The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

APOLLO COMMAND MODULE

International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Designated , 1992

Rockwell International Corporation Systems Division We choose to go to the in this decade and do the other things,

not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because there is

new knowledge to be gained and new rights to be won,

and they must be won for the of all mankind. . . .

PRESIDENT JOHN F. , 1962

The confines of were expanded on President Kennedy recognized that October 4, 1957, with the launch of the Soviet prestige was real and not simply a public rela- Union’s I, the world’s first artificial tions factor in world affairs. He was frustrated space . American reaction was one of by being second to the Soviets in space. Vice shock in the midst of the . U.S. President Lyndon Johnson was asked to study assumptions of being number one militarily American options in space and determine in and technologically were quickly swept away. what areas the U.S. could beat the Soviets. The value of the educational system, the Johnson submitted a report, less than 2 strength of the military, and the fundamental later, urging approval of a to land a effectiveness of the democratic form of gov- man on the moon. ernment came into question. Early U.S. Kennedy initially had reservations, but attempts to match the Soviet space feat ended the enthusiastic response to ’s in failure, adding to the unease. Mercury Freedom 7 on May 5, 1961, The entered the Space convinced him it was time for such a commit- Age on , 1958, with the launch of ment. In a speech before a joint session of Explorer I. The Soviets, however, continued Congress on , 1961, Kennedy issued to dominate in this undeclared “” the challenge: with larger and . In response “I believe this nation should commit to great public pressure, President Eisenho- itself to achieving the goal, before this wer signed the bill creating the National Aero- decade is out, of a man on the nautics and Space Administration (NASA) in moon and returning him safely to July 1958. NASA’s mandate was to develop earth.” America’s aeronautical and potential for the “benefit of all mankind.” Project was born. What followed was one of the most highly technical peace- The goal of , time programs ever undertaken by the United announced in the fall of 1958, was to launch States. It required a combined effort of gov- an American into . But the ernment, industry, and academia that, at its Soviets were first again, when cosmonaut Yuri peak, involved over 350,000 people and over Gagarin became the first human to orbit the 20,000 companies throughout the country. earth on April 12, 1961. Three days later, the Kennedy’s challenge was met just over 8 years failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs later, , 1969, when the lunar occurred. American prestige in the world was module Eagle landed on the moon’s Sea of at a low. Tranquillity and the crew was returned safely to earth on July 24, 1969. 1

PROJECT APOLLO

Project Apollo, which followed the Mercury COMMAND APOLLO MODULE and Gemini programs, was the culmination of SPACECRAFT (CM) 82 FT NASA’s manned space flight program to land American on the moon. The objec- ADAPTER tive was to send a three-man Apollo spacecraft to the moon and into , land two of

THIRD STAGE the three men on the moon in the lunar mod- (S-IVB) ule while the third remained in orbit, return the lunar explorers to the orbiting spacecraft,

BOOST and then return all three men safely to earth. PROTECTIVE COVER The entire trip, from launch to earth landing, would last between 8 to 10 days. COMMAND SECOND STAGE MODULE The major challenge of the program V (S-II) LAUNCH was to develop the Apollo spacecraft and the 281 FT Saturn that would perform the SERVICE mission. These elements consisted of three MODULE integral parts: the command and service mod- ule (CSM), the lunar module (LM), and the launch vehicle (Figure 1).

FIRST STAGE (S-IC)

ADAPTER THE APOLLO SPACECRAFT

LUNAR MODULE The 82-foot Apollo spacecraft was the entire structure that sat atop the Saturn V launch vehicle (Figure 2). It had five distinct parts:

SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE APOLLO SPACECRAFT the command module (CM), the service mod- Figure 1 Figure 2 ule (SM), the lunar module, the launch escape system, and the spacecraft-lunar module Saturn V and Apollo Spacecraft adapter. Of these, the integrated CSM was the

