CONTENTS

1. Editor Note 3 2. Fantasy in Indian Contemporary Art Vijayata Bhamri 5-12 3. Changing Status of Women through Dr. Shashi Goel 13-24 Government Policies and Programmes 4. Position of Women as depicted in the Shobha Guleria 25-29 Sculptures of the Temples of Medieval Mewar 5. Agrigarian Inputs in Ancient Rajasthan Sarve Daman Mishra 30-34

6. Nalanda : (A world heritage site) Dr. Rita Pratap 35-47

7. vYcVZ gkWy&,d v/;;u :fp tks'kh 48-51

8. jkeiqj jtk iqLrdky;% ,d dykRed n`f"Vdks.k :fp lDlsuk 52-56

9. chlyiqj ds f'ko eafnj dh LFkkiR; ,oa ewfrZdyk MkW- jkekorkj ehuk 57-61

10. jktLFkku dh QM fp=dyk&yksd dyk ds lanHkZ esa MkW- xhrk 'kekZ 62-65 11. ÿæð˜æèØ ÎÜæð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ÙØð ç¿‹ÌÙ ·¤è ¥æßàØ·¤Ìæ ÇUæò. ÚUæŠæðàØæ× ØæÎÃæ 66-72 12. ÚUæÁæ¥æð´ ·ð¤ ÚUæ’ØæŸæØ ×ð´ ÖçQ¤ °ß´ ÚUèçÌ·¤æÃØ ç¿˜æ‡æ ÇUæò. ÛææÕÚU ×Ü ß×æü 73-83 13. ÁæðŠæÂéÚU çÚUØæâÌ ·ð¤ ÂýÁæׇÇUÜ ¥æ‹ÎæðÜÙ ×ð´ ÇUæò. ÚUèÅUæ ÁñÙ 84-88 ¥æðâßæÜ â×æÁ ·¤æ Øæð»ÎæÙ 14. ¥ÍßüßðÎ ¥æñÚU ÚUæð»-¥æÚUæð‚Ø çß™ææÙ çßÁØ çâ¢ãU ×èÙæ 89-92 15. ¥çÖÜð¹æ𴠷𤠥æŠææÚU ÂÚU Âêßü ׊ط¤æÜ Ì·¤ ÚUæÁSÍæÙ ÇUæò. ßèÚÔU‹Îýçâ´ãU ¿æñŠæÚUè 93-98 ×ð´ »‡æÂçÌ ÂêÁæ 16. wv ßè´ àæÌæŽÎè ×ð´ ÖæÚUÌ-M¤â â Õ‹Ïæð´ ×ð´ ÕɸUÌè Âý»æɸUÌæ ÇUæò. ×ÙæðÁ ·é¤×æÚU 99-106

17. jktLFkku esa ukjh tkxj.k esa i=&if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk MkW- jkepUnz :.Myk 107-110 ¼^R;kxHkwfe* if=dk ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½

18. jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % eksfudk 'kekZ 111-116 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u

19. jktLFkku dh lelkef;d dyk esa MkW- vfer oekZ 117-123 LoxhZ; Jh ijekuUn pks;y dk ;ksxnku ¼,d J`)katyh½

20. t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd y¨d¢'k dqekor 124-135

21. vkEcsj &t;iqj ds nso izlknksa esa f'ko dh MkW- jsuq ehuk 136-141 fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡ 22. ·¤ÜæçßÎ÷ ´0 mæÚU·¤æ ÂýâæÎ àæ×æü Ñ âëÁÙ ·ð¤ ¥çÙÜ ·é¤×æÚU àæ×æü 142-150 çßçßŠæ ¥æØæ× 23. Ÿæè Öæ¡ÇU ·¤è 翘ææˆ×·¤ ¥çÖÃØçQ¤ ×ð´ â´ßðÎÙæ ÇUæò0 ¥æÜæð·¤ ÖæßâæÚU 151-155 24. jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k dsUnz ,oa egsUnz flag lqjsyk 156-162 mudk v/;;u

25. jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko jkefd'kksj lSuh 163-171

26. eqxy 'kkldksa dk fp=dyk esa ;ksxnku ,oa jf'e 172-174 fodkl Øe

26. t;iqj] dsUnzh; laxzgky; esa laxzghr esokM+ jesa'k pan eh.kk 175-185 'kSyh ds fp= % izeq[k fp=ksa dk foospukRed v/;;u

27. Lk¡kxkusjh NikbZ dyk esa jaxksa dh fof'k"Vrk egs’k flag 186-191

28. t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz cchrk pkS?kjh 192-203

29. rkaf=d pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ¼tcyiqj½ MkW- dqlqe fcUnokj 204-209 30. âæ¢S·ë¤çÌ·¤ ÌÍæ °ðçÌãUæçâ·¤ ÎëçCïU âð ÁñÙ ÌèÍü ÚUèÙæ ÁñÙ 210-213 SÍÜæð´ ·¤æ ×ãUžß 31. Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa fu;kedh; jf'e pkSgku 214-216 laLFkk,¡ ,d lS)kfUrd foospu

32. egkHkkjrdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh ;'kek;k jktksjk 217-221 jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr

33. Tk;iqj dh tudyk ds fHkfÙkfp= Lo:iksa fd'kksj dqekj eh.kk 222-226 dh lkSan;Ziw.kZ dgkuh ATISHAY KALIT An International Bilingual Research Journal of Humanities, Social Science & Fine-Arts

LOTUS (July-December) Vol. I, Pt. B Sr. 2 Year 2012 ISSN 2277-419X RNI-RAJBIL01578/2011-TC

Mailing Address : DR. Rita Pratap ATISHAY KALIT C-24, Hari Marg, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017 Phone - 0141-2521549 Mobile : 9314631852 INDIA 4 ATISHAY KALIT

Editor Writes

Dear Friends,

I wish you all a Very Happy & Prosperous New Year 2013. This issue LOTUS is in front of you and carries some important and informative articles relating to Painting, History, Museology, Political Science, Public Adm., Sanskrit etc. Besides that a detailed abstract by the Author who visited Nalanda (A world Heritage site) recently. In order to encourage the upcoming Research Scholars of various faculties, space has been given to them also. Suggestions are also welcome by our readers.

Dr. Rita Pratap

At the end of this year the members of Atishay Kalit deeply mourn the sad demise of Dr. Sumahendra, Dr. Prem Chand Goswami and Shri Mohal Lal Gupta (Eminent Artists and Art Historians) FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART 5

Vijayata Bhamri ATISHAY KALIT Assistant Professor Vol. 1, Pt. B Department of Art Education, Sr. 2, 2012 Faculty of Fine Arts ISSN : 2277-419X Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi – 25

FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART

The idea of Fantasy in art is derived from human imagination. It takes birth from various places like the psychology of human mind, philosophy and social condition. The artist is conditioned by his environment and his inner feelings which are governed by these situations. Our Country-India has been a land of miracles and other worldly concepts even before Civilization. It is believed that the concept of fantasy has always been attached to Indian mythology and religion. Supernatural manifestations have always been a part of the art of India. Since very beginning, Indian mind has shown a special liking for Fantasy. Fantasy could be preoccupied with the ideas of birth and death rather gives a picture of everyday life. Fantasy in other words is a bridge between feelings and thoughts. It is a phenomenon where there is a balance between what is expected as truth and what is known to be false. According to Hindu philosophy, this visible world in which we live is a false world. This visible world is just a play of Brahma, a mere fantasy. Thus when an Indian artist creates fanciful forms on paper or canvas he is just projecting his mental image which is real to him. Artist of ancient times from India depicts the images of Rakshasas that fly in the air,Devas that frequently changes forms, Ganpati with an elephant head, Chhinnamasta images of kali or those unformed opinions or ideas of hell images –he is only recording what is real to him. Our artists had developed this illusionary fact as a basic concept for depicting the fantasy which is based on real experiences and observation. Fantasy generally manifests in each aspect of Indian thought. A reality, beyond reality has always been attached to the Indian mythology and religion. And what comes through the means of Dharma is always acceptable on a reality for an Indian Mind. The supernatural manifests is everywhere in Indian Art. Even the popular art is the most bizarre and manneristically fanciful. Popular oleographs, calendars, posters, cinema, advertisements and even popular photographs are mainly dealing 6 ATISHAY KALIT with those fantasies that a common man could dream of or react to it. The charts in oleographs that show the fruits of one’s sins after his death depict the hallucinations of hell imagery in a terrifying and grotesque manner. The curious images of gods, goddesses in calendars, take you into a land of a curious device of unreal allegory appearing to be real. Posters, cinemas and advertisements take intermingling advantage by playing with the common men’s fantasy. Another area that should not be confused with popular taste is at the folk level also where often fantasy manifests. It lies in our popular taste and culture. It is in extricable from our Art and Culture. From the drawings on wall of houses, forms used in embroidery, some images of god and goddesses in Madhubani painting, some stone images of Hanuman and Ganpati covered with ‘sindur’ but with one or two big eyes visible bright white with a big black circle in them on that bright orange images etc. they present you like a surreal image-their choice of forms, concept of actual space transformed in flat massive colors and arrangement-these are very surreal and fundamental in conception of fantastic. The same formula of fantasy is used in our miniature painting too. When you look at the miniature paintings showing lines of trees one behind another, you feel them one upon another like stairs. But trees are not one on another, they are one behind another. This is a fanciful concept and yet it is convincing as solid objective realism was never a force in Indian Art. And this concept is not baseless. There is an observation of reality as over eyes to see it. There are landscapes in reality that gives you this kind of illusion. Gulam Sheikh’s “speaking street” painting is based on such observation and is a modern example of illusion and goes nearer to fantasy. Right from the pre-historic period, man has transformed the frightening forces of nature into strange images and has either worshipped or destroyed them to make him feel relieved from the fears of those tremendous natural forces and mightier creatures. Those natural marvels which were helpful for him also were transformed into the images of gods and goddesses to be worshipped and were given the names of Varuna, Vayu, Agni, Megna etc. Thus pre-historic art also is fanciful and this heritage has persisted through all the subsequent ages of Indian culture and its fruits have manifested in Indian art throughout. There is another stream of Fantasy in Indian art i.e. ‘Tantra‘ - an area of erotic fantasies . Infect, the whole structure of Tantric ideology itself is a fanciful concept. Tantric fantasies are mainly symbolic ones and it also deals with the symbolic representation of human sexual organs. ‘These great traditional mystical symbolisms are spontaneously rediscovered by modern man in dreams, hallucinations and FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART 7 pathological ecstasies’. TO EXPRESS FANTASY The word Fantastic derives from the Greek Phantastikos, meaning the ability to represent something to the mind, or to create a mental image, Fantasy is further defined as unreal, odd, seemingly impossible, and strange in appearance. Fantastic art, then, is the representation of incredible images from the artist’s mind. Basically, Art also serves as a vehicle by which artists can express their innermost fantasies. Many twentieth- century artists, for example from the Surrealists to the Abstract Expressionists have been influenced by the psychoanalytic writings of 'Sigmund Freud' and 'Carl Jung', who suggested that primeval forces are at work in the unconscious reaches of the mind. There are also many other types of fantasies, such as those found in dreams and day dreams or simply in the objects and landscapes that are conceived in the imagination. As noted by the French artist 'Odilon Redon', ‘a kind of drawing which the imagination has liberated from any concern with the details of reality in order to allow it to serve freely for the representation of things conceived’ in the mind. Actually, the fantastic art has been found in European art in all periods and the subject was considered as the art of middle age, we see it in the scenes of hell and the Apocalypse. Its illustrations of holy miracles and occult marvels seem predominantly fantastic. The Florence artist 'Paolo Uccello' (1397-1475c.) is one of the most original and inventive artist of the early Renaissance with medieval fantasy. The Dutch artist 'Hieronymus Bosch' (1453-1516c.) who worked during the transition of Gothic to Renaissance and transformed traditional fantasy in his personal vision and this quality of Bosch’s paintings in which we find linkage of his art with the modern surrealists. Indian fantasy has a different background that of Europe. In India we have an ancient love for fantasy. Our myths, our poetry, our juxtaposition of the real and unreal are quite traditional. Therefore fantasy is, I would suggest, a most eligible genre, one which has been and is constant and continuous in our culture. If the ancient myths are simulative, epic and folk-originated, the modern fantasy is comparatively personal and limited; it need not however be less universal. The ancient fantasies are mingled with history and religion; they are produced by the absorption of tribal ideas and local images spilling into a Sea of beliefs and legends. The modern myths are created only by individuals who project as art their private worlds. Fantasy has never been a separate category of art in India as it has been in the 8 ATISHAY KALIT west. No wonder when the western first came to India, they found that bizarre and surreal. First and foremost, their each experience here was of other worldly feeling. It was naturally so because they were coming from a society where surrealist was a Post-Freudian marvel and was developed as a separate category of art. While here, in India, the entire culture, including popular standards, is constructed upon the base of an urge for accomplishing other worldly delights. The Indian imagination is one which has wondered freely crossing the barriers of naturalism or reality whenever it willed and often having recourse to the supernatural almost as if this was a primal necessity. Indeed our myths -which are the key to Indian thought, are made of unreal an extension of the real. The works of Laxma Goud, K. Ramanujam and J. Sultan Ali seems to be preoccupied with the same quest- the creation of fantastic. Their subjects, their treatment and the imagery of their work are essentially personal and therefore unique. Laxma Goud is an ideal example where his works seems to be an attempt towards great illusion, pleasing in their decorative force, color patterns and composite images which capture the mind much beyond the reality. He is interested re- ordering of reality with his own somewhat self-conscious erotic fantasies. J.Sultan Ali’s images are uniquely his own, they cannot be traced to any classical or tribal tradition: it is only the ideas behind them that are Indian. He produces virtuous arrangements which synthesize old idioms with the new. And his style was not a result of experimentation with form and Color but of a ripening of philosophical ideas. The works of contemporary artists such as Bikash Bhattacharjee, Ganesh Pyne and Arpita Singh are also strongly characterized by Fantasy. Bikash’s Paintings are strongly figurative and exaggeratedly expressive. He painted ‘Doll Series’ which is indeed a realistic painting yet, it captures our mind beyond reality. A dream- like fluidity was also intensified in the forms ofLaxman Pai by swaying branches and leaves merging with female forms. Even the works of Jai Zharotia demonstrates his remarkable sense of imagination to alter the forms of nature according to his own whim and fantasy. He searches into the mysteries, which lie beneath his mind giving rise to vast pictorial imaginations that flow through various mediums. And his pictorial vocabulary finds refuge in the portrayal of fantasy. Actually in India, Surrealism became stronger in the 1970s, especially with the contributions artists like J.Sultan Ali, J.Swaminathan, Paramjit Singh (his earlier FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART 9 works), Ganesh Pyne, Bikash Battacharjee and A.Ramachandran.1 Hence, in the west - experiments on Freudian Theory, that become the platform for the Surrealists. The whole group of Surrealist (Poet, artists, etc..) had a fixed ideology formulated by themselves and they followed the ideals of surrealism based on the verse of ‘comte de Lautreamont’ i. e. –‘As beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing machine and an Umbrella’, which became their motto whereas in India, Surrealism was never experienced in the same sense as in the West. Artists have followed their own whims and fancies which they wished to be called Surrealist in attitude which was highly personalized. In fact, Indian artists created an atmosphere or a situation which was the product of the imagination, or designed to contain the elements of Fantasy. In addition, Surrealism and Fantasy are very close to each other, but Fantasy- which is a vast subject rather than Surrealism-can cover even Abstractionism, Cubism and even Expressionism. A powerful expressionist, Satish Gujral creates a form language that evokes mystical feelings and fantasies. He enjoyed the direct fantasy pleasure using Collage technique. Collage is an ideal medium through which the fundamentals of design color and composition can be learnt. It also allows one to express the wildest flights of imagination, and to experiment with unlimited freedom. Satish Gujral used colored paper and folk images to create mythological images in collage. By providing the third dimension to their fantasy by earlier Indian sculptors like Ram Kinker Vaij, Pradosh Das gupta or Sankho Chaudhari and later by Dhanraj Bhagat and Davierwalla in their compositions can be felt, as a change from figurative to abstraction. The true symbolism reached its peak in the expression of sculptural forms. Woman is symbolized with feminine sexuality, maturity, motherhood and fertility; she who carries the vehicle of procreation and nurtures is symbolized with greatest plasticity, with softness of flesh, with hips and breasts treated spherically showing fullness of the body. Dhanraj Bhagat and other artists in India, started to work in naturalistic form, gradually moved to a simplified or stylized form and then with an imaginative lively style, toward cubistic and geometrical forms. They show a curious mixture of the geometrical construction and sentiment which makes his apparently abstract sculptures filled with concept and deep feelings, as for instance Dhanraj Bhagat’s ‘Third Eye, Mahakala and the Musical construction’. Lastly I would like to conclude that Fantasy in Indian Contemporary Art ,the artists are very aware of fantasies which are connected to so many varied concepts and give the type of imagery related to poetry, fear and sometimes very strange 10 ATISHAY KALIT situations and emotions. They are also aware of the surrealistic impact, which has influenced their work to some extent. Like all creative activity, it is highly appropriate that Contemporary art in India has developed with the influences of both - the Indian and the European art traditions. We can say that Fantasy is not only in the imagination of the Indian people but in their blood wherein lies the capacity to create fantastic imageries full of strange and mysterious connotations reflecting the strength and power of the Indian artists’ works. At the end it can be said that fantasy only deals with very personal truths. Its sources may be philosophical, mythological or historical ideas and beliefs which are apparently dreamy and Indian art and culture has provided us with a tremendous variety of images which open the door to another world- a world which is mystical, unknown and full of imagination. It is in the air which we all Indians inhale. Only way of expression is different. In reality, what is there has not come without a need, whatever comes, comes as a necessity. And art is a necessity, its being a necessity makes elements of any art- may it be fantasy or surrealism or metaphysical-appear in art of every period and in every country. References v ART IN INDIA TODAY By United Nations Council of Indian Youth v DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS, Vol.lll, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Pub. v PURPOSES OF ART, Indiana University, by Albert E.Elsen v THE COSMIC ART OF INDIA-SYMBOL, SENTIMENT AND SILENCE by Radhakamal Mukherjee, Bombay. v THE CRITICAL VISION, Selected Writings by Jaya Appasamy, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, 1985. v THEORIES OF MODERN ART, A Source Book by Artists and Critics, University of California Press Berkeley,Los Angels and London, by Herschel B. Chip. v THE BASIC WRITINGS OF C.G.JUNG, The modern Library, New York v PORTFOLIOS OF SATISH GUJRAL AND LAXMA GOUD, Lalit Kala Library, New York. v MY SEARCH, MY EVOLUTION, by Laxman Pai, 2000 v LALIT KALA CONTEMPORARY-15, New Images in Indian Art: Fantasy, by Jaya Appasamy, 1972 v J.SULTAN ALI, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi, 1983, by Ulli Beier, v DHANRAJ BHAGAT, Contemporary Indian Art Series, Lalit Kala Akademi, 1964, by Charles Fabri FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART 11

FANTASY IN INDIAN CONTEMPORARY ART

(Plate-1) GULAM M. SHEIKH

(Plate-2) LAXMA GOUD

(Plate-3) J. SULTAN ALI, 12 ATISHAY KALIT

(Plate-4) BIKASH BHATTACHAR- (Plate-5) SATISH GUJRAL

(Plate-6) DHANRAJ BHAGAT Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 13

Dr. Shashi Goel ATISHAY KALIT Dept. of Political Science Vol. 1, Pt. B University of Rajasthan, Sr. 2, 2012 Jaipur ISSN : 2277-419X

Changing Status of Women through Government Policies and Programmes

The status of women varies enormously from one part of the world to another. However, nowhere do women enjoy equal status with men. But in the developing countries like Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America, the status of women is so low as cannot be imagined by logical expression, it denotes neither rant nor hierarchy but only position vis-à-vis other in terms of rights and obligations. In the intimate analysis, status is “the conjunction of positions a women occupies….as a worker, student, wife, mother…. The power and prestige attached to these positions and the right and duties she is expected to exercise”. Women’s status can then be analysed in terms of their participation in decision-making, access to opportunities in education, training, employment and income. In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the interface between women’s ability to control their fertility and their exercise and enjoyment of other options in life. States response to women issue has been mixed and ambivalent, it has been both a process of progression and retrogression. The last twenty years, show a record of the state laws and policies ostensibly to improve the situation of women. So it is necessary to understand what is entrepreneurship and how government agencies are promoting women entrepreneurship in India. Entrepreneurs are the real heroes of economic life. They are the ones who have shown that genius is sweat and toil and sacrifice and that natural resources gain value only by the ingenuity and labour of man1. From their knowledge of failure, they forge success. In accepting risk. they achieve security for all. In embracing change, they ensure social and economic stability. Entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art. It is a practice. But, as in all practices, medicine or engineering for instance, knowledge in entrepreneurship is a means to an end. It is not a ‘flash of genius’ but purposeful tasks that can be organised into systematic work. 2 14 ATISHAY KALIT

Etymologically, the term entrepreneur has been derived from the French word ‘Entreprendre’ which connotes “Undertaker”. The dictionary meaning3 says that entrepreneur is an organizer of an economic venture, especially, one who organizes, owns, manages and assumes the risks of a business. According to J.B. Say4 the term ‘entrepreneur’ denotes a person who discharges the entrepreneurial function of coordination, organization, supervision and risk- bearing. Max Weber5 (1930) defined an entrepreneur by elaborating his qualities as an innovator, a calvinist, a man with unusual will and energy and a man with no capital but endowed with an unusually strong character, clarity of vision and an ability to act. He highlighted the importance of strong willpower. An entrepreneur is essentially a creative or an innovative person.6 Entrepreneurship has equated with the continuing general activities of a manager by Cole.7 A good entrepreneur is considered to be energetic, resourceful, alert to new opportunities, able to adjust to changing conditions and willing to assume risks involved in change. He should be interested in advancing technology and in improving the quality of his product Also, he should have plans to expand and reinvest. 8 ‘Mc Clelland’9 characterised an entrepreneur with high ‘n’ Ach as one with a drive to be personally responsible for solving problems, for setting goals and for reaching these goals by one’s own effort. Schumpete10 (1971) in his definition highlighted “the carrying out of new methods of production, introduction of new goods, new markets, new scarce raw materials” as the hall-marks of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneurs, in the modern sense, are the self starters and doers of a business, who have organized and built their own enterprise or enterprises. In common parlance, almost any one who starts an enterprise, industry, shop is called an entrepreneur. The development of entrepreneurship among women requires Government support and the elaboration and implementation of targeted policies and programmes enabling. Women to enter the private sector with greater confidence develop their businesses and provide equal opportunities for entering competitive markets in and outside the country. The role of various institutions set up specifically for the promotion and fostering of entrepreneurship in SME sector is quite unique. The Government of India has created Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries (SSI&ARI) in October 1999 as the nodal Ministry for Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 15 formulation of policy and co-ordination of Central assistance relating to promotion and development of the small-scale industries in India. The Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries was bifurcated into two separate Ministries, namely, Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries in September, 2001. The Central Government has set up a number of organisations for the promotion of small scale industries in order to meet the requirements of the rapidly developing entrepreneurship in the SME sector. Through theses institutions, the Government of India provides adequate credit, funds for technology up gradation and modernization, adequate infrastructure facilities, modern testing facilities and quality certification, modern management practices and skill up gradation through advanced training facilities; marketing assistance etc., at par with the large industries sector. The policy measures taken by the Government include credit, marketing, technology, entrepreneurship development or fiscal, financial or infrastructural support. In recent years, the Government policies have stressed the increasing role of Industry Associations in the setting up of common facilities and other ventures in the area of technology, marketing and other support services. Industry Associations also impart institutional support to the small-scale sector. There has been several industrial policy resolutions over the years specifically articulated and clearly spelt for encouraging entrepreneurship. The identification, training and development of a large number of local entrepreneurs are strategic to the development of entrepreneurship in rural and backward areas. Training is provided for developing their entrepreneurial skills such as technical, managerial, financial, communication crisis management, leadership etc. Successful SMEs do not come up into being without proper technical assistance. A positive encouragement on the part of Government agencies is required for the development and growth of entrepreneurship in the private sector. The success of entrepreneurship mainly depends on the well established institutional set-up. Responding to the increasing trend of women opting for entrepreneurship, many organisations have come up with the idea of special training for women interested in setting up their own enterprises. The Government has laid special emphasis on the need for conducting special entrepreneurial training programmes for women to enable them to start their own ventures. For women various development programmes have been implemented by the Government. But the efforts to percolate information by the institutions and accessing them to women entrepreneurs is missing 16 ATISHAY KALIT which is further aggravated by women’s lack of initiative to seek out information to help themselves. The policies and programmes of Government agencies should reach the ultimate consumers properly so as to ensure their success. But, these policies and programmes have not been able to facilitate the growth of women entrepreneurship to the expected level due to various reasons, viz. bureaucratic control, rigid procedures, limitations on the part of women themselves. Most of the women both in absolute and in relative terms have not reached the critical mass to make an impact on the system. More than 3,000 organisations are today promoting entrepreneurship in India through a variety of strategies. Following are the major Government agencies/ organizations that assist entrepreneurs in the SME sector in India which are functioning at the national level. Women Development in India’s Five Year Plans A deep concern over the rights and status of women was made by the Government of India only in 1971 by appointing: a Committee on the status of women (CWSI). Since then there has been a marked shift in the paradigm regarding women as critical groups for development as against targets of welfare policies in social sector. The empowerment of women has been recognised as the central issue in determining the status of women. Bringing women into the main stream of development has been a major concern for the Government of India. The Government laid special thrust on women’s employment with the objective of making women self- reliant and economically independent. For this purpose, several women- specific and women- related policies were enunciated by the Government of India in all Plan documents. Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) The following measurable/monitor able goals set in the Tenth Plan, having a direct bearing on the empowerment of women. Special programme for participation of women in agriculture is being launched. Development of special education zone for women and creating Help Centres to provide counseling and support to victims of domestic violence are other new schemes being introduced. Steps would be taken for providing gainful employment to the additional labour force. The process of organising women into Self-Help Groups will be encouraged to act as the agents of social change, development and empowerment of women. National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development organised Entrepreneurship Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 17 programmes for women. The integrated approach adopted by the two ongoing programmes of women’s empowerment, viz. Swa-Shakti and Swayamsidha be further strengthened and expanded. Mobilisation of poor women into SHGs through convergence of services, offering them a wide range of economic and social options along with necessary support services to enhance their joint capabilities. To this effect, the available programmes for women are converged into block level action plans of Swayamsidha. Special training programmes in the latest technology, keeping in view the role of women as producers, will be expanded to assist rural women in meeting the market demands with the rise in the phenomenon of feminisation of agriculture, will be attended to as a concern at the policy level. To increase the share of women in factories and industrial establishments, efforts will be made to encourage women to equip themselves with necessary professional/vocational skills and compete with men to make an entry into newer areas. The on-going training-cum-employment-cum-income generation programmes viz. RMK, SGSY, SJSRY, PMRY, STEP, and NORAD etc be further expanded to create more employment-cum-income generation opportunities and to cover as many women as possible living below the poverty line giving priority to female-headed households and women living in extreme/abject poverty. The programme of Swayamsidha is further expanded to 2000 additional blocks during the Tenth Plan. The micro-credit programme of RMK is closely tied up with SHGs formed under Swayamsidha for financing various employments-cum-income-generation activities. Necessary training programmes be introduced to retain/upgrade the skills of the displaced women to take up jobs in the new and emerging areas of employment. Formulating of appropriate policies and programmes to generate opportunities for wage/self-employment in traditional sectors like Khadi and Village industries. Handicrafts, Handlooms. Sericulture, Small Scale and Cottage industries. Special attention will be given to women in the informal sector to ensure both minimum and equal wages for women on par with men. Design suitable strategies to enhance the capacity of women and to empower them to cope with the negative economic and social impact of the globalisation process. 18 ATISHAY KALIT

A minimum of 30 per cent reservation will be made for women in services in the public sector. To increase the representation of women in services, coaching facilities, encouraging women to compete along with men in the competitive ‘examinations and providing support services for working women to ensure mobility in the employment market. The Tenth Plan recognises the need for a comprehensive Credit Policy to increase women’s access to credit either the establishment of new micro-credit mechanisms or micro - financial institutions or strengthening existing ones. All States/UTs with Women’s Development Corporations to be equipped to provide both forward and backward linkages of credit and marketing facilities to women entrepreneurs, besides being active catalysts for empowering women economically. Efforts be made to set up an exclusive Development Bank for Women entrepreneurs in the small scale and tiny sectors. Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) The government is planning to ensure that at least 33 per cent of all direct and indirect benefits of all schemes flow to women and girl children. A focus on pilot schemes would be made for Muslim women and SC/ST children. The Planning Commission wants the Government to lay emphasis on economic and social empowerment, besides enabling political environment, strengthening mechanisms for effective implementation of women related laws and augmenting delivery mechanisms. The plan body has also suggested that focus be given on Integrated Child Protection scheme and the Scheme for Relief and Rehabilitation of Victims of Social Assault. The Government hopes to make a serious dent on poverty, malnutrition, school dropout rates and infant mortality and female health. Aware that success of its plans depends on correctly targeting women. Government plans a special focus on this key segment of population. Both Centre and states will frame policies to realise “monitorable targets” with stress on objectives like raising the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17. It has been decided to set up a Working Group on Micro & Small enterprises (MSE) sector, consisting of the traditionally defined small scale industries and small scale service and business entities, on the one hand and khadi, village and coir industries, on the other to review the existing coverage of developmental schemes and programmes for SC, ST, Minorities and Women engaged in the sector and to suggest specific measures for their upliftment and promotion. Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 19

Women Development Programme to be strengthened and reactivated to create awareness among women for their social empowerment. Women support groups to be formed. SHGs will be strengthened and linkages with financial institutions facilitated. Training programmes in skill development and management etc. will be a priority area. Women Cooperative Societies to be promoted and strengthened. Share capital to Women Cooperative Societies suggested to be increased to promote research in and development of implements/equipments particularly in agriculture sector to facilitate safe working of women agriculturist. Grain Banks could be set up through women SHGs. Assessment of poverty levels needs to be assessed regularly for appropriate management of supplies. 1 Women specific Indian and International Agencies promoting women entrepreneurship Indian Agencies Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB): CSWB is a charitable company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 assisting both in promoting voluntary action and implementing programmes fully funded by the Department. It was established in August 1953, to bring the neglected, weak, handicapped and backward sections of society into the national mainstream. As a follow up, the State Social Welfare Advisory Boards were set up with the task of implementing and monitoring of different programmes of the CSWB. It is the pioneering national level organisation in the field of development and empowerment of women in the country. The CSWB was also envisaged as an interface between the Government and the voluntary sector for social development in the country. It has made a signal contribution in encouraging, assisting and promoting the growth of nearly twenty five thousand voluntary organisations for reaching the neglected women and children of the country. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK): RMK is constituted by the Government in 1993, with the objective of meeting the credit needs of poor, asset less women, especially in the informal sector. It also offers support to develop and stabilise Self- Help Groups. RMK has taken several promotional measures to promote micro- financing, thrift, credit, formation and stabilisation of SHGs and also enterprise development for poor women. Women’s Wing of National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE): Women’s Wing of NAYK was set up in 1975 for the promotion and development of 20 ATISHAY KALIT women entrepreneurship. It assists women entrepreneurs in getting better access to capital, infrastructure and markets, development of management and production capability identifying investment opportunities, attending to problems taking up individual cases with appropriate authority sponsoring delegations, participation in trade fairs, exhibition buyer-seller meets, specialised conferences etc. organise seminars, workshops and training programmes for giving them wider exposure to available facilities and developing their entrepreneurial capabilities. Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD): DWCD is the separate nodal agency set up by the Government of India in 1985 for development of women. The department formulates policies and programme enacts/amends legislations affecting women and coordinate the efforts of both Governmental and NGOs working for the development of women. The programmes include employment and income generation welfare and support services a gender sensitization and awareness generation programmes. Women Entrepreneurship of Maharashtra (WIMA): WIMA was set up in 1985 with its head office in Pune. The main objective is to provide a forum for members and to help them sell their products. WIMA also provides training to its members. It has established industrial estates in New Bombay and Hadapsar. Women Development Corporation (WDC): WDCs were set up in 1986 to give the necessary thrust development of women in the states. The main objective is to create sustained income generating activities for women to provide better employment avenues for women so as to make them economically independent and self-reliant. WDCs identify women entrepreneurs, prepare a shelf of viable projects, provide technical services, to facilitate to avail credit from banks and other financial institutions, provide training and promote women’s co-operative and other organization. National Commission for Women: The National Commission for Women, a statutory body, set up under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 safeguards the rights and interests of women. The Commission continued to pursue its mandated activities, namely review of laws, interventions into specific individual complaints of atrocities and remedial action to safeguard the interests of women, whatever appropriate and feasible. The Commission has accorded highest priority to securing speedy justice to women. The Commission has been instrumental in introducing fresh ideas, innovative model, training, packages and model for speedy justice etc. Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 21

Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWCUA): DWCUA was introduced in 1997 to organise women in socio-economic self-employment activity groups with the dual objective of providing self-employment opportunities and social strength to them. This is to be achieved through technology services, which may enable them to take up income generating activities. It provides assistance to groups of urban poor women for setting up gainful self-employment ventures. The Revolving Fund given to these groups is meant for the purposes like purchase of raw materials and marketing, infra structure support, one-time expenses on child care activity etc. Women’s Occupational Training Directorate: There are 10 Regional Vocational Training Institutes (RUTIs) in different parts of the country, besides a National Vocational Training Institute (NVTI) at NOIDA which organise regular skill training courses at basic, advanced and post advanced levels. By the end of the Ninth Plan there were 4,499 Industrial Training Institutes. Self-Help Groups (SHGs): SHGs are basically an association of women constituted mainly for the purpose of uplifting the women belong to the Below Poverty Line (BPL) categories to the Above Poverty Line (APL) category. Identified poor women from each family will be formed in to a group consisting of 10-15 members. Major activities of the group are income generation programmes, informal banking, credit unions health, nutritional programmes etc. The SHGs formed under each development block will be later converted into SGSY units. SHGs disburse micro credit members and facilitate them to enter into entrepreneurial activities National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW): The NRCW is an autonomous body, which was set up to orient and sensitise policy planners towards womens issues, facilitating leadership training and creating a national data base in the field of women’s development. The Department monitors the implementation of 27 beneficiary oriented schemes for women implemented by different central departments. Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India (CWEI): CWEI is a registered civil society a voluntary organisation that works for the economic empowerment of women in the county and world over. It gives manpower training, undertake product development activities and also act as an intermediary between Indian entrepreneurs and overseas agencies for marketing and exports. The most effective function of all these associations is their lobbying for the cause of the SSIS. It acts as a springboard for entrepreneurship provides all escort services leading to higher productivity, competitive prices and stringent quality control for export, 22 ATISHAY KALIT facilitates technology transfer, improves access to natural resources, product and design development, explore marketing linkages within and outside the country through various Haats, Buyer Seller Meets, Exhibitions and Fairs in India and abroad, disseminates timely information on policies and programs, implements and monitors govt. schemes and programs for sustainable growth of enterprises. This consortium consisting of NGO’s, voluntary organizations and self-help groups the women entrepreneurs in finding innovative techniques of production, marketing and finance. Acme Centre of Management Excellence (ACME): ACME is an institute set up in New Delhi by Alternale Energy, Cold Chain Management and Environment. It provides women from business families and those who wish to venture in to the world of business, an opportunity to learn about business. The first management course for wives of businessmen which aims at developing the considerable latent talent within business families has been launched by ACME in 2000. It provides a one-year, full-time post-graduate diploma programme in business management with special focus on international business. It gives strong emphasis to teaching about the international business environment, international marketing management, research in management, international marketing logistics, international financial management, legal aspects of international business, and management information systems. Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam (MVSN): The Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam (MVSN) is the nodal agency at State level for empowerment of women in Orissa. It has 317 affiliated societies out of which 54 are Women Co-operative Societies and the remaining 163 are registered under the Societies Registration Act, I860. As a State nodal agency, the Nigam undertakes activities in three categories namely, economic programmes, social sensitisation programmes and allied infrastructural activities. The Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam undertakes various training programme for woman for capacity building as well as for persons with disabilities in order to enable them to take up different income generating activities. The expenditure on account of such training is met from the training grant received from the State Government. The types of training programmes conducted are Entrepreneurship Development Programme, Managerial Development Programme, and Leadership Development Programme, Training on Marketing and Sales promotion, Business Orientation Programme for persons with disabilities and other special training programmes for women. Besides, trade based technical training programmes are also conducted mostly in non-traditional sector, such as, Changing Status of Women through Government Policies 23 woolen carpet weaving, fancy leather, raxin bags, gems and American diamond cutting, polishing and other activities. International Agencies Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Committee Women (ACW): ACW has developed an operational work plan for protecting and empowering ASEAN’s women an reducing their vulnerability to exploitation through increased participation in the productive workforce, It encourages their entrepreneurship and employability, leadership and regional awareness. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM): UNIFEM is the women’s Fund at the United Nations. It provides financial and technical assistance innovative programmes and strategies to foster women’s empowerment and gender equality. In India, the Fund enables women entrepreneurs from Bangladesh, India, Nepal,, Pakistan to participate in the India International Trade (IITF). UNIFEM has been supporting annually since 1996. South Asian Women Entrepreneurs (SAWE): SAWE is a forum developed by the UNIFEM. It has made special efforts to include women artisan producers entrepreneurs in the IITF. It supported the initiative to bring women entrepreneurs together on common platform to explore new marketing linkages and exchange of technology within and outside the country. Through experts, UNIFEM provides technical inputs, business counselling. Information and Communication Technology training and design support for increased export orders. It also helps to enhance their capacity, market linkages, formation of business alliances and improved awareness on possibilities of e-commerce. It aims at strengthening the regional network of women entrepreneurs through enabling their access to global markets, in partnership with Governments and NGO’s UNIFEM promotes exchange of information on marketing, technology exchange and trade development among women entrepreneurs from South Asia and other parts of the world. South Asian Network of Women Artisans and Primary Producer Groups (ARTRAC): ARTRAC works to bring grassroots artisans and their associations closer to domestic and international markets through the use of ICT, product design support and business management training. References 1. Gilder George : The spirit of Enterprise, Penguin Books, England, p.23

2. Drucker. F. Peter : Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Practice and principles, Pan Books, London, 1986, preface, pp 9-10. 24 ATISHAY KALIT

3. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, London, 1976

4. Cochran T.C. : Entrepreneurship, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Sills DL Ed. Macmillan Co. and Free press, p. 87

5. Parsons Tal Cott : The Structure of Social Action, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1974, p. 515

6. Schumpeter J.A. : Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History, In Explorations in Enterprise, Ed Aitken HGT Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1955, p. 51-52

7. Cochran T C : Ibid, Op. Cit. p. 90

8. Berna James J : Industrial Entrepreneurship in Madras State Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1960, p.

