem Is automatically suspended during a state of war declared by Congress and may be clpal of the national debt · increased !or yearly periods in time of grave national emergency by a three-fourths vote of each House of (2) Moneys from the two separate funds shall Congress. as speclfted. B-Petltlons make application for a constitutional convention t-o propose an amendment which would (3) A mlnlmwn deduction of $600 ro; each d repeal the sine

convent-ion to l-imit Federal income taxing powers-Continued

Resclsslons

Passed Commlttee Congresslcnal !Resclutlon No. relerred to Record cltatlou Nature Year Upper Lower · chamber chamber I ----•----1------1------1------

H. Res. 548 ___ 1949 Apr.· Zi Mar. 30 S. Judiciary 95 Congres-- Repeals prior resclutlon. , slom,'i Recot·d 1------~:-~~------1______------: J. Res. 11, A-- 1945 Feb. 20 Feb. 14 S. Judiciary 91 Congres-- Rescinds prior resolution.

·1 H . Judiciary slonal Rec- " cord p. 3266.

I I I petltlon was forwarded to Conio-ess and referred to the Senate Flnance Committee and the House Judiciary Committee (84 Conio-esslonal Record 3320 (1939)). 2 Florida's rescinding resolution bas not been transmitted to Congress.

ORY NOTES place limitations on the Federal power or taxation, except during a state of war and except when the legls. .Jutures o! three-fourths or the States otherwise provide, as follows: (1) 25 percent or all taxes collected by the United States and all moneys collected in taxes in excess or 50 percent of personal income and 38 percent or corporate Income sha\l be placed respectively In two separate funds after 'lO percent of such sums sha\l have first been used to make payments on the prin­ cipal of the national debt. (2) Moneys from the two separate funds sh!ill be annually divided pro rata among the seyeral States ss specified. (3) A minlmnm deductlon of $600 for each dependent and for each person reporting a separate In• come shall be aUowed In levying Income taxes . . T he proposed amendment contained in the e petitions provides also : (1) That- the number or new States which may be formed from the T erritories and possessions of the t:nited States shall be limited to three except upon the express consent of the legislatures or three-fourths or the se,e::-31 States. (2) That the dollar shaU be the unit or currency. (3) That the gold content or tbe dollar as of January 1, 1049, shall not be decreased. E- P~tition seeks, in the alternative, a convention to shift some or the taxing power from the Fedornt Government to the States and their subdlvision,i so as to bring about less reliance upon Federal grants in aid for St:.te, and local functions. 96 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION FEDERAL

TABLE 4.-Present status of State applications submitted requesting a constitutional conve ntion to propose amendments limiting the Federal power of taxation• , TYPES OF .A.\lENDMENTS CONT AI NED IN STATES RELATING TO AMEN DI NG THE Applications for convention pending Applications rescinded Appllcatloos otherwise lnetiectl ,·e- ERAL POWER OF TAXATfON

Delaware. . Incllana (b) , Florida. · ArkanS3S. (b) . SECTION 1. The sixteenth article Georgia. . (b). United States is hereby repealed. (b) . . M aryland (•) . Iowa. Kentucky. · SECTION 2. The Congress shall have Kansas. Louisl:ma. from whatever source derived; without . Maine. and without regard to any census or en Michigan (b), . . Kehraska. the maximum rate of tax exceed 25 per New Hampshire (b) . New Jersey. SECTION 3. The maxi mum rate cif an N~' Mexlco. Rhode Island. lay and collect with respect to the d Oklahoma. . l'ennsyl vanla. interest therein, upon or in contempla Ut,1\h . session ·or enjoyment at or after death, Vltgloia. 25 _per centum. Wyoming. SECTION 4. The limitations upon t h · 2 and 3 shall, however, be subject to t (•) Suhmitted since 1939. · in which the United States is engage (b) State suhmltted 2 applications only, I of which should he considered as validly pending. (•) Adopted hy only 1 house or the State legislature. quiring such action to a void national fourths of each House may for a perio T ABLE 5.-Chronoloqical sequence of the actions of the State legislatures relating to limits above prescribed the maximum . li1t1iting the taxing powers of the Federal Government quently accruing or received or with r fers of property, with like power, whil such war, to repeat such action a,; ofte Legislatures Legislatures Legislatures Legislatures SECTION 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall Year passing rescinding Year passing rescinding resolutions resolutions resolutions December following t he ratifi cation o resolutions article shall' affect the power of the · U tax on incomes for any period ending o 1939 ••..•... Wyoming. None. 1946 • • •••••• Nooe. Kcntuckfa 1940 • • •••• •• 1\1,sslss~i. None. 1949 ••.• •..• M ichigan . Rhode Is nd. in accord~nce with ·the terms of any la Rhode · and. Nehrnska. SECTION 6. Section 3 shall take effe 19il. .•.•.•• Iowa. None. 1950 • ••••••• . None. month following the ratification of this M aine. 1951. • . •.... Florida. None. Massachusetts. Iowa. shall affect t he power of t he United St ~ !chi~ Kansas • transfer occurring prior to the taking 1943• • • •..• • •uahama . Kone. M aine. the terms of any law then in effect. Arkansas. New Ham pshire. Delaware. New M eslco . (Contained in resolutions of t he Illinois. . tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massa Indiana. 1952 •••••••• Georgia. Massachusetts. Wisconsin.) New Hampshire. Virginia. .. Penosrlvanla. 1953 •••••••• None. Maine . Wisconsin. Nehr:iska. . •, 1g« .•...... Kentucky. . ?ione. 1954 •• • ••••• None. Louisiana. Same as type A, differing only in tha New Jersey. New Jersey. suspended during a war declared by 1945 ••. ••••• Kone. Alabama. 1955 ••• ••••• Oklahoma. None. Arkansas. 1957 • • ••.•.• Indiana. None. national emergency, may likewise sus Illinois. vote of three-fourths of each House. Iowa. (Contained in resolutions of th Wisconsin.

SECTION 1. The sixt-ce nth article 'l}nited Sta tes is hereby repealed. · SECTION 2. The Congress shall hav from whJlteve r source derived, wit h ou and without regard to any census o rate of all taxes, duties; and excises with respect to, or measured by incom In the event that t he United States national emer_gency so grave as to disaster, the Congress by a vote of t United States is so engaged, suspend, limitation with respect t o income su . SECTION 3. The maximum ag'gregat the ,Congress may lay or coll~ct wit property, 0 1· any interest t herein, upo.1 effect in possessi~n or enjoyment at exceed 25 per centum. i f1,-able·A, as red se