Overall height 363 ft Height 24 ft 9 in. core of the Apollo spacecraft; and the CM, the Overall launch weight 6.4 million lb Diameter 12 ft 10 in. only part to splash down on earth, is the his- Launch weight 54,160 lb toric engineering landmark. Launch Escape System Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter November 28, 1961, NASA awarded Height 33 ft Diameter 3 ft Height 28 ft the basic Apollo spacecraft CSM contract to Weight 9,000 lb Diameter 12 ft 10 in. (top) the Space Division of North American Avia- 21 ft 8 in. (bottom) tion (now known as ). Command Module Weight 54,000 lb Project Apollo was managed by the Office of Height 10 ft 7 in. Lunar Module Diameter 12ft 10 in. Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters, Launch weight 12,800 lb Height 23 ft 1 in. (legs extended) Washington, D.C. The Apollo Spacecraft pro- Diameter 31 ft (diagonal) gram was directed by NASA’s Johnson weight 36,200 lb Center (then known as the Manned Spacecraft Center) in , . 2

laboratory, radio station, kitchen, bedroom, COMMAND MODULE bathroom, and den. In flight, the cabin was air-conditioned to a comfortable 70 to 75 degrees. The was 100-percent The CM was the control center for the space- , pressurized to 5 pounds per square craft, the living and working quarters for the inch (psi), which is about one third of sea-level three-man crew. It was the only part of the pressure (14.7 psi). spacecraft that returned to earth, separating The crew compartment was a sealed from the SM just before . cabin with a habitable volume of 210 cubic The CM stucture consisted of two feet. Pressurization and temperature were shells: an inner crew compartment (pressure maintained by the environmental control sub- vessel) and an outer . The outer system. In the compartment were couches, shell was stainless-steel honeycomb between controls and displays for spacecraft operation, stainless-steel sheets. It was covered on the and all the other equipment needed by the outside with ablative material of varying thick- crew, packed in a number of bays. There were ness that charred and dissipated in the heat of also two hatches and five windows. reentry. The interior of the CM was lined with The inner pressurized shell was alumi- equipment bays containing all of the items num honeycomb between aluminum needed by the crew for up to 14 days, as well sheets. A layer of insulation separated the two as the equipment and needed for shells. This construction made the CM as light spacecraft operation. The lower bay was the as possible yet rugged enough to withstand largest and contained the most critical the stresses of acceleration during launch, equipment–the navigation station, telecom- possible strikes by , deceleration munication subsystem electronics, electrical during entry into earth’s atmosphere, and the power subsystem, and stowage for food, per- impact of . sonal hygiene, and other supplies. Inside the CM was a compact but effi- The left-hand equipment bay contained ciently arranged combination cockpit, office, the environmental control subsystem. The right-hand bay contained the waste manage- ment system controls and electrical power equipment. The right-hand forward and aft bays housed other mission components. Interior of the CM had three compartments. Shown here is The two-shell construction created two the crew compartment, which other compartments: forward and aft. The for- provided 210 cubic feet of ward compartment was the area around the pressurized living space. forward docking tunnel. It was separated from the crew compartment by a bulkhead and cov- ered by the forward heat shield. The compart- ment was divided into four 90-degree seg- ments that contained earth landing equipment. The aft compartment was located between the CM pressure vessel and the heat shield, around the periphery of the CM at its Following the fatal accident widest part. The compartment was divided during the ground simulation, the main hatch into 24 bays containing ten reaction control was redesigned to open out- engines; the fuel, oxidizer, and tanks ward for quick egress. for the CM reaction control subsystem; water tanks, and a number of instruments, valves, regulators, and related equipment. 3

SERVICE MODULE DOCKING TUNNEL

EARTH LANDING EQUIPMENT FORWARD COMPARTMENT The SM served as the storehouse for critical BULKHEAD REACTION CONTROL PITCH ENGINES STRINGER subsystems and supplies that were either used MAIN DISPLAY INSULATION CONSOLE or controlled by the CM. The SM was SPACE CREW ACCESS attached to the aft portion (heat shield) of the ABLATIVE HATCH MATERIAL STAINLESS STEEL RENDEZVOUS WINDOW CM from launch until just prior to entry into HONEYCOMB MAINTENANCE earth’s atmosphere, when it was jettisoned. ALUMINUM PANELS HONEYCOMB REACTION The SM contained the spacecraft’s ser- COMPARTMENT CONTROL ROLL EQUIPMENT ENGINES vice system (SPS), with its 20K

WIRE thrust engine and tanks. The SPS BUNDLE was used to make midcourse corrections, REACTION CONTROL YAW ENGINES REACTION CONTROL PITCH ENGINES brake for lunar orbit, return from the moon,