9. Mc Clelland D.C. : The Achieving society, D. Van Norstand Co. Inc., New York, 1961, pp. 210-215

10. Schumpter, J.A. : Op. Cit, p. 68 Position of women As depicted in the sculptures of the 25

Shobha Guleria ATISHAY KALIT Lecturer Vol. 1, Pt. B College Education Department Sr. 2, 2012 Jaipur ISSN : 2277-419X

Position of Women as depicted in the Sculptures of the Temples of Medieval MewaR Position of women is described by Women in Ancient and Medieval India by Bhuvan Chandel, Women in Medieval Indian Society by Irfan Habib, Rajasthan through the Ages by G.N. Sharma etc. I made attempt to present life of females through secular sculptures depicted in various temples of Mewar. Abul Fazal writes "Hindu women carry water from rivers, cisterns or wells, many of them carry several pots on their heads, one on the top of the other, while talking and gossiping with their companions and making their way over uneven ground. If the heart could maintain the balance of these vessels, in the same way, it would not be affected by suffering. Why should one be more lowly then these women in one's relationship to the Almighty?"1 Medieval period is mentioned as dark age for the women because they had to undergo a lot troubles and confinements because of the Muslim invasions and feudalistic society. Their position in upper society was worsened, but they managed to revamp their position by taking part in religion, politics, education and literature. Women had very respectable position in ancient Mewar society. A baked seal of Mata Vasundhara discovered from Nagari belongs to second century B.C. During that time female was worshipped in the form of Mother Goddess. On the basis of temple sculptures we can say that upper class women were educated. In a panel a yogi is sitting2 cross legged and an open book is lying in front of him on book case. A female wearing gold ornaments in neck, arms and ears is sitting on the mat in front of him with joined hands and is in hearing sermons from yogi. They took part in worship along with king. The king, queen and prince are carved3 in front of a saint. The king and queen are worshipping Sivalinga. This shows that in medieval period Mewar people emphasised on the ancient saying of Hindu scriptures, that no religious rite can be performed with perfection by a man 26 ATISHAY KALIT without the participation of his wife. Playing with the ball or kanduka-krida was a fashion amongst high born girls. These scenes are carved in Vishnu temple of Ahar, Ambika temple of Jagat, Mandesar and Iswal. Purdah was prevalent in medieval Mewar in upper class women. A royal women4 is sitting in bullock-cart which is covered from all the sides. It imposes restrictions on the mobility of women, curtails their rights to interact freely and is a symbol of subordination of women. Ambika temple of Jagat belongs to tenth century A.D. and have no male deities except dikpals proves that women in the form of goddess had a respectable place in the society. Lower class women enjoyed much freedom as compared to royal ladies. They performed their daily household work. Two females are carved as grinding gram by a mortar. In this panel a female is sitting on platform holding a mortar in her hand. Another woman is pouring some grains in this grinding machine. In another scene two females are moving handles of grinding machine made of stone carved in between them. Some women are depicted as churning butter. In this panel two females are churning butter by holding strings which are rolled around a long mathini whose lower part is inside a pot. Women worked along with their men in their fields traditionally a part of Indian rural society.5 The lower class women worked hard alongwith their men for livelihood. All the drudgery was done by them. The day to day activities including collecting fodder for cattle from far off places, grinding rice, gathering cow dung, wood for fuel, and bringing water.6 Two cows are also carved in this panel. Females also went for grazing their animals. In Ambika temple of Jagat a female is carved as extricating a thorn from her leg. It could be a shepherd-girl. Playing with the ball or kanduka-krida was a fashion amongst high born girls7, a female is trying to through the ball with left hand from over the head as in cricket bowling? These type of scenes are also carved at Vishnu temple at Ahar. A line of Vermilion (sindura) in the parting of the hair is an absolute necessity in Hindu custom for every married woman whose husband is alive. A lady is standing with a mirror in her right hand, applying sindura in the hair parting with right hand. This type of sculpture is also found at Khajuraho temple. Women also assist men in their job. In a panel of Temple of Mewar a women is assisting male in doing his iron work. Indian women were also engaged in commerce especially in small industries along with their husbands, "Gujjar" and Position of Women as depicted in the Sculptures of the 27

"Ghosi" women hawked milked products in villages and "Kunjar" women sold green vegetables and fruits. The pitcher's wife parched and sold grain, the potter's wife kneaded clay and the lace-maker's and Iron smelter's wires similarly helped their husband in the respective fields.8 Singing and dancing were considered as women's profession in Mughal India. These groups were the essential part of Mughal court. According to Khondamir, all the inhabitants of the Kingdom were divided into three classes. Ahl - Dulat (nobles) Ahl - Sadat (religious persons) Ahl - Murad (Entertainers) Those who possessed beauty and elegance, those who were most lovely, also clever musicians and sweet singers composed the third class, and appellation of Ahl I Murad (people of pleasure) was conferred on them, because most people took great delight in the company of such young looking people of rosy cheeks and sweet voices.9 Dance was regarded as a means to please gods and consequently dance performances were arranged inside the temples. This led to the growth of the institution of devdasi. Devdasi is originally described as Hindu religious practice in which girls were married and dedicated to a deity. In addition to taking care of temples and performing rituals, they learned and practiced bharatnatyam and other classical Indian art tradition and enjoyed a high social status. It was found in all parts of India, but was more prevalent in south. Arthasastra, Mricchaghatihem gives us an idea of the devdasi tradition in ancient India. Impact of this system can be seen in sculptures of temples of Mewar. In most of the temples of Mewar women are depicted as playing various musical instrument of performing dances in groups. In a panel female dancer wearing plaited lower garment in the middle surrounded by four males on both the sides are playing flute, manjira and daph. A female is playing flute with slightly tilted face. Men are carved on left and right side of women with crosslegged and playing manjira. In another scene six females are carved. In the middle female dancer is in atibhanga posture in which her back and face can be seen in front. Her both legs are bent from knees, heels are joined with each other and feet are slightly uplifted and both hands are raised. If we analyse female scenes in temples belonging to 8th to 17th century A.D. We can say that females were in good position in early medieval period and their 28 ATISHAY KALIT position gradually worsened during Muslim invasions. There were no scenes in temples which depicts sati system of that period.

Plate 1 Lady applying sindur Plate 2 Female extricating thorn Position of Women as depicted in the Sculptures of the 29

(Plate-3) Female dancing group References: 1. Fazal Abdul, Ain-i-Akbar, H. Blochman Vol.III, Sang-i-Meel Publisher, Lahore, 1989, p.425.

2. Mali Vishnu Prakash, Mewar Ki Murtikala, Sharma Publishing House, Jaipur, 2004, p. 95

3. North narthar part of Vishni temple, Nagda.

4. Mali Vishnu Prakash, op.cit., p. 107

5. Kosambi D.D., An Introduction to the study of Indian History, Popuar book depto., Bombay, 1956, p. 319

6. If tikhar Rukshana "Labour class of women in Mughal India", Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No.1, January-June 2012, p. 234

7. Majumbdar R.C., ed., The age of Imperial Kannuaj, Vidhya Bhawan Series, Bombay, 1964, pp. 365-366

8. Iftikhar Rukshana, op.cit., p. 238

9. Khondamir, Humayunama, Tr; Elliot and Dowson, 1887, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, 1887, p. 120 30 ATISHAY KALIT

Sarve Daman Mishra ATISHAY KALIT Sr. Lecturer Vol. 1, Pt. B Government College, Sr. 2, 2012 Ajmer ISSN : 2277-419X

AGRIGARIAN INPUTS IN ANCIENT RAJASTHAN

From the agrarian point of view land is the most important input for production. We may generally classify lands under the following groups1, viz., (i) cultivable land, (ii) waste land, (iii) habitable land, (iv) pasture land, (v) gardens and forest lands. But in ancient time twelve types of land are mentioned. They are: (a) Urvar (fertile), (b) Usara (barren), (c) Maru (desert), (d) Aprachata (fallow), (e) Sadvala (grassy land), (f) Pankila (muddy land), (g) Jalaprayamanupam (watery or wet land), (h) Kaccha (land contiguous to water), (i) Sarkara (land full of pebbles and pieces of limestone), (j) Sarkavati (sandy), (k) Nadimatrka (land watered from a river for cultivation), (l) Devamatrka (land watered by rain). The term Vastu or Thala-Vastu is used even today in Bengal; and signifies the high land. There were, however, two types of cultivable lands, viz., the dry land2 which required irrigation for its cultivation, and the wet land,3 which required less water. The later type is referred to in the Grand of Dharmaditya,4 where the term vapa precedes ksetra. This term here may signify vapt, which means a small tank, instead of vapa in its derivatives sense, meaning the field where seeds are sown.5 Other terms commonly met with in inscriptions are khila6 and aprahata. Basak explains khila as untilled land. This is also supported by the Amarakosa.7 Another term, Aprahata,8 is mostly used in conjunction with Khila. Basak holds that both Khila and Aprahata are synonymous terms signifying untilled land. But as both terms are recorded side by side in the same plate, there may have been some slight technical difference in meaning between them. According to Monier Williams, aprahata means untilled waste. Dr. Sircar defines it as “unreaclaimed jungle land. Thus, it appears thatkhila land is previously cultivated, but now left uncultivated; and aprahata land is hitherto untouched by the plough. Both terms can be taken together to mean cultivable waste lands. There was also pasture land for the grazing of cattle. In the 'Khoh Plate of Maharaja Hastin'9 the term “gopathasarah” is recorded. 'Dr. Fleet' interprets10 it as “the reeds grow by the cattle-path.” This may indicate the pasture land of Narada, where the cow-herds used to tend their village cattle.11 AGRIGARIAN INPUTS IN ANCIENT RAJASTHAN 31

As we have seen elsewhere, there was a great demand for land for cultivation and habitation. The cultivable and uncultivable and waste was gradually brought under the plough, probably as a result of the gradual increase of population. considering these factors, Narada recommends that when the owner of a field is unable to cultivate his land, or is dead or gone, no one knows Whether, any stranger who undertakes it cultivation unchecked by the owner or others should be allowed to keep the produce.12 Thus the land was not allowed to remain fallow for an indefinite period, but others were induced to make it productive. Moreover, for the encouragement of agriculture and settlement the kings granted quite large areas of cultivable land. These were donated free of royal revenue, possibly in view of the fact that the donee might be able to make the land productive. From a somewhat later inscription it is clear that lands in the forest region were given to the Brahmans for their maintenance.13 In the later period Sukra lays down certain benevolent rules for the reclaiming of waste lands, if people undertake new industries or cultivate new lands and dig tanks, canals, wells, etc. for their improvement, the king should not demand anything of them, until they realise profit amounting to twice their expenditure.14 Methods of cultivation were elaborate. Ploughs drawn by oxen were used for cultivation. According to Amara, the plough15 consisted of the following parts, the pole or shaft of the yoke, the pin of the yoke, the ploughshare and the tie of the yoke. The cultivators apparently used iron plough-shares, for according to Brhaspati iron twelve Palas in weight should be formed into a ploughshare. It should be eight Angulas long by four Angulas broad16 or approximately 6 inches by 3. Smaller than that of modern Europe, such a ploughshare could only be used for shallow cultivation. We do not know how many oxen were employed in a single plough in ancient time. But in the later period Sukra lays down that the Brahmans should have sixteen oxen to their ploughs, the Kshatriyas twelve, the Vaisyas eight, the Sudra four and Antyajas (later known as untouchables) two only.17 This scheme, however, seems fanciful, a typical product of the Brahamanic passion for classification. Nowadays only two oxen are used a normal plough. From the earliest times India has been an agricultural country; and in many parts of India her agriculture largely depends upon irrigation. There are two types of irrigation, natural and artificial. Natural irrigation is obtained through rivers, lakes, springs and rainfall. Northern India is blessed with many rivers as a source of perennial water supply. As a result in these parts of India, from the very earliest times, the state and the people have excavated tanks, lakes, pools and wells for irrigation. 32 ATISHAY KALIT

'Lekh Paddti' states that a land, adorned with crops, rich in mines, minerals, etc., copiously watered and not depending upon showers of rain for agricultural purposes, is specially favourable to the welfare and prosperity of the people.18 The importance of irrigation is also duly considered by our Smrti writer. At first Narada classifies the dikes, according to their respective utility. There are two sorts of dikes or water-courses, one called kheya which is dug into the ground, and another called Bandhya which prevents the access of water. The former serves the purpose of irrigation, and the latter protects the field from excessive water. Moreover, the fertility of the soil is greatly enhanced by artificial irrigation, where there are no natural irrigation facilities, and as a result agricultural produce is greatly increased. The mention of araghatta19 attests to the existence of efficient techniques of irrigation, without which a high agricultural yield would hardly have been possible. The araghatta being a common simile employed in the Kuvalayamala, its use must have been widespread. The unceasing cycle of birth, old age and deaths is compared to an araghatta with hundreds of pots (ghatis), one pouring water into the other20. In another instance, the beings (jivas) are addressed thus, ‘If thou desires deaths, if thou are disgusted with them, continue by all means in the araghatta of birth (janma) and death (marana).’21 The technical nature of the arahatta or araghatta, generally translated as Persian wheel has been a matter of controversy, with Irfan Habib insisting on equating it with the noria, i.e. a wheel carrying pots or buckets fixed on its rim, in which there is no chain carrying pots or gearing mechanism for continuous flow of water.22 But the ninth century AD stone relief studded on the ceiling of Jagesvara at Sadadi in Pali district clearly show the pots ties to a rope in a row hanging below,23 as pointed by Dr. Chattopadhyaya.24 There is no clear evidence of the gearing mechanism but the references to the continuous rotation of buckets in our works clearly suggest its use. Excavation of wells (kupa), tanks (tadaga) and stepwells (vapi) was considered meritorious25 and this too must have helped ensure easy supply of water for irrigation purposes.26 The reference to damming of water,27 reservoirs bound with stones bearing semblance to the ocean28 and the cultivation of sugarcane in the arid zone of Rajasthan29 also suggest harnessing of water for irrigation. The Guhilla ruler 'Dhanika' is said to have constructed in vs 741 (AD 684) a step-well at Nagar (Jaipur state) for the use of his subjects, for the performance of abhiseka of Sankara and for the acquisition of religious merit.30 The Jodhpur inscription of Bauka (AD 837), tells us that his predecessor 'Siluka' had a tank excavated.31 From the Mansarovar inscription we learn that the Mansarovar lake (near Chittor) was excavated in AD 713 by the Mori ruler Mana.32 AGRIGARIAN INPUTS IN ANCIENT RAJASTHAN 33

The Kaman inscription of the Harsa year 263 (AD 869) records the excavation of a step-well and temple by three brothers in memory of their father.33 At Osia and Abaneri we have huge step-wells built in the eighth-ninth century AD. The Osia step-well was about 125 feet long, 100 feet broad and 50 feet deep.34 There were also tanks which served both for providing drinking water and irrigating the adjoining area. These were denoted by several terms, e.g. vapt35 which appears to have been usually employed for a tank of smallest size; tadaga.36 which in modern Bengali usage (which may reflect that of our period) implies a larger tank; and dirghika1, which etymologically suggests a tank of oblong shape, and is used in modern Bengal to imply a tank of very large size. There are also references to wells (kupa). The Gandhar stone inscription of Visvavarman refers to a well in Gangdhar in the modern district of Jalalabad in Malwa. The Amarakosa also refers to this type of well. On modern analogy these were used for the irrigation of small plots of land, as well as drinking water. Since agriculture is a labour intensive activity so human resource is also an important input. Brhaspati classifies agricultural servants in the categories of flow, middle and high, according to their grain share or pay. He then goes a step further than Narada and says that a third or a fifth of the produce shall be awarded to the cultivator of the soil as his share. Those who cultivate the soil, taking food and clothing from the master, should receive one-fifth of the crop, but those who work without taking food and clothing should take one-third of the produce. For the benefit of the owner of the soul Brahaspati also lays down certain rules. If a hired servant fails in the performance of even a small part of his master’s work, he forfeits his wages and may be sued in court for his offence.37 When a servant does not perform his work after having received his wages, though able to do work, he shall be compelled to pay twice as much as his wages as a fine to the king, and shall restore the wages to his master.38 References 1. The term Vastu or Thala-Vastu is used even today in Bengal and signifies the high land. 2. As in Sindh, Rajasthan, the Punjab, etc. Geography of Rajasthan, 1967 p.15. 3. Ibid p.15. As in the lower Gangetic plain. 4. Indian Epigraphy 1910, P1. “A” p. 198. 5. Kulyavapa See p. 69-80. 6. Epigraphica India XV-P1. 7. Amar Kosh 1.6 p.71. 8. The Camodarpur PL. E.I. XV.-Pt. “I” p.130. 34 ATISHAY KALIT

9. Corpus Inscription Indicurum Fleet p.123,I.24. 10. Ibid 125. 11. Narad Smriti XI.40. 12. Ibid XI.23. 13. The Tipparah PI E.I.-XV, P.307. 14. Shukrismriti IV, II.242-244. 15. Amar Kosh p.203. 16. Brihat Samhita VII. 79-80. 17. Shukrismriti IV, III 38-39. 18. Lekh Paddti. IV. 51-52. 19. Narad Smriti XI. 18 20. Kuvalaymala pp. 30, 229, 232, 263, 277. 21. Dabok Inscription AD 644 EI XX, pp. 122-5. 22. EI, XIV, pp 176. 23. Presidential address, Proceedings of Indian History Congress XXXI, pp.148-55. 24. R.C. Agrawala, ‘Rajasthan Ki Pracina Murtikala me Rahata’, Maru Bharati, XIV, p.4. 25. Chattopadhyaya, B.D., ‘Irrigation in Early Medieval Rarjasthan’, JESHO, XVI, pp 293- 316. 26. Kuvalaymala, pp 65, 205. 27. According to Dr. R.S. Sharma the word vapi, is derived from the Sanskrit root vap which means ‘to sow’ and therefore it is clear that step-wells were meant for irrigating the fields; ‘How Feudal was Indian Feudalism’ in D.N. Jha ed. Feudal Social Formation in Early India, p.189. 28. Bharata Kaumudi, I, p.269. 29. Puskarini Karita, EI, XVIII, pp 87f. 30. Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, II, pp. 919-22. 31. EI, XXXVI, pp52-5. 32. Agrawala, R.C. ‘Rajasthan Ke Katipaya Pracina Sarovar aur Vapi’, Varada, VI, (iv) pp. 59- 60. 33. The Gangdhar PL. of Visvavarman-Fleet, p.75, I.22. 34. The Gangdhar PL of Visvavarman-Fleet p.75, I.22/ 35. The Gangdhar PI. of Visvavarman-Fleet, p.65, I.22. 36. The Sarsamkha-dighi of West Midnapore district. 37. Brihaspati Samhita XVI.3. 38. Ibid. XVI.5. Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 35

Dr. Rita Pratap ATISHAY KALIT Chief Editor Vol. 1, Pt. B Ex-Head of the Deptt. Sr. 2, 2012 Drawing & Painting ISSN : 2277-419X University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Nalanda : (A world heritage site)

Recently I happened to visit Nalanda (A world heritage site) and was greatly inspired by the surroundings and findings of which I am trying to share with you. Towards the southeast of Patna is a village called the ‘Bada Gaon’, in the vicinity of which, are the world famous ruins of Nalanda University. It falls on way to Rajgir. It is also linked by rail with Patna, Rajgir and Bakhtiyarpur (On Delhi – Howrah main track). Though it is traditionally dated to the time of the Bud- dha (6th – 5th cent. BC), archaeological excavations date its current foundations to the 5th century AD. The university flourished during the 5th and 12th Century AD. It was the first residential International University of the world, housing about 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers. This university attracted pupils from all over the world. The courses of study included scriptures of Buddhism (both Mahayana and Hinayana Schools Vedas— Hetu Vidya (Logic); Shabda Vidya (Grammar); Chikitsa Vidya (medicine) etc. The university received royal patronage of the great emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj and also Pala kings. It was a great center of learning and students from foreign countries were also attracted to this university. Its importance as a monastic university continued until the end of the 12th Century. Excavations have uncovered nine levels of occupation. ‘Hieun Tsang’, the renowned Chinese traveller of the seventh century, says that according to tradition the place owed its name to a Naga of the same name which resided in the local tank. But he thinks it more probable that Lord Buddha, in one of his previous births as Boddhi-sattva, became a king with his capital at this place and that his liberality won for him and his capital the name Nalanda or “Charity without intermission”. The third theory about the name of the place is that it derived from ‘Nalam’ plus ‘da’. ‘Nalam’ means lotus which is a symbol for knowledge and ‘Da’ means place having many lotuses. Nalanda is a place hallowed by the memory of the Buddha. Earliest literary accounts of Nalanda appear in the Pali scriptures. Buddha visited Nalanda several 36 ATISHAY KALIT times. On his way from Rajagaha to Pataliputta he used to stop in Pavarika’s Man- go-grove. Rajagaha was the capital of the Magadhan kings during the time of the Buddha. Together with Rajagaha, Nalanda formed an important zone of Buddha’s activities. Mango-grove was built by Pavarika, a Setthi of the place and donated it to the Buddha and his Sangha. Whenever Buddha visited the place, he usually stayed in that Mango-grove and held discussions and preached the Dhamma to the people. His last sojourn in that Mango-grove at Nalanda was occasioned while he was on his last journey from Rajagaha to Kusinara where soon after he entered into the Mahaparinibbana. Nalanda was also frequented by other religious teachers like Makkhali Gosala. The two chief disciples of the Buddha, Sariputta and Moggallana, hailed from the vicinity of Nalanda.

Main Temple and Stupa Besides the Buddha, Mahavira, known as Nigantha Natapatta in Buddhist scriptures, was another religious teacher who visited Nalanda off and on. He also had followers and supporters there, like Upali, Dighatapassi, Asibandhakaputta and others. Vardhman Mahavira (nigantha Nata-pintta) chose Nalanda for his rainy season retreat as many as three time. Once during his ascetic life, and twice during his role of Tirthankara. During his ascetic life, he met Makkhali Gosala at Nalanda in a weaver’s workshop which he selected for his stay during the rainy season. Mahavira many times went to Rajagraha from Nalanda for alms. Sometimes he also visited the Sannivesa called Kollaa situated near Nalanda. Nalanda appears to have continued to be a stronghold of Jainism for centuries, though no literary or inscriptional evidence is available till we reach the Vikram Samvat 1477 (1420 A.D.) which is found inscribed on an image of Risabhdeva still existing in the Jaina temple situated near the ruins of Nalanda. Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 37

Regarding the historicity of Nalanda, it is read in Jaina texts that Mahavira Vardhamana spent as many as fourteen rainy seasons in Nalanda. During the days of Mahavira and Buddha, Nalanda was apparently a very prosperous temple city, a great place of piligrimage and the site of a celebrated university. It is said that King Asoka gave offering to the Chaitya of Sariputra at Nalanda and erected a temple there. Taranath, a Tibetian monk, famous for his ‘History of Buddhism in India’ mentions this and also that Nagarjuna, the famous Mahayana philosopher of the second century A.D. studied at Nalanda. Nagarjuna later became the high-priest there.

Reliefs of Buddha ‘Suvishnu’, A Brahman contemporary of Nagarjuna, was supposed to have built 108 temples at Nalanda to prevent the decline of both the Hinayana and the Mahayana schools of Buddhism. ‘Aryadeva’, a philosopher of the Madhyamika School of Buddhism (Fourth Century A.D.), ‘Asanga’, a Buddhist philosopher of the Yogachara school (Fifth Century A.D.) and ‘Vasubandhu’ (brother and Asanga) were actively associated with Nalanda. The copper plates of Samudragupta and the coin of Kumaragupta, discovered in the course of the excavations, are the earliest datable finds. According to‘Hiuen Tsang’, Sakraditya built a monastery at Nalanda and several of his successors, namely, ‘Buddhagupta’, ‘Tathagatagupta’, ‘Baladitya’ and ‘Vajra’ built some monasteries nearby. Sakraditya has been identified with Mahendraditya, i.e., Kumaragupta I (c. 413-455). Buddhagupta seems to be the same as Buddhagupta (c. 476-96) and Baladitya seems to be the king who had to encounter the Huna chief, Mihirakula, early in the Sixth Century. ‘Fa Hien’, who visited India in the early Fifth Century, however, does not mention the monastic establishments, although he mentions that the village Nalo was the place of birth and death of Sariputra and had a stupa. Nalo may be Nalanda. 38 ATISHAY KALIT

Hiuen Tsang had visited Nalanda and had seen an 80" high copper image of the Buddha raised by Purna-Varman. Hiuen Tsang also mentions that king Harsha- Vardhana of Kanauj (606-647) at Nalanda was building a large monastery of brass. It is said that one thousand monks from Nalanda were present at the royal congrega- tion at Kanauj. Nalanda was a flourishing university, teaching hundreds of students when Hiuen Tsang visited the place. Hiuen Tsang’s account mentions a number of monasteries and temples at Nal- anda. He studied philosophy, logic, grammar, medicine and Atharaveda at Nalanda University. Hieun Tsang was given the name of Mokshadeva at Nalanda. After Hiuen Tsang as many as 11 Chinese and Korean travellers had visited Nalanda. Another pilgrim who stayed at Nalanda for a considerable time was ‘I-Tsing’. He mentions that there were more than 3,000 monks at the Nalanda monastery and that they were supported by more than 200 villages gifted by kings. The older monks helped the younger ones. ‘Silabhadra’ was the head of the Nalanda monasteries when Hiuen Tsang visited the place. A basic knowledge of the Tripitakas was the minimum quali- fication required of all the monks who came to learn. There was a rigorous oral entry examination conducted by erudite gatekeepers, and many students were turned away. To study or to have studied at Nalanda was a matter of great prestige. However, no degree was granted nor was a specific period of study required. The monks time, measured by a water clock, was divided between study and religious rites and practice. The libraries were vast and widely renowned. Silabhadra was probably succeeded by ‘Dharmakirti’, who is said to have defeated ‘Kumaralila’, a renowned Brahmanical philosopher. ‘Padmasambhava’, a great Buddhist scholar from Nalanda, had visited Tibet. He is credited with having founded the institution of Lamaism in Tibet. Another Nalanda scholar, ‘Santarakshita’, had also visited Tibet and stayed on there till his death in 762. In 1872, ‘Bradley’ carried out some excavations and published a monograph. The Royal Aisatic Society of London gave a liberal grant and the Archaeological Survey of India, with the help of this grant, took up a well planned excavation of the site of Nalanda from 1915. Later on, the Archaeological Survey of India did the excavations on its own resources. Great result have been achieved by the activities of the Archaeological Survey of India and a very large number of relics have been found and the monuments were saved from further ruin. Nalanda, as the site of a great temple city at one time, is one of the most important visiting places in India now. Careful excavation of the place has revealed many stupas, monasteries, hostels, staircases, meditation halls, lecture halls and many other structures which speak of Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 39 the splendor and grandeur this place enjoyed, when the place was a center of serious study. The monastic university, Nalanda was a magnificent architectural structure. An inscription of ‘King Yashovarman’ of 7th century AD describes Nalanda as “rows of monasteries with their series of turrets licking the clouds”. Nalanda is spread out over an area of 14 hectares and has the ruins of 11 monasteries and 5 temples. ‘Sariputra’s Stupa’ is the most imposing structure standing in the south, a few minutes walk from the main gates. This large stupa was built over the mortal remains of Sariputra. Its corner towers display niches holding well modelled stucco figures of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. A fight of steps leads to the shrine chamber which once housed a colossal image of Lord Buddha.

Monastery Sites Main Temple site 3 : The main Temple standing at the southern extremity of the row of temple is at once the largest and most imposing structure. The temple is a huge solid structure standing in the middle of a court surrounded by a number of small votive stupas, many of which were twice or even three times built one over the other on the same spot. In the course of excavations it was found that the very small original structure was enlarged by later temples built over and around the ruins of the earlier ones, the present mound being the result of seven successive accumulations. Monastery sites 1A and 1B : To the east of the Main Temple and on a higher level are the remains of two monasteries having their entrances to the north and facing a brick-paved court, the level of which almost coincides with the concrete pavement seen in front of the staircase of the fifth level of the Main Temple. The buildings are provided on all the four sides with small cells each having an entrance facing the concrete-paved verandah, the roof of which was supported by pillars. Monastery site 1 : In Monastery Site 1, there are as many as nine levels, 40 ATISHAY KALIT each of which is indicated by concreted payments and superimposed walls and drains. There existed stucco figures which, was badly damaged by fire in ancient days. Stucco figures also existed in the large niches in the north and south walls of the portico. The lower monastery, of which the cells are seen near the entrance on the western and along the southern and eastern sides, is believed to have been constructed in the reign of Devapala, the third king of the Pala dynasty (circa 810-50), by a king of Sumatra, as is stated in a copper-plate inscription found in the north-west corner of the entrance. The monastery consists, a number of monks cells with wide verandahs in front, originally set round an open quadrangular court but later on separated from it by a high wall. It was originally a building of two, or probably more, storey’s, as is apparent from the existence of stairs in the south-east corner. Many of the cells have been excavated and have revealed the existence of a still earlier monastery underneath, as indicated by concrete pavements. The main shrine of the lower monastery is situated in the middle of the east side and originally contained a colossal figure of seated Buddha, of which indica- tions of the crossed legs and drapery still exist. Monastery site 4 : It lies to the north of Monastery Site I and is adjacent to it. Its northern half was excavated right down to the lowest level of occupation and an earlier monastery was thus brought to light. The platform in front of the shrine in the east (upper monastery) apparently supported a portico. The stones placed at regular intervals on the parapets of the verandah served as the bases of pillars sup- porting the original verandah-roof. Near the north end of the eastern verandah of the lower monastery was found a coin of Kumaragupta (Circa 413-55) of the archer type, which is one of the earliest finds recovered at Nalanda. Monastery Annexe site 5 : The feature of this monasxtery is that there are two rows of cells, one behind the other the cells in the front row communicating with each other, through corbelled doorways. From this area a clay mould of Gupta coins was discovered. Monastery site 6 : This monastery contains two brick-paved courts, the lower one belonging to the earlier monastery which had existed on the site before the upper one was built on its ruins. A feature of interest here is the two sets of double ovens in the upper courtyard which the monks might have used for cooking or for some practical demonstration to students. A staircase seen in the south-west corner shows that the building was at least double-storeyed. There are two shrines in the Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 41 lower courtyard and one in the upper. Monastery site 7 : In Monastery Site 7 there are three successive monasteries built on the same site, each upon the ruins of a previous one on a similar plan. The site has been so excavated as to indicate very clearly the three periods of occupa- tion, the court, verandah and the cells of the three successive periods being easily distinguishable. The parapet round the verandah supported pillars on which rested the roof and of which the square bases are visible in all the three different levels. The cells of the first and second periods can be recognized by their doorways blocked up by bricks. The upper courts are concrete-paved, while the lower one is brick paved and contains an oven and a shrine with stairs facing west. Monastery site 8 : The arrangements of this monastery with its verandahs, cells courtyard, shrine, etc., are similar to site 7. The lintel of the doorway of a cell in the south-east corner, which was the only one found in this monastery preserved to its original height, has been repaired; as the original wooden lintels were not found, three concrete lintels have been inserted to support the superstructure which is decorated with a pretty dentil cornice just a few inches above the cornice. The shrine is spacious and imposing with a wide court in front. There are two levels visible in it. Monastery site 9 : There are six ovens in the courtyard, and traces of another one near the middle of the northern verandrah of this monastery. At the south-west corner there is a staircase with a skylight, similar to that in Monastery Site 4. Charred layers of wood were found on the steps of the staircase, showing that they had origi- nally been built of wooden sleepers which were subsequently destroyed by fire. Monastery site 10 : An interesting feature of Monastery Site 10 is that the doors had arches, set in mud-mortar, instead of wooden lintels. Traces of these arches may still be seen at the south-west and north-east corners of the building. Monastery site 11 : Lying near cultivated fields, Monastery Site 11 was ex- posed in a very badly damaged condition, the entire northern half of the building having been leveled to the ground. A feature of the monastery is the presence of no less than twenty five fragmentary stone pillars, some of which are still standing on their bases on the parapet-walls of the verandah at regular intervals of about 1 m. All the monasteries faced west, had drains discharging the sewage in the east and staircases in the south-west corner of the building. They were separated from each other by a passage running east to west. The row of monasteries faced the row of temples, situated to the east, an open space being left between the two rows. 42 ATISHAY KALIT

Temple site 12 : This structure broadly represents two different periods of construction, a later temple having been erected directly upon the ruins of the ear- lier one. The external facade of the earlier structure was decorated throughout with projecting niches and pilasters of various patterns, though few of the niches now contain images.