TABLE 6t TYPES OF AMENDMENTS CONTAINED IN APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED FY THE SEVERAL. STATES RELATING TO AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION SO AS To LIMIT THE FED­ ERAL POWER OF TAXATION TYPE A SECTION 1. The sixteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the­ United States is hereby repealed. ·· SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,. and without regard to any census or enumeration: Prov-ided, That in no case shall the maximum rate of tax exceed 25 per centum. SECTION 3. The maximum rate of any tax, duty, or excise which Congress may lay and collect with respect to the devolution or transfer of property, or any_ interest therein, upon or in contemplation of or intended to take effect in pos­ session or enjoyment at or after death, or by way of gift, shall in no case exceed 25 _per centum. · SECTION 4. The limitations upon the rates of said taxes contained in sections 2 and 3 shall, however, be subject to the qualification that iu the event· of a war in which the United States is engaged creating a grave national emergency re­ quiring such action to avoid national disaster, the Congress by a vote of three­ fourtbs of each House may for a period not exceeding 1 year increase beyond the· limits above prescribed the maximum rate of any such tax upon income subse­ quently accruing or received or with respect to subsequent devolutions or trans-• fers of property, with like power, while the United States is actively engaged in such war, to repeat such action as often as such emergency may require. SECTION 5, Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect at midnight on the 31st day of D ecember following the ratification of this article. Nothing contained in this article shall affect the power of the United States after said date to collect any­ tax on incomes for any period ending on or prior to said 31st day of December laid in accordance with t he terms of anv law then in effect. SECTION 6. Section .3 shall take effect at midnight on the last day of the sixth month following the ratification of this article. Nothi!lg contained in this article· shall affect the power of the United States to collect any tax on any devolution or transfer occurring prior to the taking effect of section 3, laid in accordance with the terms of any law then in effect. (Contained in resolutions of the States of Alabama, Illinois, Kansl\S, Ken­ tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin.) TYPE A* Same as type A, differing only in that the limitation on taxation is automatically suspended during a war declared by Congress, and Congress, during a period of national emergency, may likewise suspend the limitation for yearly periods by a vote of three-fourths of each House. · (Contained in resolutions of the States of Florida, Georgia, and Virginia.) TYPE B SECTION 1. The sixt~enth article of amendment to -the Constitution of the Pnited States is hereby repealed. SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. The maximum aggregate rate of all taxes, duties, and excises which the Congress may lay or collect on,. with respect to, or measured by income, however, shall not exceed 25 per centum. In the event that the United States shall be engaged in a war which creates a . national emergency so grave as to necessitate such action to ·avoid national disaster, the Congress by a vote of three-fourths of each House, may while the United 'States is so engaged, suspend, for periods not exceeding 1 year each, such. limitation with respect to income subsequently accruing or received. . . SECTION 3. The maximum aggregate rate•of all taxes, duties, and excises which the .Congress may-lay' or collect with respect to the devolution or transfer of property, or a·ny interest therein, upon or in contemplation of or intended to take effc_ct in possession or enjoyment at or after .death, or -by way of gift, shall not exceed 25 per centum. i fTahle 6. as revise<\ In thl,s\hesl.s, ts·rrom table set out 'on·pp. 2-1-27 of House J~diciary Comniltte~ Staff Repo'rt: "ProMerris Relating~ State Applications for a Com·ention To· Propose Constitut-ional Lrmitatious· on Fe

SEc'rIO:s- 4. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect at midnight on the 31st da\· of ·personal incomes in excess of 50 percent December following the ratification of the article. Nothing contained in· the -0r profits of corporations in excess of 38 article shall affect the power of the United States after said date to collect any SECTION 6. Before paying any sums h tax on, \\ith respect to, or measured by, income for any period ending on or :5 hereof, the Treasurer of the United S prior to ~aid 31st day of December laid in accordance with the terms of any law ·which shall be used in payment of the .Pr then in effect. .States. SECTION 5. Section 3 shall take effect at midnight on the last day of the sixth SECTION 7. No tax shall hereafter be i month following the ratification of this article. Nothing contained in this article ·individuals which does not exceed, in th shall affect the power of the United States after said date to collect any tax with $600 per annum, and in the case of marri respect to any devolution or transfer occurring prior to the taking effect of section jointly. A minimum deduction of $60 3, laid in accordance with the terms of any law then in effect. -dependent. (Contained in resolution of the State of New Jersey.) SECTION 8. The Treasurer of the Uni the separate fund created by section 4 TYPE C ¾ of 1 percent of said fund and from the SECTIO.S 1. The sixteent h amendment t o the Constitution of the United States State a portion of such remainder deter is hereby repealed. in ratio to the entire population of the se SECTIOX 2. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income, dee nnial census or any subsequent gene from whateYer source derived, without apportionment among .the several States SECTION 9. The Treasurer of the Uni and without regard to any census or enumeration; Provided, That in no case shall ,created by section 5 hereof, pay to ea.ch the maximum rate of tax exceed 25 per centum. the amount of money in such fund whic SECTION 3. The maximum rate of any tax, duty, or excise which Congress may tions within such State. lay and collect with respect to the devolution or transfer of property, or any SECTION 10. Any sums pa.id hereunde interest therein, upon or in contemplation of death or intended to take effect in for appropriation only by the legislature possession or enjoyment at or after death, or by way of gift; shall in no case exceed pria.te therefrom for any purpose not for 25 per centum. · -tive States and may appropriate theref SECTION 4. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect at midnight on the 31st day of for any purpose for which appropriati December, following the ratification of this article. Nothing contained in this Congress except such purposes as are s article shall affect the power of the United States after said date to collect any for the exclusive power of the Congress. tax on any devolution or transfer occurring prior to the taking effect of section 3, -expenditures of funds herein made ava laid in accordance "'ith the terms of any law then in effect. · -direct the appropriation thereof. · SEcno:-. 5. Section 3 shall take effect at midnight on the last day of the sixth SECTION 11. Each legislature shall hav month following the ratification of this article. Nothing contained in this article for the assembly thereof in special sessio shall affect the power of the United States to collect any tax on any devolution ments to, the suspension of, or the rati or transfer occurring prior to the taking effect of section 3 laid in accordance with .article. the t erms of any law then in effect. SECTION 12. Each legislature shall ha (Contained in resolutions of the States of Arkansas, Delaware, Indiana, represent such legislature in any coun Iowa, New Hampshire, and P ennsylvania.) .concurrent action of the legislatures of uniform action by the legislatures of the TYPE c* with the amendment of this article. SECTION 13. The Congress shall not er Identical ,\ith type C, except that section 5 is omitted and section 4 does not -territory of the several States as constitu contain the sentence: "Nothing contained in this article shall affect the power of .shall not create, form, or admit more th the United States to collect any tax on any devolution or transfer occurring prior insular possessions under the.jurisdictio to the taking effect of section 3, laid in accordance with the terms of any law January 1949, or from territory thereaft then in effect." . -of the legislatures of three-fourths of -the (Contained in resolutions of the States of Mississippi and Wyoming.) SECTION 14. On and after January 1, -currency. The gold content of the doll TYPED be decreased. SECTION 15. Concurrent action of the SECTION l. The power to levy taxes and appropriate the revenues therefrom herein shall mean the adoption of the sa heretofore granted to the Congress by the States in the several articles of this legislatures. A limit of time may be fix constitution is hereby limited. -concurrent action shall be taken. No SECTION 2. This article shall be in effect except during a state of war, hereafter action of a preceding legislature taken t declared, when it shall be suspended. The suspension thereof shall end upon the SECTION 16. During any period when termination of the war but not later than 3 months after the cessation of hostilities, by concurrent resuolution adopted by tw whichever shall be earlier. The cessation of hostilities may be declared by procla­ -tion is made that additional funds are mation of the President or by concurrent resolution of the Congress or by con­ .limit the amount of money required by current action of the legislatures of 32 States. States. Such limitation shall continue · SECTION 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of article V, this article may be concurrent action of a majority of the 1 suspended for a time certain or amended at auy time by concurrent action of the termination of any such limitation the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. limitation without the express consent b SECTION 4. There shall be set aside in the Treasury of the United States a egislatures of\the several States. separate fund into which shall be paid 25 percent of all taxes collected by authority SECTION 17. This article is declared to derived from the sixteenth amendment to this Constitution, except as provided (Contained in resolutions of the in section 5, and 25 percent of all sums collected by the United States from any braska, New Hampshire, and New other tax levied for revenue. , SECTION 5. There shall be set aside in· the Treasury of the United States a 11eparate fund into which shall be paid all sums received from taxes levied on FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 99

