Importation of Irradiated Mango

United States from Grenada into the United States Department of Agriculture and Territories

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest

January 24, 2019 Risk Assessment

Version 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606

Pest Risk Assessment for mango from Grenada

Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially-produced fruit of mango, (Anacardiaceae), for consumption from Grenada into the United States and Territories.

Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Grenada, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the United States that are known to occur in Grenada (on any host) and to be associated with the commodity plant species (anywhere in the world). Of these, we found two organisms; one (Sternochetus mangiferae) and one fruit fly (Anastrepha obliqua), that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and standard washing practices, and thus are potentially able to follow the pathway.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... i 1. Introduction ...... 3 1.1. Background ...... 3 1.2. Initiating event ...... 3 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity ...... 3 1.4. Description of the pathway...... 3 2. Pest List ...... 4 2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list ...... 4 2.2. Pest list ...... 5 3. Pest List Summary ...... 9 4. Acknowledgements ...... 9 5. Literature Cited ...... 9 6. Appendix: Pests with non-actionable regulatory status ...... 15

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1. Introduction

1.1. Background The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of Science and Technology, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) prepared this document to evaluate the pest risk associated with the importation of commercially-produced fresh mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) for consumption from Grenada into the United States and Territories.

1.2. Initiating event The importation of fruits and vegetables for consumption into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.56. Under this regulation, the entry of mangoes from Grenada into the United States is not authorized. Grenada has previously exported mangoes to the United States, but in 1999, the United States stopped the importation of Grenada mangoes because the mango seed weevil [Sternochetus mangiferae (F.)] became established in Grenada. To reduce the risk associated with the mango seed weevil, Grenada has now proposed to irradiate the mangoes they ship to the United States (Lewis, 2018). This commodity risk assessment was initiated by a request from the Grenada Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment to change the Federal regulation to allow entry of Grenada mangoes (Lewis, 2018).

1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity A weed risk assessment is not needed for mango because the commodity is already grown in the United States.

1.4. Description of the pathway A pathway is “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest” (IPPC, 2016). In the context of this risk assessment, the pathway is the commodity to be imported, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes, prior to its entry into the United States, that may have an impact on pest risk.

In this risk assessment, the specific pathway of concern is the importation of fresh mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) for consumption from Grenada into the United States and Territories. The movement of this commodity provides a potential pathway for the introduction and spread of plant pests.

The following pathway description focuses on the conditions that may affect plant pest risk, including morphological and physiological characteristics of the commodity, as well as processes that the commodity will undergo from production in Grenada up to entry in the United States. These conditions provided the basis for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihoods of entry. Hence, evaluating the likelihood of entry in this risk assessment was contingent upon the application of all components of the pathway as described.

1.4.1. Description of the commodity Mango is a major fruit crop of the tropics and subtropics, particularly in Asia (Mukherjee and Litz, 2009). The mango tree, native to southern Asia, can range in height from 10 to 40 m. The

Ver. 1 January 24, 2019 3 Pest Risk Assessment for Mango from Grenada fruit is a large, fleshy drupe, with great variation in form, size (2.5 to over 30 cm in length), and color, depending on the cultivar (Morton, 1987; Mukherjee and Litz, 2009). For this risk assessment, we considered that only the fruit of the mango (i.e., no other plant parts) would be imported.

1.4.2. Production and harvest procedures in the exporting area Production and harvesting procedures in the exporting area are not being considered as part of the assessment.

1.4.3. Post-harvest procedures in the exporting area Mangoes produced in Grenada will be washed in a hypochlorite solution prior to shipment (Peters, 2018). Post-harvest processing of commercial export-quality mango fruit always involves washing (by hand or machine) to remove sap (Johnson and Hofman, 2009; Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Sap degrades the fruit by causing lesions and rotting (Morton, 1987; Nakasone and Paull, 1998).

1.4.4. Shipping conditions Grenada expects to export approximately 30 shipments, equating to about 360,000 kg, of mangoes to the United States each year. Mangoes will be flown to the United States between April and October (Peters, 2018).

1.4.5. Post-harvest procedures in the importing area Mangoes will be irradiated in certified facilities (Lewis, 2018) after arrival into the United States to treat the mango seed weevil. However, we did not consider irradiation as a factor when determining the pest list.