Nalanda Temple Remnants Temple site 13 : Temple Site 13 is now almost in ruins. Portions of the exter- nal wall of this structure indicate two different periods of construction. The earlier external walls, though much dilapidated, still retain evidences to show that they were provided with beautiful niches, pilasters, etc. The shrine is still existing above and bears traces of a colossal stucco image of Buddha. The walls of the shrine- chamber are built in two sections, the outer one still retaining portions of the original moulding work. The concrete floor of the circumambulation-path surrounding the shrine chamber is now practically ruined. The most interesting feature of this site is a brick-made smelting furnace situated to the north of the main structure. The discovery of burnt metal pieces, slag of metal and other similar objects from the furnace tends to show that it was used for casting metal objects. Temple site 14 : To the north of Temple Site 13 is another temple, Site 14. The outer walls show two periods of constructing, plan walls having been erected at many places upon the earlier once with beautiful mouldings. Inside the chamber is seen the interlocked legs and the head, the latter being less than 1 m. high, of a colossal stucco image of Buddha. A most interesting feature of the temple is the existence of painting in the niches of the pedestal of the image, the only extant specimen of mural painting at Nalanda. The fragmentary remains show the figures of a deer and a lion. Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 43

Temple site 2 : Temple Site 2 is situated to the north-east of Monastery Site 7 and approached by the narrow passage through Monastery Sites 7 and 8. Specially interesting here is the dado of two hundred and eleven sculptured panels over the moulded plinth. These panels are symmetrically arranged, twenty appearing on each side of the main entrance and fifty-seven in each of the three remaining walls. The pilasters intervening between the panels are decorated with a pot-and-foliage design and are surmounted by arches, some of them being pointed. There is a large variety of scenes depicted on them : human figures in various attitudes; household scenes; kinnaras playing on musical instruments; Siva and Parvati separately or together; Karttikeya on his peacock; the gods Agni, Kubera and Gaja-Lakshmi; the child Gautama with his writing material; scenes of archery; the Kachchhapa-Jataka; a human-headed bird with a foliated tail; makara-designs; a snake-charmer; geo- metrical and scroll patterns, etc. The Nalanda University Archaeological Complex : The total area of the excavation is about 14 hectares. All the edifices are of red brick and the gardens are beautiful. The university was constructed in the Kushana style of architecture, but the impact of the Pala dynasty is widely visible throughout. The buildings are divided by a central walkway that goes south to north, the mon- asteries or “Viharas” are east of this central alley and the temples or “Chaityas” to the west. The Vihara-1 is perhaps the most interesting with its cells on two floors built around a central courtyard were steps lead up to what must have been a dais for the professors to address their students. A small chapel still retains a half broken statue of the Lord Buddha. The enormous pyramidal mass of the Temple No. 3 is impressive and com- mands a splendid view of the entire area. It is surrounded by smaller stupas, many of which are studded with small and big statues of the Lord Buddha in various poses or “Mudras”. Hieun Tsang Memorial Hall : Hieun Tsang was a Chinese traveller, who came to India in around 5th century. He has given a very detailed and vivid description of the Indian political and social conditions at that time. His writing is considered to be one of the most authentic sources of information of that period Hieun Tsang was also attracted by the glory of Nalanda University. He came and stayed here, both as a student and as a teacher. As a student, he studied Yoga for six years under Acharya Shil Bhadra. He was in Nalanda for twelve years. The memorial has been built in his memory. Surya Mandir : Near the University of Nalanda, is a temple dedicated to the Sun God. This temple has a number of statues of Hindu and Buddhist deities. The 44 ATISHAY KALIT five feet high statue of Parvati is of particular interest and attraction. Nav Nalanda Vihar : To keep alive the ancient tradition of spreading knowl- edge, Bihar Government has set up a Pali Institute near the ancient university. In this institute, Indian as well as foreign students study and do research work. On the 20th Nov. 1951 the foundation stone of this institute was laid by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, near the famous Lotus Pond. This Institute has been attracting students from Japan, Sri Lanka, Korea, Tibet, Bhutan, Indonesia etc. Mainly students do research work on Buddhism and Pali here. The Nalanda Archaeological Museum : The Nalanda museum has a exclusive collection of images of the Pala. Gupta and other periods. The images are either Buddhistic or Brahmanical and several of the on show clear Tantric influence-Some of the image are in bronze. There are also finely executed images of Jambhala, the Buddhist (god of wealth). Tara, Prajnapra-mita, Marichi, Hariti, Sarasvati, Aparajita, etc. Brahmanical images include those of Vishnu Balarama. Siva-Parvati, Surya, Durga, Mahishasurmardini Ravanta, Ganesh, etc. The museum has also a collection of copper plates, stone inscription, and brick inscription, ceiling plaques, coins, carved bricks, pottery and small heaps of brunt rice. Art of Nalanda : The image of Nalanda mostly date from the Pala period, though there are some notable specimens of the Gupta period. As Nalanda was the center of the Tantra cult, it is only natural that along with Buddha and the Bodhisat- tvas, tantric gods and goddeses were evolved and worshipped, this is confirmed by the recovered specimens. Treasures of Nalanda : Buddha : The Nalanda specimens depict the Master in all his characteristic attitudes, he may be standing sitting in meditation under the Bodhi-tree or sitting with both legs pendent (bhadrasana). The hands show the favourite poses, the earth- touching, meditation, gift, protection, preaching, argumenting. He is usually placed on a lotus-throne, which may be supported by lions as in no. 9-171-. Usually the hair is shown in schematic curls with a top knot (ushnisha), regarded as one of the thirty-one marks of a great man; but in no. 1-456 Buddha is wearing a crown on his head, In specimen No 1 – 152 Buddha has matted hair, a characteristic of Siva, the locks hanging on shoulders. He is sometimes accompa- nied by attendants, eg. no. 1-456, but is generally single. There are also sculptures depicting the scenes of his life. Thus, his birth is represented in no. 11-110, where Maya, his mother, is standing under a tree and a male deity to the right is receiving Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 45 the newly-born baby. Particularly noteworthy are the figures of Buddha, nos. 1-532 and 9-150, standing on a circular lotus-pedestal, the finest of Nalanda bronzes. The Bodhisattvas : Of the divine Bodhisattvas, Padmapani is represented in many images with or without the Dhyani-Buddha. There are two fine gilt specimens of Padmapani. The former has its right hand raised in abhaya mudra, while the latter has the Dhayani-Buddha with varada on the crest. There are three large stone im- ages, of the same god with the usual features. The first is seated in lalitasana with a dwarfish male figure by the side of the god holding a sword in the right hand and a noose in the left no. 8-15 may particularly be notable for its fine execution. A large four-armed Avalokitesvara in stone is seen in no. 12-87, the right hands hold a rosary and varada-mudra and the left ones a lotus-stalk and nectar-pot. There is a sakti (female companion) on each side of the diety representing Bhrikuti and Tara and a crouching figure with animal head (Suchimukha) on the right half of the pedestal, which also contains a kneeling devotee. No. 45-3847 is an image of Khasarpana-Lokesvara. Jambhala : Jambhala, the Buddhist god of wealth, is represented in many image. No. 1-470 shows the god seated in maharajaliasana, holding a fruit and purse respectively in the hands. An inscription shows that it was the gift of the sage (yati) Keka. In No 1 – 205 a four-handed variety of the god seated in lalitasana, the right hands holding a pot and sword and the left one a flower and mongoose is found. The right foot rests on overturned vases. The back of the image is inscribed with the letters ja and hum. Other Gods : No 1-224 is a stone image of Trailokyavijaya, a Buddhist god trampling on the Brahmanical gods Siva and Parvati lying prostrate. Another Tantric god, Yamantaka is depicted in no. 1A-113. He is six headed and six-armed and holds a vajra, sword and pestle in the right hands and a noose, human head and cup of blood in the left. A garland of human skulls adorns the god and the Dyani-Buddha Akshobhya appears one the crest. An interesting images, representing a deity seated under serpent-hood canopy and holding a vase and rosary in his hand, is believed to represent Nagarjuna. It was originally housed in a shrine to the south-east of the Main temple. The inscription on the image says that it was the gift of one Bhattamanikya. Tara : The most favourite goddess of the Buddhists was Tara, ‘the savious’, the consort of Avalkitesvara, whether seated or standing she usually holds a lotus-stalk in her left hand and exhibits varada-mudra in the right. In no. 1-1051 the goddess is seated on high lotus-throne with the right hand in vitarka-mudra and the left in varda. 46 ATISHAY KALIT

Another image no. 1A-304 shows the goddess seated on a lion throne in lalitasana. No. 1-734 is a beautiful miniature representation of the goodness, inscribed with the name of the female lay-worshipper Kajjalaka. Prajnaparamita : Prajnaparamita is the goddess of learning. The goddess is seated cross-legged on a lotus-throne with her hands forming dharmachakra-mudra and with a book-on-lotus on each side. Sarasvati : Sarasvati, who claimed the allegiance of both the Buddhist and Brahmanical faiths, is beautifully represented in no. 1A-95 as seated in lalitasana, the hands holding a lute placed on the right knee, with a seated attendant on each side playing on musical instruments. Inscriptions Copper Plates : Monastery Site 1 yielded three copper-plate inscriptions be- longing to Samudragupta (circa 335-75), Dharmapala (circa 770-819) and Devapala (circa 810-59) respectively. The copper-plate of Dharmapala records the grant of a village in the district (vishaya) of Gaya in the Nagara (Patna) division (bhukti). The copper-plate of Devanpala is much more important. The original copper-plates are now in the Indian Museum. Stone Inscriptions : The following two stone inscriptions, both of which are very important, are now in the Nalanda Museum. (1) Inscription of time of Yasovarmadeva, recording various gifts, including a permanent grant to the temple erected at Nalanda by king Baladitya, by Malada, the son of a minister of king Yasovarmadeva, evidently the renowned king of Kanauj of the first quarter of the eighth century. Sealing’s and Plaques : The vast number of sealings and plaques discovered at Nalanda fall under two categories : (1) ecclesiastical and (2) civil. Under the former head comes those seals which bear the Buddhistic creed, sometimes with the figure of Buddha, or bear only the image of Buddha without any other stamp. Of the secular sealings, historically the most important are those which belong to royal personages, such as Narasimhagupta and Kumaragupta II of the Gupta dynasty. Coins : The coins found at Nalanda include those of Kumargupta I and Nar- simhagupta of the Gupta lineage, Sasanka of Bengal (circa 600-20), Adivaraha or Bhoja I of the Pratihara dynasty (circle 835-85), and Govindachandra of the Gahadavala dynasty (circle 1114-55). All of these are now deposited in the Indian Museum. The carved bricks, no doubt used for decorating buildings, portray human and Nalanda : (A world heritage site) 47 animal figures, faces of demons (kirttimukha), circular discs with floral designs, etc. The collection of pottery includes earthen jars with mica-dust adhering to their surface, decorated with animal and flora designs and furnished with short spouts. A small heap of burnt rice is reminiscent of the fire from which Nalanda suf- fered probably more than once. End of Nalanda : Buddhism was already on the decline when Hiuen Tsang visited the place. Nalanda stone inscriptions, discovered in 1863, refers to the elev- enth year of Mahipala I. This Inscription also refers to the destruction of Nalanda by fire and its subsequent restoration. It is said that Mohammad Bakhtiar Kilji de- stroyed Nalanda and the monks were either killed or had fled. The great collection of works the result of centuries of scholastic studies-and manuscripts were burnt or destroyed. According to a Tibetan source, there was a sort of revival after the raid of the Turks and a temple was reerected at ‘Nalanda. Fire was set to the Buddhist temple and the great conflagration that followed destroyed Ratnodahi, one of the libraries of Nalanda. Much of the tradition of Nalanda had been carried into Tibet by the time of the Muslim invasions of the twelfth century. In 1235 the Tibetan pilgrim ‘Chag Lotsawa’ found a ninety-year-old teacher, ‘Rahula Shribhadra’, with a class of seventy students. Rahula Shribhadra managed to survive through the support of a local Brahmin and did not leave until he had completed educating his last Tibetan student. This site of present Nalanda was identified only sixty one years ago. Since a very long period, Nalandist wanted to re-build Nalanda University. Recently a young man Sri Gopal Jee came forward with the challenge to build the Nalanda University from the ruins of present. The foundation bricks were laid by Lal Singh Tyagi, an old freedom fighter, one time Panchayat minister in the Govt. of Bihar, presently president of All India Panchayat Parishad, a sincere social worker, known for his dignity integrity and popularity, amids the chanting of Vedic Mantras, sounding of Panchajanaya and bitting of drums. References : • The Author herself visited Nalanda in the year 2011, she studied and photographed the Monuments. • C. Shivramamurti; The Art of India, New York 1977. p.448-449. • Nalanda Guide Book.

ooo 48 ATISHAY KALIT

:fp tks'kh ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/k Nk=k Vol. 1, Pt. B fPk=dyk foHkkx] Sr. 2, 2012 ouLFkyh fo|kihB ISSN : 2277-419X

vYcVZ gkWy&,d v/;;u

bZ'oj dh loZJs"B d`fr ekuo gS] vkSj lkSUn;Z ds Áfr vkd`"V gksuk ekuo dk LokHk- kfod xq.k gSA ;gh lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr vUrl~ esa LFkkfir Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl Ádkj dyk Ákd`frd lkSUn;Z dks vkRelkr~ dj lkSUn;Zijd d`fr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e dgk tkrk gSA lkSUn;Z dks dyk dk Ák.k tkuk tkrk gSA fcuk lkSUn;Z ds dksbZ Hkh d`fr dykd`fr ugha dgh tk ldrh gS D;ksafd ;gh lkSUn;Z;qDr d`fr;k¡ gh fo'o ds fofHkUu laxzgky; esa laxzghr gksdj ÁR;sd ekuo ek= dks jlkuqHkwfr Ánku djrha gSaSA rHkh rks vyadj.k] vuqdj.k] rFkk vkRekfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e dyk gSA ge vius fpj&ifjfpr lalkj esa mifLFkr ÁR;sd oLrq dk vuqdj.k dj mlh ds lekukUrj ,d nwljs lalkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA dyk] 'kCn] jax] /ofu] HkkokuqHkwfr dks O;Dr djus dk ek/;e gS] ftuds }kjk viuh vfHkO;fDr dk vyadj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bu ek/;eksa ls vn~Hkqr dykd`fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftlls lEiw.kZ lalkj ,d laxzgky; ds :Ik esa n`f"Vxr gks tkrk gSA rHkh rks dksbZ Hkh laxzgky; lkSUn;Z dk iwtkLFky ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd ogk¡ u tkfr gS] u /keZ gS] u ns'k gS] u dky gS] ;fn tks gS og gS lkSUn;kZRed d`fr;ksa dk miouA dyk ds ek/;e ls dykdkj vkRekfHkO;fDr Hkh djrk gSA dyk og gS ftlls vkRek] ijekRek ¼ijekuan½ esa yhu gks tkrh gSA blds }kjk ftl vkuan dh ÁkfIr gksrh gS ml vkuan dh vksj ys tkus okyk ek/;e dyk gh gSA euq"; ftl le; ls Ád`fr ds lEidZ esa vk;k mlh le; ls mlus fuekZ.k dk dk;Z ÁkjEHk dj fn;k Fkk rFkk vkdkj cks/k mlds lkSUn;Z cks/k dk ifj.kke gSA ftlds QyLo:Ik ,slh d`fÙk;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk tks ml le; dh laLd`fr o mlds thou dh ifjpk;d gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh dyk ls ml ns'k dh lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk irk pyrk gS] dyk ds vUrZxr vusd dykRed oLrq,¡ vkrh gS] og gekjs bfrgkl o laLd`fr dks ÁLrqr djrh gS blfy;s dykRed oLrqvksa dk laxzg gekjs fy;s cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj blh dkj.k laxzgky;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k rkfd bu egRoiw.kZ dykRed oLrqvksa dk laxzgky; fd;k tk ldsA laxzgky;ksa us gekjh dykRed /kjksgj dks lajf{kr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] vxj laxzgky; u gksrs rks gekjh ;qx&;qxhu iqjkuh lH;rk] laLd`fr] dyk ewY; vkfn dk Kku ÁkIr gksuk eqf'dy gksrkA vYcVZ gkWy&,d v/;;u 49

Hkkjr esa Hkh vusd egRoiw.kZ laxzgky; gS] muesa ls ,d t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ esa fLFkr vYcVZ laxzgky; gS] t;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ dh ikou Hkwfe ij fLFkr vYcVZ laxzgky; Kku dk Hk.Mkj gSA blds xHkZ esa laxzghr vusd dykRed lkexzh n'kZdksa dks vkuUnkuqHkwfr djkrh gSA vYcVZ laxzgky; dk ckº; Lo:Ik ftruk vkd"kZd gS vkUrfjd :Ik mruk gh v/;;ukFkZ gSA vYcVZ laxzgky; esa fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ds lk{; dyk:Ik esa] bfrgkl :Ik esa] fyfic) :Ik esa rFkk vkStkjksa vkfn ds :Ik esa laxzghr gSA ßlaxzgky; og Hkou gS tgk¡ dykRed oLrqvksa] fof'k"V ;qxhu egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ksa ls lEc) midj.kksa ;k LFkk;h egRo dh dykd`fr;ksa dks lqjf{kr :Ik ls ,df=r fd;k vkSj O;ofLFkr :Ik ls Án'kZukFkZ j[kk tkrk gSA ogk¡ vusdkussd fofp= foy{k.k vn~Hkqr fdUrq dykRed oLrq,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSÞ ßegkjktk jkeflag th ds le; ^fÁal vkWaQ osYl* vYcVZ ,MoMZ ds t;iqj vkxeu ij muds lEeku esa 6 Qjojh 1876 bZ- dks bl Hkou dh uhao mUgha ds djdeyksa ls j[kh xbZAÞ tks vkxs pydj ,MoMZ lIre ds uke ls bXyaS.M dk jktk gqvkA mlh ds uke ij bldk uke vYcVZ E;wft;e j[kk x;kAÞ ßvYcVZ gkWy Hkou t;iqj dh ân;LFkyh jkefuokl ckx ds e/; fLFkr gSAÞ ß;g Hkou bZ- 1886 esa cudj rS;kj gqvk rFkk bZ- 1887 esa egkjktk ek/kksflag f}rh; ds 'kklu dky esa lj ,MoMZ czsMQksVZ us bldk fof/kor~ mn~?kkVu fd;kA bl Hkou dk uD'kk bathfu;j fLoUVu tSdc us rS;kj fd;k Fkk tcfd fuekZ.k dk;Z t;iqj ds pUnk o rkjk fefL=;ksa us fd;kA bl laxzgky; ds fy;s lkexzh dk ladyu t;iqj ds vaxzst fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ,oa dyk fo'ks"kK duZy gS.Mys us fd;k FkkA laxzgky; esa bfrgkl] HkwxHkZ'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] foKku] vkSj dyk dkS'ky fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr lkezxh] fczVsu] bZjku] feJ] oekZ] yadk] tkiku] frCcr] usiky vkfn LFkkuksa ls ,df=r dh x;h gSAÞ ßbl Hkou dk LFkkiR; Hkkjrh; bZjkuh rFkk ik"kk.k vyadj.k eqxy&jktiwr LFkkiR; ls fy;s x;s FksA ;gha ugha blds xfy;kjs o cjkenksa dks fHkfÙk fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k x;k rFkk vdcj dkyhu fpf=r ßjTeukekÞ rFkk /kkfZeZd fp=ksa dh Áfrd`fr;k¡ cukbZ xbZA cjkenksa esa ;wjksi] felz] phu] xzhd vkSj csfcyksfu;k lH;rk dh Áeq[k ?kVuk,sa fpf=r dh xbZA rkfd laxzgky; esa vkus okys n'kZd viuh laLd`fr ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ns'kksa dh laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk ls Hkh ifjfpr gksa mudk Kkuo)Zu gksAÞ laxzgky; esa laxzghr dyk@iqjkoLrqvksa dks nh?kkZvksa ds ek/;e ls Ánf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA&ßizFke d{k esa jktLFkku dh tutkfr;ksa ds ekWMYl 'kS{kf.kd iz;kstukFkZ iznf'kZr fd;s x;sA ;s ekWMYl jktiwr] eh.kk] O;kikjh] Hkhy] xfM+;k] yqgkj rFkk mudh fL=;ksa ds gSa ftudh :ikd`fr] os'kHkw"kk] vkHkw"k.k muls lEcfU/kr d`f=e ifjos'k fuekZ.k lEcfU/ kr lEkLr dk;Z lEikfnr fd;s x;s vkSj mUgsa vk/kqfud izdkj ds 'kks dslksa esa j[kk x;kA lkaLd`frd d{k esa laxhr ok|] gksyh] x.kxkSj] fookg] dFkd] ?kwej] MkafM;k u`R; ds n`'; 50 ATISHAY KALIT ekWMYl ds }kjk fn[kyk;s x;s gS] budh /ofu;kWa vkSj xhr lquus ds fy;s Lokpkfyr / ofu;a= yxk;k x;kA ;g iz;ksx furkUr vuwBk FkkA bu ekWMYl ds ek/;e ls ns'kh&fons'kh Ik;ZVd jktLFkku dh tutkfr;ksa] muds u`R;&xku] lkekftd lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh dj ldrs gSA laxhr ds 'kkL=h; vkSj yksd&ok|ksa dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iRFkj dh dqjkbZ] lksus ds xguksa ij ehus dk dke] gkFkh nkar dh dqjkbZ] chdkusjh lqugjh crZu] ÅaV ds peMs+ ds crZuksa ij lqugjh dke] ydM+h dh dqjkbZ] ihry dh fprkbZ] FkykbZ] dqjkbZ dk dke izkphu izfrekvksa] vk;q/kksa o izkphu fp=ksa dk dzfed fodkl iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA tokgjyky usg:] bfUnjk xka/kh] vjc ds jk"Vªifr duZy ukflj] usiky ujs'k] bZjku ds 'kkg] caxykns'k ds lkaLd`frd ea=h] Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr MkW- jk/kkd`".ku rFkk vusd ns'kh&fons'kh O;fDr;ksa us bl laxzgky; dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj laxzgky; ds uohu :Ik dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dhA ßlaxzgky; dh uhps dh eafty dh nh?kkZvksa esa lkaLd`frd >kadh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA Åij dh nh?kkZ esa nk;ha rjQ ns'k ds fofHkUu izkUrksa dk dyk&dkS'ky iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA chp ds rhu cM+s gkWyksa esa izkphu y?kq fp=ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftuesa yxHkx lHkh 'kSfy;ksa ds fp= miyC/k gSaA ck;ha vkSj dh nh?kkZ esa Hkw&xHkZ 'kkL=] izkf.k 'kkL= foKku ,oa 'kjhj foKku lEcU/kh oLrq;sa iznf'kZr gSaA vYcVZ gkWy esa xyhpksa dk izn'kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl cM+s lqUnj gkWy esa bZjku dk cgqewY; xyhpk iznf'kZr gS ftlesa bZjku ds 'kkg vCckl ds m|ku dk n`'; fn[kyk;k x;k gSA xyhpk 2812 QhV vkdkj dk gS ftlesa ,d bap esa 250 xkBsa gSA nqfu;k esa ,sls dqy Ng xyhps gSa ftuesa bl xyhps dh Hkh fxurh gSA ;g xyhpk fetkZ jktk t;flag dks 'kkg bZjku }kjk 1640 esa HksaV fd;k x;k Fkk bldh fxurh nqfu;k dh vizfre cgqewY; dyk oLrqvksa esa gksrh gSAÞ ßbl izdkj vYcVZ gkWy Kku dk dsUnz cu x;k ftlesa dykdkjksa dks vius Kku dks fodflr djus dh izsj.kk feyh] ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; dyk dk laj{k.k gqvkA 'kgj ds e/; [kM+k ;g laxzgky; egkjktk jkeflag ds LoIuksa dk izfrfcEc rFkk t;iqj dh 'kku gSAÞ ßblh laxzgky; esa ,d iqLrdky; Hkh gS ftlesa bfrgkl] dyk] vkSj lkfgR; fo"k;ksa ij jps gq, eqfnzr vkSj gLrfyf[kr vusd xzUFk gSAÞ laxzg dh o`fÙk ekuo eu dh ,d ewy o`fÙk gS tks lfn;ksa ls vuojr fodflr gksrh pyh vk jgh gSA ftl ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik laxzgky; fufeZr gksrs jgs gSA ,d lkekftd laLFkk ds :Ik esa laxzgky; egRoiw.kZ vkn'kZ laLd`fr vkSj lkSUn;Z dk dsUnz gSSA tks fofHkUu oxZ ,oa dky ds O;fDr;ksa dh lkaLd`frd vkSj dykRed xfrfof/k;ksa dks izdV djrs gSA tgk¡ lkSUn;Z;qDr ,oa dykRed d`fr;ksa dk vkuUn izkIr djus ds lkFk gh Kku Hkh vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA blh Js.kh esa t;iqj esa fLFkr vYcVZ laxzgky; Hkh Kku ,oa lkSUn;Z;qDr dykd`fr;ksa dk Hk.Mkj gSA izLrqr iafDr;kWa vYcVZ laxzgky; dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa vfuok;Zrk dks izLrqr djrh gS& vYcVZ gkWy&,d v/;;u 51

ßKku dk efUnj] Kku rhFkZ ;g Kku /;s; v: Kku gS f'k{kk Kku dh T;ksfr tykrk {k.k&{k.k Kku xax pgWq vksj izokfgrA ewfrZ] f'kYi] y?kqfp= ladfyr vL=&'kL= v: oL= vyad`r nqyZHk fuf/k] vn~Hkqr Nfo 'kksfHkr lqUnjrk dk l`tuA fofo/k dykvksa dk ;g miou fofo/k 'kSfy;ksa dk okrk;u fofo/k laLd`fr] fofo/k lH;rk fofo/k ohfFkdkvksa dk vky; fofo/k fo/kk dk feyuA izkP; lEinkvksa dk j{k.k 'kSf{kd okrkoj.kAAÞ lUnHkZ xzUFk 1- esgj tgwj[kkWa& jktLFkku bfrgkl jRukdj ¼Jh txnh'k flag xgyksr Le`fr xzUFk½ Jh txnh'k flag xgyksr 'kks/k laLFkku]Jh txnh'k flag xgyksr ekxZ]tks/kiqj] Ádk'ku o"kZ&1991]i`-l-&11 2- jktdh; dsUnzh; laxzgky;] vYcVZ gkWy t;iqj ls ÁkIr vÁdkf'kr ys[kA 2008&2009 3- xqIrk eksgu yky& uoHkkjr Ádk'ku tks/kiqj] 2004] i`-l-&55 4- jktdh; dsUnzh; laxzgky;] vYcVZ gkWy t;iqj ls ÁkIr vÁdkf'kr ys[kA 2008&2009 5- xqIrk eksgu yky& uoHkkjr Ádk'ku tks/kiqj] 2004] i`-l-&55 6- jktdh; dsUnzh; laxzgky;] vYcVZ gkWy t;iqj ls ÁkIr vÁdkf'kr ys[kA 2008&2009 7- xqIrk eksgu yky& uoHkkjr Ádk'ku tks/kiqj] 2004] i`-l-&56 8- jktdh; dsUnzh; laxzgky;] vYcVZ gkWy t;iqj ls ÁkIr vÁdkf'kr ys[kA 2008&2009 9- tSu] Jh Áoh.kpanz& vkt dk t;iqj] us'kuy ifCyflVh C;wjks fyfeVsM] t;iqj] i`-l-&58 10- x.ks'ku]MkW-vkj& Hkkjrh; laxzgky; ,oa tulEidZ] fo'ofo|ky; Ádk'ku] okjk.klh] ÁFke laLdj.k&2002 52 ATISHAY KALIT

:fp lDlsuk ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/k Nk=k] fp=dyk foHkkx Vol. 1, Pt. B ouLFkyh fo|kihB Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X

jkeiqj jtk iqLrdky;% ,d dykRed n`f"Vdks.k

iwoZdkyhu ekuo dsoy Lej.k 'kfDr o ok.kh ij fuHkZj FkkA oks vius euh"k o fop- kjksa dks Lej.k 'kfDr ds }kjk vfÒO;fDr djrk FkkA vius fopkjksa dks lEizsf"kr djus fd fy, 'kuS% 'kuS% v{kjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ßJh lseqvy (Samual N.Karne) dk ekuuk gS fd izFke ckj 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k lqesfj;ul rs 300 bZlk iwoZ esa fd;kAÞ 'kCn fuekZ.k djus ds Ik'pkr~ os vius Kku dks fofHkUUk vk;keksa esa laxzghr djus yxsAß'kCn fuekZ.k ds mijkUr Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, Kku dks lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq vius fopkjksa dks isihjl jksy] Hkksti=] bZaVs] eSVy] lhVy o iRFkj vkfn ij vafdr dj mUgsa lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ,d LFkku ij j[kus yxsA ;gha ls iqLrdky; dk mn~Hko izkjEHk gqvkAÞ laxzgo`fRr ekuo eu dh ,d ewy o`fRr gS tks lfn;ksa ls vuojr fodflr gksrh pyh vk jgh gSA ftlds ifj.kker% iqLrdky; mn~Hko o buds fodkl ek/;e ls fofHkUu iqLrdky;ksa dk vfLrRo fuekZ.k gqvk] blh J`a[kyk esa mRrj izns'k ds uokch jkeiqj dh ikou Hkwfe ij ,d vueksy jRu ^jtk iqLrdky;* ¼fp= Qyd&1½ ds vfLrRo rRo lajfpr gq,A jtk iqLrdky; ds fuekZ.k rRo 1774bZ- esa jkeiqj ds izFke 'kkld o fdrkcksa ds osgn 'kkSdhu uokc QsStqYyk [kka }kjk jksfir fd, x,A uokc lkgc us iqLrdky; dk izkjEHk vius futh Kku dks"k ds lkFk dksBh ds ,d d{k ^rks'kh[kkuk* ls fd;k rFkk muds oa'ktksa ds lkfgR; ,oa dyk izse rFkk lg;ksx ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik iqLrdky; us fojkV :Ik fodflr dj lEiw.kZ ns'k esa izfl)h izkIr dhA iqLrdky; esa lksusa dh IysVksa ls lqlfTtr Nrsa vkSj ,d gh iRFkj dks rjk'kdj fufeZr pkSng vkdf"kZr ewfrZ;k¡ O;fDr;ksa dks vU;kl gh L;oa dh vksj vkd`"V dj ysrh gSA bldk LFkkiR; b.Mks&;wjksfi;u okLrqdyk dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k gssSA iqLrdky; laxzg dh n`f"V lss cgqewY; /kjksgjksa dk j{kd o laxzkgd gSA jtk iqLrdky; dk cká Lo:Ik ftruk n'kZukFkZ gS vkUrfjd Lo:Ik mruk gh v/;;ukFkZ gSA ßbuesa 75 gtkj ls T;knk fdrkcsa vkSj 16 gtkj cs'kdherh ik.Mqfyfi;k¡] gkFkh nk¡r ij vdcj vkSj mlds ukS jRuksa dh rLohjsa rFkk y?kqfp= bl uk;kc /kjksgj dh dgkuh [kqn&c&[kqn c;k dj nsrs gSaAÞ uokc ds dykRed n`f"Vdks.k us iqLrdky; ds laxzgky; dks le`f) iznku dhA mUgkssusa fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ds lk{;ksa dks ,d= djus esa viuh loZ /keZ lerk o dyk jkeiqj jtk iqLrdky;% ,d dykRed n`f"Vdks.k 53 izse dk ifjp; fn;k lkFk gh Lo;a ds dykRed O;fDrRo dks Hkh mtkxj dj laxzg dks izfrf"Br cuk;kA ßvkxk ;wlqQ vyh ftudk miuke 'egch* Fkk budk egkdkO; jtk iqLrdky; esa ekStwn gSAÞ vU; 'kkldksa us Hkh viuh vkUrfjd l`tukRedrk dks fofHkUu vk;keksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k tSls ys[ku]dfork]'kk;jh vkfnA iqLrdky; laxzg dks fpjdky rd vej djus esa lHkh uokcksa dk oSHkoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk] fofHkUu LFkyksa ls dykRed rF;ksa dks ,d= djk;k o Lo;a Hkh djusa esa iz;Rujr jgsaA ßik.Mqfyfi;ksa rFkk fyf[kr iqLrdksa dk cM+k Hk.Mkj jtk ykbczsjh esa uokc dYcs vyh [kka dh gh nsu gSAÞ iqLrdky; ds xHkZ esa fofHkUu cgqewY; jRu xfHkZr gSA ß1700ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ lekfo"V gS] ftuesa 4413 fp= Nis gSa] 205 rkM+i= ij gLr fyf[kr gS rFkk 1000 y/kqfp= rFkk yxHkx 2000 bLykfed dSyhxzkQh ds uewusa Hkh miyC/k gSA bu vueksy laxzg esa dykd`fr;kWa] T;ksfr"k 'kkL= midj.k rFkk ,sfrgkfld flDdsa lfEefyr gaSAÞ iqLrdky; esa fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds y/kqfp= Hkh lajf{kr gS] tSlsµ rqdZ] eaxksy] eqxy] ijf'k;u] jktiwr] igkM+h] vo/k rFkk ,axyks ;wjksfi;u vkfnA tks viuh&viuh laLd`fr;ksa ds niZ.k gS D;ksafd dyk vius ns'k] dky le; o laLd`fr dh ifjpk;d gksrh gSA dyk ij laLd`fr dk iw.kZ izHkko jgrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i& teh&mr&rokjh[k ds n`"VkUr tks eaxksy laLd`fr ds ifjpk;d gS ¼fp= Qyd&2½] xkso/kZu }kjk fpf=r tgkaxhj dk njckjh fp= ¼fp= Qyd&3½ tks eqxy ifjos'k dk lwpd gS rFkk dykRed n`f"V ls le`) gSA iqLrdky; laxzgky; dh le`f) dks ns[krs gq, fofHkUu fo}kuksa us Hkh vius fopkj izdV fd, gSA bLykeh n'kZu 'kkL=h vYykek f'kcyh uksekuh th ds vuqlkj]ßeSa bl iqL- rdky; esa vusd ckj vk;k gw¡ vkSj iqLrdsa Hkh i<+h gSaA blls csgrj vU; dksbZ Hkh laxzg ugha gSA eSusa felz] lhjh;k] VdhZ rFkk ;wjksi ds iqLrdky;ksa dks Hkh ns[kk gSA eaS ;g dg ldrk g¡w fd bl iqLrdky; ls vPNk vU; dksbZ Hkh iqLrdky; ugha gSAÞ iqLrdky; esa uokcksa us dHkh laxzkgd cu] dHkh ys[kd o dfo cu] dHkh vius loZ/keZ leku Hkko dks tkx`r dj viuh dyke; n`f"V ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu rF; latks,A ftl izdkj eqxy 'kkld vdcj esa vU; /keZ ds izfr fu"Bk Fkh mlh izdkj uokcksa esa Hkh fo|eku FkhA 'kga'kkgk vdcj dk dyk izse /keZ cU/kuksa ls ijs Fkk mudk dyk izse vkbZu&,&vdcjh esa fyf[kr bl ifDr ls n'kZuh, gS % "There are many that hate painting but such men I dislike." mUgksusa eqfLye gksrs gq, Hkh jkek;.k dk lfp= vuqokn djk;k o viuh dykRed n`f"V dks fodflr fd;kA mlh izdkj uokc vgen vyh [kak us Hkh jkek;.k dks lfp= vuqokn djk;kA ßuokc vgen vyh [kak us gh v[kwu tknk vgen [kka 'xQyr* ls jkek;.k dks ÅnwZ Hkk"kk esa vuqokfnr djok;k Fkk vkSj ia- lqesj pUnz us Qkjlh esa vuqokn fd;k vkSj vU; fp=dkjksa ls jkek;.k ij fp= cuok,AÞ ¼fp= Qyd&4½ ;g fp= uokcksa dh loZ/keZ leku Hkko ds lwpd gaS D;ksafd jkek;.k fgUnwvksa dk ifo= 54 ATISHAY KALIT xzUFk gS blds ek/;e ls uokcksa dh Hkh /keZ fu"Bk o dyk Hkkouk dk ifjp; feyrk gS o laxzghr dj iqLrdky; dh le`f) ds lk{; iznf'kZr gksrs gSA 'kkgtgk¡ us viuh :fp LFkkiR; dyk esa iznf'kZr dh Fkh mlh izdkj uokc gkfen vyh [kka us Hkh jkeiqj esa LFk- kiR; dk fodkl fd;kA bUgha dykRed lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh uokcksa dh lerk vdcj vkSj 'kkgtgkWa ls dh xbZ FkhA d`fr;k¡ laLd`fr dh lwpd rks gSa gh lkFk gh lkSUn;Z dh ifjpk;d Hkh gSA D;ksafd lkSUn;Z izR;sd oLrq esa fufgr gksrk gSA d`fr;ksa dks ns[k nk'kZfud] 'kks/kkFkhZ lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr ls rks vksr izksr gksrs gh gSa lkFk gh muesa 'kks/k dh vksj izsfjr gksus ds Hkko Hkh tkx`r gksrs gSaA ftlls fur uohu n`f"V fodflr gksrh gSA bu d`fr;ksa dks fufeZr djk 'kkldksa o l`tudrkZvksa us viuh dyk dkS'ky dk ifjp; fn;k o uokcksa us bUgsa laxzghr dj viuh dyk n`f"V] fu"Bk o izse dks n'kkZ;kA fp= viuh& viuh laLd`fr esa fpf=r gq, ysfdu bUgsa ,d= o laxzghr dj iqLrdky; dk xkSjo uokcksa us gh c<+k;k rFkk orZeku rd bUgsa lqjf{kr j[kus esa iqLrdky; ds lHkh lnL;ksa dk ;ksxnku n'kZuh; gSA dykizseh o 'kks/kkFkhZ vkt Hkh bu dykRed rF;ksa ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ls vksr izksr gksrs gSaA jkeiqjokfl;ksa ds lkFk iqLrdky; ds fy, Hkh xkSjo dk fo"k; gS fd blesa Kku dks"k ds lkFk gh cgqewY; dyk l`tu dk Hkh laxzg gS] tks 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa o dyk izsfe;ksa dks iqLrdh; Kku ds lkFk gh dyke;h Hkkouk ls Hkh voxr djkrk gSA uokcksa us iqLrdky; ds laxzg dks bruh le`f) iznku dh] fd bl ij fur~ uohu 'kks/k fdz;kfUor gks Lkds o tu leqnk; KkUk o l`tu ls ykHkkfUor gks ik,A D;ksafd iqLrdky; og iwtk LFky gS tgk¡ izR;sd /keZ ds Kku iqtkjh] uohu rF;ksa ds ftKklq viuh vkRer`fIr ds fy, vkrs gSaA ;gk¡ fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ds lk{; lkfgR; :Ik esa] dyk :Ik esa lgsts gksrs gSaA ftudk v/;;u izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, ykHkiz) gSA esjk ;g 'kks/ki= 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa o dyk ftKklqvksa ds fy, uohu fn'kk n'kkZus esa lgk;d fl) gksxkA Kku :Ikh efUnj gS] iqLrdky;] dykRed /kjksgjksa dk laxzgky;] djkrk ekuo dks mldh laLd`fr ls ifjp;] lek;h blesa fofHkUu dykRed /kjksgjsa] iznf'kZr djrk ekuo laxzgo`fRr] izokfgr djrk dykRed Kku dh /kkjk,¡] tkx`r djrk fur~ uohu n`f"V] u;h psruk,¡A lUnZHk xzUFk jkeiqj jtk iqLrdky;% ,d dykRed n`f"Vdks.k 55