·personal incomes in excess of 50 percent thereof and from taxes levied on income or profits of corporations in excess of 38 percent thereof. . SECTION 6. Before paying any sums into the funds created by sections 4 and :5 hereof, the Treasurer of the United State:! shall deduct therefrom 20 percent ·which shall be used in payment of the princpal of the national debt of the United .States. SEc-rrox 7. No tax shall hereafter be imposed 011 that portion of the incomes. of ·individuals which does not exceed, in the case of unmarried persons, the sum of $600 per annum, and in the case of married persons the sum of $1,200 per annum jointly. A minimum deduction of $600 per annum shall be allowed for each -dependent. SECTION 8. The Treasurer of the United States shall once in each year, from the separate fund created by section 4 hereof, pay to each of the several States "¼ of 1 percent of said fund and from the remainder of said fund shall pay to ea.ch State n portion of such remainder determined by the population of each State in ratio to the entire population of the several States according to the last Federal decennial census or any subsequent general census authorized by law. SECT•ON 9. The Treasurer of the United States shall, from the separate fund -created by section 5 hereof, pay to each State, once in each year, a sum equal to the amount of money in such fund which was collected from persons or corpora­ ·tions within such State. SECTION 10. Any sums paid hereunder to the several States shall be· available -for appropriation only by the legislatures thereof. The legislatures may appro­ priate thereftom for any purpose not forbidden by the constitutions of the respec­ -iive States and may appropriate therefrom for expenditures within the States for an:,· purpose for which appropriations have heretofore been made by the Congn,ss except such purposes as are specifically reserved by this Constitution for the exclusive power of the Congress. The people of each State may limit the -expenditures of funds herein made available to the legislature, but shall not -direct the appropriation thereof. SECTION 11. Each legislature shall have power by rule or resolution to provide for the a ~embly thereof in special sessions for the purpose of considering amend­ ments to, the suspension of, or the ratification of amendments proposed to this • .article. SECTIOX 12. Each legislature shall have power to elect one or more persons to represent such legislature in any council or convention of States created by -coucurrent action of the legislatures of 32 States for the purpose of obtaining uniform action by the legislatures of the several States in any matters connected with the amendment of this article. SECTION 13. The Congress shall not create, admit, or form new States from the -territory of the several States as constituted on the 1st day of January 1949, and .shall not create, form, or admit more than three States from the Territories and. in ular posses;5ions under the.jurisdiction of the United States on the 1st day of J anuary 1949, or from territory thereafter acquired without the express consent of the legislatures of three-fourths of -the several States. SECTIOS 14. On and after January 1, 1949, the dollar shall be the unit of the -currency. The gold content of the dollar as fixed on January 1, 1949, shall not be decreased. SECTION 15. Concurrent action of the legislatures of the several States as used herein shall mean the adoption of the same resolution by the required number of legislatures. A limit of time may be fixed by such resolution within which such -concurrent action shall be taken. No legi.51ature shall revoke the affirmative action of a preceding legislature taken therein. SECTION 16. During any period when this article is in effect the Congress may, by concurrent resuolution adopted by two-thirds of both Houses wherein declara­ tion is made that additional funds are necessary for the defense of the Nation, limit the amount of money required by this article to be returned to the several States. Such limitation shall continue until terminated by the Congress or by concurrent action of a majority of the legislatures of the several States. Upon termination of any such limitation the Congress may not thereafter impose a limitation without the express consent by concurrent action of a majority of the egislatures of the several States. . SECTION 17. This articlf: is declared to be self-executing. (Contained in resolutions of the States of Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Ne­ braska, New Hampshire, and New Mexico.) ,., FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL 100 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION TABLE 7.-State constitutiona ·TYPE .E

SECTION 1. . That sound public tax policy requires greater reliance upon State­ Nwn· and local sources of revenue for nece~sa:y State and local improvements, ,,ith State berol L------,-- less dependence upon Federal appropriat10ns, and the lower Federal taxes which . Vote In Jeglsl.sture such a policy will make possible. c~~~· SECTION 2. That Federal participation in the cost of State and local improve­ Ma}oritymemberselected. M:i~~'. ments (in which the Federal Government may have a legitimate interest) would Alabama .••••••••• 6 be continued automatically, as long as State and local taxes paid by each taxpayer 1 Majority vote ...• ~•····· M~~~ are deductible in co .1:puting the Federal i-ncome tax, and that this form of Federal ._.········ assistance is preferable to outright grants-in-aid, with their accompanying Federal s ···············1--ied ·~xafor controls and additional costs. t~tifo:k:::::::: ...... ¾ members e ec ··•••• tion I t,,, Major SECTION 3. That such a shift in tax policy can only be instituted and accom-­ .•••••••.• 1 ¾ members e ec "'-'······ lion plished by action of the Congress, followed by corresponding State and local action, rather than the other way around. . .••••• ~ · ;i memberieiecteci::::: SECTION 4. That the Congress of the United States is therefore respectfullv Delaware . . •• ~ ••.• petitioned to institute such a fiscal policy, restudying the financial relationship of ,-a all members . . •••• · · · the three levels of Government so as to bring about less reliance upon Federal Florida .••.. ••.... . 5 l2 ¾ all members . •... •••. • grants-in-aid for traditionally State and local functions of government, and to Georgia ..•. . ••.•.. take appropriate action either to submit a constitutional amendment limiting the­ taxing powers of Congress (except in time of war or grave national emergency) or­ to call a constitutional convention for such purpose. I ¾ memberS elected ••.•. • . (Contained in resolution from the State of Oklahoma.) I daho . .• · ·•••••••·

Illinois .•. •••••.•.• 5 ¾ each house •• •···· · ··· · Indiana •..•..•.... ~ ·Quiistiou·mandatory Jov.a . .••.•.•••..•. every 10 years begin· rung · lS70; legis\:lture may pro.-lde -for sub­ misSion of q_ucstlon. Ji members elected._. .• •· :Kansas ••.•.•.•••.. 4 . Mejorltymembe_rselect• Kentucky ..•••••.• 6 ed, 2 successive ses­ sions. 10 No constitutional pro­ J,oulsla na ..• • • • · • · vlsiOn, practlw 1S pro• · p0sal by legi;lature, appro'>ed by re!eren• dum vote. :Maine ... •.••. . •. • 1 ¾ bOth houses. -• • · · ·• • • • · •· 4 Question m andatO!Y M Maryland ..•.•.•.. every 20· yenrs begu>.· nlng 1930- · 5 No 001,stltutlonal pr'l­ Massachusetts•••. vlSlon; but le~lslatnre bas submitted ques­ tion of calling conven• tlon to people under lts general powP,rs. . , 5 Question mandMory ev· Michigan ...... ery 16 years beginning l~- .. ¾ mcml>eU elec_ted_• •. . 1:unnescta•••.•• •. 1 I • .• 1\ilssls.lppl..• •.•. • ~ ·Quesi ioii.·ni;~c1;iioryev:· ··· MlSSQuri •••.. .•- . . ery 20 years. Ji members elected ••..• · •.•.••••.• 1 ¾ members elected .•. . • · •• ••• -•• 4 .•••••••••• 2 . ¾ members elected •• · : · t 14 Question mandatory New Hampshire•• every 7 ye11rs. 4 ••· ••••••·••••• .• New :rersey ••••••• -jf,j;c,i;bers eleeted •.•.. New Mexico--- --· 1 M ajority or leg!Slature. .-••• : •. 8 Question mandatory every 20 .years begin• n1ng In 1957. . . ~i members elected ...••• North CarolJna .•• 6 .. : .•·· See footnotes at end_of table, p. lO'l. FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 101