2. Pest List This pest list is a compilation of all plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the United States and Territories that are present in Grenada (on any host) and associated with Mangifera indica (anywhere in the world). Species on the pest list with a reasonable likelihood of being present on mango at the time of harvest and remaining on the fruit after standard washing procedures could follow the pathway into the United States. Pests are considered to be of regulatory significance if they are actionable at U.S. ports-of-entry. Actionable pests include quarantine pests, regulated non-quarantine pests, pests under official control or considered for official control, and pests that require evaluation for regulatory action.

2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

2.1.1. Pests with weak evidence for association with the commodity or for presence in the export area Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker are present in countries surrounding Grenada; however, we found no evidence that they occur in Grenada. Therefore, we did not include them on the pest list.

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. is present in Grenada (CABI, 1985) and is associated with Mangifera spp. (Watson, 1971) but we were unable to associate this pathogen

Ver. 1 January 24, 2019 4 Pest Risk Assessment for Mango from Grenada specifically with Mangifera indica. The pathogen occurs in the “roots and crowns of hosts” (Watson, 1971). It is unclear if it is restricted to wood. The United States has no port policy for R. bunodes, but the species is present in Hawaii (Rogers and Ju, 2012).

2.1.2. Organisms with non-actionable regulatory status We found evidence of the organisms listed in Appendix A being associated with mango and being present in Grenada; however, because these organisms have non-actionable regulatory status for the United States, we did not include them in Table 1 of this risk assessment.

2.1.3. Wood boring and root-feeding nematodes We did not consider wood boring beetles and root-feeding nematodes for this pest list. Although some organisms in these groups are associated with Mangifera indica and found in Grenada, we determined that members of these groups are unlikely to follow the pathway.

2.2. Pest list In Table 1, we list the actionable pests associated with mango that occur in Grenada. The list comprises those actionable pests that occur in Grenada on any host and are associated with mango, whether in Grenada or elsewhere. For each pest, we indicate 1) the part of the imported plant species with which the pest is generally associated and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated, in viable form, with the commodity following harvest and standard washing practices. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port-of- entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Grenada. Pests in shaded rows may require further evaluation, as we consider them reasonably likely to be associated with the harvested, washed commodity. We summarize the information on these pests in a separate table (Table 2).

Table 1. Actionable pests associated with Mangifera indica (in any country) and present in Grenada (on any host).

Pest name Evidence of Association Plant part On Remarks presence in with Mangifera association1 harvested Grenada indica plant part?2 INSECTA COLEOPTERA Diaprepes Lapointe, Simpson et al., Leaves, roots No Found in the United abbreviatus (L.) 2008 1996 (Lapointe, States (Florida, 2008) Texas, and California) (Lapointe, 2008; Bates et al., 2015).

1 The plant parts listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information has been extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, we note that. 2 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested, washed commodity.

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Pest name Evidence of Association Plant part On Remarks presence in with Mangifera association1 harvested Grenada indica plant part?2 Metamasius Woodruff et Wolcott, 1948 Rotten fruit No This is not hemipterus (L.) al., 1998 (Wolcott, likely to follow 1948) pathway because it feeds on over-ripe or rotten fruit. Reportable only to Hawaii. Rhynchophorus Singh, 1972 Hagley, 1965 Ripened fruit No Ripened mango fruit palmarum (L.) (Hagley, 1965) is not likely to be shipped because it would sustain too much damage during transit. Therefore, this pest is not likely to follow the pathway. Sternochetus Woodruff and Woodruff and Fruit Yes Present in Hawaii mangiferae (F.) Fasulo, 2009 Fasulo, 2009 (Woodruff and (Pope, 1929). Fasulo, 2009) DIPTERA Tephritidae Anastrepha Woodruff et CABI, 2018 Fruit (CABI, Yes obliqua al., 1998 2018) (Macquart) Aphididae Toxoptera López- Michaud, 1998 Shoots, leaves, No Present in Hawaii citricidus Arroyo et al., flower buds (Heu, 2007), Puerto (Kirkaldy) syn.: 2008 (Michaud, Rico, the U.S. Virgin Toxoptera 1998) Islands (Yokomi et citricida al., 1994), and (Kirkaldy) Florida (Halbert and (Stoetzel, 1994) Brown, 1998). Ceroplastes Ben-Dov, Ben-Dov, 1993 Leaves (Kondo No Found in the United stellifer 1993 and Kawai, States (Hamon and (Westwood) syn.: 1995) Williams, 1984); Vinsonia stellifera Actionable only to (Westwood) Guam and American (Hodgson and Samoa (PestID, Peronti, 2012) 2018). Ortheziidae