1- dqyJs"B vt; % lkoZtfud iqLdky; laxBu ¼Public library Organization½] jke'kj.k ukVk.kh jpuk izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1988] i`- 12 2- ogh % i`- 13 3- http:// abyazk.blogspot.com/ 2009 / 04 / plog-post-19html 4- tSu jes'k dqekj % jtr if=dk ] vf'ouh lqnh&2] fo-l-&2] ckcw vkuUnn dqekj tSu ekxZ] jkeiqj] vad&] o"kZ&7] jfookj] 5 vDVwcj] 1989bZ-] i`- 11 5- ogh % i`- 12 6- jkeiqj jtk ykbczsjh 35 oh okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2009&2010] Hkkjr ljdkj] laLd`fr ea=ky;] jkeiqj jtk ykbczsjh] jkeiqj gkfen eafty] jkeiqj¼m-iz-½] i`- 25 7- ogh % i`- 25 8- Abul Fazul 'Allami', Translated by H.Blochman : Ain-I-Akbari , Calcutta , Madras, Naresh( Jain for new imperial book department 53/D Deve Nagar ,New Delhi-5) Second Edition-1965, Page-115 9- tSu jes'k dqekj % jtr if=dk ] vf'ouh lqnh&2] fo-l-&2] ckcw vkuUn dqekj tSu ekxZ] jkeiqj] vad&] o"kZ&7] jfookj] 5 vDVwcj] 1989bZ-] i`- 11 56 ATISHAY KALIT jkeiqj jtk iqLrdky;% ,d dykRed n`f"Vdks.k

fp= Qyd&1 fp= Qyd&2

fp= Qyd&3 fp= Qyd&4 chlyiqj ds f'ko eafnj dh LFkkiR; ,oa ewfrZdyk 57

MkW- jkekorkj ehuk ATISHAY KALIT O;k[;krk&fp=dyk Vol. 1, Pt. B jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Sr. 2, 2012 Vksad ¼jktLFkku½ ISSN : 2277-419X

chlyiqj ds f'ko eafnj dh LFkkiR; ,oa ewfrZdyk

jktLFkku ds mÙkjh iwohZ Hkkx esa clk Vksad jktLFkku dh iwoZ fj;klrksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk¡ feys izkx~ ,sfrgkfld dky ds lk{; ;g fl) djrs gSa fd Vksad dk vfLrRo fojkV~ dh lH;rk ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA1 bl {ks= ds ewy fuoklh laHkor% ekyo ds FksA ekyo bZ-iw- pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa fldUnj ds vkØe.k ds le; jkoh vkSj fpuko ds fdukjs vkckn FkkA ekyoksa us viuh jkt/kkuh *ekysouxj* LFkkfir dh Fkh tks vc uxjQksVZ dgykrk gSA2 NBh 'krkCnh esa esokM+ ds xgyksr oa'k ds izorZd xqgknÙk ds fo"k; esa ekuk tkrk gS fd mUgksausa vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj Vksad rd fd;k FkkA bldk lk{; Vksad ds pkdlw xk¡o esa izkIr ,d iqjkys[k ls feyrk gSA3 lkroha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa oklqnso }kjk 'kk- dEHkjh ¼t;iqj ftys dk lkaHkj½ esa pkOgk.k oa'k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh] ftlesa Vksad {ks= dk dqN Hkkx lfEefyr FkkA fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS fd Vksad 'kgj 11oha ,oa 12oha 'krkCnh esa izdV gqvkA ekyok ds ijekj jktk ujoeZu us laor~ 1094 ds vklikl flagkluk:<+ gksdj jkT; dh mÙkjh lhek dk foLrkj Vksad dh nf{k.kh lhek rd QSyk;kA4 LFkkuh; vfHkys[kksa ds vuqlkj 12oha 'krkCnh ds e/;kUrj esa Vksad ,oa VksM+k pkSgku jktk lkarksth ds vf/kdkj esa FksA 13oha 'krkCnh esa pkSgkuksa dh j.kFkEHkkSj 'kk[kk us Vksad {ks= ij viuk 'kklu LFkkfir dj fy;kA5 eqxy lezkV vdcj ds jkT; dky ¼1556 ls 1605 bZ-½ esa Vksjh vkSj VwadM+k eqxyksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa vk x;s FksA Vksad dks iz'kklfud n`f"V ls vtesj lwcs ds ,d Hkkx ds :Ik esa j.kFkEHkkSj dh ljdkj esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA6 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 700 bZ- ls ysdj 1800 bZ- rd dk dky jktiwr dky ekuk tkrk gSA jktLFkku esa xqfgy] jkBkSM+] pkSgku] HkkVh] fllksfn;k] dq'kokg] vkfn oa'k eq[; FksA bUgksausa cká vkØe.kksa ls {kfr dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkaLÑfrd iqu:RFkku dk chM+k mBk;kA bl dky esa jktkvksa us f'kfYi;ksa] fo}kuksa] vkSj /keZ'kkfL=;ksa dks jkT;kJ; iznku fd;k( rFkk lEiw.kZ jktLFkku dks lkaLÑfrd dsUnz cuk;kA ftlds mnkgj.k Vksad ftys eas fofo/k eafnjksa dk gksuk rFkk ftys ds VksM+kjk;flag dLcs esa lykoVksa] dk fuokljr~ gksuk gSA ;gk¡ yxHkx 12oha 'krkCnh ls igys ls gh dq'ky f'kYih eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa vkfn dk dk;Z djrs vk jgs gSa tks lEHkor% if'peh jktLFkku o xqtjkr ls vk;s] ;k 'kkldksa }kjk yk;s x;s gksaxsaA D;ksafd mUgha ds oa'kt jktLFkku ds Mwaxjiqj o ck¡lokM+k eas vkSj xqtjkr jkT; esa fuokljr~ gSa vkSj lkseiqjk f'kfYi;ksa ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA 58 ATISHAY KALIT

bl vuqdwy jktuhfrd fLFkfr us tu&lkekU; dks ekuo thou ds Js;Ldj i{k dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;kA 'kSo /keZ dks pkSgku jktkvksa }kjk vkJ; ,oa laj{k.k iznku fd;k] D;ksafd f'ko muds izeq[k vf/k"Bkrk nso FksA7 bl izo`fÙk ds QyLo:Ik okD;ifr ,oa flagjkt uked pkSgku jktkvksa ¼u`ifr;ksa½ us iq"dj eas f'ko eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA8 jktk chlynso pkSgku }kjk ,d fof'k"V dykRed f'ko eafnj cuok;k x;kA ftldk uke Hkh vkt chlyiqj f'ko eafnj gSA ftldk le; fo-la- 1244 ¼bZ-lu~ 1187½ gSA tks ,sfrgkfld egÙo dk gksus ds lkFk gh iqjkrÙo foHkkx ds v/khu gSA cjlkr ds fnuksa esa igys chlyiqj ck¡/k esa ikuh Hkjus ls ;g eafnj ty eXu gks tkrk FkkA ysfdu orZeku le; esa iqjkrÙo foHkkx }kjk blds pkjksa rjQ pwus iRFkj dh fo'kky lqj{kkRed fnokj dk fuekZ.k djok fn;k x;k gSA dyk izseh bl eafnj dks vkt Hkh fugkjrs gh ea=eq/k gks tkrs gSaA dykRed :Ik ls ;g eafnj cstksM+ gSA ;g LFkkuh; iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k gSA okL- rqdyk dh n`f"V ls ;g eafnj if'peeq[kh gSA bl eafnj esa lHkk e.Mi ds Åijh fgLls esa cuh xqEcn ds vykok dgha Hkh bZaV o pwus dk dk;Z ugha gSA ;g dsoy iRFkjksa ls fufeZr gSA eafnj ds izos'k }kj esa izos'k djrs gh ,d vn~Hkqr utkjk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA izos'k } kj dh lhf<+;ksa ds nksuksa vksj mRdh.kZ Qyd yxs gq;s gSaA ftuesa gkFkh] ?kksM+s] Å¡V bR;kfn vkÑfr;ksa ds lkFk ekuokÑfr;k¡ mRdh.kZ gSaA orZeku esa ;g Qyd lhf<+;ksa ds vkl&ikl gh iM+s gq;s gSaA eafnj esa izos'k djrs gh lHkk e.Mi o lHkk e.Mi ls tqM+k gqvk xHkZx`g cuk gqvk gSA xHkZx`g esa igys uhye ls cuk f'kofyax Fkk tks pksjh gks x;k og f'kofyax rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr FkkA ftlesa isp yxs gq;s Fks vkSj mlds rhuksa Hkkx [kqy tkrs FksA blds ckn iqjkrRo foHkkx us nwljs f'kofyax dh LFkkiuk djokbZA lEiw.kZ eafnj 42 fo'kky vyaÑr o ewfrZf'kYiksa ls ;qDr [kEHkksa ls cuk gqvk gSA eafnj ds lHkk eaMi dh Nr Hkh vkB LrEHkksa ij fVdh gqbZ gS tks vkSj Hkh fo'kky gSA lHkh [kEHkksa ds Åij ijxkgksa esa cksus ¼dhpd½ cuk;s x;s gSaA tks ,sls izrhr gksrs gSa ekuksa lEiw.kZ Hkkj muds Åij vk x;k gksA buds lgkjs cuh vkyadkfjd Nr ds forku dks iw.kZ vyaÑr fd;k x;k gSA forku dh xksykdkj jfFkdkvksa esa loZizFke fo|k/kjksa dks fofHkUu ok|;a=ksa ds lkFk oknu djrs gq;s n'kkZ;k x;k gSA muds lgkjs lqUnfj;ksa dh ewfrZ;k¡ yxh gSaA izR;sd LrEHk mRÑ"V ewfrZ;ksa ls lqlfTtr gSA ftuesa ni.kZ ns[krh nso dU;k] ?kqa?k: igurh] e`nax ctkrh o vU; fØM+kvksa esa lyaXu lqjk&lqUnfj;ksa dh mRÑ"V ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA lkFk gh nso vkÑfr;ksa dks cM+h lqUnjrk ds lkFk mdsjk x;k gSA eafnj ds lHkk eaMi dh Nr xksykdkj gSA ftlesa gtkjkas ls Hkh T;knk NksVh&NksVh fofHkUu dk;ksaZ esa lyaXu ewfrZ;k¡ mRdh.kZ gSaA LrEHkksa ds Åijh Hkkxksa esa nso ewfrZ;k¡ mRdh.kZ gSaA eafnj esa izos'k djrs gh ,slk vkHkkl gksrk gS ekuksa ge lkdkj :Ik esa fofo/k nso ekuoksa o lqUnfj;ksa ds n'kZu dj jgs gksaA gj dksbZ O;fDr bUgsa ns[kdj [kks lk tkrk gSA chlyiqj ds f'ko eafnj dh LFkkiR; ,oa ewfrZdyk 59

eafnj dk f'k[kj Hkkx Hkh cgqr gh mRÑ"V

3- flagy( guqeku Vksad dk bfrgkl] i`-la-&3( lkfgR; dyk laxe] Vksad] 1992- 4- n fgLVªh ,.M dYpj vkWQ bf.M;u ihiy] [k.M&5] i`-la- 76- 5- n fgLVªh ,.M dYpj vkWQ bf.M;u ihiy] [k.M&5] i`-la- 147&148- 6- vcqy Qty *vkbus&vdcjh*] [k.M&2( ,p-,l- tsjV o ;nqukFk ljdkj ¼vuqokfnr½ i`-la- 280 7- 'kekZ] n'kjFk & vyhZ pkSgku MkbusLVht] ,l- pk¡n ,.M dEiuh] i`-l- 19]20] fnYyh] 1959- 8- of'k"B uhfyek& jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] i`-la- 07] jkt-fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2001

LrEHk dh Åijh pkSdh ij vofLFkr dhpd vkÑfr;k¡] chlyiqj egknso eafnj] Vksad

chlyiqj egknso eafnj] Vksad chlyiqj ds f'ko eafnj dh LFkkiR; ,oa ewfrZdyk 61

mRdh.kZ HkO; ,oa dykRed LrEHk] chlyiqj egknso eafnj] Vksad

u`R;kaxuk dh vkd"kZd ewfrZ] chlyiqj egknso eafnj] Vksad 62 ATISHAY KALIT

MkW- xhrk 'kekZ ATISHAY KALIT O;k[;krk Vol. 1, Pt. B jktdh; egkfo|ky;] Vksad Sr. 2, 2012 Tk;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkku dh QM fp=dyk & yksd dyk ds lanHkZ esa

yksd dyk & lkekU; tu dh dykA og dyk tks vke vkneh ds }kjk vke vkneh ds fy, l`ftr gqbZ gSA lkekU; tu dk lkSUn;Zcks/k] vla[; :iksa] izfrekuksa eas izLQqfVr gqvk] ftUgsa ge vkt vusd vapyksa dh yksddykvksa ds :i esa tkurs gSaA Hkkjr esa yksd- dyk] tuleqnk; dh Hkkouk dks O;Dr djus dk ek/;e jgh gSA og mudh vkdka{kkvksa] muds varZeu dh la/k"kZ'khyrk dks] mudh vkLFkk] fo'okl] laLdkj] jhfr&fjokt] yksdkpkj ,oea mudh l`tukRedrk dks O;Dr djrh gSA geus vius laLdkjksa esa ftl dyk ds cht j[ks gq;s gaS] ;g ogh dyk gSA vr% tc Hkh ge lk/kkj.k dyk ;k tulkekU; dh dyk dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjs efLr"d esa yksddyk dh ckr gh lkeus vkrh gSA yksddyk Hkkjrh; thou ds gj lanHkZ esa fo/keku gSA gekjs ?kj ds vkaxu ls ysdj [kqys foLr`r vkleka rdA ?kj dh fL=;ksa }kjk l`ftr ekaMus gks] ;k gLr fufeZr dBiqrfy;ka] ckfydkvksa }kjk dh x;h d'khnkdkjh gks ;k iq#"kksa }kjk cuk;s x;s fofHkUu ok|;a=ksa ls fudyrs lqj gh thou dk ije~ vkuUn gSA lEiw.kZ ns'k esa QSys gq;s vusd leqnk;ksa esa yksddyk dh vusd Nfo;ka gSaA ,slh gh ,d dyk gS & *QM+ fp=.k* tks yksd nsorkvksa dks lefiZr gSA QM+ fp=.k ,oa yksd laxhr ds ek/;e ls yksd xkFkkvksa dks dykdkj }kjk u`R; ,oa xk;u 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku dh izfl) yksddyk QM+ fp=.k tks ,d diM+s ij fo'ks"k dze ls fp=kafdr dh tkrh gSA bls o`RkkUr ds :i esa fo'ks"k leqnk; }kjk izopu ds :i esa xk;k tkrk gSA QM+ ij fpf=r dze dks b/kj&m/kj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd QM+ dgha ij fufeZr gks ;k fdlh Hkh le; esa cuh gks] lHkh yksxksa dks ,d gh dze esa ;kn jgrh gSA jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa yksdxk;dksa }kjk yksd xkFkkvksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkksikvkas ¼fo'ks"k leqnk;½ }kjk vius fo'ks"k ok|;a= *tUrj* ,o *QM+* (Huge Painted Scroll) }kjk bu dFkkvksa dh izLrqfr pkSiky esa lHkh xzkeokfl;ksa ds le{k dh tkrh gSA ;s dFkk os vius yksd nsork ls lq[kn eaxye; thou ;k fdlh eqlhcr ls ldq'ky fudy vkus dh [kq'kh esa capokrs gSaA QM+ fp=.k dh ijEijk djhc 700 o"kZ izkphu gSA QM+ 'kCn laLd`r *iV~V* 'kCn jktLFkku dh QM fp=dyk & yksd dyk ds lanHkZ esa 63 ls vk;k & ftldk vFkZ yisVus ls gSA 1812 bZ0 esa teZu bfrgkldkj tSdc o foYgSe }kjk QM+ fp=.k ij fd;s x;s 'kks/k esa buds fy, 'VOLKSKUNDE' 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ *yksdo`rkUr xk;d* gSA 1846 bZ- esa fofy;e tkWu FkkWel us bUgsa ,d u;k uke 'FOLKLORE' fn;kA jktLFkku ds yksdxk;dksa }kjk ikSjkf.kd yksd vk[;kuksa dh u`R;] xk;u] igsfy;ka] pqVdqys ,oa fp=.k ds ek/;e ls thoUr izLrqfr dh tkrh gSA bu ikSjkf.kd yksd dFkkvksa esa nsoukjk;.k dh QM+ o ^ikcwth dh QM+* fo'ks"k yksdfiz; gSA /khjs& /khjs vU; nsorkvsa ls lEcfU/kr QM+s Hkh cuus yxh ftuesa jkenyk ¼jke pfjr ls lEcfU/kr½ d`".knyk ¼d`".k dh dFkk;sa½ jke nsoth o dkyh eka dh QM+ izeq[k jgh gSA ;s QM+ yEcs diMs+ ij cuk;h tkrh Fkha] ftUgsa yisVdj j[kk tkrk FkkA QM+ fp=.k djus okyk dykdkj Hkksikvksa ds funsZ'ku esa gh dk;Z djrk FkkA ;s fp=dkj ,d fuf'pr fo/kk esa gh dk;Z djrs Fks vkSj ogh 'kSyh ijEijkxr jgrh gSA nsoukjk;.k dh QM+ t;iqj] vtesj] HkhyokM+k ds nsgkrh bykdks esa xk;h tkrh gSA nsoukjk;.k dh QM+ nsoksRFkku ,dkn'kh ls capuk 'kq: gksdj nso'k;uh ,dkn'kh rd can gks tkrh gSA ikcwth dh QM+ if'peh jktLFkku esa izpfyr gS] ikcwth jk;dk tkfr esa yksdnsork ds :i esa ekus tkrs gSaA vyoj rFkk Hkjriqj {ks= esa jkenyk dh dFkk xkbZ tkrh gS rFkk *d`".k&nyk* cgqr de izpyu esa gSA nsoukjk;.k] ikcwth vkSj jkensoth dh dFkk,a jkf= esa xk;h tkrh gSa] tcfd *jke- nyk* o d`".knyk* fnu esa xk;s tkrs gSaA nsoukjk;.k dh QM+ pkSchl gkFk yEch] ikcwth dh ckjg&rsjg gkFk yEch] jkensoth dh vkB gkFk o ekrkth dh ikap ls lkr gkFk rd yEch gksrh gSA bUgsa cukus esa dze'k% ,d ekg] nl iUnzg fnu o pkj ikap fnu yxrs gSa bu QM+ksa dks ckapus okyk Hkksik iwjh QM+ dks QSyk nsrk gSA ;g Hkksis vyx vyx tkfr;ksa ds tSls jktiwr] xqtZj] dqEgkj ;k cykbZ vkfn gksrs gSaA Hkksik dFkk ds lkFk&lkFk ,d NMh ls fp=ksa dks bafxr djrk jgrk gSA blesa fpf=r fp= ,d fo'ks"k dze esa gksrs gSaA vr% Hkksis dh NM+h Lor% gh xk;u ds lkFk Åij uhps pyrh jgrh gSA Hkksis dh fuiq.krk blh es gS fd og okrkoj.k dks fdruk vf/kd jkspd ,oa thoUr cuk ldrk gS vkSj vius Jksrkvksa dks cka/ks j[k ldrk gSA njvly bl lEiw.kZ fdz;kfUorh esa xk;d] dykdkj vkSj n'kZd ds e/; ,d dykRed rknkRe; LFkkfir jgrk gS] tks lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA 'kkgiqjk ¼HkhyOkkM+k½ ds dbZ ifjokj bl QM fp=.k esa dk;Zjr~ gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd nqxsZ'k tks'kh o Jh yky tks'kh buesa lcls izkphu ,oa ih<+h nj ih<+h bl dk;Z esa layXu gSaA blds T+;knkrj dykdkj Nhik tkfr ls gaS] ftudk dk;Z gh jaxkbZ ,oa fp=dkjh FkkA QM+ gLrfufeZr diM+s ij cukbZ tkrh gSA bfPNr eki ds fy, nks ;k rhu ikV tksM+dj diM+k rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS o diM+k lw[kus ds ckn vR;Ur dM+d ?kqVkbZ dh tkrh gS] ftlls diM+k vksinkj] fpduk ,oa lQsn gks tkrk gS rFkk bl ij fp=.k 64 ATISHAY KALIT dk;Z vklku gks tkrk gS ,oa ;g jax Hkh ugha lks[krkA rc dykdkj bl ij gYds ihys jax ls pkdk djrk gSA lEiw.kZ lrg dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA QM+ fp=.k esa izkd`frd] ouLifrd ,oa jklk;fud jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rRdkyhu le; esa izkd`frd jaxks dk iz;ksx gh lokZf/kd fd;k tkrk FkkA izkd`frd jaxksa dks cukus dh rduhd dfBu ,oa Jelk/; gksrh Fkh] ysfdu buls cus fp=ksa ds jax vf/kd fVdkÅ ,oa vka[kksa dks Hkkus okys gksrs FksA QM+ fp=.k eas gYdk ihyk] flUnwjh] xgjk ihyk] gjk] Hkwjk] yky] dkyk ,oa vklekuh jax dks dzekuqlkj yxk;k tkrk gSA flUnwjh jax vkd`fr esa] ihyk jax vkHkw"k.kksa esa] lysVh jax okLrq esa] uhyk jax ikuh] vkleku o ijnksa esa] gjk jax isM+&ikS/ks] lgukf;dkvksa dh lkM+h] vaxksNs es] yky jax dk iz;ksx oL=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA uk;d dks lnSo yky jax dh iks'kkd o [kyuk;d dks gjs jax dh iks'kkd esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA jax HkjkbZ ds i'pkr~ dkyh L;kgh ls lqn`<++ js[kkdau fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls fp= mHkjdj vius iw.kZ vkstLo dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gka dykdkj dh n{krk gj oLrq dks vius lgh LFkku] lgh Lo:i ,oa lgh jaxksa esa izLrqr djus dh gSA f}vk;eh vkd`fr] pedhys xgjs jax ,oa dq'ky js[kkdau gh bl QM+&fp=.k dh fo'ks"krk gSA QM+ fp=.k O;fDr fo'ks"k ds vkns'k ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA yksx eukSrh iw.kZ gks tkus ij QM+ [kqyokus ds fy, Hkksis dks U;ksrrs gSa vkSj Hkksik fprsjs dks lok :i;k nsdj QM+ cukus dk vksn'k nsrk gSA QM+ cuus ij Hkksik ,oa xkao ds iap bls ysus tkrs gSa] rc dykdkj dks mldh dher vnk dh tkrh gS tks xgus] vukt] i'kq dbZ :iksa esa gksrh gSA vc dykdkj ml ij cuokus okys dk uke] LFkku] LkEor~ vkfn vusd fooj.k fy[k dj Hkksis dks ns nsrk gSA lkFk vk;s O;fDr Hkh fprsjs dks HksaV nsrs gaSA dykdkj Hkksis dks jksVh o xqM+ Hkh nsrk gS] tks mTToy Hkfo"; dk izrhd gSA Hkksik ,oa iap QM+ ysdj tc xkao igq¡prs gSa] rc xzkeh.k efgyk;sa xhr xkrh gq;h budks ysus vkrh gSaA bls ;s nsoukjk;.k eafnj esa ys tkrs gSa] tgka gou ,oa iwtu gksrk gSA Hkksis dks u;s oL= fn;s tkrs gSa] ftls igudj gh og QM+ dks ckaprk gSA ;g QM+ fQj dbZ xkaoks esa ckaph tkrh gS vkSj xkao okfl;ksa }kjk nh x;h HksaV gh Hkksis dh vkenuh Lo:i gksrh gSA tc QM+ iqjkuh gks tkrh gS] rc mls iq"dj ljksoj esa folftZr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk fd ge bl vewY; /kjksgj dks dkQh gn rd xaok pqds gSaA QM+ fp= dks ,d utj esa ns[kuk lEHko ugha gS ;g ,d py fp= dh rjg gSA blesa dbZ cM+h & NksVh vkd`fr;ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA blesa Hkh dsfUnz;rk ds fu;e dh ikyuk djrs gq;s eq[; lg vkd`fr;ka tks la[;k esa pkj gksrh gSa] tks mlds vkl ikl gksrh gSaA fp=.k esa T+;knkrj ;q)] f'kdkj] fookg vkSj lrh ijEijk dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA fgUnw nsoh&nsork ftuesa x.ks'k] ljLorh] u`flag o d`".k Hkxoku yksdnsork ds #i esa gksrs Fks ftuesa xksxk pkSgku] ikcwth] nsoukjk;.k] i`Fohjkt pkSgku vkfn jgs gSaA isM+&ikS/ks fp= dks foHkDr djus gsrq fufeZr fd;s x;s gSaA QM+&fp=.k ds la;kstu T;knkrj {ksfrt jktLFkku dh QM fp=dyk & yksd dyk ds lanHkZ esa 65

(Horizental) gh cus gSaA 1992 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Mkd fVdV ij Hkh QM+&fp= dks Nkik x;k gS] ftlesa nsoukjk;.k dh vkd`fr fpf=r gSA muds lEeq[k *oklx ukx* lkaiksa ds jktk dk fp= gSA nsoukjk;.k dh ukd uwdhyh ,oa yEch ewNsa cuh gSaA os 'kkS;Z ,oa ohjrk ds izrhd gSaA yksd laLd`fr dh fof'k"V yksdxkFkkRed dkO; ijEQik esa vc dbZ u;s vk;keksa dk lekos'k gks x;k gSA xzkeh.k {ks= ds yksx viuh vkLFkkvksa esa cnyko ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gSaA ysfdu yksd dyk dh ;g vewY; ijEijk thoUr jgs ;g ge lcdk fo'ks"kdj dykdkj oxZ dk nkf;Ro gSA lUnHkZ 1- John D Smith; The Epic of Pabuji, Cambridge University, 1991 2- Shiv Kumar Sharma, Indian Painted Scrolls, Varanasi, 1993

fp= & 1 ¼QM+ fp=½

fp= & 2 ¼QM+ fp=½ fp= & 3 ¼QM+ fp=.k dk;Z'kkyk½ 66 ATISHAY KALIT

«UÊÚ. ⁄UÊäÊ‡ÿÊ◊ ÿÊŒ√Ê ATISHAY KALIT √ÿÊÅÿÊÃÊ Vol. 1, Pt. B ⁄Uß ŒflË ∑§ÊÚ‹¡, ¡ÿ¬È⁄ Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X

ÿæð˜æèØ ÎÜæð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ÙØð ç¿‹ÌÙ ·¤è ¥æßàØ·¤Ìæ

¡ŸÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ √ÿflSÕÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ◊„Uàfl „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ‚ø ¬Í¿UÊ ¡Êÿ ÃÊ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ „UË ¡ŸÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ë äÊÈ⁄UË „UÊÃ „Ò¥U, flÒ‚ ÃÊ ‚÷Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ¬˝¡ÊÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ √ÿflSÕÊ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊„Uàfl „UÊÃÊ „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ‚¥‚ŒËÿ √ÿflSÕÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ÁŸáʸÿÊà◊∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU, ‚¥‚ŒËÿ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ◊¥ ‚ûÊÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥øÊ‹Ÿ ‚ËäÊ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§ „UÊÕÊ¥ ◊¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ‚¥‚Œ ◊¥ Á¡‚ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∑§Ê ’„ÈU◊à „UÊÃÊ „ÒU fl„UË ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ©U‚ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ‚ûÊÊ ‚¥÷Ê‹ÃÊ „Ò, ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ©U‚∑§Ë ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU, ¡„UÊ° Ã∑§ ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥’¥äÊ „ÒU, •¬ˇÊÊ ÿ„U ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU Á∑§ fl„U ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ ©U‚ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ‚¥ÁfläÊÊŸ ◊¥ ÁŸÁ„Uà •ÊŒ‡ÊÊZ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚Í‹Ê¥ ∑§ •ŸÈM§¬ „UÊ, ¡Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∞‚Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ¬ÊÃÊ „ÒU ©U‚ ©U‚ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ◊¥ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§Ê •ÁäÊ∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ŒÈÁŸÿÊ ∑§ ‚◊Sà ‚¥‚ŒËÿ ¬˝¡ÊÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊¥ Á’˝≈UŸ ∑§Ê ßUÁÄUÊ‚ ‚’‚ ¬È⁄UÊŸ „ÒU– Á’˝≈UŸ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§ ©UŒÔÔ˜÷fl ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∞∑§ ‹¥’Ê ßUÁÄUÊ‚ „ÒU– Á’˝≈UŸ ◊¥ ¬˝Êÿ— ŒÊ ¬˝◊Èπ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ‚ûÊÊ ¬⁄U ∑§ÊÁ’¡ „UÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃÿÊÁªÃÊ ø‹ÃË ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU– flø◊ÊŸ ◊¥ Á’˝≈UŸ ◊¥ ŒÊ ¬˝◊Èπ Œ‹ „Ò¥U Á¡Ÿ∑§ ’Ëø ◊¥ ‚ûÊÊ ∑§Ê ’¥≈UflÊ⁄UÊ „UÊÃÊ ⁄U„UÃÊ „ÒU– ¡„UÊ° Ã∑§ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê ‚¥’¥äÊ „ÒU, •ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ‚¥‚ŒËÿ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ ‚Ÿ˜ 1853 ‚ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ‚Ÿ˜ 1861, 1892, 1909 ◊¥ ◊Ê◊Í‹Ë ¬Á⁄UfløŸ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ– ∑ȧ‹ Á◊‹Ê∑§⁄U ÿ„U ŒπÊ ¡Êÿ ÃÊ ÿ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ ßUß ∑§◊ Õ •ÊÒ⁄U ©UŸ∑§ ’Ëø ßUÃŸÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ ∑§Ê‹Ê¥Ã⁄U ÕÊ Á∑§ ∞ÁÄUÊÁ‚∑§ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ©UŸ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ ¬˝÷Êfl ’„ÈUà ∑§◊ ¬«∏Ê ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ¬⁄U ¬˝÷Êfl «UÊ‹Ÿ ∑§ ¡Ê •fl‚⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê# Õ fl„U Ÿªáÿ „UË Õ– flÊSÃfl ◊¥ ÿ„U ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ ‚Ÿ 1921 ◊¥ •Êÿ ¡’Á∑§ ◊Ê©¥U≈UªÊ øê‚»§Ê«¸U ‚ÈäÊÊ⁄U ÿÊ¡ŸÊ ‹ÊªÍ ∑§Ë ªß¸U– ßU‚ ÿÊ¡ŸÊ ∑§ •ãê¸Ã ∑ȧ¿U ◊Ê◊Í‹Ë ‚ ‚¥flÒäÊÊÁŸ∑§ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ Á∑§ÿ ªÿ– ‚Ÿ 1921 ◊¥ ¡’ ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ äÊÊ⁄UÊ ‚÷Ê ’ŸË ÃÊ ¬„U‹Ë ’Ê⁄U ÁŸÁ‡øà Á‚hÊãÃÊ¥ ¬⁄U •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄Uà ÁŸÁ‡øà ÁŸÿ◊Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊Ê◊Í‹Ë ¬Á⁄UfløŸÊ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÿ ÁŸÿ◊, 1947 Ã∑§ ¡Ê⁄UË ⁄U„U– ÷Ê⁄Uà SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ •ÁäÊÁŸÿ◊ ∑§ •ãê¸Ã ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ ÁfläÊÊŸ ◊á«U‹ ‚◊Ê# ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚∑§Ê SÕÊŸ ‚¥ÁfläÊÊŸ ‚÷Ê Ÿ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê ◊ÈÅÿ× ‚¥ÁfläÊÊŸ ’ŸÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚¥SÕÊ ÕË ‹Á∑§Ÿ ¡Ê «UÊ◊ËÁŸÿŸ ÁfläÊÊŸ ◊á«U‹ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÷Ë ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË ⁄U„UË– fl„U ‚Ÿ 1950 (¡’ 26 ¡Ÿfl⁄UË, 1950 ∑§Ê ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ê ‚¥ÁfläÊÊŸ ‹ÊªÍ ÿæð˜æèØ ÎÜæð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ÙØð ç¿‹ÌÙ ·¤è ¥æßàØ·¤Ìæ 67 „ÈU•Ê) ◊¥ •¥Ã—∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‚¥‚Œ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ‚Ê◊Ÿ •ÊÿË •ÊÒ⁄U ÿ„U ‚Ÿ 1952 ◊¥ ¬„U‹ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ÁŸflʸøŸ Ã∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UÃË ⁄U„UË– ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ ŒÊ ‚ŒŸÊ¥ flÊ‹Ë ‚¥‚Œ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÊŒÈ÷ʸfl „ÈU•Ê– ÿlÁ¬ •Ê¡ÊŒË ∑§ ¬Ífl¸ ÷Ë „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ flÊ‹ Œ‹ •ÁSÃàfl ◊¥ •Ê ªÿ Õ ¬⁄UãÃÈ ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ ©UŸ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ◊„Uàfl ßU‚Á‹ÿ Ÿ„UË¥ ÕÊ Á∑§ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ©UŸ∑§ „UÊÕ ◊¥ •‚‹Ë ‚ûÊÊ •ÊŸ ∑§Ë Á∑§‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ∑§Ê߸U ‚¥÷ÊflŸÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ÕË– •Ê¡ÊŒË ∑§ ’ÊŒ ‚Ê⁄UË ‚ûÊÊ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ‚¥‚Œ ◊¥ ÁŸÁ„Uà „UÊ ªß¸U ßU‚Á‹ÿ ‚¥‚Œ ∑§Ê ‚ŒSÿ ’ŸŸÊ ’„ÈUà ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ „UÊ ªÿÊ– •Ê¡ÊŒË ∑§ ‚◊ÿ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ‚flʸÁäÊ∑§ ‡ÊÁQ§‡ÊÊ‹Ë ⁄UÊŸ¡ËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ „UË ÕÊ– ‚Ÿ˜ 1952 ◊¥ √ÿflS∑§ ◊ÃÊÁäÊ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ‚ê¬ÛÊ •Ê◊ øÈŸÊfl ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U ‚◊ÿ ¬Ífl¸ •Ÿ∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ •ÁSÃàfl ◊¥ •Êÿ– ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ‚◊Ê¡flÊÁŒÿÊ¥ Ÿ •¬ŸÊ •‹ª Œ‹ ’ŸÊÿÊ– ∑§êÿÈÁŸS≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÷Ë •‹ª Œ‹ ÕÊ– ßU‚∑§ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ‚Ÿ˜ 1950◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¡Ÿ‚¥ÉÊ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ „ÈU߸U– ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ◊ÈÅÿ M§¬ ‚ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ•Ê¥ ◊¥ Áfl‡√ÊÊ‚ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ øÊ⁄U ÷ʪÊ¥ ◊¥ ’¥≈U ªÿ– ßUŸ◊¥ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§Ê ◊äÿ◊◊ʪ˸ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∑§„UÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– fl„UË¥ ∑§êÿÈÁŸS≈UÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ê‡ÊÁ‹S≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ê flÊ◊¬¥ÕË ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁäÊ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ ¡Ÿ‚¥ÉÊ ŒÁˇÊáÊ ¬¥ÕË ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ– ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ˇÊòÊËÿ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÊŒÈ÷ʸfl Ÿ„UË¥ „ÈU•Ê ÕÊ– ¬˝Õ◊ øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ Áfl¡ÿ ¬ÊŸ ◊¥ ∑§÷Ë Á∑§‚Ë Á∑§S◊ ∑§Ë ∑§Á∆UŸÊ߸U Ÿ„UË¥ „ÈU߸U– ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ÿ„U ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ Á∑§ ÿÁŒ ∞∑§ ‹Ò¥¬ ¬ÊS• ∑§Ê ÷Ë ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ •¬ŸÊ ©Uê◊ËŒflÊ⁄U ’ŸÊ ‹ªË ÃÊ fl„U øÈŸ∑§⁄U •Ê ¡ÊÿªÊ– äÊË⁄‘U-äÊË⁄‘U ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚, ∑§êÿÈÁŸS≈U •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ê‡ÊÁ‹S≈U ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ flÒøÊÁ⁄U∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ◊Ã÷Œ „UÊ ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ßUŸ ÁfløÊ⁄UäÊÊ⁄UÊ•Ê¥ ¬⁄U Áfl‡√ÊÊ‚ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê Œ‹Ëÿ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ „UÊ ªÿÊ– ‚Ê‡ÊÁ‹S≈U ◊ÈÅÿ M§¬ ‚ ¬˝¡Ê ‚◊Ê¡flÊŒË •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ê‡ÊÁ‹S≈U ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ ’¥≈U ªÿ– ‚Ÿ˜ 1962 ∑§ øËŸË „U◊‹ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ∑§êÿÈÁŸS≈U ¬Ê≈U˸ ÷Ë ŒÊ Œ‹Ê¥ ◊¥ ’≈U ªß¸U– ßU‚Ë Œ⁄UêÿÊŸ Sfl. üÊË ⁄UÊ¡ªÊ¬Ê‹ÊøÊÿ¸ ∑§ ŸÃÎàfl ◊¥ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ÉÊÊ⁄U ŒÁˇÊáÊ ¬¥ÕË ÁfløÊ⁄UÊ¥ ◊¥ Áfl‡√ÊÊ‚ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ‹ÊªÊ¥ Ÿ SflÃ¥òÊ ¬Ê≈U˸ ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ– ‚Ÿ˜ 1962 ∑§ „U◊‹ ∑§ ’ÊŒ üÊË ¡flÊ„U⁄U‹Ê‹ Ÿ„UM§ ∑§ SflÊSâÿ ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ∑ͧ‹ ¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ÿ˜ 1964 ∑§Ë 27 ◊߸U ∑§Ê ©UŸ∑§Ê Œ„UÊfl‚ÊŸ „UÊ ªÿÊ– üÊË ¡flÊ„U⁄U‹Ê‹ Ÿ„UM§ ∑§Ë ◊ÎàÿÈ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§Ê flÒøÊÁ⁄U∑§ äÊ⁄UÊË ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „UÊŸÊ ¬˝Ê¥⁄U÷ „UÊ ªÿÊ– üÊË Ÿ„UM§ ∑§Ë ◊ÎàÿÈ ∑§ ∑ȧ¿U ‚◊ÿ ’ÊŒ üÊË ‹Ê‹’„UÊŒÈ⁄U ‡ÊÊSòÊË Œ‡Ê ∑§ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË Œ‡Ê ∑§ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË ⁄U„U– üÊË ‡ÊÊSòÊË ∑§Ë M§‚ ∑§ ÃʇÊ∑¥§Œ ‡Ê„U⁄U ◊¥ •‚Ê◊Áÿ∑§ ◊ÎàÿÈ ∑§ ’ÊŒ üÊË◊ÃË ß¥UÁŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ¥äÊË Ÿ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§Ë ’ʪ«UÊ⁄U ‚¥÷Ê‹Ë– üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË Ÿ •¬Ÿ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥ÁòÊàfl ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ •Ÿ∑§ ∑˝§Ê¥ÁÃ∑§Ê⁄UË ∑§Œ◊ ©U∆UÊÿ– ßUŸ◊¥ ’Ò¥∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ∑§⁄UáÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∞fl¥ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ “¬˝ËÁfl¬‚¸” ∑§Ê πÊà◊Ê ÷Ë ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „ÒU– ßUŸ ∑˝§Ê¥ÁÃ∑§Ê⁄UË ∑§Œ◊Ê¥ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ◊¥ ◊à Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ë ⁄‘UÅÊÊ∞° S¬CU „UÊ ªß¸U– ◊Ã÷Œ ßU‚ „UŒ Ã∑§ ’…∏U ªÿ Á∑§ üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË Ÿ ⁄UÊC˛U¬Áà ¬Œ ∑§ Á‹ÿ •¬Ÿ „UË Œ‹ ∑§ •ÁäÊ∑Χà ©Uê◊ËŒÊfl⁄U (üÊË ŸË‹◊ ‚¥¡Ëfl ⁄‘UaUË) ∑§ ÁflL§h ◊Ìʟ ∑§Ë •¬Ë‹ ∑§Ë– ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚¡ŸÊ¥ ‚ ∑§„UÊ Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË •Êà◊Ê ∑§Ë •ÊflÊ¡ ‚ÈŸ∑§⁄U üÊË ⁄‘UaUË ∑§ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U üÊË flË.flË. Áª⁄UË ∑§Ê ⁄UÊC˛U¬Áà ¬Œ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ‚◊Õ¸Ÿ Œ¥– ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ ßUÁÄUÊ‚ ◊¥ ¬„U‹Ë ’Ê⁄U ßUß ’«∏ Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ŸÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏Ê– ßUß ’«∏ Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË ∑§Ë ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ‚¥ª∆UŸ ∑§ ™§¬⁄U ¬∑§«∏ ◊¡’Íà ⁄U„UË– ßU‚Ë Œ⁄UêÿÊŸ ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ ‚ ÿÈh „ÈU•Ê 68 ATISHAY KALIT