TABLE 7.-State constitutfonal convent-ions a

Num• Procedure for calling a convention • State ber of Popular ratification conven• (convention proposals) tlons 1 Vote In legislature Referendum vote

.Alabama .••••••••• 6 Majority members elected. Majority voting at elec• No provision. tion. •.\rtzona ••••••••••• 1 Majority vote .. . ,. ••••.• Majority vote on ques. Majority vote on pro• tion. posals. Arkansas...... 6 Callfornla••••••••••••••••. ¾ members elected...... Majority vote on ques• Majority vote cast at tlon:. special election. Colorado •••••••••• ¾ members elected...... Majority vote on ques• Majority vote at elec• tlon. tlon which may be special election. Connecticut .•.•••• 2 Dehware ...... 5 ¼ members el~cted..... Majority vote on <1ues- Xo provision. ti on. Florida .•••••••.••• 5 ¾ all members...... Majority vote on ques• No provision. tion. Georgia ..••...... 12 ¾ all members . • .•.•••.. No referendum . .•. •.•.. Majority vote on pro­ posals In state as a whole and majority vote of local electors In subdivlslonf\ffected. . •..•..•. ..•. ¼ members elected...... Majority of electors vot• "Adopted by people." Ing in next general election. Illinois .•.•..•. •... 5 ¾ each house...... Majority voling at next Majority ,ote at special general election. election. Indiana . . .•.•. . . . . 2 lo'-a. . ..••••.•••.. 3 Question mandatory Majority voting on the No provision. every IO years begin• question. ning 1870; legislature may provide for sub- mlssion of question. Kansas •..•..•••••. 4 ~i members elected •••••. Majority voting at next No provision. general election. Kentucky••••....• ' 6 Majority members elect• Majority vote on ques• No provision. ed, 2 successive ses­ tion at least ¼ quali• sions. tied voters at last elec- tion. Louisiana .....•.•. 10 No constitutional pro• No constitutional pro- ;Jslon; practice Is pro- vision; practice is pro- posal by legislature, posal by legislature, approved by referen• approved by referen• dum vote. dum vote. ~Jaine .•. •·••••··· 1 ¼ bo th houses ...... • No provision. Maryland.. •.•.•.. 4 Ques tion mandatory Mnjority voting nt elec• Majority vote on pro. every 20 years begin• tion. posals. nlng 1930. :-.r assachasetts •.•. 5 Xo const!tnttonal pro• Majority voting on vision; ·but legislature question. has suhmltted qoes• tion of calling conven• tlon ta people under its general powers. ~!!l)hlg!m •• ·--···· Questlonmandatoryev• Majority voting at elec• Majority vote on pro• ery 16 years beginning tion. posals. 1926. · 1'l innescta• •••.· ... ¾ members elected_ ·· ;_• . Majority voting at elec• No provlslo_n. · 0 . 't!oh. ' . 111ississlppL •..... 7 ••••.•••.. 6 Questionmandatorye,• Majority vote on ques• Majority vote on pro• ery 20 years. tlon. faosals. Montana ..••.•. ••. 1 ¾ members elected...... Majority vote on ques• I\ ajorlty vote at elec• tlon. tions. Nebraska•••••••.. 4 Ji members elected...... Majority voting at elec• Majority vote on pro• tlon. posals. Nevada ••••••••••. 2 ¾ members elected..... Majority voters at elec• No provision. tlon. New Hampshire •• 1 14 Question mandatory Majority voting in town ¾ voting In annual every 7 years. meetings. to,vn mootlnJtS. New Jersey ••••.•• New Mexico ••.... •1 ¾ members elected •.••. J.1,fajorlty vote on ques• "Ratified by people." tlon. :!\few York •••••••• 8 Majority of leglslnture. Majority vote on ques• Majority vote on pro• Question mandatory tlon. posals. every 20 years begin• rung in 1957. ..• 6 ~Hnem bers elected ...••• Majority voting at elec• No provision. tion. North Dakota •••• 1 ············•············· ·························· See footnotes at end or table, p. 102. 102 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

TABLE 7.-State constitutional conventions-Continued

Num• Procedure for calling a convention t Stat~ ber or Popular ratlftcstion conven•1------l (convention proposals} tions 1 Vote In legislature Referendum vote PRESENT _FEDERAL PROCEDURE ...... 4 ;s members elooted, Majority vote on ques• Majority vote on pro• Question mandatory tion. posals. CoNSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS every 20 years begin• TION nlng 1932. Oklahoma...... •.. ..••. Majority vote or leglsla• Majority vote on ques• Majority vote on pro• ture. Question man• tlon. . posals. Originally, Revised Sta_t~te 205 c~n datory every 20 years beginning 1007. mitting resolutions contammg constit •.•. . :...... 2 Majority or Legislature Mta_1·onr.ity vote on que~• No provision. or initiative petition 10 By its authority, the State D~par~me or 8 percent .or legal In 1950, however, Reorganization voters. l'ennsyh-ania . . • . . • .; (n) effective 1foy 24, 1_950, transferred Rhode Island. .... 6 Majority votes or legls- Majority votes on ques• Acoording_ to terms or lature. tion. act calling oonven. Services Administration. . tion. In 1951, Congress enac~ed section ...• 7 7, members elected ...•. . Majority voting at elec• Xo provision. tlon. Code, which repealed ReVI_sed. Sta.tut Sout.h Dakota ..•.• ;, members elected •.••.. :Majority voting° at elec• No provision. tion. brought about by Reorgan\za~10n Pla ..••..... 4 Majority members Majority voting on ques• )

'· PRESENT FEDERAL PROCEDURE FOR TRANSMITTING PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS TO THE STATES FOR RATIFICA­ TION Originally Revised Statute 205 contained the procedure for trans­ mitting resolutions containing constitutional amendments to States. By its authority, the State Department performed this function. In 1950, however, Reorganization Plan No. 20 (5 U. S. C .. 133z), effective May 24, 1950, transferred the functions to the General Services .Administration. • In 1951, Congress enacted section 106b of title 1, United States Code, which repealed Revised Statute 205 and reflected the changes ..._ - brought about by Reorganization Plan No. 20 of 1950 . · The following procedure is not wholly statutory. It has been developed through the years: (1) When Congress adopts a resolution proposing a constitutional amendment, certified copies are sent to· the General Services Admin­ istration. (2) The General Services .Administration transmits copies of the resolution with covering le.tter, to the Governors asking them to advise the State legislatures. Receipt acknowledgment is obtained from the Governors. (3) When the State legislature approves or disapproves a proposed amendment, General Services .Administration receives notification either from (a) the Governor, or (b) the State legislature. (4) When it is evident that nearly three-fourths of the Sta-tes have ratified a proposed amendment; General Services .Administration keeps in con13tant touch with the remaining States, especially those whose legislatures are in session. · . (5) When the legislatures of three-fourths of the States have ratified a proposed amendment, the .Administrator of General Services issues a proclamation declaring the proposal to be officially part of the United States Constitution. 103 ... FEDERAL CONSTITUTIO