POTABLE WATER TANK REACTION CONTROL and decelerate for reentry, whereupon it was ROLL ENGINES jettisoned. The SPS propellant consisted of COMMAND M 0 D U L E hypergolics– plus unsymmetrical Dimensions Major Subsystems dimethylhydrazine as fuel and nitrogen tetrox- Height 10 ft 7 in. Communications ide as the oxidizer. When the fuel and oxi- Diameter 12 ft 10 in. Earth landing dizer mixed, ignition occurred without the Weight (including crew) 12,800 lb Electrical power Weight (splashdown) 11,700 lb Environmental control need for oxygen. These corrosive fuel lines, as Guidance and navigation well as other lines, were purged with helium Propellant Launch escape before reentry. Reaction control Reaction control subsystem 270 lb (fuel–monomethylhydrazine; Service propulsion The SM also contained a major portion Stabilization and control oxidizer–nitrogen tetroxide) Thermal protection (heat shields) of the electrical power subsystem, oxygen and cryogenic storage, fuel cells, envi-

ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSYSTEM ronmental control subsystem, and reaction RADIATORS control subsystem as well as a portion of the REACTION CONTROL communication subsystem. These subsystems SUBSYSTEM QUAD were housed in six wedge-shaped sections arranged around the SPS thrust structure. SCIMITAR ANTENNA Although the SM was strictly a servicing

24 FT 9 IN. unit of the Apollo spacecraft, it was more than twice as long and, when fueled, more than 12 FT 10 IN. four times as heavy as the CM. Nearly 80 per-

ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR 2 SERVICE PROPULSION AND SYSTEM cent of the SM weight was in SPS propellant. CONTROL SUBSYSTEM RADIATOR SECTOR 3 } OXlDIZER TANKS SECTOR 4 OXYGEN TANKS. HYDROGEN TANKS. FUEL CELLS SECTORS 5 SERVICE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM SERVICE SECTOR 6 FUEL TANKS PROPULSION ENGINE } ZOZZLE EXTENSION CENTER SECTION—SERVICE PROPULSION ENGINE AND HELIUM TANKS S E R V I C E M 0 D U L E

Dimensions Major Subsystems Height 24 ft 9 in. Electrical power Diameter 12 ft 10 in. Environmental control Weight (loaded) 54,160 lb Reaction control Weight (less ) 13,469 lb Service propulsion Telecommunications The Apollo CM and SM Propellant are mated and hoisted SPS fuel 15,660 lb An SM panel could be removed for fit check on lunar SPS oxidizer 25,030 lb pyrotechnically to expose scientific adapter RCS 1,250 lb experiments to space. 4

In all, the astronauts spent a total of 33 THE MISSION hours and 31 minutes on the lunar surface. There were two moon walks, or EVAs (extra- vehicular activities), that totaled 9 hours and The Apollo 14 CM, the designated landmark, 24 minutes. The astronauts collected 94 was launched January 31, 1971. The three- pounds of lunar material to be used for 187 man crew consisted of Alan B. Shepard, com- in the U.S. and 14 foreign countries. mander, Edgar D. Mitchell, lunar module The CM Kitty Hawk splashed down in , and Staurt A. Roosa, command module the Pacific , 1971, 216 pilot. Apollo 14 was very important in putting hours and 2 minutes after launch. Apollo 14 the moon program back on track following was the third lunar landing, the sixth manned the aborted flight. As a result of the lunar flight of Apollo, and the eighth manned modifications made after Apollo 13 to add Apollo flight. more safety and backup features, Apollo 14 became the heaviest Apollo spacecraft. Designated CSM 110, the Apollo 14 spacecraft was named Kitty Hawk and the APOLLO’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS lunar module was called . The main purpose of the Apollo 14 mission was to inves- tigate the hilly upland region of the The Apollo CSM was the only spacecraft to crater. Antares landed on the lunar surface support successful manned on the February 5, 108 hours and 54 minutes after moon and return its crew safely to earth. After leaving earth. the lunar landing program ended, the Apollo There, astronauts Shepard and Mitchell CSM was adapted to support America’s set up the ALSEP (Apollo lunar surface and the Apollo- rendez- experiments package). This package of exper- vous and docking with the . iments and instruments was left on the moon Between and July 1975, for continued monitoring after the crew there were 15 manned Apollo —9 to the departed. moon with 6 lunar landings, 3 flights to the Skylab space station, and 1 to the Apollo- Soyuz rendezvous. (See summary of flights, p. 6.) Of Apollo’s numerous firsts, some of the more significant are listed below:  First three-man American spacecraft Kitty Hawk, steered by Roosa,  looked like this to Shepard First manned spacecraft to complete a lunar and Mitchell as they orbit and to return crew safely after lunar approached in Antares for landing a reunion in lunar orbit.  First lunar rendezvous with another space- craft (LM)  First American spacecraft to dock success- fully with a space station (Skylab)  First American spacecraft to dock success- fully with a foreign spacecraft (Soyuz) 5