•ÊÒ⁄U üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË ∑§Ë ∑ͧ≈UŸËÁà •ÊÒ⁄U »§ÊÒ¡Ë ¬„U‹ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ ∑§Ê Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ „UÊ ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ’¥ª‹Ê Œ‡Ê ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ ⁄UÊC˛U ∑§Ê ©UŒÿ „ÈU•Ê– •Ê¡ÊŒË ∑§ ’ÊŒ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ÿ„U ‚flʸÁäÊ∑§ ‚ÈπŒ ˇÊáÊ ÕÊ– ßU‚∑§ ’ÊŒ ‚Ÿ˜ 1975 ∑§ •ÊÃ-•ÊÃ ¬Á⁄UÁSÕÁÃÿÊ¥ Ÿ ∑ȧŒ ∞‚Ê ◊Ê«∏ Á‹ÿÊ Á∑§ üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË ∑§Ê •Ê¬ÊÃ∑§Ê‹ ∑§Ë ÉÊÊ·áÊÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏Ë– •Ê¬ÊÃ∑§Ê‹ ∑§Ë ‚◊ÊÁ# ∑§ ’ÊŒ ‚Ÿ 1977 ◊¥ •Ê◊ øÈŸÊfl „ÈU∞ Á¡‚◊¥ üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË •ÊÒ⁄U ©UŸ∑§Ë ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§Ê „UÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ŸÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏Ê– ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ∑§ ßU‚ ∞ÁÄUÊÁ‚∑§ ◊Ê«∏ ∑§ ’ÊŒ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ∞∑§ ∞‚ ÿȪ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ „ÈU•Ê ¡’ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ Ÿ •¬Ÿ flÒøÊÁ⁄U∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ©U¬ˇÊÊ ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ ∑§⁄U ŒË •ÊÒ⁄U ∑ȧ¿U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ◊ÊòÊ üÊË◊ÃË ß¥UÁŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ¥äÊË •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ Áfl⁄UÊäÊ ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ¬⁄U flÒøÊÁ⁄U∑§ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ¬⁄US¬⁄U Áfl⁄UÊäÊË ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∞∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ∑§ ∑§⁄UË’ •Êÿ •ÊÒ⁄U 1977 ∑§ øÈŸÊfl ∑§ ’ÊŒ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ Á◊‹¡È‹∑§⁄U ‚ûÊÊ ‚¥÷Ê‹Ë– ßU‚ Œ⁄UêÿÊŸ •Ÿ∑§ ∞‚ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ „ÈU∞ Á¡Ÿ‚ ‚ûÊÊ ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝Ëÿ∑Χà •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „ÈU•Ê– ÿ„U ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ ‚ ‚◊¤ÊÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ Á∑§ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ’„ÈUäÊ◊˸, ’„ÈU÷Ê·Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ’„ÈU ‚¥S∑ΧÁà flÊ‹ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê ©U‚Ë ‚◊ÿ ∞∑§ ⁄UπÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU ¡’ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝ ßUS¬Êà ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U ◊¡’Íà „UÊ– ¬⁄UãÃÈ ‚Ÿ˜ 1977 ‚ ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ê •äÿÊÿ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ „UÊ ªÿÊ– ‚Ÿ˜ 1980 ∑§ øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ ¬ÈŸ— ¡Ëß ∑§ ’ÊŒ üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË Ÿ ∑§ãŒ˝ ∑§Ê Á»§⁄U ‚ ◊¡’Íà ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ Á∑§ÿÊ ÕÊ ¬⁄UãÃÈ ©UŸ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ¬Í⁄‘U „UÊÃ ßU‚∑§ ¬Ífl¸ „UË ‚Ÿ˜ 1984 ◊¥ ©UŸ∑§Ë ÁŸ◊¸◊ „UàÿÊ ∑§⁄U ŒË ªß¸U– üÊË◊ÃË ªÊ¥äÊË ∑§ ŸÃÎàfl ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ¡„UÊ¥ ∞∑§ •Ê⁄U ©U‚∑§Ê flÒøÊÁ⁄U∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ◊¡’Íà „ÈU•Ê fl„UË¥ ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ê⁄U ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U •Ê¥ÃÁ⁄U∑§ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „UÊÃË ªß¸U– fl·ÊZ Ã∑§ •äÿˇÊ ‚ ‹∑§⁄U ¬Ê≈U˸ ‚¥ª∆UŸ ∑§ ‚◊Sà ¬Œ ŸÊ◊Ê¥∑§Ÿ ‚ ÷⁄‘U ¡ÊÃ ⁄U„U– ßU‚Ë ’Ëø ˇÊòÊËÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ÷Ë ◊¡’Íà „UÊ∑§⁄U „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ ¬Á⁄UŒÎ‡ÿ ¬⁄U ©U÷⁄‘U– ∑ȧ¿U ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÃÊ •Áπ‹ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÁSÃàfl ‹ª÷ª ‚◊Ê# „UÊ ªÿÊ– ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÍU „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê ¬˝Õ◊ ⁄UÊíÿ ÕÊ ¡„UÊ° øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ Áfl¡ÿ üÊË „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ ∑§ 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‚fl¸ÁflÁŒÃ „ÒU Á∑§ ‚◊Ê¡flÊŒË ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ üÊË ◊È‹Êÿ◊Á‚¥„U ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁà ‚flÊ¸ìÊ „ÒU– ‹ª÷ª ∞‚Ë „UË ÁSÕÁà üÊË ‹Ê‹Í¬˝‚ÊŒ ÿÊŒfl ∑§Ë •¬ŸË ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ „ÒU– Á‡Êfl‚ŸÊ ∑§ üÊË ’Ê‹ ∆UÊ∑§⁄‘U ÃÊ •¬ŸË ¬Ê≈U˸ ∑§ •Ê¡ã◊ •äÿˇÊ „Ò¥U– ‹ª÷ª ÿ„UË ÁSÕÁà •ÛÊÊ «UË.∞◊. ◊¥ ‚ÈüÊË ¡ÿ‹Á‹ÃÊ ∑§Ë, Ÿ‡ÊŸ‹ ∑§Ê¥»˝¥§‚ ◊¥ «UÊÚ. »§ÊM§π ∑§Ë, Ã‹ªÍ Œ‡Ê◊ ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ üÊË øãŒ˝’Ê’Í ŸÊÿ«ÍU ∑§Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ’„ÈU¡Ÿ ‚◊Ê¡ ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ ‚ÈüÊË ◊ÊÿÊflÃË ∑§Ë „ÒU– ßUŸ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ŸÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬˝¡ÊÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò¥U– ¡Ê ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ° øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ •¬Ÿ ©Uê◊ËŒflÊ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ©UÃÊ⁄UÃË „Ò¥U ©Uã„¥U •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ M§¬ ‚ •¬ŸË ¬Ê≈U˸ ◊¥ ‚¥ª∆UŸ ∑§Ê øÈŸÊfl ∑§⁄UÊ ‹ŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ– ßU‚ •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ÃÊ ∑§Ê ‚¥flÒäÊÊÁŸ∑§ „UÊŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ •ÊÒ⁄U ßU‚ ’Êà ∑§Ê ÷Ë ¬˝ÊfläÊÊŸ „UÊŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ Á∑§ ßUŸ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ∑§ •Ê¥ÃÁ⁄U∑§ øÈŸÊfl ÷Ë øÈŸÊfl •ÊÿÊª mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚ê¬ÛÊ ∑§⁄UÊÿ ¡Êÿ¥– Ã÷Ë Ÿ Á‚»¸§ ßUŸ ‚’ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U ’ÁÀ∑§ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ flÊSÃÁfl∑§ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ •ÊÿªÊ– Œ‡Ê ∑§ flÊSÃÁfl∑§ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ ßU‚ ’Êà ∑§Ë ÷Ë ◊„UÃË •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ∑§Ê •¬⁄UÊäÊË∑§⁄UáÊ fl •¬⁄UÊÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§⁄UáÊ Ÿ„UË¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞– ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U ‚ •¬⁄UÊÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑¥§¡Ê ‚◊Ê# ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ¡Êÿ– ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ‚ •¬⁄UÊÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ ÁŸc∑§Ê‚Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê߸U ⁄‘U«UË◊«U »§Ê◊͸‹Ê Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊ ‚∑§ÃÊ ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßU‚ ’Ê’Ã Áø¥ÃŸ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U Áø¥ÃŸ ∑§ ◊Êäÿ◊ ‚ „UË ©UŸ ©U¬ÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê …Í¥U…UŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ◊¥ •¬⁄UÊÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝fl‡Ê ¬Í⁄UË Ã⁄U„U ‚ ¬˝ÁÃ’¥ÁäÊà Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Êÿ– ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ê √ÊÊSÃÁfl∑§ •Õ¸ øÁ⁄UÃÊÕ¸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU Á∑§ ¡ŸÃÊ flÒ‚ „UË ÿÊÇÿ ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ◊¥ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞, ÷Ê߸U-÷ÃË¡ÊflÊŒ, fl¥‡ÊflÊŒ, ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄UflÊŒ ¡Ò‚Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ‚÷Ë ¬ÊÁ≈¸UÿÊ¥ ‚ Á◊≈UÊŸ Á∑§ Á‹∞ ∞‚Ë ‹Ê∑§ÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ •¬ŸÊŸË øÊÁ„U∞ Á¡‚‚ ∞‚Ë ¬˝ÕÊ∞° Á◊≈U ‚∑§– ÷Ê⁄Uà ¬¥ÕÁŸ⁄U¬ˇÊ ⁄UÊC˛U „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ‚÷Ë äÊ◊ÊZ ∑§Ê ‚◊ÊŸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ¬˝Ê# „ÒU ‹Á∑§Ÿ Œ‹ªÃ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà Ÿ ‚Êê¬˝ŒÊÁÿ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ê ¡„U⁄U ∞‚Ê ÉÊÊ‹ ÁŒÿÊ, Á¡‚‚ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ‚Êê¬˝ŒÊÁÿ∑§ ¤Êª«∏ fl ‚Êê¬˝ŒÊÁÿ∑§ Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ „UÊÃÊ ÁŒπ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ S¬CU M§¬ ‚ ©U÷⁄UÊ „ÒU– øÊ„U ◊ÈÁS‹◊ ‹Ëª, •∑§Ê‹Ë Œ‹, Á‡Êfl ‚ŸÊ ¡Ò‚ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃôÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ŒπÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ˇÊòÊflÊŒ ∞∑§ ∞‚Ë ÁSÕÁà „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ‹Êª ∞∑§ ˇÊòÊ Áfl‡Ê· ‚ ª„U⁄UÊ ‹ªÊfl ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ „UËà ∑§Ê ˇÊòÊËÿ Á„Uà ∑§ ‚◊ˇÊ Ÿ¡⁄U•¥ŒÊ¡ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÒU– ßU‚‚ “÷ÍÁ◊¬ÈòÊ” ∑§Ë •fläÊÊ⁄UáÊÊ ∑§Ê ’Ê‹’Ê‹Ê ŒπŸ ∑§Ê Á◊‹Ê fl„UË¥ flÊ≈U ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà Ÿ ˇÊòÊflÊŒ ∑§ ¬˝‡ãÊ ¬⁄U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Áfl÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊflÊ ÁŒÿÊ fl„UË¥ ¬ÎÕ∑˜§ ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ◊Ê¥ª ’…∏UË ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ ∞∑§ÃÊ ¬⁄U ∑ȧ∆UÊÊ⁄UÊÉÊÊà „ÈU•Ê– ÷Ê·ÊflÊŒ ¬⁄U ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ∞‚Ê Ãàfl „ÒU Á¡‚Ÿ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ∑§Ê Áfl÷ÊÁ¡Ã ∑§⁄U ◊ÃŒÊÃÊ•Ê¥ ∑§ ÷Ê·ÊáÊflÊŒ ∑§Ê ¡„U⁄U ÉÊÊ‹ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê ∞∑§ ŸÊ‚Í⁄U ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U »Ò§‹ÃÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ¡ÊÁÃflÊŒ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ŸÿÊ •ÊÿÊ◊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ Á∑§ÿÊ– •Ê¡ ’«∏-’«∏ ÁflmUÊŸ ¡ÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ÿæð˜æèØ ÎÜæð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ÙØð ç¿‹ÌÙ ·¤è ¥æßàØ·¤Ìæ 71 ∞∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ∑§Ë ‚¥ôÊÊ Œ ⁄U„U „Ò¥U ÷Ê⁄Uà ¡Ò‚ ’«U ‹Ê∑§Ã¥òÊ ◊¥ ÿ„U ‚◊SÿÊ ’«∏Ê Áfl∑§⁄UÊ‹ M§¬ äÊÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄U øÈ∑§Ë „ÒU Á¡‚‚ øÈŸÊflÊ¥ ◊¥ ◊ÌʕÊ¥ ∑§Ê øÿŸ, ◊ŒÊŸ, ◊¥òÊˬŒ, ¬˝‡ÊÊ‚∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ë ÁŸÿÈÁQ§ „UÊ øÊ„U ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ª∆UŸ fl ¡ŸÊäÊÊ⁄U •ÊÁŒ ‚÷Ë ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∑˝§◊ ¡ÊÁà ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U „UÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ßU‚Á‹∞ ∞‚Ë ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ‚ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ∑§Ê ’øÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ª„UŸ Áøãß ∑§Ë ¡M§⁄Uà „ÒU fl„UË ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§ ßU‚∑§ Áπ‹Ê»§ ¡ÊªÎÁà ∑§Ë ¡M§⁄Uà „ÒU– ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U πÃ⁄UÊ øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ ∑§Ê‹äÊŸ ∑§ ©U¬ÿÊª ‚ „ÒU– flø◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ’«∏ ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U ∑§Ê‹äÊŸ ∑§Ê ©U¬ÿÊª „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ª‹Ã Ã⁄UË∑§ ‚ ∑§◊Ê߸U ªß¸U ⁄U∑§◊ ∑§Ê øÈŸÊfl ◊¥ ©U¬ÿÊª ÷Ë ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ë ¡«∏Ê¥ ∑§Ê ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚Á‹ÿ ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ∑§ ©U¬Êÿ ÷Ë Á∑§ÿ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ Á¡‚‚ øÈŸÊfl ‚SÃ …¥Uª ‚ ÁŸ¬≈U ‚∑§– ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê ßU‚ ’Êà ∑§Ê ÷Ë ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ∑§⁄UŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ Á∑§ fl •Ê◊ ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§ ¬Ò‚ ‚ •¬ŸË ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ø‹Êÿ¥– ßU‚ ‚◊ÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ◊¥ •Ê◊ •ÊŒ◊Ë ∑§Ê ¬Ò‚Ê Á’À∑ȧ‹ Ÿ„UË¥ ‹ªÃÊ– ÿÁŒ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ê •Õ¸ ∞‚Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ‚ „ÒU ¡Ê ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§Ë, ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§ Á‹ÿ fl ¡ŸÃÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ øÈŸË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU ÃÊ ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ∑§Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ª∆UŸ ◊¥ ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§ ¬Ò‚ ∑§Ë ÷ʪˌÊ⁄UË ÄÿÊ¥ Ÿ„UË¥ „UÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞? ¬⁄UãÃÈ „U◊Ê⁄‘U Œ‡Ê ∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹ ¡ŸÃÊ ‚ ¬Ò‚ fl‚Í‹Ÿ ∑§Ê ∑§CU Ÿ„UË¥ ©U∆UÊÃ „Ò¥U– fl ßU‚Á‹ÿ ¬Í¥¡Ë¬ÁÃÿÊ¥, Ÿ»§ÊπÊ⁄UÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ∑§ ÷⁄UÊ‚ „UË •¬ŸË ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ø‹ÊÃ „Ò¥U– øÍ°Á∑§ ßU‚ Ã⁄U„U ∑§ ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬Ò‚Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ◊¥ ‹ªÃÊ „ÒU ßU‚Á‹ÿ •¬⁄UÊÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑¥§¡Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁà ¬⁄U ∑§‚ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÿÁŒ øÈŸÊfl Á‚»¸§ ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§ ¬Ò‚ ‚ „UË ‹«∏ ¡Êÿ¥ª ÃÊ „UË flÊSÃÁfl∑§ ¡ŸÃ¥òÊ ∑§Ë ¡«∏¥ ◊¡’Íà „UÊ¥ªË– ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ë ‚„UË ÷ʪˌÊ⁄UË „U◊Ê⁄UË ‚¥‚Œ •ÊÒ⁄U ÁfläÊÊŸ ‚÷Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ „UÊŸÊ „ÒU ÃÊ •Ÿ∑§ ÁŸÿ◊Ê¥, ∑§ÊŸÍŸÊ¥ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ ∑§⁄UŸÊ „UÊªÊ– ÿÁŒ „U◊ ßUŸ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ◊ÈgÊ¥ ∑§Ë ©U¬ˇÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U ÃÊ ßU‚‚ „U◊Ê⁄UÊ ¬˝¡ÊÃ¥òÊ πÃ⁄‘U ◊¥ ¬«∏ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ‚¥Œ÷¸ ‚ÍøË 1. ∑§Ê∆UÊ⁄UË, ⁄U¡ŸË; ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈UÄ‚ ߟ ßÁá«UÿÊ, •ÊÚÁ⁄Uÿã≈U ‹Êª◊ÒŸ Á‹., 2001 2. ¡Êã‚, ◊ÊÒÁ⁄U‚; ªflŸ¸◊ã≈U ∞á«U ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈UÄ‚ •ÊÚ»§ ßÁá«UÿÊ, ÿÍÁŸfl‚¸‹, Ÿß¸ ÁŒÑË, 1987 3. ¡ÒŸ ∞‚.∑§.; ¬Ê≈U˸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈UÄ‚ ∞á«U S≈U≈U Á⁄U‹‡ÊŸ ߟ ßÁá«UÿÊ 4. ’Ë¡Í, ∞◊.•Ê⁄U.; ¬ÊÁ‹¸ÿÊ◊¥≈U⁄UË «U◊Ê∑˝§‚Ë ∞á«U ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈U∑§‹ ø¥¡ ߟ ßÁá«UÿÊ, ∑§ÁŸc∑§ ¬Á鋇ʂ‡Ê¸, Ÿß¸ ÁŒÑË, 1999 6. ∑§Ê„U‹Ë, •ÃÈ‹; ßÁá«UÿŸ «U◊Ê∑˝§‚Ë — ∞Ÿ ∞ŸÊÁ‹Á‚‚ •ÊÚ»§ ø¢Á¡¢ª S≈U≈U Á⁄U‹‡Êã‚, •ÊÚÁ⁄Uÿã≈U⁄U ‹ÊÚª◊ÊÒŸ, Ÿß¸ ÁŒÑË, 1988 7. ∑§‡ÿ¬, ‚È÷Ê·; Œ‹-’Œ‹ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊÖÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ, ◊ËŸÊˇÊË ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ, ◊⁄U∆U, 1970 8. ªÈ#Ê, «UË.‚Ë.; ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ √ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ, Áfl∑§Ê‚ ¬Áé‹∑§‡ÊŸ „UÊ™§‚, Ÿß¸ ÁŒÑË, 1977 9. ⁄U¡ŸË ∑§ÊãÃ; ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ¬Á⁄UfløŸ ∑§ ◊„UÊŸÊÿ∑§, «UÊÚ. ⁄UÊ◊ ◊ŸÊ„U⁄U ‹ÊÁ„UÿÊ, ‚ÍøŸÊ ∞fl¢ ¡Ÿ‚¢¬∑¸§, ‹πŸ™§, 1994 10. Á◊üÊÊ, ’Ë.’Ë.; Œ ßÁá«UÿŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈U∑§‹ ¬Ê≈U˸¡, •ÊÚÄ‚»§Ê«¸U ÿÍÁŸflÁ‚¸≈UË ¬˝‚, ÁŒÑË, 1976 72 ATISHAY KALIT

11. ßU∑§ÊŸÊÁ◊∑§ ∞á«U ¬ÊÚÁ‹Á≈U∑§‹ Áfl∑§‹Ë, •¬˝Ò‹ 2004 12. ߥUÁ«UÿŸ ¡Ÿ⁄U‹ •ÊÚ»§ ¬Áé‹∑§ ∞«UÁ◊ÁŸS≈˛U‡ÊŸ, •¬˝Ò‹ 2006 13. ¡ÒŸ, üÊË◊ÃË ¬Êÿ‹; ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‹Ê∑§Ã¥òÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ Œ‹Ê¥ ∑§Ê Á’π⁄UÊfl ÄÿÊ– 14. ∑§‡ÿ¬, ‚È÷Ê·; Œ‹’Œ‹ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÖ

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¬⁄U „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ŸÊÁÿ∑§Ê ÷Œ ∑§Ê ◊Í‹ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑ΧcáÊ „UË „ÒU Á∑§ãÃÈ ÿ ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑ΧcáÊ Œfl ∑§ÊÁ≈U ∑§ Ÿ „UÊ∑§⁄U ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ¡Ÿ ‚ ¬˝ÃËÿ◊ÊŸ „Ò¥U– ßUŸ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§À¬ŸÊ ∑§Ê ◊„Uà ÿÊª ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ Ÿ ÷√ÿ M§¬ ‚ ¬˝SÃÈà Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU– ø≈U∑§Ë‹ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ◊¥ ∞∑§-∞∑§ •¥ª ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· M§¬ ‚ ‚¡Ê ‚¡Ê∑§⁄U ÁflÁfläÊ ⁄¥Uª ÁfläÊÊ ◊¥ ÁøòÊ ∑§Ê ◊ŸÊ⁄U◊ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò– ÿ„UÊ¥ ∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U, ‚flÊ⁄UË,©Uà‚fl •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ê◊Áÿ∑§ ŒÎ‡ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÷Ë •¥∑§Ÿ „ÒU– ÿ ÁøòÊ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ßUë¿UÊ ¬⁄U ’ŸÊÿ ªÿ „Ò¥U– ∑§‹ ∑§ flÎˇÊ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ Áfl‡Ê· ÁfläÊÊ ◊¥ ’„ÈU‹ÃÊ ‚ „ÒU– ⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ ÿ„UÊ¥ ∑§ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê Á¬˝ÿ Áfl·ÿ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU ÄÿÊ¥Á∑§ ßU‚∑§ ÁøòÊáÊ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ÁŸ⁄Uà ’ŸË ⁄U„UË „ÒU– ÿ„UÊ¥ ∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§Ê Sfl⁄U ‚’‹ „Ò– ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ flÊSÃfl ◊¥ ⁄UÁ‚∑§Ê¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ „ÈU•Ê ¬˝ÃËà „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÁøòÊ ∑§ ©Uäfl¸ ÷ʪ ◊¥ ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ ∑§Ê ¬l Á‹πÊ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU ÃÕÊ ŸËø flSÃÈ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ ŸÊÿ∑§-ŸÊÁÿ∑§Ê ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ¬˝∑ΧÁà ∑§Ê •ÊÿÊ◊ „ÒU– ¬ÊòÊÊ¥ ∑§ fl‡Ê ◊¥ •ŸÈ∑ͧ‹ÃÊ „Ò– ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑ΧcáÊ „UË ŸÊÁÿ∑§Ê-ŸÊÿ∑§ „Ò¥U– ßU‚◊¥ ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑ΧcáÊ ‚fl¸‚Ê◊Êãÿ ¬˝◊Ë ¬˝ÃËà „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ∑ΧcáÊ ◊Ê⁄U ◊È∑ȧ≈U ∑§Ë ¡ª„U ¬Êª äÊÊ⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿ ⁄UÁ‚∑§ Á‡Ê⁄UÊ◊áÊË ‹ªÃ „Ò¥U ∑§„UË¢ ∑§„UË¢ ⁄UÊ¡¬ÍÃË ∑§‹¥ªË, ¬Êª ◊¥ äÊÊ⁄UáÊ Á∑§ÿ „Ò¥U– ‚÷Ë ÁøòÊ flÊ‚ŸÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ŒË# ∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥U ∑ȧ¿U ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ •Áà „ÒU, ¡Ò‚ ∞∑§ ÁøòÊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑§Ê •ÊÁ‹¥ªŸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈU∞ ©U‚∑§Ë ∑§◊⁄U ◊¥ „UÊÕ «UÊ‹ ∑§⁄U ∑ΧcáÊ Ÿ Œ’Êø ⁄UπÊ „ÒU Á¡‚‚ ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑§Ê ¬ÎDU •ÊÒ⁄U flˇÊ ¬Ë¿U ∑§Ë •Ê⁄U ¤ÊÈ∑§ ªÿÊ „ÒU »§‹Ã— ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑§Ê flˇÊ ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§ ◊Èπ ∑§ ŸËø •Ê ªÿÊ „ÒU–| ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ∞ÁÄUÊÁ‚∑§ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ê ‚flÊ¸¬⁄UË SÕÊŸ „ÒU– ªÈÁ„U‹fl¥‡ÊËÿ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ë SÕ‹Ë ◊Œ¬Ê≈U ∑§Ë ∑§‹Êà◊∑§ äÊ⁄UÊ„U⁄U ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ •ãÿ S∑ͧ‹Ê¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ÷Ë ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ-‚˝Êà ⁄U„UË „ÒU– ◊flÊ«∏ ◊ ¡Ê ∑§‹Ê ∑§Ê Áfl∑§Ê‚ „ÈU•Ê ©U‚◊¥ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ∑È¥§÷Ê ∑§Ê ∑§Ê‹ (vyxx-vy{} ߸U.) ∑§‹Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ©UàÕÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ SflÁáʸ◊ ÿȪ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ◊á«UŸ ¡Ò‚ ‚ÍòÊäÊÊ⁄U Õ, Á¡ã„UÊ¥Ÿ SÕʬàÿ ∞fl¥ ÃˇÊáÊ-∑§‹Ê ∑§Ê ©Uà∑ΧCU SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ¬„È°øÊÿÊ– Sflÿ¥ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ∑È¥§÷Ê ÁflmUÊŸ Õ– ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ “‚¥ªËÃ⁄UÊ¡” ŸÊ◊∑§ ª˝¥Õ Á‹πÊ ÃÕÊ “‚¥ªËà ⁄UàãÊÊ∑§⁄U” •ÊÒ⁄U ªËêÊÁfl㌔ ∑§Ë ≈UË∑§Ê Á‹πË–} vx flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ‚ •¬ŸË ◊ÊäÊÈÿ¸ ÷ÊflŸÊ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑ΧcáÊ÷ÁQ§ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚flʸ¬⁄UË SÕÊŸ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU, Á¡‚‚ ◊flÊ«∏ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ÷Ë •¿UÍÃÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ⁄U„UÊ – ÿ„UÊ° üÊË◊Œ˜÷ʪflà ∞fl¥ vw flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ◊¥ ¡ÿŒfl ∑§Áfl mUÊ⁄UÊ ⁄UÁøà ªÊËêÊÁfl㌠Ÿ ‚ÁøòÊ ª˝¥ÕÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ŸflËŸ ◊Ê«∏ ÁŒÿÊ–~ ⁄UÊäÊÊ ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§Ë •‹ÊÒÁ∑§∑§ ∞fl¥ ◊ŸÊ„UÊ⁄UË o΢ªÊ⁄UË ‹Ë‹Ê•Ê¥ Ÿ ∑§‹Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊ ¡ÒŸ ∞fl¥ ªÈ¡⁄UÊà ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë ¡∑§«∏Ÿ ∑§Ê ‚◊Ê# ∑§⁄U •ÁäÊ∑§ ªàÿÊà◊∑§ ∞fl¢ ⁄¥UªËŸ ÃÕÊ ∞ÁãŒ˝ÿ∑§ ’ŸÊ ÁŒÿÊ, Á¡‚‚ ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ŸÿË ŒÎÁCU Á◊‹Ë– ªËêÊÁfl㌠∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬˝ÊøËŸ ‚ÁøòÊ ¬˝Áà “ªËêÊÁfl㌠•ÊÅÿÊÁÿ∑§Ê” ©U¬‹éäÊ „Ò, Á¡‚∑§Ê 76 ATISHAY KALIT

ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ªÊªÍãŒÊ ◊¥ vyyz ߸U. ∑§ •Ê‚-¬Ê‚ „ÈU•Ê –vÆ ŒÍ‚⁄UË ¡Êfl⁄U ◊¥ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ‹ª÷ª vzyz ߸U. ∑§Ë “ªËêÊÁfl㌂Ê⁄U” ÷Ë ∞ÁÄUÊÁ‚∑§ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ∑§◊ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU– “ªËêÊÁfl㌔ ∑§Ë ‚flʸÁäÊ∑§ øÁø¸Ã •ÊÒ⁄U ¬˝Á‚hU ‚ÁøòÊ ¬˝Áà Á¬˝¥‚ •ÊÚ»§ flÀ‚ êÿÍÁ¡ÿ◊, ◊Èê’߸U ◊¥ ‚È⁄UÁˇÊà „ÒU, ¡Ê ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË (vz|Æ ß¸U. ‹ª÷ª) •ÕʸØ, ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ë ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ¬˝Áà „Ò¥U– ßU‚∑§ ’ÊŒ ‚ ÃÊ ªËêÊÁfl㌠∑§ ÁøòÊáÊ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ „UË ø‹ ¬«∏Ë, ¡Ê ‚ê¬Íáʸ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∞fl¥ ©U¬‡ÊÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ©U¬‹éäÊ „UÊÃË „ÒU–v1 ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ◊¥ ‚flʸÁäÊ∑§ øÁø¸Ã ÁŸ‚Ê⁄UŒËŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ øÊfl¥«U ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà ⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê ∑§Ê ‚Ò≈U ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ∑§ ßUÁÄUÊ‚ ◊¥ ŒË¬-SÃê÷ ∑§Ë Ã⁄U„UU „ÒU– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¬˝Ãʬ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ øÊfl¥«U ◊flÊ«∏ ∑§Ë ⁄UÊ¡äÊÊŸË „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§‹Ê ∑§Ê ∑§ãŒ˝ ⁄U„UË, Á¡‚ øÊfl¥«U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ¡ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ •◊⁄UÁ‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ v{Æz ߸U. ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà ßU‚ ⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê ∑§ •Ÿ∑§ ÁøòÊ ÿòÊ-ÃòÊ ©U¬‹éäÊ „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚flʸÁäÊ∑§ üÊË ªÊ¬Ë∑ΧcáÊ ∑§ÊŸÊÁ«UÿÊ ∑§ ÁŸ¡Ë ‚¥ª˝„U ◊¥ ©U¬‹éäÊ „ÒU, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ◊ÊM§-⁄UÊÁªŸË ÁÃÁÕ ÿÈQ§ v{Æz ߸U. ∑§Ê ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ‹ÉÊÈÁøòÊ „ÒU– øÊÒ⁄U¬¥øÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ‚◊Í„U-ÁøòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ßU‚ ‚Ò≈U ◊¥ ¬Íáʸ ¬˝÷Êfl ŒπÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–v2 v| flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ◊¥ ⁄UËÁÃ∑§Ê‹ËŸ •ÊøÊÿ¸ ∞fl¥ ∑§Áfl ∑§‡Êfl ∑§Ë “⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ” ŸÊÿ∑§- ŸÊÁÿ∑§Ê ÷Œ ∑§Ê ‹ˇÊáÊ ª˝¥Õ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÁøòÊáÊ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ’ŸŸ ‹ªË ÕË– ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ’È¥Œ‹πá«U ∑§ ¬Ê‚ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ßU‚‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà „Èÿ Á’ŸÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ⁄U„U ‚∑§Ê– ⁄UÊCU˛Ëÿ ‚¥ª˝˝„UÊ‹ÿ, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÑË (‹ª÷ª v{vz-v{wÆ ß¸U. ) ∞fl¥ ’ÊS≈UŸ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ, •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê (‹ª÷ª v{xÆ ß¸U.) ∑§Ë ‚ÁøòÊ ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ ◊¥ ◊flÊ«∏Ë ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ’ŸÊfl≈U, fl‡Ê÷Í·Ê ∞fl¥ ¬˝∑ΧÁÃ-¬Á⁄Ufl‡Ê ‚„U¡ „UË ŒÎCU√ÿ „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ ’ÊŒ ÃÊ ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ÷ʪflà •ÊÒ⁄U ªËêÊÁfl㌠∑§Ë Ã⁄U„U ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ◊¥ ‚◊ÿ ‚◊ÿ ¬⁄U ÁøÁòÊà ∑§Ë ªÿË– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¬˝Ãʬ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ◊flÊ«∏ ◊¥ ◊Ȫ‹ ‚ê’¥äÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã „UÊŸ ‹ª– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ¡„UÊ°ªË⁄U ‚ê◊ÊŸ ŒŸ ‹ªÊ, ßU‚Á‹∞ ⁄UÊ¡¬Íà ∞fl¥ ◊Ȫ‹ ‚¥S∑ΧÁà ∑§ ‚◊ãflÿ ‚ ◊flÊ«∏ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ∞∑§ ŸflËŸ ◊Ê«∏ •ÊÿÊ, ¡Ê ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚„U¡ „UË ¬⁄UπÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ◊ÈÁS‹◊ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ ∑§ ÿÊªŒÊŸ ∑§Ê Ÿ∑§Ê⁄UÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ– ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U ‚ÊÁ„U’ŒËŸ ∑§Ê ßU‚ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ©Uà∑ΧCU ÿÊªŒÊŸ „Ò–v3 ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¡ªÃÁ‚¥„U ¬˝Õ◊ ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ (v{w}-v{zw ߸U.) ◊flÊ«∏, S∑ͧ‹ ∑§ ©Uà∑§·¸ ◊¥ SflÁáʸ◊ ÿȪ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– fl Sflÿ¥ ‚ÊÁ„Uàÿ ∞fl¥ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄U ¬˝◊Ë ⁄UÊ¡Ê Õ, ßU‚Á‹∞ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ⁄UÊ¡◊„U‹Ê¥ ◊¥ “ÁøÃÊ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ë •Êfl⁄UË” ŸÊ◊ ‚ ∑§‹Ê ÁfllÊ‹ÿ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃÁDUà Á∑§ÿÊ– ÿ„U ∞∑§ ∞‚Ê SÕÊŸ ÕÊ ¡„UÊ¥ ∑§ß¸U ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U ∞∑§ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ∞∑§ÁòÊà „UÊ∑§⁄U ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ë Á¬‚Ê߸U, fl‚Á‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÉÊÊ≈UÊ߸U, ⁄‘UπÊ¥∑§Ÿ ∞fl¥ ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ◊¥ ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ∑§Ê ‚„UÿÊª ŒÃ Õ– ßU‚ ÁfllÊ‹ÿ ∑§Ê “ÃSflË⁄UÊ¥ ⁄UÊ ∑§Ê⁄UπÊŸÊ¥” ŸÊ◊ ‚ ÷Ë ¬È∑§Ê⁄UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ ÃÕÊ ¬˝◊Èπ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U ŒÊ⁄UÊªÊ ∑§Ë ©U¬ÊÁäÊ ‚ Áfl÷ÍÁ·Ã ÕÊ –v4 ÿ„UË ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊ ¡ªÃÁ‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ (v{w}-v{zw ߸U.) ◊¥ ∑§Ê√ÿ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿÊüÊÿ ◊¥ ÷ÁQ§ ∞fl¥ ⁄UËÁÃ∑§Ê√ÿ ÁøòÊáÊ 77