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Official Publications Relating to American State Constitutional Convention:c<. ,, University of Chicago Library, Document Section. New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 1936. · (Includes law review Orfield, Lester B. The Amending of the Federal Constitution. Chicago: Callaghan & Co. 1942. Almond, B. States Should Call a Constit Pea,ilee, Amos J. Constitution of Nations. 3 vols. Concord, N. H.: Rumford 437 (1948). . . Press, 1950. Amendments-Child Labol'-Validity of Petersen, Arnold. Constitution of the United States: Founding of the Bourgeois Previously Rejected. 37 Col. Law Rev Republic. New York: New York Labor News Co. 1944. Ames, Herman V. The Amending Pro Pomeroy, John Norton. An Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the Practice. 63 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 62 (l Uuited States. 3d ed. New York-: Hurd & Houghton, 1875. Ames Herman V. Recent Developments Poore, Ben Perley. The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters and the' Federal Constitution. 72 Amer. P Anderson R. H. A Proposal to Create Other Organic Laws of the United States. 2d ed. 2 vols. 1878. 1 Po;,t, Charles G., Jr. The Supreme Court and Political Questions, Baltimore the Uruted States Constitution. 6 Fla. -The Johns Hopkins Press, 1936. . ' Anthony, Richard A. Ratification by Co Rottschaefer, Henry. Handbook on American Constitutional Law. St. Paul Enigma. 21 Georgetown Law JRevolutionary Ame . Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution. 5th ed. 2 vols. Boston: . Rev. 27 (1926). Little, Brown & Companv, 1891. Clark, Jane Perry. Some Recent Propo Su h>! rland. William A. Note~ on the Constitution of the United States. Wisc. Law Rev. 313 (11)37). . . Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1904. The Constitution of Kentucky. Le:-tm Ta ·!or. Hannis. The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution. Boston: (1948). · U Hough on ::\Iiffiin Co., 1911. Constitutional Law-Amendment of . n_ Thorp<:>. Francis Ne'\\'-ton. American Charters, Constitutions and Organic Law-s, . Power of Judiciary to Pass Upon Valid 1-1:92-1 908. 7 vol;;. Washington: 1909. · • Constitutional Law-Amendment and Tol:!toi, Leon X. The Law of Love and t he Law of Violence. New York: Convention Limited to Consideration R. Field, 1948. 111 (1949). . Treve-lyan, George :'If. The English Revolution 1688-1689, New York. Henry Constitutional Law-Amendments- Po . Hobb & Co., 1939. · After Previously Reiect!ng. I~. 22 M1 Tucker, Henry St. George. Limitations on the Treaty-Making Power. Boston: Constitutional Law-Rat1ficatiou of A Little Brown & Co., 1915. Same Sta.te. 17 New York Univ. La. Tucker, John R•rndolph. Constitution of the United States. 2 vols. Chicago: "Constitutional" Limitations on Amen Callaghan & Co., 1899. 65 (1952) . . · . Walker, Harvey. Law Ma.king in the United States. New York: Ronald Press, Constitutional Revision by a Restr1cte 1934. (' (1951) . . . Warren, Charles. The Making of the Constitution. Boston: Little, Brown & Corwin, Edwai:d S. SoCJ.al Plannmg U Co., 1928. Rev. 1 (1932). , Watson, David K. The Constitution of the United States. 2 vols. Chicago: Corwin, Edward S. The "Higher Law Callaghan &; Co., 1910. Law. Cornell Univ. Press Ithf!-ca,_1 Wheeler. Is a Constitutional Convention Impending, 21 Illinois Law Review, Corwin, Edwa.rd S. · The Const1tut10 782 (1927). 26 Notre Dame Lawyer 185 (19fil) ._ What'!< -in the Proposed Constitution? (New York) . New York: Nat. Mun. · Crouch, Winston W. The Const1tut10 League, 1938. Sci. Rev. 634 (1939). ,villis, H . E . Com1titutional Law of the United States. Bloomington, Ind. : Cummings, Home r S. Nature of the The Principia Press, 1936. Rev. 24·7 (1938). . ·Willoughby, Westal Woodby. The Constitutional Law of the United States. . CuviUier, Louis. Shall We Rev1~e the 2d ed. 3 vols. New York: Baker Voorhies & Co., 1929. Daily F. L. ArnencUng the Umted S~ Ar; Their Rejections Binding. 57 D Dean Arthur H. ·The Bricker Amend 32 Foreign Affair:,i 37 (1953). FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 107

ARTICLES (Includes law review comments, decision notes, and miscellaneous references) Almond, B. States Should Call a Constitutional Convention. 10 Ga. Bar Journ. 437 (1948). . Amendments-Child Labor-Validity of .Ratification by a State Which Had Previously Rejected. 37 Col. Law Rev. 1201 (1937). _>\.mes, Herman V. The Amending Provisions of the Federal Constitution in Practice. 63 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 62 (1924). Ames, H erman V. Recent Developments of the Amending Power as Applied to the Federal Constitution. 72 Amer. Phil. Soc. Proc. 27 (1933). Anderson, R. H. A Proposal to Create Conventions to Ratify Amendments to the United States Constitution. 6 Fla. St. Bar Assoc. Law Journ. 508 (1933). Anthony, Ric ard A. Ratification by Convention or Legislature-Constitutional Enigma. 21 Georgetown Law Journ. 333 (1933). Ball, N. T . Ratification of Constitutional Amendments by State Conventions. 2 Geo. 'Nash. Law Rev. 216 (1934). Behout, J __ F'. Status of Constitutional Conventions in New Jersey. 3 Univ. of Newark Law Rev. 146 (1938). Bebout and Ka~s. How Can New Jersey Get a New Constitution? 6 u ·niv. of Newark Law Rev. 7 (1941). Bricker, John W. U. N. Blueprint for Tyranny. The Freeman (Jan. 28, 1952). Brown, Everett S. The Ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. 29 Am. Pol 'ci. Rev. 1005 (1935). Bro"l\m, Raymond G. The Si-.teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu­ tion. 54 Am. Law Rev. 843 (1920) . Can:ru.u. Ernest C. Why and How the Present Method of Amending the Federal Con.:'titution Should be Changed. 17 Ore. Law Rev. 102 (1938). Chaftt-, Zechariah. Jr. Comments on . 14 Harvard Law School Record, Nos. 3-6 (1952) . Chafee. Zechariah, Jr. Stop Being Terrified of Treaties; Stop Being Scared of ·th .Constitution. 38 Amer. Bar Assoc. Journ. 731 (1952). Child. ·•ampson R. Revolutionary Amendments to the Constitution. 10 Const. Re,·. 2i 1. 19:26) . Clark. Jane Perry. Some Recent Proposals for Constitutional Ame·ndments. 12 Wisc. Law Rev. 313 (1937). The Constitution of Kentucky. Lexington: Bur. Gov't. Research, Univ. of Ky. (1948). Con titutional Law-Amendment of United States Constitution-Ratifioation­ Power of Judiciary to Pass Upon Validity. 24 Minn. Law Rev. 393,411 (1940). Constitutional Law-Amendment and Re,,;sion-Power to Call a Constitutional Convention Limited t o Consideration of Specific Topics. 3 Vand .. Law Rev. 111 (1!»9). . Constitutional Law-Amendments-Power of a State to Ratify an Amendment Aft-er Previously Rejecting It". 22 Minn. Law Rev. 269 (1938). . Constitutional Law-Ratification of Amendment Subsequent4to Rejection by Same State. 17 New York Univ. Law Qt. 122 (1940). " Constitutional" Limitations on Amendments in Indiana. 28 Ind. Law Journ. 65 (1952). Constitutional Revision by a Restricted Convention. 35 Minn. Law Rev. 283 (1951). Corwin, Edward S. Social Planning Under the Constitution. 26 Am. Pol. Sci. Re\'. 1 (1932). Corwin, Edward S. The "Hig_her Law" Background of American Constitutional Law. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, 1955. Corwin, Edward S. The Constitutional Law of Constitutional Amendment. 26 Notre Dame Lawyer 185 (1951). · Crouch, \Yinston W. The Constitutional Initiative in Operation. 33 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 634 (1939). . Cummings, Homer S. Nature of the Amending Process. 6 Geo. Wash. Law Rey. 247 (1938) . . Cuvillier, Louis. Shall We Revise the Constitution? 77 Forum 321 (1927). Daily, F. L. Amending the United States Constitution; Two More Problems, Are Their Rejections Binding. 57 Dick. Law Rev. 137 (1953). . Dean, Arthur H . The Bricker Amendment and Authority Over Foreign Affairs. 32 Foreign Affairs 37 (1953). 108 . FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVEN'l'ION