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Pest name Evidence of Association Plant part On Remarks presence in with Mangifera association1 harvested Grenada indica plant part?2 Praelongorthezia Morrison, Kondo et al., Leaves, fruit No Present in Puerto and praelonga 1925 2013 (Kondo et al., the U.S. Virgin (Douglas) 2013) Islands (Morrison, 1952). Washing the fruit will remove this pest from the pathway. Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus Kairo et al., Mani, 1989 Shoots, No Present in Puerto hirsutus (Green) 2000 flowers, fruit Rico, the U.S. Virgin (Kairo et al., Islands, California 2000) (Kairo et al., 2000), Florida (Hall et al., 2008), Louisiana, Texas, Georgia, and South Carolina (Aristizábal et al., 2012). Washing the fruit will remove this pest from the pathway.

THYSANOPTERA Thripidae Frankliniella Hood, 1925 Rocha et al., 2012 Inflorescence No parvula Hood (Rocha et al., 2012) Thrips palmi Seal et al., Krishnamoorthy Inflorescence No Present in American Karny 2013 and Visalakshi, (Krishnamoort Samoa, Guam, 2012 hy and Puerto Rico, US Visalakshi, Virgin Islands, 2012) Hawaii, Florida (Seal et al., 2013). FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Camillea Minter et al., Minter et al., Wood (Minter No fossulata (Mont.) 2001 2001 et al., 2001) Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley

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Pest name Evidence of Association Plant part On Remarks presence in with Mangifera association1 harvested Grenada indica plant part?2 Earliella scabrosa GBIF, 2018 Gilbertson et al., Wood No Present in Hawaii (Pers.) Gilb. & 2002; Minter et (Gilbertson et and Puerto Rico Ryvarden, syn.: al., 2001 al., 2002; (Martinez, 1973). Trametes Minter et al., scabrosa (Pers.) 2001) G. Cunn. (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Echinostelium Minter et al., Minter et al., Bark (Minter No minutum de Bary 2001 2001 et al., 2001) Ganoderma GBIF, 2018; Minter et al., Wood (Minter No resinaceum Boud. Minter et al., 2001 et al., 2001) 2001 Gloeophyllum GBIF, 2018 Minter et al., Trunk (Minter No striatum (Sw. : 2001; Urtiaga, et al., 2001; Fr.) Murrill 2000 Urtiaga, 2000) Hypoxylon Minter et al., Minter et al., Bark, wood No cyclopicum Speg. 2001 2001 (Minter et al., 2001) Mycena citricolor GBIF, 2018 Minter et al., Leaf (Minter et No Actionable except to (Berk. & M.A. 2001; Wellman, al., 2001; Puerto Rico and the Curtis) Sacc. 1977 Wellman, U.S. Virgin Islands 1977) (PestID, 2018). Present in Florida and Puerto Rico (Stevenson, 1975). Neofusicoccum Minter et al., Ramos et al., Wood, leaves No See note in section ribis (Slippers, 2001 1991; Thaung, (Ramos et al., 2.3. Crous & M.J. 2008 1991), fruit Wingf.) Crous, (Thaung, Slippers & A.J.L 2008) Phillips, syn.: Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Nothopanus GBIF, 2018 Urtiaga, 2000 Wood No eugrammus (Urtiaga, (Mont.) Singer 2000) Perichaena Minter et al., Minter et al., Wood (Minter No depressa Lib. 2001 2001; Urtiaga, et al., 2001; 2000 Urtiaga, 2000) Tubeufia pezizula Minter et al., Minter et al., Wood (Minter No (Berk. & M.A. 2001 2001 et al., 2001) Curtis) M.E. Barr