◊ÊŸ∑§⁄U •Ÿ∑§ ‚ÁøòÊ ª˝¥ÕÊ¥ ∑§Ê √ÿflÁSÕà M§¬ ‚ ‹πŸ ∞fl¥ ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ „ÈU•Ê– ⁄UÊ◊-∑§Ê√ÿ, ∑ΧcáÊ-∑§Ê√ÿ, ⁄UËÁÃ-∑§Ê√ÿ, ⁄Uʪ⁄UÊÁªŸË, ’Ê⁄U„U◊Ê‚Ê •ÊÁŒ ÁøòÊáÊ ∑§ Áfl‡Ê· •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ⁄U„U –v5 ‚ÊÁ„U’ŒËŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ŸÊ„U⁄U ¡Ò‚ ◊¥¡ „ÈU∞ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄UË ßU‚ ‚◊ÿ ∑§Ë ©Uà∑ΧCU ∞fl¥ ÁÃÁÕÿÈQ§ ŒÊÿ „ÒU– v{w} ߸U. ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà ⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê ∑§ •Ÿ∑§ ÁøòÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ Á’π⁄‘U ¬«∏ „Ò¥U– Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚ÊÁ„U’ŒËŸ ∑§Ë ¡„UÊ¥ªË⁄U∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê •ãÿÃ◊ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ŒπŸ ∑§Ê Á◊‹ÃÊ „ÒU– ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U v{xÆ ß¸U. ∑§Ê ªËêÊÁfl㌠(◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ∑§ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ) •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ (⁄UÊC˛UËÿ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ-Ÿß¸U ÁŒÑË) ÷Ë ‚ÊÁ„U’ŒËŸ ∑§Ë ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ŒÊÿ „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ, ∑§Ê≈UÊ ∑§ yÆ ‹ÉÊÈ ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ∑§Ë ŒÎÁc≈U ‚ •àÿÁäÊ∑§ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ „ÒU, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ∑ΧcáÊ ‹Ë‹Ê ∑§Ê ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ¡„UÊ¥ªË⁄UË ¬˝÷Êfl ∑§Ê •ãÿÃ◊ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ „ÒU– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¡ªÃÁ‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ „UË ©UŸ∑§ ©UûÊ⁄UÊÁäÊ∑§Ê⁄UË ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ⁄UÊ¡Á‚¥„U ∑§Ê ∑§Ê‹ (v{zw-v{}Æ ß¸U.) ∑§‹Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝üÊÿ ∞fl¥ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÁøÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚⁄¥UˇÊáÊ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ ∑§◊ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ Ÿ„UË ⁄U„UÊ– ‚ÊÁ„U’ŒËŸ ¡Ò‚ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ Ÿ ‡ÊÍ∑§⁄U ˇÊòÊ ◊„UÊà◊ÿ (v{zz ߸.) ÷˝◊⁄UªËÂÊ⁄U (v{z~ ߸U.) ∑§Ê ‚ÈÉÊ«∏ ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ– ªËêÊÁfl㌠∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¢∑§Ÿ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ÷Ë •Êª Ã∑§ •ˇÊÈáÊ ⁄U„UË– ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ‚¢ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ “ªËêÊÁfl㌔ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U wwy ‹ÉÊÈ ÁøòÊ „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ‚ ‹ª÷ª ÃËŸ Œ¡¸Ÿ ÁøòÊ ßU‚Ë ‚◊ÿ ∑§ Á◊‹Ã „Ò¥U– ‡Ê· ÁøòÊ ’ÊŒ ◊¥ ’Ÿ¥–v6 ⁄UÊ¡Á‚¥„U ∑§ ©UûÊ⁄UÊÁäÊ∑§Ê⁄UË ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ¡ÿÁ‚¥„U (v{}Æ-v{~} ߸U.) Ÿ ÷Ë ◊flÊ«∏Ë ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ŸflËŸ ©Uà‚Ê„U ∑§ ‚ÊÕ •Êª ’…UÊÿÊ– ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ, ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ “‚Í⁄U‚ʪ⁄U” ∑§ vww ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ‹ÉÊÈ ÁøòÊ ßUŸ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ∑§Ë ŒÊÿ „ÒU, Á¡‚◊¥ ‚Í⁄U ∑§ ¬l ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ∑§Ê ÷Êfl¬Íáʸ ’ŸÊÿÊ „ÒU, ‚ÊÕ „UË ‚Í⁄UŒÊ‚ ¡Ë ∑§Ê ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ◊ÈŒ˝Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ◊¥¡Ë⁄UÊ Á‹∞, ∑§ËøŸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈUÿ ÿÊ „UÊÕ ¡Ê«∏ π«U∏ „ÈU∞ •¥Á∑§Ã Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–v| ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ Á‚¥„U ∑§ „UË ⁄UÊíÿ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ v|wx ߸U. ∑§ øËÃÊπ«∏Ë ªÊ°fl ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà “ªËêÊÁ㌔ ∞fl¥ “∑§ÁflÁ¬˝ÿÊ” ∑§ ‚Ò≈U ÁøÁòÊà „ÈUÿ ¡Ê ¬˝Êëÿ ÁfllÊ ¬˝ÁÃDUÊŸ ∑§Ë •ŸÈ¬◊ ŒŸ „ÒU– v} flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ◊äÿ ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà “ªÊfläʸŸ-äÊÊ⁄UáÊ” ¬˝‚¥ª ∑§ ‹ª÷ª ∞∑§ Œ¡¸Ÿ ÁøòÊ ’«∏ÊÒŒÊ êÿÁ¡ÿ◊ ◊¥ ©U¬‹éäÊ „ÒU¢, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ¬òÊÊ¥ ∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ¬l Á‹π „Ò¥ ÃÕÊ ’Ëø ◊¥ ¬lÊ¥ ∑§ ÷Êfl ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ÁøòÊ ’Ÿ „Ò¥–v} v} flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ∑§ •ãà ◊¥ ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ê •¬∑§·¸ S¬CU× ¤Ê‹∑§Ÿ ‹ªÊ– ◊flÊ«∏ ∑§ •ãÿ SÕÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬Ÿ¬Ÿ flÊ‹Ë ÁøòÊáÊ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ¡Ò‚-ŸÊÕmUÊ⁄UÊ, Œflª…∏U, ‡ÊÊ„U¬È⁄UÊ ÃÕÊ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ Á∆U∑§ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ©‚∑§Ê •¥ÁÃ◊ ©U¡Ê‚ ŒπÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò– ◊flÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¬ŸË ÁŸ¡Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ ⁄U„UË „ÒU– •ÁäÊ∑§Ã⁄U ‹Ê‹, ¬Ë‹, „U⁄‘U, ŸË‹, ‚»§Œ •ÊÁŒ ‚Íø∑§ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ÿ„UË ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ‹Ê∑§-∑§‹Êà◊∑§ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¿U≈UÊ ◊flÊ«∏Ë ∑§‹Ê ∑§Ë ÁŸ¡Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ⁄U„UË „ÒU– ◊ÊŸfl Sfl÷Êfl •ÊÒ⁄U ‡ÊÊSòÊËÿ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ßU‚ S∑ͧ‹ ◊¥ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ⁄¥Uª ÷Ë •ÁäÊ∑§ ©Uîfl‹ Ÿ „UÊ∑§⁄U ‡ÿÊ◊, ÃÊ◊˝ 78 ATISHAY KALIT

•ÊÒ⁄U ŸË‹ fláʸ ∑§ „Ò¥U– ‚ÊŒ ÃÕÊ ∑§Ê‹ πÃÊ¥ ‚ •ÊflÁDUà ÃÕÊ Ã«∏∑§-÷«∏∑§ ‚ •‹ª ◊flÊ«∏ ÁøòÊ ‚¥‚Ê⁄U ÷⁄U ∑§ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚¥ª˝Á„Uà „Ò¥–v~ (ÁøòÊ - 1)

(ÁøòÊ - 1) ⁄UÊœÊ ∑ΧcáÊ (ªËêÊÁflãŒ) 1714 ߸. ◊flÊ«∏U S∑ͧ‹, ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ‚¢ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ, ©UŒÿ¬È⁄U ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«U∏ S∑ͧ‹ ◊flÊ«∏ ∑§Ë ÷Ê¥Áà ◊M§¬˝Œ‡Ê Ÿ ÷Ë •¡ãÃÊ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸflʸ„U Á∑§ÿÊ, Á¡‚∑§Ê ¬Ífl¸ SflM§¬ ◊á«UÊ⁄U ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ¥ ‚ •Ê¢∑§Ê ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò–wÆ ªÈ¡¸⁄U ¬˝ÁÄUÊ⁄UÊ¥ ÃÕÊ ‚¬ÊŒ‹ˇÊ ∑§ øÊÒ„UÊŸÊ¥ ∑§ ßU‚ fl΄UŒ ÷Í-÷ʪ ¬⁄U ⁄UÊC∑ͧ≈U ⁄UÊ¡¬ÍÃÊ¥ Ÿ •¬ŸÊ flø¸Sfl SÕÊÁ¬Ã Á∑§ÿÊ– ⁄UÊ∆UÊÒ«∏ fl¥‡ÊË ¡ÊäÊÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄,U ’Ë∑§Ê mUÊ⁄UÊ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄,U Á∑§‡ÊŸÁ‚¥„U mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§‡ÊŸª…U∏ ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ „UË ¡Ê ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê •¬ŸË ¬Ífl¸ ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ∑ͧ‹ Áfl∑§Á‚à „ÈU߸U, fl„U ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏Ë ∑§‹Ê ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ÁflÅÿÊà „UÊ ªß¸U– ©U¬ÿȸQ§ ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥, •Ÿ∑§ Á∆U∑§ÊáÊÊ¥ ∞fl¥ ¬«∏ÊÒ‚Ë ⁄UÊíÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ •Ÿ∑§ ‡ÊÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥, ©U¬ ‡ÊÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U Á∆U∑§ÊáÊÊ ∑§‹Ê ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ Áfl∑§Á‚à „ÈU•Ê ¡Ê •¬ŸË •‹ª ¬„UøÊŸ ⁄UπÃÊ „ÒU, Á¡‚◊¥ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ÃÊ •¬ŸË ÁflÁ‡ÊCUÃÊ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ‚¥‚Ê⁄U ¬˝Á‚hU „UÊ ªß¸U „Ò– ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ ∑§ ¡Ÿ-¡ËflŸ ‚ ¬˝÷ÊÁflà ∑È°§fl⁄U ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ Á‚¥„U ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ ◊¥ “⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê” ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ∞ÁÄUÊÁ‚∑§ ÁÃÁÕÿÈQ§ ‚Ò≈U ©U¬‹éäÊ „ÒU, ¡Ê ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ë ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ê ©U¡Êª⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê ¬˝ÊøËŸÃ◊ ‚Ò≈U ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– v{wx ߸U. ◊¥ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄U flË⁄U ¡Ë mUÊ⁄UÊ ¬Ê‹Ë ∑§ ¬˝Á‚hU flË⁄U ¬ÈM§· Áfl∆˜U∆U‹ŒÊ‚ ø°¬Êflà ∑§ Á‹∞ ÁøÁòÊà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‹ÉÊÈ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ¿Ê≈U •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ßU∑§„U⁄UË fl‚‹Ë ¬⁄U ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã ÿ ÁøòÊ ‡ÊÈhU ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ◊¥ •¥Á∑§Ã „ÒU¢, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ ∑§Ë ‹Ê∑§∑§‹Ê ∑§Ê ¬Íáʸ ¬˝÷Êfl „UÊÃ „ÈUÿ ÷Ë ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬Ífl¸ ¬Ê⁄Uê¬Á⁄U∑§ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ‚ fl ¡È«∏ „ÈUÿ „ÒU–wv ø„U⁄‘U, •Ê°πÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊Í¥¿UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’ŸÊfl≈U øÊfl¥«U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ÃÕÊ øÊÒ⁄U¬¥øÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ‚ Á◊‹ÃË-¡È‹ÃË „Ò– ¬«∏Ê¢ ∑§Ë ’ŸÊfl≈U ◊Ê‹flÊ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë ÷Ê¥Áà „ÒU, Á»§⁄U ÷Ë ÿ ÁøòÊ fl‡Ê÷Í·Ê, ’ŸÊfl≈U, ⁄¥UªÿÊ¡ŸÊ •ÊÁŒ ◊¥ ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ë ¬˝Ê⁄¥UÁ÷∑§ ‚÷Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ•Ê¥ ‚ ÿÈQ§ „ÒU–ww ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿÊüÊÿ ◊¥ ÷ÁQ§ ∞fl¥ ⁄UËÁÃ∑§Ê√ÿ ÁøòÊáÊ 79

∑ΧcáÊ-÷ÁQ§ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ∑§ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U ◊¥ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ∑§Ê ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ „UÊÕ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡Ê ¡‚flãà Á‚¥„U •ÕʸØ “’˝¡⁄UÊ¡” Ÿ ©U‚ ’˝¡÷ÍÁ◊ „UË ’ŸÊ ÁŒÿÊ– üÊË ’Ê‹∑ΧcáÊ, üÊË ◊ŒŸ ◊Ê„UŸ, ‡ÿÊ◊ ◊ŸÊ„U⁄U •ÊÁŒ ∑§ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U „UË ¡ŸÃÊ ∑§Ê ¡„UÊ¥ ÷ÁQ§ ⁄U‚ ∑§Ë äÊÊ⁄UÊ ◊¥ ⁄U‚◊ªA ∑§⁄ÑU „ÒU¢, fl„UË¥ ∑ΧcáÊøÁ⁄UòÊ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U ÿ„UÊ° ÁøòÊáÊ ∑§Ë ¬⁄Uê¬⁄UÊ „UË ø‹ ¬«∏Ë–w3 ’«∏ÊÒŒÊ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ ÃÕÊ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ Á‚¥„U ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ∑§ ‚Í⁄U‚ʪ⁄U ¬⁄U •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄Uà ÁøòÊ ßU‚ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ „ÒU, Á¡Ÿ◊¥ ∑§Ê√ÿ ∑§ ÷ÊflÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ Ÿ øÃÈ⁄UÊ߸U ‚ •¥Á∑§Ã Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU– ’«∏ÊÒŒÊ ‚¥ª˝„UÊ‹ÿ ◊¥ „UË ¬˝Ê# “⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ” ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ ÷Ë ßU‚Ë ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê– ßUŸ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄‘UπÊ∞¥, ÷Êfl-÷¢Áª◊Ê∞¥ ÃÕÊ ⁄¥Uª-‚¥ÿÊ¡Ÿ ŒπÃ „UË ’ŸÃÊ „ÒU–w4 •¡Ëà Á‚¥„U ∑§Ê ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ∑§Ê‹ (v{|} ߸U.) ÷Ë ∑§◊ ©UÑπŸËÿ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU– ßU‚ ‚◊ÿ ∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ, ªËêÊÁfl㌠¡Ò‚ ∑§Ê√ÿ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡Œ⁄U’Ê⁄U, •Êπ≈U, ©Uà‚fl, ¡È‹Í‚ ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ‚Ê◊ãÃÊ¥, Á∆U∑§ÊáÊŒÊ⁄UÊ¥ ∑§ √ÿÁQ§ ÁøòÊ ⁄U„U „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑§ »§‹SflM§¬ •÷ÿÁ‚¥„U ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊ◊Á‚¥„U ∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ∑§Ê‹ (v|wy-v|zw ߸U.) ◊¥ ⁄Uʪ⁄UÊÁªŸË, ’Ê⁄U„U◊Ê‚Ê, ‹Ê∑§ÕÊ∞¥ ÃÕÊ √ÿÁQ§ªÃ ‡Ê’Ë„UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ Áfl‡Ê· fl‡Ê÷Í·Ê ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê–w5 ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ◊Ê⁄UflÊ«∏ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ©UàÕÊŸ, Áfl∑§Ê‚ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬ÃŸ ◊Ê‹Œfl ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚ ‹∑§⁄U ‚Í⁄UÁ‚¥„U, ª¡Á‚¥„U •ÊÒ⁄U ¡‚flãà Á‚¥„U ÃÕÊ ◊ÊŸÁ‚¥„U, ÃπÃÁ‚¥„U, ÷Ë◊Á‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ •Ê¥∑§Ê ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ¬ÈM§· ‹ê’-øÊÒ«∏, ª∆UË‹ ’ŒŸ ∑§ ÃÕÊ ©UŸ∑§ ª‹-◊Èë¿U, ™°§øË ¬ª«∏Ë ⁄UÊ¡‚Ë flÒ÷fl ∑§ flSòÊÊ÷Í·áÊ Áfl‡ÊcÊ ¬˝÷Êfl‡ÊÊ‹Ë „UÊÃ „Ò¥– ÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ •¥ª-¬˝àÿ¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ê •¥∑§Ÿ ÷Ë ª∆UË‹Ê „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§Ë fl‡Ê÷Í·Ê ◊¥ ∆U∆U ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ‹„¥UªÊ, •Ê…U∏ŸË •ÊÒ⁄U ‹Ê‹ »È¥§ŒŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ¬˝◊Èπ M§¬ ‚ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ’ÊŒÊ◊-‚Ë •Ê°π¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ™°§øË ¬Êª ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë •¬ŸË ÁŸ¡Ë ŒŸ „ÒU–w6 (ÁøòÊ-2) ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë — ‚ÍŒÍ⁄U ◊M§¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ⁄UÊ∆UÊÒ«∏fl¥‡ÊË ⁄UÊfl ’Ë∑§Ê¡Ë mUÊ⁄UÊ vy}} ߸U. ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ „ÈU߸U– ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ⁄UÊíÿ •Ÿ∑§ ’Ê„˜Uÿ ¬˝÷ÊflÊ¥ ∑§ ©U¬⁄UÊãà ÷Ë ∑§‹Êà◊∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ •¬ŸÊ ◊ÊÒÁ‹∑§ SÕÊŸ ⁄UπÃÊ „ÒU– •ãÿ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ‡ÊÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÷Ê¥Áà ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ∑§Ê ÷Ë v{ flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ∑§ •ãà ◊¥ ¬˝ÊŒÈ÷ʸfl ◊ÊŸÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–w| ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ ÁøòÊ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊÿÁ‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ (vz|v-vz~v ߸U.) ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà ÷ʪflجÈ⁄UÊáÊ ∑§ ◊ÊŸ ¡ÊÃ „ÒU– ⁄UÊÿÁ‚¥„U Sflÿ¥ ‚¥S∑Χà ∑§ ÁflmUÊŸ Õ– “⁄UÊÿÁ‚¥„U ◊„UÊà‚fl” ÃÕÊ “íÿÊÁ÷ ⁄UàãÊÊ∑§⁄U” ª¥˝Õ ©Uã„UË¥ ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ Á‹π ªÿ– ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ∑§ ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¡ÒŸ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ¬Íáʸ ¬˝÷Êfl Œ‡Ê¸ŸËÿ „Ò–w} ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∞∑§ fl΄UŒ ¬˝Œ‡Ê „ÒU– •Ê¬‚Ë ‚ê’¥äÊÊ¥ ÃÕÊ ◊Ȫ‹Ê¥ ∑§ ¬˝÷Êfl ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÿ„UÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ¬Ê⁄Uê¬Á⁄U∑§ ¬˝÷Êfl Áfl‡Ê· Œ‡Ê¸ŸËÿ „ÒU– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡ ⁄UÊÿÁ‚¥„U ∑§Ê ÁflflÊ„U ◊flÊ«∏ ∑§ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊáÊÊ 80 ATISHAY KALIT

©UŒÿÁ‚¥„U (vzx|-vz7w ߸U.) ∑§Ë ¬ÈòÊË ¡‚◊ÊŒ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ „ÈU•Ê–w~ ÃÕÊ ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ÁflflÊ„U vz~w ߸U. ◊¥ ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê, •Ã— ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒÀÊË ∑§Ê ÷ʪflجÈ⁄UÊáÊ (vz~Æ ß¸U.‹ª÷ª) ¡Ò‚‹◊⁄U ∑§ ∑ȧ„¥U⁄U⁄UÊ¡ ∑§ Á‹∞ Á‹Áπà ∞fl¥ ÁøÁòÊà ◊ÊäÊflÊŸ‹ ∑§Ê◊∑¥§Œ‹Ê (Uv{Æx ߸U.) ÃÕÊ ◊flÊ«∏ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ÁflÀ„UáÊ ∑Χà øÊÒ⁄U¬¥øÊÁ‡Ê∑§Ê (vzÆy ߸U.) •ÊÒ⁄U ÁŸ‚Ê⁄UŒËŸ mUÊ⁄UÊ ÁøÁòÊà øÊfl¥«U ∑§Ë ⁄Uʪ◊Ê‹Ê (v{Æz ߸U.) ∑§ ÁøòÊáÊ ◊¥ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë-Ã∑§ŸË∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ŒÎÁCU ‚ Áfl‡ÊcÊ ‚◊ÃÊ ŒπŸ ∑§Ê Á◊‹ÃË „ÒU– ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ◊Ê«∏ ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê •ŸÍ¬Á‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ (v{{~-v{~} ߸U.) ‚ ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê •ŸÍ¬Á‚¥„U Sflÿ¥ ‚ÊÁ„UÁàÿ∑§ ∞¥fl ∑§‹Êà◊∑§ M§Áø ∑§ √ÿÁQ§ Õ, •Ã— ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ÁŒÑË •ÊÒ⁄U ‹Ê„UÊÒ⁄U ∑§ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚ê◊ÊŸ Á∑§ÿÊ–xÆ ÿ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U ◊Ȫ‹ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ◊¥ ¬Ê⁄¥UªÃ Õ, ¬⁄U ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U •Ê∑§⁄U ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ •ŸÍ¬Á‚¥„U ∑§Ë M§Áø ∑§ •ŸÈ∑ͧ‹ Á„UãŒË ∑§ÕÊ•Ê¥, ‚¥S∑ΧÃ, Á„UãŒË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ∑§Ê√ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U ‚Ò¥∑§«UÊ¥ ÁøòÊ ’ŸÊÿ ¡Ê ⁄UÊ¡¬ÍÃË ‚èÿÃÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚¢S∑ΧÁà ‚ Á◊ÁüÊà „UÊ∑§⁄U ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ©Uà∑ΧCU ÁøòÊ ∑§„U‹Êÿ– «UÊÚ. ⁄UÉÊÈflË⁄U Á‚¥„U ∑§Ê ∑§ÕŸ „ÒU Á∑§ ““◊„UÊŸ˜ ◊Ȫ‹Ê¥ ∑§ ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ Á¡‚ ŸÍß ‚Áê◊ÁüÊà ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚¥S∑ΧÁà ∑§Ê ©UŒÿ „ÈU•Ê ÕÊ, •’ ßUŸ ⁄UÊ¡-Œ⁄U’Ê⁄UÊ¥ ◊¥ ©U‚Ë ∑§Ê ¬ÈŸ— ‚◊ãflÿ •ÊÒ⁄U Áfl∑§Ê‚ „UÊŸ ‹ªÊ–xv ◊„UÊ⁄UÊ¡Ê •ŸÍ¬Á‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ ÿ„U Áfl∑§Ê‚ Áfl‡Ê· Œ‡Ê¸ŸËÿ „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§ Œ⁄U’Ê⁄UË ◊È‚Á√fl⁄U M§ÄŸÈŒËŸ ∑§Ê ßU‚ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ÿÊªŒÊŸ ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ „Ò– ©U‚Ÿ ‚Ò∑§«UÊ¥ ÁøòÊ ’ŸÊÿ– ∑§‡Êfl ∑§Ë ⁄UÁ‚∑§Á¬˝ÿÊ ÃÕÊ ’Ê⁄U„U◊Ê‚ ∑§ ÁøòÊ ß‚ ŒÎÁCÔU ‚ ©UÀÀÊπŸËÿ „Ò¥U– ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ◊¥ ⁄‘UπÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ªàÿÊà◊∑§ÃÊ, ∑§Ê◊‹Ê¥∑§Ÿ ÃÕÊ ’Ê⁄UË∑§ ⁄‘UπÊ¥∑§Ÿ Áfl‡Ê· „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ⁄‘UπÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚¥ÿÊ¡Ÿ ¬˝÷Êfl‡ÊÊ‹Ë ’Ÿ ¬«∏Ê „ÒU– ø≈U∑§ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ∑§Ê◊‹ ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ‹Ê‹, ’Ò¥ªŸË, ¡Ê◊ÈÈŸË ‚‹≈UË, ’ÊŒÊ◊Ë ⁄¥UªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ ⁄U„UË „ÒU– ◊ÊÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ •Ê÷Í·áÊ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ◊¥ •àÿÁäÊ∑§ •¥Á∑§Ã Á∑§ÿ ªÿ „ÒU– ¬„UŸÊfl ◊¥ ◊Ȫ‹ ∞fl¥ ⁄UÊ¡¬ÍÃË ‚Áê◊üÊáÊ „ÒU– Á∑§‡ÊŸª…U∏ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ ‹ê’Ë Ããfl¥ªË ŸÊÁÿ∑§Ê¥∞, π¥¡Ÿ ¬ˇÊË ‚ ÃËπ ŸòÊ, Ã¥ª ∑¥§øÈ∑§Ë, ÉÊ⁄UŒÊ⁄U ÉÊÊÉÊ⁄‘U ÃÕÊ ÷«∏, ’∑§⁄UË, ™°§≈U, ∑ȧ¡¸, ‚Ê⁄U‚ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊M§SÕ‹ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ v} flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ∑§Ë ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ Á◊‹ÃÊ „ÒU–xw Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë — ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ÁflÁ‡ÊCU SÕÊŸ „ÒU– Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§Ë ŸË¥fl ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ⁄UÊíÿ ∑§ ⁄UÊ∆UÊÒ«∏fl¥‡ÊË ⁄UÊ¡Ê ©UŒÿÁ‚¥„U ∑§ •Ê∆Ufl¥ ¬ÈòÊ Á∑§‡ÊŸÁ‚¥„U Ÿ v{Æ~ ߸U. ◊¥ «UÊ‹Ë– ¬Ë…∏UË ∑§ ¬Ê°øfl¢ ⁄UÊ¡Ê M§¬Á‚¥„U (v{yx-v{z} ߸U.) Ÿ ‚Ê◊Á⁄U∑§ ∑§Á∆UŸÊßUÿÊ¥ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ M§¬Ÿª⁄U ∑§Ê •¬ŸË ⁄UÊ¡äÊÊŸË ’ŸÊÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄UÊ¡Ê ‚Êfl¥Ã Á‚¥„U ∑§ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§ ⁄U„UË– ⁄UÊ¡Ê M§¬Á‚¥„U ÁfllÊ-¬˝◊Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Q§ NŒÿ Õ– ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ •¬Ÿ ¬Ífl¸¡Ê¥ ∑§Ë ÷Ê¥Áà flÑ÷∑ȧ‹ ‚ê¬˝ŒÊÿ ∑§Ë ŒËˇÊÊ ‹Ë ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊäÊÊ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§Ë ÷ÁQ§ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ ¡ËflŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÊˇÊ ∑§Ê ‚Êäÿ ‚◊¤ÊÊ– ‚Ê◊Áÿ∑§ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ Ÿ •¬Ÿ SflÊ◊Ë ∑§Ë ¬˝‚ÛÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ⁄UÊäÊÊ-◊ÊäÊfl ∑§Ë ‹Ë‹Ê•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ mUÊ⁄UÊ ‚Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸÊ ⁄UÊ¡Ê•Ê¥ ∑§ ⁄UÊíÿÊüÊÿ ◊¥ ÷ÁQ§ ∞fl¥ ⁄UËÁÃ∑§Ê√ÿ ÁøòÊáÊ 81

¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ Á∑§ÿÊ–xx M§¬ Á‚¥„U ∑§ ©U¬⁄UÊãà ⁄UÊ¡Ê ◊ÊŸÁ‚¥„U (v{z}-v|Æ{ ߸U.) ªgË ¬⁄U ’Ò∆U– fl Sflÿ¥ ∑§Áfl •ÊÒ⁄U ∑§‹Ê-‚◊¸ôÊ Õ– ¬˝Á‚hU ∑§Áfl flÎ㌠‚ ßUã„UÊ¥Ÿ ∑§ÁflÃÊ ∑§Ê •èÿÊ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ– flÒcáÊfl ÷Q§ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÷ÁÄà ‚ê’ãäÊË Áfl·ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ßUŸ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê· M§Áø ÕË– fl ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ÷Ë Áfl‡Ê· M§Áø ⁄UπÃ Õ– ÿ„UÊ° ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ ßUŸ∑§ ¬ÈòÊ ⁄UÊ¡Á‚¥„U (v|Æ{-v|y} ߸U.) ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ÿÊª ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡Á‚¥„U ¬⁄U◊flË⁄U äÊ◊¸-¬⁄UÊÿáÊ, ∑§‹Ê⁄UÁ‚∑§ ∞fl¥ Sflÿ¥ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U Õ– ßUŸ∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ ⁄UÁøà xx ª¥˝Õ „ÒU Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ •ãÿ ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ ¬⁄U ÷Ë ¬«∏Ê–xy ßU‚Ë ‚◊ÿ ‚ ∑°§Èfl⁄U ªgË ¬⁄U •ÊM§…U ⁄UÊ¡Ê ‚Ê¥flà Á‚¥„U (÷Q§fl⁄U), ŸÊª⁄Uˌʂ (v{~~ ߸U.) ¬⁄U ©UŸ∑§ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§Ë ∑§‹Ê-Á¬˝ÿÃÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏Ê– ©UŸ∑§Ë Á‡ÊˇÊÊ-ŒËˇÊÊ Á¬ÃÊ ∑§Ë M§Áø ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ∑§‹Êà◊∑§ flÊÃÊfl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ „ÈU߸U– ‚¥S∑Χà •ÊÒ⁄U ‚¥ªËà ∑§Ê ÷Ë ©Uã„¥U ¬Íáʸ •èÿÊ‚ ÕÊ– fl ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ◊¥ ÷Ë Áfl‡Ê· M§Áø ⁄UπÃ Õ– Á∑§‡ÊŸª…U∏ Œ⁄U’Ê⁄U ∑§ ÁŸ¡Ë ‚¥ª˝„U ◊¥ ©U¬‹éäÊ øÊ⁄U ⁄‘UπÊÁøòÊ ßU‚ ∑§âÿ ∑§ ‚ÊˇÊË „ÒU–xz ∑§Ê√ÿ ∑§ ¬˝Áà ⁄UÊ¡Ê ‚Êfl¥Ã Á‚¥„U ∑§Ë M§Áø ¬˝Ê⁄Uê÷ ‚ „UË ÕË– v|wx-v|xv ߸U. Ã∑§ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ “◊ŸÊ⁄UÕ ◊¥¡⁄UË” “⁄UÁ‚∑§-⁄U%Êfl‹Ë” “Á’„UÊ⁄UË-ø¥ÁŒ˝∑§Ê” ∑§Ë ⁄UøŸÊ ∑§⁄U ∑ΧcáÊ-÷ÁQ§ ∑§Ê√ÿ ∑§ ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ◊¥ Áfl‡ÊcÊ ÿÊªŒÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ–x{ •¬Ÿ ¬Ífl¸¡Ê¥ ∑§Ë ÷Ê¥Áà fl ÷Ë flÑ÷ ‚ê¬˝ŒÊÿ ◊¥ •¬Ÿ ªÈM§ üÊË ⁄UáÊ¿UÊ«∏ ¡Ë mUÊ⁄UÊ ŒËÁˇÊà Õ– ⁄UÊíÿ flÒ÷fl ∑§ ¬˝Áà ©UŒÊ‚ËŸ „UÊ∑§⁄U ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ∑§Ê√ÿ-ÁøòÊáÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚¥ªËà mUÊ⁄UÊ •¬Ÿ ∑§‹Êà◊∑§ flÒ÷fl ‚ Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ŸflËŸ ◊Ê«∏ ÁŒÿÊ– v}flË¥ ‡ÊÃË ∑ ◊äÿ ◊¥ ’Ÿ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë ŸflËŸÃÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ©Uà»È§ÑÃÊ ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃË „Ò Á¡‚◊¥ ⁄UÊäÊÊ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§ ◊ÊäÊÈÿ¸ ÷Êfl ∑§Ê ŸflËŸ M§¬ ◊¥ ÁøÁòÊà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ©U¬ÿȸQ§ M§¬ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê üÊÿ Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ Œ⁄U’Ê⁄UË ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U ◊Ê⁄Uäfl¡ ÁŸ„UÊ‹ø¥Œ ∑§Ê „ÒU Á¡Ÿ∑§ ’ŸÊÿ ‚Ò∑§«∏Ê¥ ÁøòÊ ßU‚ ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§Ë •◊ÍÀÿ ÁŸÁäÊ „ÒU– ÁŸ„UÊ‹ø¥Œ Ÿ •¬ŸË ⁄¥U¡∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚͡◊ ÃÍÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ ŸÊª⁄Uˌʂ ∑§ ∑§Ê√ÿ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ v|xz ߸U. ‚ ‹∑§⁄U v|z| ߸U. Ã∑§ Á∑§ÿÊ– ŸÊª⁄Uˌʂ ∑§ flÎãŒÊflŸ flÊ‚ ∑§ ©U¬⁄UÊãà ÷Ë ◊È‚Á√fl⁄U ÁŸ„UÊ‹ø¥Œ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊÊ¥∑§Ÿ ⁄UÊíÿ ◊¥ ø‹ÃÊ ⁄U„UÊ, Á∑§ãÃÈ ¬⁄UflÃ˸ ÁøòÊáÊ ◊¥ ÿ„U ∑§Ê√ÿÊà◊∑§ ¡ÊŒÍ ¬˝Êÿ— ¬ÃÊã◊Èπ „UÊ ªÿÊ– ⁄UÊ¡Ê ∑§ÀÿÊáÊ Á‚¥„U ∑§ ∑§Ê‹ (v|~}-v}x} ߸U.) ∑§ ‹Ê«∏‹ËŒÊ‚ ŸÊ◊∑§ ÁøòÊ∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ◊¥ Áfl‡Ê· ÿÊªŒÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ– ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ¬˝Á‚hU “ªËêÊÁfl㌔ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ ÷Ë ßU‚Ë ‚◊ÿ „ÈU•Ê–x| ÿ„UÊ° ∑§ ÁøòÊUÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬ÈM§·Ê∑ΧÁà ‹ê’Ê ¿U⁄U„U⁄UÊ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U, ‹≈¥U ∑§¬Ê‹ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê ¿ÍUÃË „ÈU߸U ÿÊ ¬Íáʸ ©Uã◊ÈQ§ S∑§ãäÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U ¤ÊÍ◊ÃË „ÈU߸U, ‚◊ÈÛÊ≈U ŒËÉʸ ‹‹Ê≈U, ©U∆UË „ÈU߸U ŸÊÁ‚∑§Ê, Á‚ãŒÍ⁄U ‚Íπ˸ ÿÈQ§ ¬Ã‹ •äÊ⁄U, ∑§áÊʸãÃS¬‡Ê˸ π¥¡ŸÊ∑ΧÁÃ-÷Î∑ȧÁ≈U, ‚∑§Ê¡‹-Áfl‡ÊÊ‹-◊ÊŒ∑§-ŸòÊ, ŸÈ∑§Ë‹Ë Áø’È∑§ „Ò– Á∑§‡ÊŸª…∏U ∑§ ÁøòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ŸòÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁøòÊáÊ Áfl‡Ê· ÁfläÊÊ ◊¥ „ÒU ¡Ê Á∑§ ßU‚ •ãÿ ⁄UÊ¡¬Íà ÁøòÊ∑§‹Ê ‡ÊÒ‹Ë ∑§ ∑§Ê҇ʋ ‚ •‹ª ∑§⁄U flÒÁ‡ÊCU ∑§Ë üÊDU üÊáÊË ∑§Ê üÊÿ ŒÃÊ „ÒU– ÷Í˝ •ÊÒ⁄U ŸòÊ 82 ATISHAY KALIT

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z. ‚È⁄ãº˝ Á‚¢„ øı„ÊŸ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ÁºÑË, v~~y, ¬Î. z {. ¡ÿÁ‚¢„ ŸË⁄¡ — S∂¥«⁄ •ÊÚ»§ ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ¬¥Á≈¢ª, º„∂Ë, v~~v, ¬Î. vw |. ⁄ÉÊȟ㺟 ¬˝‚ʺ ÁÃflÊ⁄Ë — ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê •ÊÒ⁄ ©‚∑§ ◊Í∂ Ãàfl, flÊ⁄ÊáÊ‚Ë, v~|x, ¬Î. z~ }. ªı⁄Ë ø¢º „Ë⁄Êø¢º •ÊÒ¤ÊÊ — ©ºÿ¬È⁄ ⁄ÊÖÿ ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, ÷ʪ-v, ¬Î. xvz ~. ¡ÿÁ‚¢„ ŸË⁄¡ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê •ÊÒ⁄ Á„ãºË ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§Ê√ÿ, ÁºÑË, v~|{, ¬Î. z| vÆ. •Ê⁄.∑§. flÁ‡ÊD — ◊flÊ« ∑§Ë ÁøGÊ¢∑§Ÿ ¬¢⁄¬⁄Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~y, ¬Î.vz vv. ◊ÙÃË øãº˝ — ◊flÊ«U∏ ¬¥Á≈¢ª, º„∂Ë, v~z|, ¬Î. x vw. «ª∂‚ ’Ò⁄≈ ∞¢« ’Á‚∂ ª˝ — ߢÁ«ÿŸ ¬¥Á≈¢ª, ÁSfl≈˜¡⁄∂Ò¥«, v~{x, ¬Î. vxy vx. •Ê⁄.∑§. flÁ‡ÊD — ◊flÊ« ∑§Ë ÁøòÊÊ¢∑§Ÿ ¬⁄ê¬⁄Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~y, ¬Î. { vy. „È∑§◊ ø¢º ¡ÒŸ ∞fl¢ ŸÊ⁄ÊÿáÊ ◊Ê∂Ë — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ ßÁÄʂ ∞fl¢ ‚¢S∑ΧÁà ∞Ÿ˜‚Êß∑£§¬ËÁ«ÿÊ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, wÆÆ}, ¬Î. y~}-y~~ vz. ¡ÿÁ‚¢„ ŸË⁄¡ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~y, ¬Î. w} v{. ⁄ËÃÊ ¬˝Ãʬ — ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê ∞fl¢ ◊ÍÁø∑§∂Ê ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, wÆÆ|, ¬Î. v}x v|. •Ê⁄.∑§. flÁ‡ÊD — ◊flÊ« ∑§Ë ÁøGÊ¢∑§Ÿ ¬⁄ê¬⁄Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~y, ¬Î. w~ v}. •Ê.‚Ë. ªÊ¢ªÈ∂Ë — Á∑˝§Á≈∑§∂ ∑Ò§≈∂ÊÚª •ÊÚ»§ Á◊ÁŸÿø⁄ ¬¥Á≈¢ª ߟ ºË ’«U∏ıºÊ êÿÍÁ¡ÿ◊, ’«U∏ıºÊ, v~{v, ¬Î. ~x-~y v~. ¡ÿÁ‚¢„ ŸË⁄¡ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~y, ¬Î. x{ wÆ. •ÊŸ¢º ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄SflÊ◊Ë — Á„S≈˛Ë •ÊÚ»§ ߢÁ«ÿŸ ∞á« ßá«ÙŸÁ‡ÊÿŸ •Ê≈¸, ∂¢ºŸ, v~z|, ¬Î. }{-}| wv. ¬˝◊ ø¢º ªÙSflÊ◊Ë — ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~~~, ¬Î.{Æ ww. ◊œÈ ¬˝‚ʺ •ª˝flÊ∂ — ◊Ê⁄flÊ«U∏ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ÁºÑË, v~~x, ¬Î. wÆ, y} wx. ¡ÿÁ‚¢„ ŸË⁄¡ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê •ÊÒ⁄ Á„ãºË ∑ΧcáÊ ∑§Ê√ÿ, ÁºÑË, v~|{, ¬Î. |v wy. „È∑§◊ ø¢º ¡ÒŸ ∞fl¢ ŸÊ⁄ÊÿáÊ ◊Ê∂Ë — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ ßÁÄʂ ∞fl¢ ‚¢S∑ΧÁà ∞Ÿ‚Êß∑£§¬ËÁ«ÿÊ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, wÆÆ}, ¬Î. zÆÆ wz. ⁄ËÃÊ ¬˝Ãʬ — ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê ∞fl¢ ◊ÍÁø∑§∂Ê ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, wÆÆ|, ¬Î. v~y w{. ‚È⁄ãº˝ Á‚¢„ øı„ÊŸ — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸË ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ÁºÑË, v~~y, ¬Î. {z-{| w|. „⁄◊ÒŸ ªÙ∞≈˜¡ — Áº •Ê≈¸ ∞á« •ÊÁ∑¸§≈B§⁄ •ÊÚ»§ ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄ S≈≈, •ÊÄ‚»§Ù«¸ , v~zÆ, ¬Î. v| w}. ªı⁄Ëø¢º „Ë⁄Êø¢º •ÊÒ¤ÊÊ — ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄ ⁄ÊÖÿ ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, ÷ʪ- ¬˝Õ◊, •¡◊⁄, v~x~, ¬Î. wÆv-wÆy w~. fl„Ë, ¬Î. v~{ xÆ. ◊ÙÃË ø¢º π¡Ê¢øË — ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ ÷Ê⁄ÃË, ÷ʪ-z, ’Ë∑§ÊŸ⁄, v~z{, ¬Î. zw-zx xv. ⁄ÉÊÈflË⁄ Á‚¢„ — ¬Ífl¸ •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ, ©ºÿ¬È⁄, ¬Î. v|{ xw. ⁄ËÃÊ ¬˝Ãʬ — ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê ∞fl¢ ◊ÍÁø∑§∂Ê ∑§Ê ßÁÄʂ, vÆw, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, wÆÆ|, ¬Î. vÆv xx. ⁄Ê◊ªÙ¬Ê∂ Áfl¡ÿflªË¸ÿ— ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ÁøòÊ∑§∂Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~zx, ¬Î. v-w xy. »Ò§ÿ˜ÿÊïÊ •∂Ë — ŸÊª⁄˺ʂ ª˝¢ÕÊfl∂Ë, ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~zx, ¬Î.vw xz. ¬˝◊ø¢º ªÙSflÊ◊Ë (‚¢.) — ⁄Ê¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ∂ÉÊÈ ÁøG ‡ÊÒÁ∂ÿÊ°, (¬˝Õ◊ π¢«) ¡ÿ¬È⁄, v~|w, ¬Î. xv 84 ATISHAY KALIT