Documentary History of the Constitution, Department of State, (Hl05) V, 141 Lincoln, A. Ratifications by Conventio1 ,. citing Madison's Letter to Mr. Eve, January 2, 1789. ' ' Proposals of a Federal Constitution. Dodd, Walter F. Adjustment of the Constitution to New Needs. 22 Amer. Bar Lee, Blewett. Abolishing the Senate b Assoc. Journ. 126 {1936). (1930). · Dodd, Walter F. Amending the Federal Constitution. 30 Yale Law Journ. Loeb, T. Constitution by Convention. 321 (1921). Machen, Arthur W., Jr. Is the Fifteen Dodd, Walter-F. Judicially Non-Enforceable Provisions of Constitutions. 80 Rev. 169 (1910) . · Univ. of Pa. Law Rev. 54 (1931). . Marbury, William L. The Limitations Dodd, Walter F. State Constitutional Conventions and State Legislative Power. . Law Rev. 223 {l!H9). 2 Vand. Law Rev. 27 (1948). . · Marbury, William L. The Xiueteentl). A Dowling, N. T. Clarifying the Amending Process. 1 Wash. & Lee Law Rev. 1 {1920). . 215 {1940). · · , · ·• · • .Martig, Ralph R. Amending the Constit Dulles, John Foster. Speech at American Bar Association Regional Meeting Martin, William Logan. A Study of Louisville, Kentucky, April 11, 1952, Cong. Rec. (Daily) vol. 98 p. 5306. ' Journ. 21 (1953). Faust, Martin L. (ed.) Organization Manual for the Missouri Constitution;il Monsma, George N. Constitutional Convention of 1943. Columbia: Statewide Comm. for Rev. Const. (1943). Reasouable Time for Ameudment-R ·Feiblemau, H. V. A Neglected Method of Constitutional Amendment. 6 Fla. Amendment. 8 Geo. Wa~. Law Rev. St. Bar . ssoc. Law Journ. 262 (1932) . Morris, .M. F. The Fiftee1cth Amendm Field, Oliver P. T he Doctrine of Political Questions in t he F ederal Courts. No. Am. Rev. 82 (1909) . 8 Minn. Law Rev. 485 {1924). .Morse, H. N. May an Amendment to Finch, George .A. The .Amendment: The Case for The Association. constitutional. 10 Ala. Lr,w 199 (i949 38 Amer. Bar Assoc. Journ. 467 (1952). ~Ioseley, Raymond H. The' Limited co· Frank, John P. Political Questions, set out in Supreme Court and Supreme La"!\·, Rev. 867 (1951). , lndfana Univ. Press, Bloomington, 1954. ::\-Jurdock, James Oliver. ~ onstitutionali Good.uow, Frank W. Judicial Interpretation of Constitutional Provisions. 3 ment with lJnited Nation.s to Establis Acad, Pl;il. Sci. Proc. 49 (1912). States. 15 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 2 (1 Graves, W. B. Unicameral Legislature. 11 Univ. Kan. City Law Rev. 1 {1942). Musmauno, M. H . The Difficulty of Grinnell, Frank W. Finality of State's Ratification of -a Constitutional Amend­ Defect or Asset? 15 Amer. Bar Assoc. ment. 11 Amer. Bar Assoc. Journ. 192 (1925) . Mussman, Michael A. Is the Amendm Grinnell, Frank W. Procedure for Amending Federal Constitution. 28 Amer. Law Rev. 694 (1923) . Bar Journ. 588 (1 942) . · Necessity that Convention to Ratify Pro Hall, James Parker. An Eighteenth Century Constitution-A Comment. 7 Ill. tion be Deliberative. -17 Har. Law Re Law Rev. 285 (1912). • Xeedham, Charles W. Changing the Fu Harvard, William C. The Abortive Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1951. Rev. 223 (1921) . 13 Journ. of Pol. 697 (1951). . Oklahoma Constitutional Studies of the Harvey, Richard S. Phases of the . 15 Georgetown Law Citizens Advisory Committees. H. V. Rev. 324 (1927). Orfield, Lester B. The Frocedure of the H ayes. Raymond E. Re,·olution as a Constitutional Right. 13 Temple Law Qt. Rev. No. 4, 418 (1930). 18 (1938). Orfield, Lester B. The Reform of the A Henderson, Le"l\i s H. Const itut ional Law-Amendments-Child Labor­ 1931); 10 Neb. Law Rev. 350 {1932) . · Validit y of Ratification by a State Which Had Previously Rejected. 17 Neb. Orfield, Lester B. What Should be the Law Bull. 81 {193K). Government. 23 N"eb. Law Rev. 87 (1 Hindman, Wilbert L. Constitutional Research for Revision Project. Packar