APOLLO’S LEGACY

The Apollo lunar landings are among the greatest engineering and technological achievements of all time. The development of a spacecraft that could make the 8- to 10-day round trip to the moon and protect the astro- nauts from the hostile environment of space required many advances in engineering, mate- rials, and technology. Highly complex envi- ronmental, , guidance, and naviga- tion systems had to be developed. A broad array of integration and checkout programs, and new equipment designed and built to a new standard of safety and reliability, were essential to mission success. These needs spurred advanced develop- ments in computer technology, miniaturiza- tion, microelectronics, materials processing, — propulsion, and medicine. The com- ously focused on one event. President (July 1971). mercial spin-offs from these developments said, in speaking to the Apollo include the microchip processor and 11 astronauts, “For one priceless moment in software design. Other newly developed prod- the whole history of man, all the people on ucts were used by Apollo, such as Teflon, this earth are truly one.” Mylar, and fluorocarbons for fire supression. If there can be only one message that Apollo also made great contributions to best describes Apollo’s meaning, it is that of the . The lunar missions returned 850 Neil : “. . . in the of Apollo, a pounds of rock, 33,000 photos, and 20,000 free and open spirit, you can attack a very dif- reels of magnetic tape data. They taught us ficult goal and achieve it if you can all agree more about the moon than all previous earth- on what that goal is . . . and that you will work based studies combined. We now know the together to achieve it.” moon’s age, its gross structure, its internal temperature, and much about its composition. The was born out of cold-war tension. Its success restored faith and pride in America during a very turbulent period of civil and social change, and helped bring the nations of the world a little closer together. Nearly 1.5 billion people witnessed the Apollo 11 moon walk via satellite. Never before had so many people been simultane- 6

Apollo 12. Second manned lunar landing, SUMMARY OF APOLLO MANNED FLIGHTS and second before the end of the decade. Investigated lunar surface environment and obtained samples. Crew: Charles Con- rad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr., Alan L. Bean. . First manned Apollo. Demonstrated Launched , 1969, with a Saturn V. ability of CSM spacecraft crew, and Manned Duration: 10.2 days. Space Flight Network to conduct earth orbital mission. Crew: Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Donn F. Apollo 13. Manned lunar landing mission to Eisele, R. . Launched Octo- investigate Fra Mauro area of moon. Landing ber 11, 1968, with a Saturn IB. Mission dura- aborted after failure of service module oxygen tion 10.8 days. tank; astronauts returned safely. Crew: James A. , John L. Swigert, Fred W. Haise. Jr. . First manned lunar orbital mis- Launched April 11, 1970, with a Saturn V. Dura- sion. Demonstrated CSM and crew tion: 8.9 days. in cislunar and lunar orbit. Crew: Frank Bor- man, James A. Lovell, Jr., William A. . Apollo 14. Third manned lunar landing. Launched , 1968, with a Saturn V Investigated hilly upland region north of Fra (first manned Saturn V launch). Duration: 6.1 Mauro crater and returned 96 pounds of lunar days. soil. Crew: Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell. Launched January 31, . Second earth orbital mission; first 1971, with a Saturn V. Duration: 9 days. manned flight of lunar module. Evaluated crew operation of LM; demonstrated docking Apollo 15. First of three lunar landing mis- functions with CSM in earth orbit. Crew: James sions with greatly expanded capability for A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, Russell L. scientific investigations (J missions). One bay Schweickart. Launched , 1969, with a of the Apollo spacecraft service module con- Saturn IB. Duration: 10.1 days. tained two cameras for mapping the lunar sur- face and instruments to measure x-ray, gamma- . First lunar orbit flight of com- ray, and alpha particle flux, the density and plete spacecraft (CSM and LM). Demonstrated composition of the lunar atmosphere, magnetic LM rendezvous and CSM docking in lunar gravi- fields, and the lunar . The was tational field; confirmed all aspects of lunar land- first used to explore the moon’s surface on this ing mission except descent to lunar surface. mission. Crew: David R. Scott, Alfred M. Wor- Crew: Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, den, Jr., James B. Irwin. Launched , Eugene A. Cernan. Launched May 18, 1969, 1971, with a Saturn V. Duration: 12.3 days. with a Saturn V. Duration: 8 days. Apollo 11. First lunar landing. Met national . Second lunar landing mission objective of landing men on the moon and with scientific instrument module in the returning them safely to earth before end of dec- Apollo service module. Continued photo- ade. Obtained data on capabilities and limita- graphic mapping and scientific experiments tions of astronauts on lunar surface; returned from lunar orbit; while on the surface, used samples from lunar surface; left package lunar rover to extend exploration to 27.1 kilo- to return data to earth after departure. Crew: meters (16.8 miles). Crew: John W. Young, T. Neil A. Armstrong, Michael , Edwin E. Kenneth Mattingly II, Charles M. Duke, Jr. , Jr. Launched , 1969, with a Sat- Launched April 16, 1972, with a Saturn V. Dura- urn V. Duration: 8.1 days. tion: 11.1 days. 7