MkW- jhVk tSu ATISHAY KALIT √ÿÊÅÿÊÃÊ, ßÁÄUÊ‚, Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ∑§ŸÊ߸ ’ÊÁ‹∑§Ê ©UìÊ ◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ ÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ISSN : 2277-419X ‚È¡ÊŸª…∏U

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üÊË Œfl⁄UÊ¡ Á‚¢ÉÊË ¡Êœ¬È⁄U ∑§ ¬˝’Èh ∑˝§Ê¢ÁÃ∑§ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ◊¥ üÊË Œfl⁄UÊ¡ Á‚¢ÉÊË ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ’«∏U »§∑˝§ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU •Ê¬∑§Ê ¡ã◊ 1922 ߸. ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê– ’ø¬Ÿ ‚ „UË ∑˝§Ê¢Áà ∑§ ÁfløÊ⁄U •Ê¬∑§ ◊ÊŸ‚ ∑§Ê •ÊãŒÊÁ‹Ã ∑§⁄Ã Õ– ¡’ •Ê¬ „UÊ߸ S∑ͧ‹ ◊¥ ¬…∏UÃ Õ Ã÷Ë ‚ •Ê¬Ÿ πÊŒË ∑§ flSòÊ ¬„UŸŸ ‡ÊÈM§ ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿ– ‚Ÿ˜Ô 1942 ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ¿UÊ«∏UÊ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ’◊ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ Œfl⁄UÊ¡ ¡Ë ∑§ ‚ȬȌ¸ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ©U‚ ‚◊ÿ ¡Êœ¬È⁄U ∑§ „UflÊ߸ •aÔU ¬⁄U •¢ª˝¡Ë flÊÿÈ ‚ŸÊ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬Í⁄UË ’≈UÊÁ‹ÿŸ ÕË ¡Ê ◊ŸÊÁflŸÊŒ ∑§ Á‹ÿ „U⁄U ‡ÊÁŸflÊ⁄U ‡Ê„U⁄U ∑§ Á‚Ÿ◊Ê ªÎ„U, S≈UÁ«Uÿ◊ ◊¥ •ÊÿÊ ∑§⁄UÃË ÕË– Œfl⁄UÊ¡¡Ë Ÿ •äÿÿŸ ∑§⁄U ≈UÊß◊ ’◊ ’ŸÊÿÊ– ©U‚ ÕÒ‹ ◊¥ ⁄Uπ∑§⁄U ’«∏U ÷Ê߸ üÊË ‹Ê‹ øãŒ¡Ë ∑§ „UÊÕÊ¥ „UÊÚ‹ ◊¥ ∑ȧ‚˸ ∑§ ŸËø ⁄UπflÊ ÁŒÿÊ– ÁflS»§Ê≈U „ÈU•Ê Á∑§ãÃÈ ∑§Ê߸ •Ê„Uà Ÿ„Ë¥ „ÈU•Ê, ß‚‚ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U •fl‡ÿ Œ„U‹ ªÿË, ŒÊŸÊ¥ ÷Ê߸ ¬∑§«∏U ªÿ– Œfl⁄UÊ¡ ∑§Ê 10 ‚Ê‹ ∑§Ë ∑Ò§Œ „ÈU߸– ÁmÃËÿ ◊„UÊÿÈh ‚◊Ê# „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ©Uã„¥U Á⁄U„UÊ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–8 üÊË ¬Èπ⁄UÊ¡ ©U»¸§ ¬Èc¬ãº˝ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U üÊË ¬Èπ⁄UÊ¡ ©U»¸§ ¬Èc¬ãº˝ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ¡ã◊ Á’‹Ê«∏UÊ, Á¡‹Ê ¡Êœ¬È⁄U ∑§ •Ê‚flÊ‹ ¡ÒŸ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ◊¥ •Ê‚ÊÒ¡ ∑ΧcáÊ 11 ‚¢flÃ˜Ô 1969 ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê– Á’‹Ê«∏UÊ, •Êª⁄UÊ ∞fl¢ éÿÊfl⁄U ◊¥ •Ê¬∑§Ë Á‡ÊˇÊÊ „ÈU߸– ‚Ÿ˜ 1930 ∑§ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ‚, ¡’ •Ê¬ ÁfllÊÕ˸ Õ ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ „ÈU∞– ‚Ÿ˜ 1931 ◊¥ ¬Ê‹ËÃÊŸÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Ÿ˜ 1932 ◊¥ ◊¢ª‹ŒÊ‚ ◊Ê∑¸§≈U, ÁflŒ‡ÊË ∑§¬«∏UÊ¥ ∑§Ê ’Á„Uc∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ 7 ◊Êø¸ 1932 ∑§Ê ’ê’߸ ◊¥ •Ê¬ ¬∑§«∏U Á‹∞ ªÿ •ÊÒ⁄U 6 ◊Ê„U ∑§Ë ‚¡Ê ŒË ªß¸– 1938 ◊¥ Á’‹Ê«UÊ ◊¥ ‹Ê∑§ ¬Á⁄U·Œ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ •Ê¬Ÿ „UË ∑§Ë ÕË– 1942 ◊¥ ÷Ë •Ê¬ 4 ◊Ê„U 18 ÁŒŸ ¡‹ ◊¥ ⁄U„–9 üÊË ◊ÊŸ◊‹ ¡ÒŸ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ∑§ üÊË ◊ÊŸ◊‹ ¡ÒŸ ∑§Ê ¡ã◊ 1907 ߸U. ◊¥ ∞∑§ ‚ê¬ÛÊ •Ê‚flÊ‹ ¡ÒŸ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê– •¬Ÿ ÁfllÊÕ˸ ¡ËflŸ ‚ „UË •Ê¬ ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ◊¥ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ ⁄U„U– üÊË ¡ÒŸ Ÿ 1931-32 ߸U. ∑§ ‚ÁflŸÿ •flôÊÊ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ◊¥ Á«UÄ≈U≈U⁄U ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ÷ʪ Á‹ÿÊ– fl éÿÊfl⁄U ◊¥ Áª⁄UçÃÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿ ªÿ •ÊÒ⁄U ¡‹ ÷¡ ÁŒÿ ªÿ– üÊË •÷ÿ◊‹ ¡ÒŸ •Ê¬∑§ ‚ÊÕË Õ–10 1935 ߸U. ◊¥ fl ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ¬˝¡Ê◊á«U‹ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ „UÊŸ ¬⁄U ©U‚∑§ ◊¥òÊË øÈŸ ªÿ– 1935 ߸U. ◊¥ „UË üÊË ¡ÒŸ ∑§Ê ªáʪÊÒ⁄U ∑§Êá«U ◊¥ Áª⁄UçÃÊ⁄U ∑§⁄U ∑§∆UÊ⁄U ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ÿÊßÊ∞¥ ŒË ªß¸U– ¬˝¡Ê◊á«U‹ ∑§ ªÒ⁄U ∑§ÊŸÍŸË ÉÊÊÁ·Ã „UÊŸ ¬⁄U 1936 ߸U. ◊¥ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ •¬Ÿ Á◊òÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚„UÿÊª ‚ Á‚Áfl‹ Á‹’≈U˸¡ ÿÍÁŸÿŸ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë– 1936 ߸U. ◊¥ „UË ◊ÊŸ◊‹¡Ë ⁄UÊ¡¬ÍÃÊŸÊ Œ‡ÊË ⁄UÊíÿ ¬˝¡Ê ¬Á⁄U·Œ˜ ∑§ ◊¥òÊË ’ŸÊÿ ªÿ– Á∑§ãÃÈ ŒÈ÷ʸÇÿfl‡Ê ª„UŸ ⁄UÊª ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ 1942 ߸U. ∑§ ÷Ê⁄Uà ¿UÊ«∏Ê •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ◊¥ fl ÷ʪ Ÿ„UË¥ ‹ ‚∑§–11 üÊË ◊ÊÃË‹Ê‹ ¡ÒŸ (‹ÍáÊÊflÃ) „UÊ«∏UÊÒÃË ∑§ ‚¬Íà üÊË ◊ÊÃË‹Ê‹ ¡ÒŸ Ÿ ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ SflÊäÊËŸÃÊ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë íflÊ‹Ê ÁæðŠæÂéÚU çÚUØæâÌ ·ð¤ ÂýÁæׇÇUÜ ¥æ‹ÎæðÜÙ ×ð´ ¥æðâßæÜ â×æÁ ·¤æ Øæð»ÎæÙ 87 ◊¥ ß-◊Ÿ ‚◊Á¬¸Ã ∑§⁄U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë •Ê¡ÊŒË ◊¥ •◊ÍÀÿ ÿÊªŒÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ „ÒU– üÊË ◊ÊÃË‹Ê‹ ¡ÒŸ Á¡ã„¥U ‹Êª •ÊŒ⁄U ‚ ‚∆U ‚Ê„U’ ∑§„U∑§⁄U ¬È∑§Ê⁄UÃ „Ò¥U ∑§Ê ¡ã◊ ¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U ∑§ ‡√ÊÃÊê’⁄U •Ê‚flÊ‹ ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ◊¥ üÊË ¡ÿø㌠‹Ê‹ ¡Ë ‹ÍáÊÊflà ∑§ ÿ„UÊ° 5 ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 1908 ∑§Ê „ÈU•Ê– •À¬ÊÿÈ ◊¥ „UË üÊË ¡ÒŸ ◊Ê¥ª⁄UÊ‹ ∑§ ‚∆U äÊŸ⁄UÊ¡ flÒäÊ ∑§ ÿ„UÊ° ªÊŒ •Êÿ Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ‹Œ-ŒŸ ∑§Ê ÕÊ– üÊË ¡ÒŸ ∑§Ë •Êª ∑§Ë ¬…∏UÊ߸U ◊Ê¥ª⁄UÊ‹ ◊¥ „UË „ÈU߸U– ‚∆U ‚Ê„U’ ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁç ◊¥ •ÊŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ ‚fl¸ ¬˝Õ◊ 1930 ߸U. ◊¥ ◊„UÊŸ˜ ∑˝§Ê¥ÁÃ∑§Ê⁄UË Áfl¡ÿÁ‚¥„U ¬ÁÕ∑§ ‚ Á◊‹Ë– üÊË ´§Á· ŒûÊ ◊„UÃÊ fl ¬Áá«Uà ŸÿŸÍ⁄UÊ◊ ‡Ê◊ʸ ÷Ë ßUŸ∑§ ⁄UÊ¡ŸÒÁÃ∑§ ¬˝⁄UáÊÊ‚˝Êà ⁄U„U– 1938 ߸U. ◊¥ ∑§Ê≈UÊ ⁄UÊíÿ ¬˝¡Ê◊á«UÀÊ ∑§ •äÿˇÊ ¬¥Á«Uà ŸÿŸÍ⁄UÊ◊ Ÿ ßUã„¥U ◊á«U‹ ∑§Ê ‚ŒSÿ ◊ŸÊŸËà ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ– 1939 ߸U. ∑§ ◊߸U ◊Ê„U ◊¥ ◊Ê¥ª⁄UÊ‹ ◊¥ ¬˝¡Ê◊á«U‹ ∑§ ‚ê◊‹Ÿ ∑§ •ÊÿÊ¡Ÿ ◊¥ •Ê¬ SflʪÃÊäÿˇÊ Õ– ’ÊŒ ◊¥ •Ê¬ ‚∑˝§≈U⁄UË øÈŸ ªÿ– ßU‚Ë fl·¸ ‚ •Ê¬ ◊Ê¥ª⁄UÊ‹ ◊¥ πÊŒË ∑§Ê ∑§…∏UÊ߸U-’ÈŸÊ߸U ∑§Ê ∑§Ê⁄UπÊŸÊ πÊ‹∑§⁄U πÊŒË ∑§ ¬˝øÊ⁄U ◊¥ ‹ª ªÿ– 1940 ߸U. ◊¥ ∑§Ê≈UÊ Á⁄UÿÊ‚Ã ∑§ ©UûÊ⁄UË ÷ʪ ◊¥ •∑§Ê‹ ¬«∏Ÿ ¬⁄U •Ê¬Ÿ •∑§Ê‹ ¬ËÁ«∏à ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ∑§◊≈UË πÊ‹Ë ÃÕÊ ‚Ÿ˜ 1941 ◊¥ ∑§Ê≈UÊ ¬˝¡Ê◊á«U‹ ∑§Ê Á»§⁄U ‚ ‚ê◊‹Ÿ •ÊÿÊÁ¡Ã Á∑§ÿÊ– ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U ◊¥ •Ê¬ ∞∑§ Á‡ÊCU◊á«U‹ ‹∑§⁄U ◊„UÊà◊Ê ªÊ¥äÊË ∑§ ¬Ê‚ ‚flʪ˝Ê◊ ªÿ–12 ‚Ÿ˜ 1942 ∑§ •ÊãŒÊ‹Ÿ ◊¥ ÷Ë •Ê¬Ÿ ’…∏U-ø…∏U∑§⁄U Á„US‚Ê Á‹ÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U Áª⁄UçÃÊ⁄UË ŒË– ‚Ÿ˜ 1944 ◊¥ üÊË ¡ÒŸ ∑§Ê ∑§SÃÍ⁄U’Ê ªÊ¥äÊË ◊Ò◊ÊÁ⁄Uÿ‹ ≈˛US≈U ∑§Ê≈UÊ ◊á«U‹ ∑§Ê ‚¥ÿÊ¡∑§ ’ŸÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ– SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ∑§ ¬‡øÊØ ÷Ë üÊË „UË⁄UÊ‹Ê‹ ‡ÊÊSòÊË Ÿ •¬Ÿ ◊¥òÊË◊á«U‹ ◊¥ ßUã„¥U ◊ŸÊŸËà ‚ŒSÿ ’ŸÊŸÊ øÊ„UÊ ‹Á∑§Ÿ ßUã„UÊ¥Ÿ ßUã∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–13 ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U •Ê‚flÊ‹ ¡ÊÁà Ÿ ß-◊Ÿ-äÊŸ ‚ •Ê¡ÊŒË ÁŒ‹ÊŸ ◊¥ •¬ŸÊ ‚„Uÿʪ ÁŒÿÊ– ßUŸ ŸÃÊ•Ê¥ Ÿ ’‚ ∞∑§ „UË ‹ˇÿ ⁄UπÊ - „U◊¥ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê •Ê¡ÊŒ ∑§⁄UÊŸÊ „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§Ê ŒÎ…∏U ◊ŸÊ’‹ „UË ÕÊ Á∑§ »§Ê¥‚Ë ∑§ »§ãŒ •ÊÒ⁄U ªÊÁ‹ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’ÊÒ¿UÊ⁄ ©Uã„¥U ÷ÿ÷Ëà Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§Ë¥, ¡‹ ∑§Ë ŒËflÊ⁄‘¥U ©Uã„¥U ⁄UÊ∑§ Ÿ„UË¥ ‚∑§Ë¥, ¡¥¡Ë⁄‘U ’Ê¥äÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ‚∑§Ë, «¥U«U ∑ȧø‹ Ÿ„UË¥ ‚∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Á⁄UflÊ⁄U ∑§Ë ’Á㌇Ê¥ ÷Ë ©Uã„¥U ªãÃ√ÿ ‚ ÁfløÁ‹Ã Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§Ë¥– •Ê‚flÊ‹ ¡ÊÁà ∑§ ÿÊhÊ•Ê¥ Ÿ ÷Ë ◊„UÃË ∑ȧ’ʸŸË Œ∑§⁄U •Ê¡ÊŒË ∑§ ◊ʪ¸ ∑§Ê ¬˝‡ÊSà Á∑§ÿÊ ßU‚◊¥ ∑§Ê߸U ‚ãŒ„U Ÿ„UË¥–U ‚¥Œ÷¸ ‚ÍøË 1. Œ Á„US≈˛UË •ÊÚ»§ ßUÁá«UÿŸ Ÿ‡ÊŸ‹ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ πá«U-v, ¬^UÊÁ÷ ‚ËÃÊ⁄Uê◊ÒƒÿÊ, ¬Î. 78 2. Œ Á„US≈˛UË •ÊÚ»§ ßUÁá«UÿŸ Ÿ‡ÊŸ‹ ∑§Ê¥ª˝‚ πá«U-v, ¬^UÊÁ÷ ‚ËÃÊ⁄Uê◊ÒƒÿÊ, ¬Î. 120 3. «UÊÚ. ∑§ã„ÒUÿÊ‹Ê‹ ⁄UÊ¡¬Í⁄UÊÁ„UÃ, SflÊäÊËŸÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë •Ê„ÍUÁÃÿÊ°, ¬Î. 253 4 «UÊÚ. ∑§ã„ÒUÿÊ‹Ê‹ ⁄UÊ¡¬Í⁄UÊÁ„UÃ, SflÊäÊËŸÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ◊¥ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë •Ê„ÍUÁÃÿÊ°, ¬Î. 269- 271 5. «UÊÚ. Ÿ⁄‘UãŒ˝ ÷ŸÊflÃ, ¡ÒŸ ‚¥S∑ΧÁà •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ, ¬Î. 344 88 ATISHAY KALIT

6. ‚È◊Ÿ‡Ê ¡Ê‡ÊË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ∑§ ‚ŸÊŸË, ¬Î. 680 7. ‚È◊Ÿ‡Ê ¡Ê‡ÊË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ∑§ ‚ŸÊŸË, ¬Î. 711 8. ◊Ê¢ªË‹Ê‹ ÷ÍÃÊÁ«∏UÿÊ, ßÁÄUÊ‚ ∑§Ë •◊⁄U’‹Ê •Ê‚flÊ‹ ÷ʪ-2, ¬Î. 445 9. ‚È◊Ÿ‡Ê ¡Ê‡ÊË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ∑§ ‚ŸÊŸË, ¬Î. 222 10. ‚È◊Ÿ‡Ê ¡Ê‡ÊË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ∑§ ‚ŸÊŸË, ¬Î 692 11. «UÊÚ. Ÿ⁄‘UãŒ˝ ÷ŸÊflÃ, ¡ÒŸ ‚¥S∑ΧÁà •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ, ¬Î. 344 12. ¡Ÿ‚ûÊÊ, ÁŒÑË, 14 ¡Í‹Ê߸U, 1997 13. ‚È◊Ÿ‡Ê ¡Ê‡ÊË, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚¥ª˝Ê◊ ∑§ ‚ŸÊŸË, ¬Î. 538 •Õfl¸flŒ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊª-•Ê⁄UÊÇÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ 89 Áfl¡ÿ Á‚¢„U ◊ËŸÊ ATISHAY KALIT ‡ÊÊœ ¿UÊòÊ, Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 ‚¢S∑Χà Áfl÷ʪ, ISSN : 2277-419X ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ Áfl‡√ÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U

•Õfl¸flŒ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊª-•Ê⁄UÊÇÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ

“‡Ê⁄UË⁄U◊Êl¢ π‹È œ◊¸ ‚ÊœŸ◊˜Ô” œ◊¸ ∑§ ‚Êœ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ •Ê⁄UÊÇÿ „UÃÈ flŒÊ¥ ◊¥ fláʸŸ ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– •Õfl¸flŒ ¬˝ÊáÊË ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ SflSÕ ⁄U„UŸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁìʌŸ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈU∞ ◊ÊŸfl ∑§ Á‹∞ SflÊSâÿ øÃŸÊ ∑§Ê ◊ʪ¸ ¬˝‡ÊSà ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU– •Õfl¸flŒ ∑§ ¬˝áÊÃÊ ´§Á· •Õfl¸flŒ ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U- ‡Ê¢ ◊ ¬⁄US◊Ò ªÊòÊÊÿ ‡Ê◊Sàflfl⁄UÊÿ ◊– ‡Ê¢ ◊ øÃÈèÿÊ¸ •¢ªèÿ— ‡Ê◊SÃÈ Ããfl ß◊◊H1 ⁄UÊª ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ Á‹∞ ÉÊÊÃ∑§ „ÒU– •Õfl¸flŒ Ÿ Á‡Ê⁄UÊ ⁄UÊª ∞fl¢ ∑§Ê‚⁄UÊª ∑§Ê ‚’‚ ¬˝’‹ ⁄UÊª ◊ÊŸÊ „ÒU– ∑§Ê‚⁄UÊª ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ ’ËÊÃ „ÈU∞ ∑§„UÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ÿ„U ⁄UÊª •ÁSÕ‚¢ÁœÿÊ¥ ◊¥, Á¡ã„¥U Á∑§ ¬L§ ‡ÊéŒ ‚ ∑§„UÊ „ÒU, ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄U ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, •Ã— ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ∑§CÔU ∑§Ê •ŸÈ÷fl „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ß‚∑§ ¬Ê°ø ÷Œ ÷Ë ’ËÊÿ ªÿ „Ò¥U-•ª˝¡Ê (flÊÿÈ ‚ ©Uà¬ããÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ê), ‡ÊÈc◊ (‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U ∑§Ë ©Uc◊Ê ‚ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ê), flŸS¬ÃË (πÊl ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§ ŒÈc¬˝÷Êfl ‚ „UÊŸ flÊ‹Ê) •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Êfl¸Ã (¬˝Ê∑ΧÁÃ∑§ ¬˝÷Êfl ¡ãÿ)– ÁŸêãÊÊ¢Á∑§Ã ◊¢òÊ ‚ ©UQ§ ¬˝ÁìʌŸ ∑§Ë ¬ÈÁCÔU „UÊÃË „ÒU - ◊È@ ‡ÊË·¸ÄàÿÊ ©Uà ∑§Ê‚ ∞Ÿ¢, ¬L§c¬L§⁄UÊÁflfl‡ÊÊ ÿÊ •Sÿ– ÿÊ •÷˝¡Ê flÊÃ¡Ê ÿp ‡ÊÈc◊Ê, flÊŸS¬ÃËãà‚øÃÊ¢ ¬Êfl¸ÃʇëÊH2 ⁄UÊª øÊ„U ∑§Ê߸ ‚Ê „UÊ, SflSÕ „UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚Íÿ¸ ⁄UÁ‡◊ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚flŸ ∑§Ê ‚flÊ¸ûÊ◊ ’ËÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ¬˝Ê× ∞fl¢ ‚Êÿ¢∑§Ê‹ ‚Íÿ¸ ∑§Ë Á∑§⁄UáÊ¥ ÁÃ⁄U¿UË ¬«∏UŸ ‚ ⁄UQ§ fláʸ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ‡ÊËË ◊㌠‚Ȫ㜠¬flŸ ∑§ ‚ê¬∑¸§ ‚ fl ⁄UÊªÊ¬„UÊ⁄U∑§ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥U •Ã— ¬˝Ê× ÿÊ ‚Êÿ¢ ◊ÊŸÁ‚∑§ ∞fl¢ ‡ÊÊ⁄UËÁ⁄U∑§ ⁄UÊªË ∑§Ê ‚Íÿ¸ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚flŸ, flÊÿÈ ∑§ ‚flŸ ∞fl¢ •ÊÒ·Áœ ∑§ ‚flŸ ‚ ‹Ê÷ ¬˝Ê# „UÊŸ ∑§Ë ‚¢÷ÊflŸÊ •ãÿ ∑§Ê‹πá«UÊ¥ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ ∑§„UË¥ •Áœ∑§ ’…∏U ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ‚Íÿ¸ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§ ‚flŸ ‚ L§Áœ⁄U ‚¢øÊ⁄U âòÊ ‚‡ÊQ§ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU •Ã— ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§Ë ⁄UÊª ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊœ∑§ ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ÷Ë ’…∏UÃË „ÒU, •Ã— ∑§„UÊ „ÒU - •ŸÈ ‚Íÿ¸◊ÈŒÿÃÊ¢ NUŒlÊÃÊ „UÁ⁄U◊Ê ø Ã– 90 ATISHAY KALIT

ªÊ ⁄UÊÁ„UÃSÿ fláÊ¸Ÿ ÃŸ àflÊ ¬Á⁄U Œä◊Á‚H3 Öfl⁄U ∞fl¢ ¬ËÁ‹ÿÊ ⁄UÊª ◊¥ ⁄UÊªË ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê× ‚Êÿ¢ flÊÿÈ ‚flŸ ∞fl¢ Ìո •ÊÒ·Áœ ‚flŸ ∑§Ê ©UûÊ◊ ’ËÊÃ „ÈU∞ SflSÕ „UÊŸ ∑§Ë ÷Ë ∑§Ê◊ŸÊ ∑§Ë ªÿË „ÒU - ¬Á⁄UàflÊ ⁄UÊÁ„UÃÒfl¸áÊÒ¸ ŒËÉÊʸÿÈ Œä◊Á‚– ÿÕÊ ÿ◊⁄U¬Ê •‚ŒÕÊ •„UÁ⁄UÃÊ ÷ÈflØ––4 •Õfl¸flŒ ⁄UÊª ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ∑§Ê ŒÊ M§¬Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ÁìÊÁŒÃ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU- •ãÃÁ‡øÁ∑§à‚Ê ∞fl¥ ’˝Ês ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê– •ãÃÁ‡øÁ∑§à‚Ê fl„U „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ⁄UÊªË ∑§Ê πÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ŒË ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– fl„U •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄U ¬˝ÊáÊË ∑§Ê SflSÕ ’ŸÊÃË „ÒU ¡’Á∑§ ’Ês ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê fl„U „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ Á∑§‚Ë •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÊáÊË ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄UÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ •Á¬ÃÈ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ’Ê„U⁄UË Á„US‚ ¬⁄U „UË ©U‚∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡Ò‚ ’ÊsÊ¥ªÊ¥ ¬⁄U ‹¬ ßUàÿÊÁŒ ∑§⁄UŸÊ– ‚Íÿ¸ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‚flŸ, ‡ÊÈh flÊÿÈ ∑§Ê ‚flŸ ÷Ë •¬Ÿ •Ê¬ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ’Ês ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê „ÒU– Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ⁄UÊª ◊¥ ⁄UÊªË ∑§Ë ŒÊ„U⁄UË ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ‡ÊËÉÊ˝ ‹Ê÷ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU, ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ •Õfl¸flŒ ◊¥ ´§Á· ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U- ‚È∑§‚È Ã „UÁ⁄U◊ÊáÊ¥ ⁄UÊ¬áÊ∑§Ê‚È Œä◊Á‚– •ÕÊ „UÊÁ⁄UŒ˝flπÈ Ã „UÁŒ◊ÊáÊ¥ ÁŸŒä◊Á‚––5 •ÕʸØ ´§Á· ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U Á∑§ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ∑§Ê ¡ã◊ ⁄UÊÁòÊ ∑§Ê „ÈU•Ê– øãŒ˝ Á∑§⁄UáÊÊ¥ Ÿ ©U‚ ¬ÈCU Á∑§ÿÊ, •Ã— ‚ÍÿÊ¸Œÿ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ¬Á⁄U¬ÈCU ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU– ‚ÍÿÊ¸Œÿ „UÊÃ „UË •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ‹ŸÊ üÊDU „UÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚-¡Ò‚ ÁŒŸ ø…∏UÃÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU flÒ‚-flÒ‚ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑§◊ „UÊ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU •Ã— ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ Áfl‡Ê·∑§⁄U Á∑§‹Ê‚ (∑ȧDU) ∞fl¥ »§Á‹Ã (’Ê‹ ¤Ê«∏Ÿ) flÊ‹ ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê× •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ¬˝ÿÊª ∑§Ê ÁŸŒ¸‡Ê Á∑§ÿÊ „ÒU- ŸÄÃ¥ ¡ÊÃÊSÿÊ‚äÊ ⁄UÊ◊ ∑ΧcáÊ •Á‚Q§Ë ø– ßUŒ¥ ⁄U¡ÁŸ ⁄U¡ÿ Á∑§‹Ê‚¥ ¬Á‹Ã¥ ø ÿØ––6 •Õfl¸flŒ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UË ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ŒÊ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ’ÃÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU - ∞∑§ •ÁSÕ¡ •ÕʸØ „UaUË ‚ ©UàåÊÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹– ÿ fl ÷ËÃ⁄UË ⁄UÊª „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ¡Ê ’˝rÊøÿ¸ ∑§ πá«UŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ∑ȧ¬âÿ ÷Ê¡Ÿ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ◊îÊÊ ÃÕÊ flËÿ¸ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê⁄Uª˝Sà „UÊ ¡ÊŸ ‚ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ÃÕÊ ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ßȡ •ÕʸØ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊŸ flÊ‹– ÿ ’Ê„U⁄UË ⁄UÊª „UÊÃ „Ò¥U ¡Ê ◊Á‹Ÿ flÊÿÈ, ◊Á‹Ÿ ªÎ„U ÿÊ ◊Á‹Ÿ flSòÊ ¬Á⁄UäÊÊŸ •ÊÁŒ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ßUŸ◊¥ ‚¥∑˝§Ê◊∑§ÃÊ •ÁäÊ∑§ „UÊÃË „ÒU– ßUŸ◊¥ ‹ˇÊáÊ àfløÊ ‚ ÷Ë ¬˝∑§≈U „UÊŸ ‹ªÃ „Ò¥U ¡Ò‚ ∑ȧDU, ‡√Êà ∑ȧDU, ⁄UQ§ ∑ȧDU, ø◊¸⁄UÊª, πÈ¡‹Ë •ÊÁŒ– ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ ÁŸêãÊÊ¥Á∑§Ã ◊¥òÊ ‚ ôÊÊà „UÊÃÊ „ÒU- •ÁSÕ¡Sÿ Á∑§‹Ê‚Sÿ ß͡Sÿ ø ÿûflÁø– •Õfl¸flŒ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊª-•Ê⁄UÊÇÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ 91

ŒÍcÿÊ ∑ΧÃSÿ ’˝rÊÊáÊÊ ‹ˇÿ ‡√ÊÃ◊ŸËŸ‡Ê◊˜––7 ⁄UÊª ÁŸflÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¥ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ∑§ ◊„Uûfl ∑§Ê ’ËÊÃ „ÈU∞ ∑§„UÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU- ‚M§¬Ê ŸÊ◊ Ã ◊ÊÃÊ ‚M§¬Ê ŸÊ◊ Ã Á¬ÃÊ– ‚M§¬∑ΧØ àfl◊Ê·äÊ ‚Ê ‚M§¬Á◊Œ¥ ∑ΧÁäÊ––8 •ÕʸØ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ˇÊÈäÊÊ⁄UÊªÊÁŒ ÁŸflø∑§ flSÃÈ ∑§Ê ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U, Á¡‚‚ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ©UcáÊÃÊ ⁄U„UÃË „ÒU– ©U‚∑§Ë ◊ÊÃÊ ¬˝∑ΧÁà ÿÊ ¬ÎÁÕflË ÃÕÊ Á¬ÃÊ ¬⁄U◊‡√Ê⁄U ◊äÊ ÿÊ ‚Íÿ¸ „ÒU, Á¡‚∑§ ªÈáÊ ÃÕÊ Sfl÷Êfl ‚’ ¬˝ÊÁáÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚◊ÊŸ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ߸U‡√Ê⁄U ‚ ¬˝Á⁄Uà ¬˝∑ΧÁà ‚ •ÕflÊ ÷ÍÁ◊ ◊ÉÊ fl ‚Íÿ¸ ∑§ ‚¥ÿÊª ‚ ‚’ ¬ÈÁCUŒÊÿ∑§ ⁄UÊªŸÊ‡Ê∑§ ¬ŒÊÕ¸ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ÁflmUÊŸ˜ ‹Êª ßUŸ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ M§¬ ¬ŒÊÕÊZ ∑§ ªÈáÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÿÕÊÕ¸ M§¬ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸ∑§⁄U ÁŸÿ◊¬Ífl¸∑§ ©UÁøà ÷Ê¡ŸÊÁŒ ∑§ ‚flŸ ∞fl¥ ÿÕÊÁøà ©U¬øÊ⁄U ‚ ⁄UÊÁªÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê SflSÕ ’ŸÊfl¥– ⁄UÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ©Uà¬ÁûÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê⁄UÁê÷∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ’ÃÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU ÃÕÊ mÒUÃËÿ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ (∑ΧÁ◊) ∑§Ê ÷Ë ©UÀÀÊπ •Õfl¸flŒ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃÊ „ÒU •Ã— ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈŸÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ÁŸŒ¸‡Ê ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈU∞ ⁄UÊªŸÊ‡Ê ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ’Êà ∑§„UË ªÿË „ÒU– ⁄UÊª ∑§ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ ¬˝Êÿ— •Ê°ÃÊ¥ ◊¥, Á‚⁄U ∑§Ë Á‡Ê⁄UÊ•Ê¥ ◊¥ ÿÊ ¬‚Á‹ÿÊ¥ ◊¥ ©Uà¬ÛÊ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U, ÿ ⁄UQ§ ◊¥ ⁄Ò¥UªÃ „Ò¥U •àÿãà ‚͡◊ „UÊÃ „ÈU∞ ÷Ë ⁄UQ§ ∑§Ê ŒÍÁ·Ã ∑§⁄U ∑§CU ¬„È°UøÊÃ „Ò¥U •Ã— ßUŸ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ (∑ΧÁ◊ÿÊ¥) ∑§Ê •fl‡ÿ „UË ÁflŸÊ‡Ê (¡ã◊Ÿ) ∑§⁄UŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ •Õfl¸flŒ ◊¥ ∑§„UÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU- •flÊÃãÜÿ¥ ‡ÊË·¸áÿ◊ÕÊ ¬ÊC¸Uÿ¥ Á∑˝§◊ËŸ˜– •flS∑§fl¥ √ÿfläfl⁄¥U Á∑˝§◊ËŸ˜ flø‚Ê ¡ê÷ÿÊ◊Á‚––9 ∑ΧÁ◊ŸÊ‡Ê ∑§ Á‹∞ ÷Ë ’Ê‹ ‚Íÿ¸ ∑§Ë ©Uc◊Ê ª˝„UáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ©UÀÀÊπ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU- ©UlããÊÊÁŒàÿ— Á∑˝§◊ËŸ˜ „UãÃÈ ÁŸêãÊÊøŸ˜ „UãÃÈ ⁄UÁ‡◊÷—– ÿ •ã× Á∑˝§ÿÊÿÊ ªÁfl––10 ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë øÊ⁄U ∑§ÊÁ≈UÿÊ° ÷Ë ’ËÊÿË ªÿË „Ò¥U- ¬„U‹Ë Áfl‡√ÊM§¬ •ÕʸØ •ÁÇÊËÉÊ˝ÃÊ ‚ ‚ê¬Íáʸ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄UÊ¥ªÊ¥ ◊¥ »Ò§‹ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹, ŒÍ‚⁄UË øÃÈ⁄UˇÊ - ªÊ‹ •Ê∑ΧÁà flÊ‹ ÃÕÊ øÊÒÕË ∑§ÊÁ≈U „ÒU •¡È¸Ÿ - ∞∑§ ‚ÊÕ ’„ÈUà ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ßU∑§_U „UÊ∑§⁄U ¡Òfl ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÊäÊ∑§Ê¥ ∑§Ê ŸCU ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹– ÿ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ •ÊÒ·ÁäÊ ¬˝ÿÊª ∞fl¥ ‡ÊÈh ¬ÿʸfl⁄UáÊ ‚ ŸCU Á∑§ÿ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U, ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ ‚ÍQ§Ê∑§Ê⁄U ´§Á· ∑§áfl Ÿ ∑§„UÊ „ÒU- Áfl‡√ÊM§¬¥ øÃÈ⁄UˇÊ¥ Á∑˝§◊Ë ‚Ê⁄UXU ÿ¡È¸Ÿ◊˜– oÎáÊÊêÿSÿ ¬ÎCUË⁄UÁ¬ fl·øÊÁ◊ ÿÁë¿U⁄U—––11 ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U •Õfl¸flŒ ◊¥ ⁄UÊª •Ê⁄UÊÇÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¥ ¬˝÷Íà ‚Ê◊ª˝Ë ¬˝Ê# „UÊÃË „ÒU ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊª ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ∑§Ë ÁflÁäÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¥ ÷Ë ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ©U¬‹éäÊ „ÒU– ◊⁄UÊ Áøãß ÿ„U 92 ATISHAY KALIT

„ÒU Á∑§ ∞ÃÁmU·ÿ∑§ ÃâÿÊ¥ ∑§ ‚Ê¥ªÊ¬Ê¥ª ÁflfløŸ ‚ •Ÿ∑§ ∞‚ Ãâÿ ÷Ë ¬˝Ê# „UÊ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U ¡Ê ‚ê÷fl× •ÊäÊÈÁŸ∑§ ⁄UÊª ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ¬hÁà ∑§Ê ¬ÍáʸÃÊ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§¥§, •Ã— „U◊¥ flÒÁŒ∑§ flÊ昧◊ÿ ◊¥ ¬˝Ê# ‚÷Ë ◊„Uàfl¬Íáʸ ¬ˇÊÊ¥ ¬⁄U √ÿʬ∑§ ŒÎÁCU ‚ Áøãß ∑§⁄UŸÊ øÊÁ„Uÿ ÃÊÁ∑§ „U◊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ÊÁäÊ∑§ ‚◊Îh „UÊ∑§⁄U ©UÛÊà SÕÊŸ ¬˝Ê# ∑§⁄U ‚∑¥§– ‚¥Œ÷¸ ‚ÍøË 1. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/3/12/4 2. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/3/12/3 3. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/22/1 4. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/22/2 5. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/22/4 6. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/23/1 7. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/23/4 8. •Õfl¸flŒ, 1/5/24/4 9. •Õfl¸flŒ, 2/5/31/4 10. •Õfl¸flŒ, 2/6/32/1 11. •Õfl¸flŒ, 2/6/32/2 •Á÷‹πÊ¥ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬Ífl¸ ◊äÿ∑§Ê‹ Ã∑§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ªáʬÁà ¬Í¡Ê 93 «UÊÚ. flË⁄‘UãŒ˝ Á‚¥„U øÊÒäÊ⁄UË ATISHAY KALIT √ÿÊÅÿÊÃÊ (ßUÁÄUÊ‚) Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ SãÊÊÃ∑§ÊûÊ⁄U ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ISSN : 2277-419X ≈UÊ¥∑§ (⁄UÊ¡.)