Li-ncoln, A. Ratifications by Conventions:· A Discussion of the States to Ratify Pro_posals of a Federal Constitution. 18 Mass. Law Qt. 287 (1933). Lee, Blewett. Abolishing the Senate by· Amendment. 16 Va. Law Rev. 364 (1930). Loeb, T. Constitution by Convention. 33 Nat. Mun. Rev. 14 (1944). Mn.chen, Arthur W., Jr. Is the Fifteenth Amendment Void? 23 Harv. Law Rev. 169 (1910). Marburv, William L. The Limitations Upon the Ami;mdiu:; Power. 33 Harv. Law R ev. 223 (1919). · . Marbury, William L. The Nineteenth Amendment and After. 7 Ya. Law Re~·. 1 (1920). . Martig, Ralph R. Amending the Constitution. 35 Mich. Law Rev. 1253 (1937). Martin, Wi!Jjam Logan. A Study of the Amending Power. 39 Amer. Bar Journ. 21 ( 1. fl53). :v[onsma, Gt orp;e N . Constitutioual Law- Amendment of Constitution-· Reasonable Time for Amendment-Ratification After Previous Rejection of Amendment. 8 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 975 (1940). · :'.\forris, M. F. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. 189 No. Am. Rev. 82 (1909). :'.\forse, H. N . May an Amendment to the l7nited States Constitution be Un­ constitu.t;...,nal. 10 Ala. Law 199 (19-19). :'.\loseley, Raymond H. The Limited Constitutional Convention. 21 Tenn. Law 'I Rev. 867 (1951). ,· ~Iurdock, James Oliver. Constitutionality of a Treaty or an Executive Agree­ ment with "C"nited Nations to Establish the "World Capit.al" in the United States. 15 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 2 (1947) . _ Iusmanno, M. H. The Difficulty of Amending Our Federal Constitution: Defect or Asset? 15 Amer. Bar Assoc. Journ. 505 (1929). :-fussman, Michael A. Is the Amendment Process Too Difficult? 57 Amer. Law Rev. 694 (1023). ~ ecessity that Convention to Ratify Proposed Amendment to Federal Constitu- t ion be D eliberative. 47 Har. Law Rev. 130 (1933). . X eedham, Charles W. Changing the Fundamental Law. 69 Univ. Penn. Law Rev. 223 (1921 ). Okl~oma Constitutional Studies of the Oklahoma Constitutional Survev and · Citize.!15 Ad\isory Committees. H. V. Thornton, Director, Okla. City: ·1950. Orfi~ld, Le,t~r B. T he Procedure of t he Federal Amending Power. 25 Ill. Law Rev. Xo. 4, -!1 8 (1930). Orfield, Le:S ter B. T he Reform of the Amending Power. 10 N. C. Law Rev. 16 1931) ; 10 Xeb. Law Rev. 350 (1932). · Orfield, I.ester B. What Should be the Function of States in Our System of Government. 23 Neb. Law Rev. 87 (1944). · Packard, Frank E . Rescinding Memorialization Resolutions, 30 Chicago-Kent Law Rev. 339 (1952) . Packard, Frank E. Legal Facets of the Income Tax Rate Limitation Program, 30 Chicago-Kent La.v Rev. 128 (1952) . . Packard, F. E . "\Vill the Future Statehood of and Affect Pending · Federal Amendatory Matter? 57 Dick. Law Rev. 142 (1953)s. Papers on . Constitutional Revision. 2 vols. Knoxville: Bur. Pub. Admin. Univ, Tenn. (1947). Perlman, Philip B. The Vote on a Constitutional Convention. Baltimore•' Daily Record, March 19, 1931. Phillips, Herbert S. Has the Congress the Power Under Article V of the Con­ stitution to Call and Regulate the Holding of Ratifying Conventions Inde­ pendent of State Legislature? 6 Fla. St. Bar Assoc. Journ. 573, 1933. Pillsbury, Albert E. The Fifteenth Amendment. 16 Me. St. Bar Assoc. Proc: 17 (1909) . Platz, William A. Article Five of the Federal Constitution. 3 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 17 (1934) . Potter, William P. The Method of Amending the Federal Constitution. 57 Univ. of Pa. Law Rev. 589 (1909). · Powell, Walter R. Constitutional La,-..~Amendments to the Federal Constitu-. . tion-Validity of Resolution of State Legislature Ratifying Child Labor' Ame.ndment. 6 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 218 0938) . Powers of Constitutional Convention. 7 Col. Law Rev. 611 (1909). ,Quarles, James. Amendments to the Federal Constitution. 26 Amer. Bar .Assoc. Jour11. 617 ( 1940). 110 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

Raymond, Anan. Revolutions and the Profession. Amer. Bar Assoc. Journ. 859 PUBLIC DOCUM (1932} . Reese, \Y. F. Why and How a Constitutional Convention for Louisiana. 1 La. - Argentina, Colecc\6n de Leves ~ao!ouale Bar .Journ. 21 (1921). Argentina, Colecc16n de Leves Nac1ona.le Reeves, J. E. Amending and Revising State Constitutions. 35 Ky. Law Journ. Department of State Bulletin, vol. 26, p. 119 (1947). Treatv and Law Under the Constituti Reppy, A. Survey.of New York Constitutional Law. 22 New York Univ. Law El Salvador, Constitution (1886) . Qt. 523 (1947). El Salvador, Constitution (1950). Rich, Bennett M. Convention or Commission. 37 Nat. Mun. Rev. 133 (1948) . · Guatemala, Decree No. 86 (September?, Rich, Bennett M . Pevision by Commission. 40 Nat. Mun. Rev. 201 (1951). Guatemala, Decree No. 134 (October 2;,, Riot-Acts of Violence by Two of Unlawful Assembly Constitute "Riot". 13 Illinois, Laws of Illil}ois (1861) . Va. Law Rev. 329 (1927). New York, McKinny's Consolidated La Rottschaefer, Henry. Legal Theory and the Practice of Law. 10 Minn. Law New York,.Laws of New York (1789). Rev. 382 (1926). Maryland, House Journal (1939). Russell, Denver L. Constitutional Law- Political Issue-Equal Protection of Mont-a.na, House Journal (1951) . Laws -Direct Election of Senators. 19 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 216 (1950). New Jersey, Acts of 1866. Saye, lbert B. Georgia's Proposed New Constitution. 39 Amer. Pol. Sci. New Jersey, Acts of l868 . .. Rev. ,159 (1945). Ohio, Laws of Ohio 1861). Saye, Albert B. Trial Run on the New Amending Process. 18 Ga. Bar Journ. Ohio, Laws of Ohio (1867). 425 (1956). Ohio, Laws of Ohio (1868). Scheips, P. J. Significance and Adoption of Article V of the Constitution. 26 Pennsylvania., Session Lawn (1943). Notre Dame Lawyer 46 (1950). State Constitutions (currentlv in force): She ton, C. G. Can the State Legislature Alone Call a Constitutional Conven­ Ala.ha.ma. clause 18 l sec. 286. - tion , 10 Temp. Law Qt. 25 (1935) . Arizona. clause 21, see. 2. Sims, Cecil. The Limited Constitutional Convention in Tennessee. 21 Tenn. Colorado clause 19, sec. 1. Law Rev. 1 (1949). Delaware clause 16, ~c. 2.' · Skinner, George D . Intrinsic Limitations on the Power of Constitutional Amend­ Florida. clause 17, sec. 2. ment. 18 Mich. Law Rev. 213 (1920). Georgia clause 13, sec. 1. Smith. J as. Barclay. Studies in the Adequacy of the Constitution. Los Angeles: Idaho clause 20, sec. 3. 1939. Illinois clause 14, sec. 1. Sprague, R. J . Shall We Have a F ederal Constitutional Convention and What Iowa. clause 10, sec. 3. Shall It Do? 3 Maine Law Rev. 115 (1910) . Kansas.clause 14, sec. 2. Stahr. E. J., Jr. Constitution Review Commission of Kentucky. 39 Ky. Law · Kentucky sec. 258. J uurn. 466 (1952). Maine clause 4, sec. 3. Stephens, H. W. Constitutional Conventions. Ga. Bar Assoc. 219 (1931). Maryland clause 14, s.ec. 2. St111 deva.nt, Emerson S. What is the Status of the Child Labor Amendment? Michigan clause 1 'i', ec. 4. 2r\ Georgetown Law Journ. lOi (1937). . clause 14, sec. 2. Sturm. Albert L. l\1ethods of State Const-itutional R eform. Ann Arbor: Mich. Missouri clause 15, sec. 3. l" niv. Press, 1954. New Hampshire 'clause 99. Tanger. Jacob. Amending Procedure of the F ederal Constitution. 10 Amer. New York clause 14, sec. 2. Pol. Sci. Rev. 689 ( 1926). Ohio clause 16, ec. 2. T hompson, James Westfall. Anti-Loyalist Legislation During the American State Constitutions (superseded or re Re,·olution. 3 Ill. Law Rev. 81 (1908). · . Dela.war~ Constitution ( 1770) . . · Thvm,011 . .:\Ieldrim, Jr. Amending the Constitution. 42 Law Notes No. 1 9 Florida., vonstitutlon (18-%). (1938). ' ' Georgia., Constitution (1777). · Tol~toi. Leo. Right of Revolution. 5 New Rev. 57. Maryland; Constitution (1776). Tuller. Walter K A Convention to Amend the Constitution-Why Needed­ Massachusetts, Constitution (1780 _l~ow It :\!ay be Obtained. 193 No. Amer. R ev. 369 (1911) . Missouri, Constitution (1875). " :mfeld, Abra.ham C. Power of Congress Over State Ratifying Conventions. New Hampshire. Constitution (17 _;i i Han·. Law Rev. 473 -(1938); New Yor:k, Constitution (1777). '\\_ ,•ston, ~Ielville Fuller. Political Questions. 38 Harv. Law R ev. 296 (1925). New York, Constitution (1821).· "ht·1Mr: Wayne B. The Constitutionality of the Constitution is not a. Justiciable New York, Constitution (1846) . _Qurshon._ 90 Cent. Law Journ. 152 (1920). Pennsylvania, Constitution (1776) . \\ het•ler. \\ ayne B. Is a Constitutional Convention Impending? 21 Ill. Law South Carolina, Constitution (177 . Hy,·. 782 (1927). . Tennessee, Constitution (18i0). W h!t e. Howard. Ohio Program Commission Studies State Constitution. 39 , Constitu.tion (1777). _:\_:i t. Mun. Rev. 142 (1950) . . Texas, Senate Journal (1943), 48th Re \\_!11~1• •. Justin ~- Is There a.n Eighteenth Amendment? 5 Corn. Law Qt. (1920). U. S. Code, Title 18 (1952 ed.). \\ 1ll)am~, G. \\ . Are There Any Limitations on the Power to Amen.d the Con­ U. S., .Congress, Congressional Record, .:'t\11111011? 5 T emp. Law Qt. 554 (1931). U. S., Congress, 1st Cong., 1st Sess. (1 \\ ilh:uns. Henry N. The Calling of a Limited Constitutional Convention. U. S., Congress, House, 1st Cong., 1st .~l- Tl·nn. _Law Rev. 249 (1950). U.S., Congress, Senate, 22d Cong., 2d \\}li\~~ir F.. Constitution Ma.king in 1935-1936. 22 Wash. Univ. La~ Qt. 206 U. S., Congress, Senate, 36th Cong._, 2d U. S., Congress, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., 1 WiLlli, . H. E. Doctrine of Amendability of United States Constitution. 7 hid. U. S., Congress, House, H. Doc. 353, nw J our11. 457·(1932). Herman V. The Proposed Amend States During the First Century of I FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 111