Apollo 17. Last Apollo lunar mission: pro- Joseph P. Kerwin. Launched May 25, 1973, with duced more scientific information than any a Saturn IB. Duration: 28 days. Apollo flight. Continued mapping from lunar orbit and gathered data on surface and . An Apollo CSM spacecraft carried subsurface features to a depth of 1 kilometer the second crew to Skylab. The astronauts with a variety of scientific instruments. Traveled continued the experiments and observations of 36.1 kilometers (22.4 miles) with lunar rover; the first crew, and started new ones. Crew: Alan collected record of 249 pounds of soil and rock L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, Owen K. Garriott. samples. Crew: Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Launched July 28, 1973, with a Saturn IB. Dura- Evans, Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt (first of the tion: 59.5 days. NASA scientist-astronauts to fly). Launched . The third and last Skylab crew December 7, 1972, with a Saturn V. Duration: traveled to and from Skylab in an .6 days. CSM spacecraft. The crew’s work with experi- ments and observations was so successful that Skylab 1. Unmanned launch of Skylab (Sat- the mission was extended 4 weeks. Crew urn S-IVB workshop) into earth orbit. returned with 20,500 photographs of earth and Shortly after launch, a portion of the micro- 47 kilometers (29 miles) of data on recording shield and one solar panel were torn tape. Crew: Gerald P. Carr, William R. Pogue, off, and the other solar panel was jammed Edward G. Gibson. Launched November 10, closed. Launched May 14, 1973, with a two- 1973, with a Saturn IB. Duration: 84 days. stage Saturn V. Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. World’s first inter- . An Apollo CSM spacecraft carried national manned space mission, linking an three astronauts to an orbital rendezvous Apollo CSM spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz with Skylab for its first occupancy. Crew spacecraft in earth orbit to test rendezvous and repaired the damaged vehicle in orbit, checked docking techniques and conduct joint experi- its habitability, and began series of scientific ments. Crew: Thomas P. Stafford, Donald K. experiments and observations of earth and solar Slayton, Vance D. Brand. This last use of the system. Crew: Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul J. Weitz, Apollo spacecraft took place , 1975.

Bibliography

Baker, David. The History of Manned . New York: Crown Publishers (1981). Bilstein, Roger. Stages to Saturn. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1980). Hurt, Harry. For All Mankind. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press (1988). Lowman, Paul. “The Apollo Program: Was it Worth it?” World Resources (Aug. 1975), pp. 291-302. McDougall, Walter. The Heavens and the Earth. New York: Basic Books (1985). Rabinowitch, Eugene, and Richard Lewis, ed. Man on the Moon: The Impact on Science, Technology, and International Cooperation. New York: Basic Books (1969). Wilford, John. We Reach the Moon. New York: Bantam Books (1969). Yenne, Bill. The, Encyclopedia of U.S. Spacecraft. New York: Bison Books (1987). 8