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2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list Neofusicoccum ribis (synonym Botryosphaeria ribis) is unlikely to follow the pathway. We found only one report of this associated with mango fruit, which is based on literature from 1945 (Thaung, 2008). The age of this reference, without any other reports of the fungus on mango fruit, makes the association between the fungus and commodity questionable. Adding to the uncertainty, B. parvum is one of the most common pathogens of mango and can be mistaken with B. ribis (Slippers et al., 2005). Since B. parvum was described in 1985, it is unclear if the 1945 reference identified B. ribis, or if it could be B. parvum. Therefore, the evidence to show that B. ribis would follow the pathway is weak. Furthermore, N. ribis is only actionable when destined to Puerto Rico (PestID, 2018), but it might not pose a risk to this region since it has already been reported in the territory (Rivera and Cabrera, 2010).

3. Pest List Summary We identified two pests that may require further analysis (Table 2). All of these organisms are actionable pests for some portion of the United States and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity plant part at the time of harvest and remaining with the commodity, in viable form, throughout the harvesting process.

Table 2. Pests that may require further analysis. Pest Scientific name Coleoptera: Curculionidae Sternochetus mangiferae Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha obliqua

4. Acknowledgements

Authors Jarrod Morrice, Risk Analyst - Pathology Sam Kim, Risk Analyst – Entomology

Reviewers Brian J. Kopper, Assistant Director Jose Rodriguez, Risk Analyst - Pathology

5. Literature Cited

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Mamet, R. 1943. A revised list of the Coccoidea of the islands of the western Indian Ocean, south of the equator. The Mauritius Institute Bulletin 2(3):137-170. Mani, M. 1989. A review of the pink mealybug -- Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Insect Science and its Application 10(2):157-167. Martinez, A. P. 1973. Guava Diseases. Miscellaneous Publication 111. Cooperative Extension Service and Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 8 pp. McKenzie, H. L. 1956. The armored scale insects of California. The University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. 209 pp. Michaud, J. 1998. A review of the literature on Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)(Homoptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomologist 81(1):37-61. Miller, D. R. 2005. Selected groups (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in the southern region of the United States. Florida Entomologist 88(4):482-501. Miller, D. R., and J. A. Davidson. 2005. Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 442 pp. Minter, D. W., M. Rodriguez Hernandez, and J. Mena Portales. 2001. Fungi of the Caribbean: An Annotated Checklist. PDMS Publishing, Middlesex, United Kingdom. 946 pp. Morrison, H. 1925. Classification of scale insects of the subfamily Ortheziinae. Journal of Agricultural Research 30(2):97-154. Morrison, H. 1939. Taxonomy of some scale insects of the Parlatoria encountered in plant quarantine inspection work (344). US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. 34 pp. Morrison, H. 1952. Classification of the Ortheziidae. Supplement to "Classification of scale insects of the subfamily Ortheziinae" (Technical Bulletin No. 1052). United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. 80 pp. Morton, J. F. 1987. Mango: Mangifera indica L. Pages 221-239 in J. F. Morton, (ed.). Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resource Systems, Miami, FL. Mukherjee, S. K., and R. E. Litz. 2009. Introduction: botany and importance. Pages 1-18 in R. E. Litz, (ed.). The Mango: botany, Production, and Uses (2nd Edition). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Muniappan, R., B. M. Shepard, G. Watson, G. Carner, D. Sartiami, A. Rauf, and M. Hammig. 2008. First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 25(1):37-40. Nakahara, S. 1981. List of the Hawaiian Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorhyncha). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 23(3):387-419. NIS. 2008. Change in Action Status for Armored Scales (Hemiptera: ) on Material for Consumption. United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection and Quarantine, National Identification Services. PERAL. 2007. Phytosanitary Risks Associated with Armored Scales in Commercial Shipments of Fruit for Consumption to the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Raleigh, NC. 24 pp. PestID. 2018. Pest Interception Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://aqas.aphis.usda.gov/aqas. (Archived at PERAL).