PUBLIC DOCUl\ilENTS •AND LAWS Argentina, Colecci6n de Leves N acionales, II, 271. Argentina, Colecci6n de Leves Nacionales, XI, 339. Department of State Bulletin, vol. 26, p. 371, March 10, 1952. lVlyers, Denys P . .Treaty and Law Under the Constitution. El Salvador, Constitution (1886). El Salvador, Constitution (1950) . Guatemala, Decree No. 86 (September 21, 1954). Guatemala, Decree No. 134 (October 25, 1954). lllinois, Laws of Illinois (1861). • New York, Mc Kinny's Consolidated Laws of New York. New York, Laws of New York (1789) . Maryland, House Journal (1939). · Montana, ouse Journal (1951). New J ersey, Acts of 1866. New Jersey, Acts of 1868. Ohio, Laws of Ohio 1861) . Ohio, Law, of Ohio (1867) . Ohio, Law · of Ohio ( 1868). Pennsylvania, Session Laws (1943). State Constitutions (currently in force): All!. ama clause 18, sec. 286. Arizona clause 21, sec. 2. Colorado clause 19, sec. 1. Delaware clause 16, sec. 2. Florida clause 17, sec. 2. Georgia clause 13, sec. 1. Idaho clause 20, sec. 3. Illinois clause 14, sec. 1. Iowa clause 10, sec. 3. Ks.nsas clause 14, sec. 2. Kentucky sec. 258. ::\la.ine clause 4, sec. 3 . . faryland clause 14, sec. 2. ::\lichigan clause 17, sec. 4. :'-li.nnesota clause 14, sec. 2. Missouri clause 15, sec. 3. Kew Hampshire clause 99. Kew York clause 14, sec. 2. . Ohio clause 16, sec. 2. State Const itutions (superseded or repealed) : Delaware). Constitution (1776). Florida, v onstitution (1 5). Georgill, Constitution (1777). Maryland, Constitution (1776) . :Massachusetts, Constitution (1780). Missouri, Constitution (1875). New Hampshire,. Constitution (1784). New York, Constitution (1777). :Kew York, Constitution (1821). ,i, New York, Constitution (1846). Pennsylvania, Constitution (1776) . South Carolina, Constitution (1778). Tennessee, Constitution (1870). Vermont, Constitution (1777). Texas, Senate Journal (1943), 48th Reg. Sess. U. S. Code, Title 18 (1952 ed.). U.S., Congress, Congressional Record, vols. 46;74, 76 91, 98. U. S., Congress, 1st Cong., 1st Bess. (1789) Annals of 6ongress. U. S., Congress, House, 1st Cong., 1st Sess., 1789, House Journal. U. S., Congress, Senate, 22d Cong., 2d Sess., 1833, Senate Journal. U. S., Congress, Senate, 36th Cong., 2d Sess., 1861, Senate Journal. U. S., Congress, 40th Cong., 2d Sess., 1869. Congressional Globe. U. S., Congress, House, H. Doc. 353, pt. 2, 54th Cong., 2d Sess., 1897. Ames, • Herman V. The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History. 112 FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION· l · U. S., Congress, Senate, 61st Cong., 2d Sess., 1909, S. Doc. 417. Sutherland, George. The Internal and External Powers of the National Government. l U.S., Congress, Senate, 69th Cong., 1st Sess,:., 1926, S. Doc. 93. Proposed Amend- ments to the Constitution of the United .::;tates. · · u: S., Congress, House, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 1929, H : Doc. 551, Proposed Amendments to the Constitution. ·u. S., Congress, Senate, 71st Cong., 2d Sess., 1930, S. Doc. 78. Federal Constitu- tional Convention. · U. S. Congress, House, 76th Cong., 1st sess., '1939, Congressional Record, p. 134, · 2420. . U. S., Congress, Senate, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., 1940, S. Doc. 314. Myers, Denys P. The Process of Constitutional Amendment. U. S., Congress, Senate, 1941. Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the Unitec States. U. S., C,,ngre:::s, House Committee on the .Judiciary, Problems Relating to St:lte Applications for a Convention to Propose Constitutional Limitations on Federal Tax Rates, 82d Cong., 2d sess., 1952. , · U. S., Congress, House, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 1952.,i. Committee on the Judiciary, Problfms Relating to State Applications for a vonvention to Propose Con3ti­ tutio11al Lin~itation on Federal T ax Rates. · U.S., Congress, Senate, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 1953, S. Doc. 170. Constitution of · the u·nited States of America. U. S., Congress, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 1953, S. J . Res. 1. U. S., Congress, House, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 1953, H. Doc. 210, How Our Laws Are Made. · U. S., Congress, House, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 1953, H: Doc. 211, The Ullited States Constitution. . U. S., Congress, Senate. Dulles, John Foster. Hearings Before Senate Judid.ary Subcommittee on S. J. Res. 1. 83d Cong., Ap:-il 6, 1953. U.S., Congress, House, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., 1954, H. J. Res. 568, H. J. Res. 569. U.S., Congress, House, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., 1955, H.J. Res. 168, H. J. Res. 169. U.S. Constitution, Arts. I, II, IV, V, VI, XIV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XX, XXI. U. S., Statutes at Large, vols. 14, 15, 37, 43, 54.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS l Pullen, William R. The Application Clause of the Amending Provision of the Constitution. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C., 1951. · · Zinn, Charles J . The Exercise of the Treaty-Making Power Cannot Affect the Denial or Abridgment of Any Right Enumerated in the Constitution. Unpub- fa,hed S. J. D. disaertion, Georgetown Univ., Washington, D. C., 1954. · ' 0

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