ASME History and Heritage Program

The ASME History and Heritage Recognition engineering. Site designations note an event Program began in September 1971. To imple- or development of clear historical importance ment and achieve its goals, ASME formed a to mechanical engineers. Collections mark History and Heritage Committee, initially the contributions of a number of objects with composed of mechanical engineers, historians special significance to the historical develop- of technology, and (ex-officio) the curator of ment of mechanical engineering. mechanical engineering at the Smithsonian The ASME History and Heritage Pro- Institution. The committee provides a public gram illuminates our technological heritage service by examining, noting, recording, and and serves to encourage the preservation of acknowledging mechanical engineering the physical remains of historically important achievements of particular significance. works. It provides an annotated roster for The Apollo spacecraft is the 36th Inter- engineering students, educators, historians, national Historic Mechanical Engineering and travelers. It helps establish persistent Landmark to be designated. Since the ASME reminders of where we have been and where History and Heritage Program began, 151 we are going along the divergent paths of dis- Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks, covery. 6 Mechanical Engineering Heritage Sites, and The History and Heritage Committee is 3 Mechanical Engineering Collections have part of the ASME Council on Public Affairs been recognized. Each reflects its influence and the Board of Public Information. For fur- on society in its immediate locale, nationwide, ther information, please contact the Public or throughout the world. Information Department, American Society of An ASME Landmark represents a pro- Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, gressive step in the evolution of mechanical New York, NY 10017, (212) 705-7740.

INTERNATIONAL HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK

APOLLO COMMAND MODULE 1968-1972 Apollo was the vehicle that first transported humans to the moon and safely back to earth. Nine lunar flights were made between 1968 and 1972. The command module, built by (at the time of launch, North American Rockwell Corporation), accommodated three astronauts during the mission. It was the only portion of the Apollo spacecraft system designed to withstand the intense heat of atmospheric reentry at 25,000 mph and complete its mission intact. This command module flew as Apollo 14 in 1971.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 1992 9

Acknowledgments

The Los Angeles Section of the American ASME Los Angeles Section Society of Mechanical Engineers gratefully Sang H. Lee, P.E., chairman acknowledges the efforts of all who contrib- Edmund C. Baroth, vice chairman uted to the designation of the Apollo space- Paul Biba, P.E., secretary craft as an International Historic Mechanical Asuquo Attah, treasurer Engineering Landmark. Particular thanks are extended to David Sutherland, Al Ogram, and the staff of Rockwell International’s Space NASA Systems Division who produced this brochure George M. Low and who provided the financial support neces- sary to make this designation possible. The Aaron Cohen Los Angeles Section would also like to thank Diane Kaylor of ASME Public Information Christopher C. Kraft, Jr and Lynden Davis, director of the ASME Rocco A. Petrone Western Regional Office, for their encourage- Robert R. Gilruth ment, guidance, and suggestions in organiz- James A. McDivitt ing this event. Neil A. Armstrong Kurt H. Debus American Society of Mechanical Engineers Joseph A. Falcon, P.E., president Rockwell International Charles Howard, vice president, Region IX Donald R. Beall George I. Skoda, P.E., Region IX History and Heritage Committee Sam F. Iacobellis Thomas D. Pestorius, senior vice president, Robert G. Minor Council on Public Affairs Harrison A. Storms Lorraine A. Kincaid, P.E., vice president, Dale D. Myers Board of Public Information George W. Jeffs David Belden, P.E., executive director Charles H. Feltz Lynden F. Davis, P.E., director, Western Joseph P. McNamara Regional Office George B. Merrick Thomas J. O’Malley

ASME History and Heritage Committee Euan F.C. Somerscales, chairman Robert M. Vogel, secretary Rockwell and ASME extend a special Robert B. Gaither thank you to Burton Dicht, past chair- R. Michael Hunt, P.E. man, L.A. Section, for his contribution J. Paul Harhnan, P.E. to this brochure. J.L. Lee, P.E. John H. Lienhard Joseph P. Van Overveen, P.E. William Warren, P.E. Richard S. Hartenberg, P.E., emeritus member Carron Garvin-Donohue, staff liaison Diane Kaylor, Special Projects Rockwell International Space Systems Division

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