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Peters, T. 2018. Response to inquiry about potential exports of fresh mangoes from Grenada to the United States. Personal communication to A. Simao on November 23, 2018, from T. Peters (Grenada Ministry of Agriculture and Lands). Pope, W. T. 1929. Mango Culture in Hawaii (Bulletin No. 85). Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. 27 pp. Ramos, L., S. Lara, R. McMillan Jr, and K. Narayanan. 1991. Tip dieback of mango (Mangifera indica) caused by Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Disease 75(3):315-318. Rivera, L. I., and I. Cabrera. 2010. Etiology of Fungal Diseases and Insect Pests Occurring in Mango Inflorescences. University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Crops and Agroenvironmental Sciences. Rocha, F. H., F. Infante, J. Quilantán, A. Goldarazena, and J. E. Funderburk. 2012. ‘Ataulfo’mango flowers contain a diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera). Florida Entomologist 95(1):171-178. Rogers, J. D., and Y.-M. Ju. 2012. The of the Hawaiian Islands. North American Fungi 7:1-35. Sakimura, K. 1986. Thrips in and around the plantations in Jamaica, with a few taxonomical notes (Thysanoptera). Florida Entomologist 69(2):348-363. Seal, D. R., V. Kumar, G. Kakkar, and S. C. Mello. 2013. Abundance of adventive Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations in Florida during the first sixteen years. Florida Entomologist 96(3):789-796. Simpson, S., H. Nigg, N. Coile, and R. Adair. 1996. Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): host plant associations. Environmental Entomology 25(2):333-349. Singh, N. 1972. A survey of red ring disease of coconut palm in Grenada, West Indies. Plant Disease Reporter 56(4):339-341. Slippers, B., G. I. Johnson, P. W. Crous, T. A. Coutinho, B. D. Wingfield, and M. J. Wingfield. 2005. Phylogenetic and morphological re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria species causing diseases of Mangifera indica. Mycologia 97(1):99-110. Solis, M. A. 2006. Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intrcepted at U.S. ports of entry: revision of Pyraloidea in "Keys to some frequently intercepted Lepidopterous larvae" by Weisman 1986 (Paper 1). United States Department of Agriculture Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington D.C. Stephenson, S. L., I. Kalyanasundaram, and T. Lakhanpal. 1993. A comparative biogeographical study of myxomycetes in the mid-Appalachians of eastern North America and two regions of India. Journal of Biogeography 20(6):645-657. Stevenson, J. A. 1975. The fungi of Puerto Rico and the American Virgin Islands. Braun- Brumfield, Ann Arbor, MI. 743 pp. Stocks, I. C., and A. Roda. 2011. Pest Alert: The Passionvine Mealybug, Planococcus minor (Maskell), a New Exotic Mealybug in South Florida (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 4 pp. Stoetzel, M. 1994. The correct spelling of the scientific name for the brown citrus aphid. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96(1):179. Thaung, M. 2008. Pathologic and taxonomic analysis of leaf spot and tar spot diseases in a tropical dry to wet monsoon ecosystem of lowland Burma. Australasian Plant Pathology 37(2):180-197.

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Tucuch-Cauich, M., M. A. Miranda-Salcedo, F. Orona-Castro, E. Cerna-Chavez, M. Flores- Davila, and L. A. Aguirre-Uribe. 2012. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species and their fluctuation in abundance in mango at Campeche, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 37(2):171-175. Urtiaga, R. 2000. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba. Impresos en Impresos Nuevo Siglo, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. 324 pp. Wallbridge, A. 1981. Fungi associated with crown-rot disease of boxed bananas from the Windward Islands during a two-year survey. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77(3):567-577. Watson, A. J. 1971. Foreign bacterial and fungus diseases of food, forage, and fiber crops: an annotated list. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington DC. 116 pp. Watson, G. 2002. of economic importance: Diaspididae of the world. An illustrated identification guide and information source. Last accessed 11/15/2018, https://diaspididae.linnaeus.naturalis.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/introduction/topic.php?id =3377&epi=155. Wellman, F. L. 1977. Dictionary of tropical American crops and their diseases. Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J. and London. 495 pp. Williams, D. J., and G. W. Watson. 1990. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region, Part 3: The Soft Scales (Coccidae) and Other Families. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 267 pp. Wolcott, G. N. 1948. The Insects of Puerto Rico: Part 2. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 32(2):225-416. Woodruff, R. E., B. M. Beck, P. E. Skelley, C. Y. L. Schotman, and M. C. Thomas. 1998. Checklist and Bibliography of the Insects of Grenada and The Grenadines. Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, FL. 286 pp. Woodruff, R. E., and T. R. Fasulo. 2009. Mango Seed Weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (EENY-371). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesvill, FL. 5 pp. Yokomi, R. K., R. Lastra, M. B. Stoetzel, V. D. Damsteegt, R. F. Lee, S. M. Garnsey, T. R. Gottwald, M. A. Rocha-Pena, and C. L. Niblett. 1994. Establishment of the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Central America and the Caribbean Basin and transmission of citrus tristeza virus. Journal of Economic Entomology 87(4):1078-1085.

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6. Appendix: Pests with non-actionable regulatory status

We found some evidence of the listed organisms being associated with mango and present in Grenada. Because these organisms have non-actionable regulatory status for the United States, however, we did not list them in Table 1 of this risk assessment, and we did not evaluate the strength of the evidence for their association with mango or their presence in Grenada. Because we did not evaluate the strength of the evidence, we consider the following pests to have only potential association with the commodity and presence in Grenada.

We list these organisms along with the references supporting their potential association with mango, their potential presence in Grenada, and their presence in or regulatory status for the United States (whichever is most applicable).

Organism Evidence and/or other notes INSECTA HEMIPTERA Coccidae Ceroplastes floridensis Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Ben- Comstock Dov, 1970; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) hesperidum (L.) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Ben- Dov, 1993; US: Ben-Dov, 1993; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Coccus longulus (Douglas) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Ben- Dov, 1993; US: Ben-Dov, 1993; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Coccus viridis (Green) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Williams and Watson, 1990; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: deregulated 04/2012 (PestID, 2018) Milviscutulus mangiferae Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: (Green) Williams and Watson, 1990; US: Ben-Dov, 1993; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Ben- Dov, 1993; US: Ben-Dov, 1993; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Pulvinaria psidii Maskell Grenada: Fornazier et al., 2017; Mangifera indica: Ben- Dov, 1993; US: Ben-Dov, 1993; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Nakahara, 1981; US: Hamon and Williams, 1984; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018)

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes Diaspididae All armored scales (Diaspididae) are non-actionable at U.S. ports of entry on fruit for consumption (NIS, 2008). Even if armored scale species are not present in the United States, based on previous assessments, PPQ considers them highly unlikely to establish via this pathway due to their very limited ability to disperse to new host plants (PERAL, 2007). Aonidomytilus albus (Cockerell) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Watson, 2002; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: McKenzie, 1956; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Aulacaspis tubercularis Grenada: Miller and Davidson, 2005; Mangifera indica: (Newstead) Miller and Davidson, 2005; US: Miller, 2005; Miller and Davidson, 2005 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Grenada: CABI, 2018; Mangifera indica: CABI, 2018; (Morgan) US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) longirostris (Signoret) Grenada: Fornazier et al., 2017; Mangifera indica: Miller and Davidson, 2005; US: Miller and Davidson, 2005; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Watson, 2002; US: Watson, 2002; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Parlatoria cinerea Hadden Grenada: Morrison, 1939; Mangifera indica: Morrison, 1939; US: Beardsley, 1966; Morrison, 1939 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Miller (Green) and Davidson, 2005; US: Miller and Davidson, 2005; PestID: Deregulated 02/2011 (PestID, 2018) Selenaspidus articulatus Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: (Morgan) Mamet, 1943; US: Miller and Davidson, 2005; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: Ben- (Cockerell) Dov, 1994; US: Ben-Dov, 1994; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) Grenada: Ben-Dov, 1994; Mangifera indica: Ben-Dov, 1994; US: Ben-Dov, 1994; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Paracoccus marginatus Williams Grenada: Muniappan et al., 2008; Mangifera indica: & Granara de Willink Muniappan et al., 2008; US: Muniappan et al., 2008; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Phenacoccus madeirensis Green Grenada: Ben-Dov, 1994; Mangifera indica: Ben-Dov, 1994; US: Ben-Dov, 1994; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018)

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes Planococcus citri (Risso) Grenada: Ben-Dov, 1994; Mangifera indica: Ben-Dov, 1994; US: Ben-Dov, 1994; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Planococcus minor (Maskell) Grenada: Ben-Dov, 1994; Mangifera indica: Ben-Dov, 1994; US: Stocks and Roda, 2011; PestID: Changed to non-reportable 04/2012 (PestID, 2018) Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Grenada: Gimpel Jr. and Miller, 1996; Mangifera indica: Gimpel & Miller Gimpel Jr. and Miller, 1996; US: Gimpel Jr. and Miller, 1996; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) Pseudococcus longispinus Grenada: Ben-Dov, 1994; Mangifera indica: Ben-Dov, Targioni Tozzetti 1994; US: Ben-Dov, 1994; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) LEPIDOPTERA Pyralidae Cadra cautella Walker Grenada: Hagstrum et al., 2017; Mangifera indica: Solis, 2006; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) THYSANOPTERA Thripidae Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Grenada: Sakimura, 1986; Mangifera indica: Tucuch- Bouché Cauich et al., 2012; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non- reportable (PestID, 2018) Selenothrips rubrocinctus Grenada: Woodruff et al., 1998; Mangifera indica: (Giard) Krishnamoorthy and Visalakshi, 2012; US: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018) FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. Grenada: Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera indica: Farr and & Broome) Rossman & Samuels Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). syn.: Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Grenada: CABI, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and Kimbr. Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Auricularia fuscosuccinea Grenada: Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera indica: Farr and (Mont.) Farl. Rossman, 2018; PestID: genus is non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Grenada and Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; PestID: Pers. genus is non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Capnodium sp. Grenada and Mangifera indica: Brathwaite et al., 1981; PestID: entire genus is non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Grenada: CABI, 2018; Mangifera indica: Fateh et al., Halst. 2006; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018).

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Grenada and Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; PestID: (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. syn.: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Coriolopsis polyzona (Pers.) Grenada and Mangifera indica: Farr and Rossman, 2018; Ryvarden, syn.: Polyporus PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). occidentalis Klotzsch (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Cribraria microcarpa (Schrad.) Grenada and Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; US: Pers. Eliasson, 2004; Binion et al., 1998; Stephenson et al., 1993. Cribraria violacea Rex Grenada and Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; US: US: Eliasson, 2004; Binion et al., 1998; Stephenson et al., 1993. Dacryopinax spathularia Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and (Schwein.: Fr.) G.W. Martin Rossman, 2018; US: Farr and Rossman, 2018. Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.) F.A. Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera Wolf indica: Farr and Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc. & Grenada: EPPO, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and Jenkins Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Elsinoe mangiferae Bitanc. & Grenada: CABI, 2004; Mangifera indica: Minter et al., Jenkins 2001; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. Grenada: CABI, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and & Broome) Burds. Rossman, 2018; US: Farr and Rossman, 2018. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Grenada: Wallbridge, 1981; Mangifera indica: CABI, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Fusarium haematococcum Grenada: Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera indica: Minter et Nalim, Samuels & Geiser, syn.: al., 2001; US: Farr and Rossman, 2018; Lamb et al., 2001. Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.: Grenada: Wallbridge, 1981; Mangifera indica: Farr and Fr. Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Grenada and Mangifera indica: GBIF, 2018; Minter et al., Griffon & Maubl. syn.: 2001; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and Broome) Petch Rossman, 2018; PestID: genus is non-reportable (PestID, 2018).

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Organism Evidence and/or other notes Phytophthora citrophora (R.E. Grenada: Brathwaite et al., 1981; Mangifera indica: Farr Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian and Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Grenada: Brathwaite et al., 1981; Mangifera indica: Farr Butler) E.J. Butler and Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Mangifera indica: Farr and syn.: Thanatephorus cucumeris Rossman, 2018; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). (A.B. Frank) Donk (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.: Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Mangifera indica: Gilbertson et al., Fr.) Overeem 2002; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr. Grenada: GBIF, 2018; Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). Stereum ostrea (Blume & T. Grenada and Mangifera indica: Minter et al., 2001; US: ; Nees) Fr. syn.: Stereum PestID: non-reportable (PestID, 2018). fasciatum (Schwein.) Fr. (Farr and Rossman, 2018) Subulicystidium longisporum Grenada: Minter et al., 2001; Mangifera indica: Farr and (Pat.) Parmasto Rossman, 2018; US: Farr and Rossman, 2018; Gilberston and Lombard, 1976.

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