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‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ∑§ ◊Ò‹ ‚ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU–10 Á‚hÁ·¸ Ÿ “‡ÊÊãÃÁflª˝„UÁflŸÊÿ∑§” ŸÊ◊ ÁŒÿÊ „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ÁflŸÊÿ∑§ ∑§ ÁflÉãÊ∑§ûÊʸ SflM§¬ ∑§Ê ¿UŒ˜◊ ‚¥∑§Ã „ÒU– ∑§Ä∑ͧ∑§ ∑§Ê ÉÊÁ≈UÿÊ‹Ê (¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U) Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ¡Ê Áfl. 918 ∑§Ê „Ò¥U ÁflŸÊÿ∑§ ∑§Ë SÃÈÁà ‚ ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ „UÊÃÊ „ÒU–11 äÊÁ≈UÿÊ‹ ∑§Ê •ãÿ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ÁflŸÊÿ∑§ ∑§Ë SÃ¥÷Ê‚ËŸ ◊ÍÁø ∑§Ë ’Êà ∑§„UÃÊ „ÒU–12 “SÃ¥÷äÊÊ◊ÊÁflŸÊÿ∑§—” ¬Œ ßU‚◊¥ •ÊÿÊ „ÒU– ßU‚ SÃ¥÷ ¬⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë øÃÈ◊ȸπË ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê „ÒU ¡Ê øÊ⁄UÊ¥ ÁŒ‡ÊÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸÊ •Ê‡ÊËflʸŒ Œ ⁄U„UË „ÒU– ŸÎàÿ⁄Uà ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê∞° ’«∏Ë ¡ŸÁ¬˝ÿ ⁄U„UË „Ò¥U– ∞‚Ë ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê∞° „U·¸, •Ê’ÊŸ⁄UË ‚ Á◊‹Ë „Ò¥U–13 ◊¥«UÊ⁄U ∑§ ⁄‘U‹fl S≈U‡ÊŸ ∑§ ‚Ê◊Ÿ ∑§Ë ¬„UÊ«∏Ë ¬⁄U ªáʬÁÃ, ◊ÊÃÎ∑§Ê∞° •ÊÒ⁄U ŸÎàÿ⁄Uà ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ©Uà∑§Ëáʸ „ÒU–14 ’Èø∑§‹Ê (¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U) Á‡Êfl ÃÕÊ ÁflcáÊÈ ∑§ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U •Á÷‹π ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ‚Ÿ˜ 815 ◊¥ ŸÊª÷^U ÁmUÃËÿ ∑§ SflÁfl·ÿ ◊¥ ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã „ÈU∞– ÿ •¬ˇÊÊ∑Χà ’„ÈUà ‚ËäÊ ‚ÊŒ ÷flŸ „Ò¥U– ÁòÊ⁄UÕ ª÷¸ªÎ„U ∑§ ™§¬⁄U ¿UÊ≈U ‹Áß Á‡Êπ⁄U ’Ÿ „Ò¥U– Á‡Êfl ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§ ‚Ê◊Ÿ ∑§fl‹ ◊Èπ øÃÈc∑§Ë „ÒU ¬⁄U ÁflcáÊÈ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ⁄¥Uª◊¥«U¬ ÷Ë „Ò¥U– Á‡Êfl ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§ ÷Œ˝Ê¥ ◊¥ ªáÊ‡Ê „UÁ⁄U„U⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Êfl¸ÃË ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁøÿÊ° Áfll◊ÊŸ „ÒU–15 ◊Èá«UÊŸÊ (¡ÊäʬÈ⁄U) Á‡Êfl ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U (825 ߸U.) ∑§Ê ª÷¸ªÎ„U ÁòÊ⁄UÕ „ÒU Á¡‚∑§ ÷Œ˝Ê¥ ¬⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê ÃÕÊ •ãÿ ŒflË ŒflÃÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁøÿÊ° •¥Á∑§Ã „ÒU– ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ∑§≈UË◊ÊÃÊ (850 ߸U.) ∑§Ê, ˇÊ◊¥∑§⁄UË ŒÈªÊ¸ ∑§Ê ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ‚ 19 Á∑§‹Ê◊Ë≈U⁄U ∑§Ë ŒÍ⁄UË ¬⁄U ÁSÕà „ÒU– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§ •¥ª „Ò¥U ¬¥ø⁄UÕ, ª÷¸ªÎ„U ÃÕÊ ◊ÈπøÃÈc∑§Ë– ÷Œ˝Ê¥ ¬⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê ÃÕÊ ∑§ÊÁø∑§ÿ ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁøÿÊ° •¥Á∑§Ã „ÒU–16 •ÊÁ‚ÿÊ° ∞fl¥ •Ê÷ÊŸ⁄UË ‚ ÷Ë ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê∞° Á◊‹Ë „ÒU– ¬Ë¬‹Ê ◊ÊÃÊ •ÊÁ‚ÿÊ ◊¥ ªáÊ‡Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ∑ȧ’⁄U ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ◊„UÁ·¸ ◊ÁŒ¸ŸË ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁø „ÒU–17 ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ⁄UáÊÃ÷¥fl⁄U ∑§Ê ª¡ÊŸŸ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ’«∏Ê ¬˝Á‚h „ÒU– ÿ„U ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ŒÈª¸ ◊¥ ŒÁˇÊáÊË ¬⁄U∑§Ê≈U ¬⁄U ÁŸÁ◊¸Ã „ÒU ÿ„UÊ° ªáÊ‡Ê¡Ë ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁø ¬„UÊ«∏Ë Á‡Ê‹Ê ¬⁄U •¥Á∑§Ã „ÒU– •àÿÁäÊ∑§ Á‚ãŒÍ⁄U ‹¬Ÿ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ∑§fl‹ ◊Èπ ¬˝ŒÁ‡Ê¸Ã „ÒU Á¡‚∑§Ë ¬Í¡Ê „UÊÃË „ÒU– ªŒ¸Ÿ, „UÊÕ, ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U, •ÊÿÈäÊ fl •ãÿ •flÿfl ßU‚ ◊ÍÁø ◊¥ Ÿ„UË¥ „Ò¥U– ÿ„UÊ° ∑§ ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë ◊ÊãÿÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ÷ªflÊŸ ªáÊ‡Ê Sfl× ¬˝∑§≈U „UÊ U„U Õ Ã’ ©Uã„¥U Á∑§‚Ë Ÿ Œπ Á‹ÿÊ Ã’ ©UŸ∑§Ê ¬˝Ê∑§≈˜Uÿ M§∑§ ªÿÊ– ÷ÊŒ˝ ¬Œ ‡ÊÈÄÀÊÊ øÃÈÕ˸ ∑§Ê Á¡‚ ªáÊ‡Ê øÃÈÕ˸ ÷Ë ∑§„UÃ „Ò¥U, ÿ„UÊ° ∞∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊÀÊ ◊‹Ê ÷⁄UÃÊ „ÒU Á¡‚◊¥ ‹Êª ’«∏Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ÷ʪ ‹Ã „Ò¥U– ªáÊ‡Ê ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§ ¬Ífl˸ ÷ʪ ¬⁄U ÷Q§¡Ÿ ¬àÕ⁄U ∑§Ê ¬˝ÃË∑§Êà◊∑§ ÉÊ⁄U ’ŸÊÃ „Ò¥U– ÁflflÊ„U ∞fl¥ ◊Ê¥ªÁ‹∑§ •fl‚⁄U ¬⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê ¡Ë ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊¥òÊáÊ ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U •Áà ¬˝ÊøËŸ „ÒU ªáÊ‡Ê¡Ë ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁø ÁòÊŸòÊË „ÒU–18 π¥«U‹ ŸÊ◊∑§ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ߸U. 807 ∑§Ê ∞∑§ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π Á◊‹Ê „ÒU ¡Ê ßU‚ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U ÁSÕà •h¸ŸÊ⁄Uˇ√Ê⁄U ∑§ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ‹ªÊ „ÈU•Ê ÕÊ– ÿ„U ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U •Ê¡ Ÿ„UË¥ ⁄U„UÊ „Ò¥U ¬⁄U Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ∑§Ë Á‡Ê‹Ê •’ ÷Ë ‚È⁄UÁˇÊà „ÒU– ßU‚ ‹π ◊¥ ∑ȧ‹ 11 ¬¥ÁQ§ÿÊ° „Ò¥U– ßU‚ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§Ê ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ äÊÍ‚⁄U ¡ÊÁà ∑§ •ÊÁŒàÿ ŸÊª ŸÊ◊∑§ ◊„UÊ¡Ÿ Ÿ ∑§⁄UflÊÿÊ ÕÊ– π¥«U‹ ∑§ ¬Ê‚ äÊÊ⁄Ufl⁄U ŸÊ◊∑§ 96 ATISHAY KALIT

¬˝ÊøËŸ ªÊ¥fl „ÒU– ©U‚‚ ÁŸ∑§‹ „ÈU∞ ◊„UÊ¡ŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê fl¥‡Ê äÊÍ‚⁄U ŸÊ◊ ‚ ¡ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ ◊¥ Á‡Êfl ∑§Ë SÃÈÁà „ÒU– ßU‚ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ◊¥ fláʸŸ •ÊÿÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ∑Ò§≈U◊ÊÁ⁄U ∑ΧcáÊ Á‡Êfl ‚ Á◊‹Ÿ ∑Ò§‹Ê‡Ê ¬⁄U •Êÿ– ∞∑§ ¬ÊÒ⁄UÊÁáÊ∑§ ∑§ÕÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ∑ΧcáÊ ¬Êfl¸ÃË ∑§ ÷Ê߸U Õ– ÕÊ«∏Ë Œ⁄U ∑§ ¬‡øÊØ fl S∑§ãŒ •ÊÒ⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê Áπ‹ÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ø‹ ª∞ ÃÊ Á‡Êfl ⁄UÁÃ∑˝§Ë«UÊ ◊¥ ⁄Uà „UÊ ª∞–19 ßU‚Ë ˇÊòÊ ∑§Ê ‚∑§⁄UÊÿ ∑§Ê ‡Ê¥∑§⁄UÊ ◊ÊÃÊ ∑§Ê Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ’«∏Ê ¬˝ÊøËŸ „ÒU– ßU‚ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§ ◊¥«U¬ ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‡Ê¥∑§⁄UÊ ∑§ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ‹ªÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ– ÿ„U ÁflflÊÁŒÃ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π „ÒU Á¡‚∑§Ë ÁÃÁÕ ¬⁄U ÁflmUÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ª„U⁄UÊ ◊Ã÷Œ „ÒU– •Ê¤ÊÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ÿ„U Áfl. 749 ∑§Ê, ÷¥«UÊ⁄U∑§⁄U ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U Áfl. 879 ∑§Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«U∑§Ê ◊¥ ßU‚ ‚¥¬ÊÁŒÃ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê «UÊÚ. ¿UÊ’«UÊ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ÿ„U Áfl. 699 ∑§Ê „ÒU– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ßU‚ ÁÃÁÕ ∑§ ¬Ífl¸ ’ŸÊ „UÊªÊ– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ŒflË ‡Ê¥∑§⁄UÊ ∑§Ë ÁŸ¡ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ◊ÍÁø ¬˝ÁÃÁDUà ÕË •ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚∑§ ¬‡√ʸ ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ªáÊ‡Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ∑ȧ’⁄U ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁøÿÊ° ÕË¥– ßU‚ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π ◊¥ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë SÃÈÁà ∑§Ë ªÿË „ÒU– ªáÊ‡Ê •¬Ÿ ‡ÊéŒÊÿ◊ÊŸ „UÁSÃŒãà ‚ ‚È◊L§ ¬fl¸Ã ‚ ¡’ ≈U∑§⁄UÊÃ „ÒU ÃÊ Sfláʸ äÊÍÁ‹ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U »Ò§‹ ¡ÊÃË „ÒU– ©U‚ Sfláʸ äÊÍÁ‹ ‚ ©UŸ∑§Ê ◊Èπ •Êë¿UÊÁŒÃ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ‚ȪÁãäÊà ◊ÁŒ⁄UÊ ∑§ ◊Œ ‚ ◊Sà „UÊ∑§⁄U ÷ÊÒ¥⁄‘U ©UŸ∑§ ◊Èπ ∑§ øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ◊¥«U⁄UÊ ⁄U„U „Ò¥U, ©UŸ∑§ ⁄UáÊ ŒÈãŒÈÁ÷ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ŸÊŒ ‚ Á¡‚∑§ ª¥«USÕ‹ »§≈U ‚ ¡Ê ⁄U„U „ÒU, ∞‚Ê ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ◊Èπ •Ê¬∑§Ê ∑§ÀÿÊáÊ ÁŒπÊfl–20 ßU‚Ë ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ „U·¸ŸÊÕ Á‡Êfl ∑§ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ∞∑§ ¬˝ÊøËŸ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π Á◊‹Ê „ÒU ¡Ê Áfl. 1030 ∑§Ê „ÒU–21 „U·¸ŸÊÕ ¬„UÊ«∏ ¬⁄U ÁSÕà Á‡Êfl ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ „ÒU– ÿ„U ‚Ë∑§⁄U Á¡‹ ◊¥ ‚Ë∑§⁄U ‚ ∑§⁄UË’ 7 ◊Ë‹ ŒÁˇÊáÊ ◊¥ ÁSÕà Á‡Êfl ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ „ÒU– ßU‚ 40 ¬¥ÁQ§ÿÊ¥ flÊ‹ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ‹π ◊¥ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë SÃÈÁà ∑§Ë ªÿË „ÒU– ©Uã„¥U ‚◊Sà ÁflÉãÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ‡Ê◊Ÿ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ŒflÃÊ•Ê¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ¬ÍÁ¡Ã •ÊÒ⁄U Á‡Êfl Á‡ÊflÊ ∑§ ÿÊª ‚ ©UàåÊÛÊ ‚¥ÃÊŸ ’ÃÊÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ©Uã„¥U ÷ÁQ§ ◊ÈÁQ§ ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê •ÊÒ⁄U Á‚Áh ŒŸ flÊ‹Ê ÷Ë ∑§„UÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–22 ÃÊ⁄UÊflÊ≈UË ∑§Ê ¬˝Œ‡Ê ‡ÊπÊflÊ≈UË ∑§ ÁŸ∑§≈U ÁSÕà „ÒU ÿ„UÊ° ◊ŸÊ„U⁄U¬È⁄U ∑§S’ ‚ flÊ◊Ÿ¡Ë ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬˝ÊøËŸ ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ÁSÕà „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ ∞∑§ Áfl. 1676 ∑§Ê Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π „ÒU– Á¡‚◊¥ ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë flãŒŸÊ „ÒU–23 ÉÊÁ≈UÿÊ‹ SÃ¥÷ ‹π ∑§Ë øøʸ ¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ∑§Ë ¡Ê øÈ∑§Ë „ÒU ÿ„UÊ° ∑ȧ¿U •ÊÒ⁄U Áflfl⁄UáÊ ÁŒ∞ ¡Ê ⁄U„U „ÒU– ÉÊÁ≈UÿÊ‹Ê ◊¥ ◊ÊÃÊ¡Ë ∑§Ë ‚Ê‹ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ ◊¥ ∑ȧ¿U ŒÍ⁄UË ¬⁄U πÊ¥πÍ Œfl‹ ŸÊ◊∑§ SÕÊŸ „ÒU– fl„UÊ° ∞∑§ ¬Ê·ÊáÊ SÃ¥÷ π«∏Ê „ÒU– ©U‚ SÃ¥÷ ∑§ Á‚⁄‘U ¬⁄U øÊ⁄UÊ¥ •Ê⁄U ªáʬÁà ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁø ’ŸË „ÈU߸U „Ò¥U– ßU‚ SÃ¥÷ ¬⁄U ∑§Ä∑ȧ∑§ ∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊ ◊¥ øÊ⁄U ‹π ‚¥S∑Χà •ÊÒ⁄U ©UûÊ⁄U ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë Á‹Á¬ ◊¥ ©Uà∑§Ëáʸ „ÒU–24 ¬⁄U◊Ê⁄U ⁄UÊ¡Ê ¬Íáʸ¬Ê‹ ∑§Ê ÷«Í¥UŒ ‹π Áfl. 1102 ∑§Ê „ÒU–25∑§ ßU‚∑§ •Ê⁄Uê÷ ◊¥ •ãÿ ŒflÃÊ•Ê¥ ŸÊ⁄UÊÿáÊ, flM§áÊ, ‚⁄USflÃË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë ÷Ë flãŒŸÊ ∑§Ë ªÿË „ÒU– ßU‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U øÊ‹ÈÄÿ ¡ÿÁ‚¥„U ∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‚Ê¥÷⁄U •Á÷‹π „ÒU ¡Ê Áfl. 1200 ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ∑§Ê „ÒU– ßU‚◊¥ •Á÷‹πÊ¥ ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ¬Ífl¸ ◊äÿ∑§Ê‹ Ã∑§ ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ◊¥ ªáʬÁà ¬Í¡Ê 97

‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê fl㌟ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU–26 ‚ÊÕ ◊¥ ¡ÊÇÿ„U⁄UÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃË, ªáÊ‡Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÁflŸÊ⁄UÊÿáÊ ∑§Ë flãŒŸÊ „ÒU– ÿ„U •Á÷‹π ‚Ê¥÷⁄U ∑§ ©U◊⁄U‡ÊÊ„U ∑§ ∑È¥§∞ ∑§Ë ŒËflÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ‹ªÊ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§ „U⁄U ÷ʪ ◊¥ ªáÊ‡Ê ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U Á◊‹Ã „Ò¥U– ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ◊¥ ◊ÊÃË «Í¥Uª⁄UË ∑§Ë Ë„U≈UË ◊¥ ÁSÕà ªáÊ‡Ê¡Ë ∑§Ê ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ¡ÿ¬È⁄U flÊÁ‚ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë •ÊSÕÊ ∑§Ê ◊ÈÅÿ ∑§ãŒ˝ „ÒU– ÿ„UÊ° SÕÊÁ¬Ã ªáÊ‡Ê ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ¡ÿ¬È⁄U Ÿ⁄‘U‡Ê ◊ÊäÊÊÁ‚¥„U ¬˝Õ◊ ∑§Ë ¬≈U⁄UÊŸË ∑§ ¬Ë„U⁄U ◊Êfl‹Ë ‚ ‚Ÿ˜ 1761 ◊¥ ‹Ê߸U ªß¸U ÕË– ◊Êfl‹Ë ◊¥ ÿ„U ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ªÈ¡⁄UÊà ‚ •ÊÿË ÕË– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ◊ÍÁø ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ •ŸÈDUÊŸ ‚ ∑§Ë ªÿË ÕË– ◊ÊÃË «Í¥Uª⁄UË ∑§ ªáÊ‡Ê¡Ë ∑§Ë ◊ÍÁø •Ê‚¬Ê‚ ∑§ ªáÊ‡Ê ◊¥ÁŒ⁄UÊ¥ ◊¥ ÁSÕà ◊ÍÁøÿÊ¥ ‚ ’«∏Ë „ÒU– ªáʬÁà ∑§Ë Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ∑§ ¬Ë¿U ‡ÊÈ÷ ‹Ê÷ fl •Êª Á⁄UÁh-Á‚Áh •¥Á∑§Ã „Ò¥U– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ∑§Ë ◊ÈÅÿ Áfl‡Ê·ÃÊ ªáÊ‡Ê ¡Ë ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ◊Ê ∑§Ê ’Ê¥ÿË •Ê⁄U fl∑˝§Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÊŸÊ „ÒU– ◊¥ÁŒ⁄U ◊¥ ¬Í¡Êø¸ŸÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ©U·Ê∑§Ê‹ ‚ „UË ¬˝Ê⁄¥U÷ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU ¡Ê ⁄UÊÁòÊ Ã∑§ ø‹ÃÊ „ÒU ¬˝ÁÃÁŒŸ ‚Êà •Ê⁄UÁÃÿÊ° „UÊÃË „ÒU– ¬ÎâflË ÷⁄U ◊¥ Á∑§‚Ë ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ©U¬ÊÅÿ ∑§ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ë ªáÊ‡Ê øÁ⁄Uà ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÃÈ‹ŸÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË– •Ê¡ ’Èh, ߸U‚Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ◊È„Uê◊Œ ∑§ •ŸÈÿÊÿË Œ‡Ê-ÁflŒ‡Ê ◊¥ ∑§⁄UÊ«UÊ¥ „ÒU ¬⁄UãÃÈ ßUŸ∑§ SflM§¬ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Œ ◊¥ ∑§Ê߸U ¬Á⁄UfløŸ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ÁflÉãÊ∑§ûÊʸ ª˝Êêÿ •ÊŒfl ‚ ©U∆UÊ∑§⁄U ‚fl¸Œflʪ˝ªáÿ ’ŸŸÊ, Á»§⁄U ¬⁄U◊Êà◊Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ’˝rÊ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ‹Ê÷ ∑§⁄UŸÊ, ÁflŒ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ¬„È°Uø∑§⁄U flÒ⁄UÊøŸ •ÊÒ⁄U •fl‹ÊÁ∑§ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ‹Ê÷ ∑§⁄UŸÊ, ªáÊ‡Ê ¡Ë ∑§Ê „UË ∑§Ê◊ „ÒU– ©UŸ∑§ •¬˝ÁÃ◊ √ÿÁQ§àfl ∑§ ‚Ê◊Ÿ Á‚⁄U ¤ÊÈ∑§ÊŸÊ „UË ¬«∏ÃÊ „ÒU– ªáÊ‡Ê ¡Ë ∑§ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§fl¡ ◊¥ ÁŒ∞ ª∞ ŸÊ◊ ÁŸêãÊÁ‹Áπà „ÒU¥ - ÁflŸÊÿ∑§, ◊„UÊà∑§≈U, ÷Ê‹ø¥Œ˝, ª¡ÊSÿ, ªáÊ∑˝§Ë«UÊ, ÁªÁ⁄U¡Ê¥‚ÍÃ, ŒÈ◊ȸπ, ¬Ê‡Ê¬ÊÁáÊ, ªáÊ‡Ê, ªáÊ¥¡ÿ, ª¡S∑¥§äÊ, ÁflÉãÊÁflŸÊ‡ÊŸ, ªáÊŸÊÕ, „U⁄Uê’, fl∑˝§ÃÈá«U, ◊¥ª‹◊ÍÁø ∞∑§Œ¥Ã, ÁˇÊ¬˝‚ÊŒ˜Ã, ◊ÿÍ⁄U‡Ê, äÊÍ◊∑§ÃÈ •Ê◊ÊŒ, ¬˝◊ÊŒ, ’ÈhˇÊ, Á‚ÁhŒÊÿ∑§, ©U◊Ê ¬ÈòÊ, ªáÊ‡fl⁄U, ÁflÉãÊ„UÃʸ, ª¡∑§áʸ, ÁŸÁäÊÿ, Œ‡ÊŸ¥ŒŸ, ÁflÉãÊ∑ΧÃ, ∑§Á¬‹ •ÊÒ⁄U Áfl∑§≈U ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ŸÊ◊ ŒÃË „ÒU– Á‡Êfl ¬È⁄UÊáÊ ∑§Ë M§Œ˝ ‚¥Á„UÃÊ ∑§ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U π¥«U ◊¥ Á‹πÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ∞∑§ ’Ê⁄U ¬Êfl¸ÃË Ÿ •¬Ÿ ’Ò‹ ‚ ÉÊ⁄U ∑§ ’Ê„U⁄U ¬ÈÃ‹Ê ’ŸÊ∑§⁄U Ÿ„UÊŸ ‹ªË– ©U‚∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ ÕÊ Á∑§ ∑§Ê߸U •ãŒ⁄U Ÿ ¡ÊŸ ¬Êfl– ßU‚ ¬ÈË Ÿ Sflÿ¥ ‡Ê¥∑§⁄U ∑§Ê ⁄UÊ∑§ ÁŒÿÊ– ßU‚ ¬⁄U ©UŸ∑§Ê •ÊÒ⁄U Á‡Êfl ªáÊÊ ∑§Ê ÿÈh „ÈU•Ê Á¡‚◊¥ ÁflcáÊÈ •ÊÁŒ ŒflÃÊ ÷Ë ÁÅ¥Êø •Êÿ– ¡’ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ê ∑§Ê߸U Ÿ „U⁄UÊ ‚∑§Ê– ÃÊ ‡Ê¥∑§⁄U Ÿ ©UŸ∑§Ê Á‡Ê⁄U ∑§Ê≈U ÁŒÿÊ– ¬Êfl¸ÃË Ÿ ¡’ ©U‚ ◊⁄UÊ „ÈU•Ê ŒπÊ ÃÊ ’«∏Ë ∑˝È§h „ÈU߸U– ©U‚∑§Ë •Ê⁄U ‚ ◊ÊÃÎ∑§Ê∞° ÿÈh ◊¥ ∑ͧŒ ¬«∏Ë– ßU‚ ÿÈh ◊¥ ŒflÊ¥ ∑§Ë „UÊ⁄U „ÈU߸U– Ã’ ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§ „UÊÕË ∑§Ê Á‚⁄U ‹ªÊ∑§⁄U ©U‚ ¡ËÁflà ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ– ªáÊ‡Ê ∑§Ë •¬ŸË ©U¬ÁŸ·Œ˜ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬È⁄UÊáÊ „Ò¥U– ‚¥Œèʸ ‚ÍøË 1. äÿÊÿà Á‚¥„UªÃ¥ ÁflŸÊÿ∑§◊◊È¥ ÁŒÇ’Ê„ÈU◊ÊlÿȪ, 98 ATISHAY KALIT

òÊÃÊÿÊ¥ÃÈ ◊ÿÈ⁄UflÊ„UŸ◊◊È¥ ·«UflÊ„ÈU∑¥§ Á‚ÁhŒ¥– mUʬÊ⁄‘UÃÈ ª¡ÊãÊããÊ ÿȪ ÷È¡¥ ⁄UQ§Êª⁄Uʪ¥ Áfl÷È◊˜– ÃÈÿ¸ ÃÈ ÁmU÷È¡¥ Á‚ÃÊ¥ª M§Áø⁄¥U ‚flʸոŒ ‚fl¸ŒÊ– - ªáÊ‡Ê ¬È⁄UÊáÊ, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§, 6-7 1. ∑§. ‚ê¬Íá¥ÊʸŸãŒ, ªáÊ‡Ê, ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê– 2. ŸÊ⁄UŒ ¬È⁄UÊáÊ, •äÿÊÿ 16, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 15-20 3. U‡ÊÈÄÀÊ ÿ¡Èfl¸Œ, 11-15 4. ‚¥¬ÍáÊʸŸãŒ, ªáÊ‡Ê, ¬Î. 2 5. Á◊üÊ, «UÊÚ. ¡ÿ‡Ê¥∑§⁄U, ¬˝ÊøËŸ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ßUÁÄUÊ‚, ¬Î. 779 6. ◊„UÊ÷Ê⁄UÃ, •ŸÈ‡ÊÊ‚Ÿ¬fl¸, •. 151, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 26 7. ◊ÊŸflªÎs ‚ÍòÊ, 2-14 8. flÊÿȬÈ⁄UÊáÊ, 53-31 9. •◊⁄U∑§Ê·, Sfl⁄UÊÁŒ ∑§Êá«U, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 38 10. S∑¥§Œ ¬È⁄UÊáÊ, ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄UË π¥«U, V, XXXII, ¬Î. 231 11. ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«U∑§Ê, ÷ʪ IX, ¬Î. 279 12. ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«U∑§Ê, ÷ʪ -IX, ¬Î.280 13. ¡Ÿ⁄U‹ •Ê»§ ßU¥Á«UÿŸ Á„US≈˛UË, XXXVIII, ¬Î. 499, ⁄UßøãŒ˝ ∑§Ê ‹π, ◊M§÷Ê⁄UÃË, ¬Î. 29 14. •ª˝flÊ‹, ⁄UßøãŒ˝ ∑§Ê ‹π, ¡Ÿ⁄U‹ •Ê»§ ßU¥Á«UÿŸ Á„US≈˛UË, ...... ¬Î. 501 15. ‚È¡‚ ‚¥øÿ ◊¥ ∑ΧcáÊŒfl ∑§Ê ‹π, ¬Î. 1010 16. ‚È¡‚ ‚¥øÿ ◊¥ ∑ΧcáÊ Œfl ∑§Ê ‹π, ¬Î. 1010 17. ‚È¡‚ ‚¥øÿ ◊¥ ∑ΧcáÊ Œfl ∑§Ê ‹π, ¬Î. 1010 18. ‚È¡‚ ‚¥øÿ, ¬Î. 810-11 19. S∑§ãŒSÿ ∑˝§Ë«UŸÊÕ¸ ªáʬÁà ‚Á„UÃSÿÊàSfl ∑Ò§≈U÷Ê⁄‘U ÿÊÃSÿ flˇÿ ¬ÊE¸ ¡äÊŸ ∑ȧø◊⁄UÊ ÷Êª⁄UêÿÊ ÷ÊflÊŸË◊˜– ¬¥ÁQ§ 2, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 2, ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«U∑§Ê, ÷ʪ -XXXIV, ¬Î. 159-163 20. •Ê◊ ⁄UŸŒ ⁄UŒŸ ŒÊM§ŸŒ˝Èà ‚È◊M§ ⁄‘UŸŒÈÃ◊˜– ‚ȪÁãäÊ ◊ÁŒ⁄UÊ– ◊Œ ¬˝◊ÈŒÃÊÁ‹ ¤Ê¥∑§ÊÁ⁄UÃ◊˜ •Ÿ∑§ ⁄UáʌȥŒÈÁ÷äfl¸ÁŸÁ÷ÛÊ ªá«USÕ‹¥ ◊„UʪŸ¬Ã ◊Èπ¸◊˜, ŒÎ‡ÊÃÈ ÷ÍÁ◊ ÷ÊŒ˝ÊÁáÊ∑§– ‚∑§⁄UÊÿ •Á÷‹π ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 1, ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ßU¥Á«∑§Ê, πá«U 27, ÷ʪ 1, 1949, ¬Î. 21 21. ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«U∑§Ê, πá«U-II, ¬Î. 110-130 22. ‚fl¸ ÁflÉãʇÊ◊Ÿ¥ ‚ȇÊÁìʸÃ, ¬Ífl¸◊fl Á‡ÊflÿÊSßÈ÷¸fl◊˜– ÷ÈÁQ§ ◊ÈÁQ§ ¬⁄U◊ÊÕ¸ Á‚ÁhŒ¥ Ã¥ Ÿ◊ÊÁ◊ fl⁄UŒ ª¡ÊŸŸ◊˜–– „U·¸ Á‡Ê‹Ê‹π, ‡ÀÊÊ∑§ 1 23. Á◊üÊ, ⁄Uß‹Ê‹, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§ •Á÷‹π, ‡ÊÊπÊflÊ≈UË ¬˝Œ‡Ê, ¬Î. 81 24. ∞Á¬ª˝ÊÁ»§ÿÊ ß¥UÁ«UÿÊ, π¥«U IX, ¬Î. 277-279 25. ÁŒflÊ ⁄UÊÁòÊ ø ‚¥äÿÊ ø– ∑§Êÿ¸ÁfläãÊÒp ‚¥∑ȧ‹– 21flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ‚ê’ãœÊ¥ ◊¥ ’…∏UÃË ¬˝ªÊ…∏UÃÊ 99 ÇUæò. ×ÙæðÁ ·é¤×æÚU ATISHAY KALIT ÃØæ ØæÌæ, ÚUæÁÙèçÌ çß™ææÙ, Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 Áð.ÇUè.Õè.ÚUæÁ·¤èØ ·¤‹Øæ S‹ææÌ·¤æðžæÚU ×ãUæçßlæÜØ, ISSN : 2277-419X ·¤æðÅUæ (ÚUæÁ.)

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∑§ ’Ëø ‚ÊÕ¸∑§ ’ÊÃøËà ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚Ë◊Ê ¬Ê⁄UËÿ •ÊÃ¥∑§Ë ªÁÃÁflÁäÊÿÊ¥ ¬⁄U •¥∑ȧ‡Ê ÃÕÊ ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ ◊¥ ÁSÕà •ÊÃ¥∑§Ë Á∆U∑§ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ŸCU Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU– ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ∑§ ’Ëø √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊ ÃËfl˝ ªÁà ‚ ’…∏UÊŸ ¬⁄U ’ÊÃøËà „ÈU߸U– ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË Ÿ ∑§„UÊ Á∑§ ßU‚ ‚◊ÿ ÷Ê⁄UÃ-fl M§‚ ∑§Ë ∑§ê¬ÁŸÿÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄‘U ∑§ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‹Ê÷ ©U∆UÊŸ ∑§ •ÁäÊ∑§ÊÁäÊ∑§ •fl‚⁄U „ÒU– ßU‚ ‚ê◊‹Ÿ ◊¥ ‹ª÷ª 100 flÁ⁄UDU ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ©UlÊª¬ÁÃÿÊ¥ Ÿ Á„US‚Ê Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê ∑§◊¡Ê⁄U „ÈU∞ •Ê¬‚Ë √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ŸÿÊ ¬˝Êà‚Ê„UŸ ŒŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ◊ÊS∑§Ê ◊¥ Õ– ⁄UÊC˛U¬Áà ¬ÈÁß ∑§Ë 3 ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 2004 ∑§Ë ÷Ê⁄Uà ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÷Ê⁄Uà Ÿ M§‚ ∑§ (W.T.O.) ◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄UÊŸ ¬⁄U ‚„U◊Áà ÿÊ ‚◊Õ¸Ÿ ŒŸ ¬⁄U ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃÊ „ÈU•Ê– M§‚ Ÿ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ¬Á⁄U·Œ ◊¥ SÕÊÿË ‚Ë≈U ¬⁄U flË≈UÊ¥ Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ¬Íáʸ •Ê‡√ÊÊ‚Ÿ ÁŒÿÊ– ¬ÈÁß ∑§Ë ßU‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ‚ ¬Ífl¸ ∞flªŸË ∑§Ê⁄UflÊ∑§ËŸ Ÿ Á„UãŒÈSÃÊŸ ≈UÊßUê‚ ◊¥ Á‹πÊ Á∑§ ÷Ê⁄Uà M§‚ ∑§Ë ‚ìÊË Á◊òÊÃÊ ∑§Ë ßU‚ ’„ÈUäÊ˝ÈflË Áfl‡√Ê ◊¥ •Áà •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „ÒU– ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ Ÿ ©U¡Ê¸ ˇÊòÊ ÃÕÊ •ãÿ ‚÷Ë ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ’…∏UÊŸ ¬⁄U ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ– Ÿÿ Ã‹ ÃÕÊ ªÒ‚ ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑§ Á‹∞ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ Ÿ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸÊ SflË∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ– ÁmUÃËÿ Áfl‡√Ê ÿÈh ◊¥ ŸÊ¡Ë ¡◊¸ŸË ¬⁄U ª∆U’¥äÊŸ ‡ÊÁQ§ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ¡Ëà ∑§Ë 60 flË¥ fl·¸ªÊ∆U ∑§ ‚◊Ê⁄UÊ„U ◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË «UÊÚ. ◊Ÿ◊Ê„UŸ Á‚¥„U Ÿ 8-10 ◊߸U 2005 ∑§Ê ÃËŸ ÁŒfl‚Ëÿ ◊ÊS∑§Ê ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë– ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ◊¡’ÃË ¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ M§‚ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ©U¡Ê¸ ⁄UˇÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ¬ÈÅÃÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U „ÈU•Ê– √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ ˇÊòÊ ∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ÷Ê⁄UÃ, M§‚, ߸U⁄UÊŸ Ÿ ©UûÊ⁄U-ŒÁˇÊáÊ ªÁ‹ÿÊ⁄‘U ∑§Ê ‚¥øÊ‹Ÿ ‡ÊÈM§ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ¬⁄U „USÃÊˇÊ⁄U Á∑§∞ Õ– ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ ⁄UˇÊÊ◊¥òÊË ¬˝áÊfl ◊Èπ¡Ë¸ Ÿ Ÿflê’⁄U 2005 ◊¥ ◊ÊS∑§Ê ∑§ •¬Ÿ ŒÊÒ⁄U ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ’ÃÊÿÊ Á∑§ M§‚ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ Á‹∞ •àÿãà ‚È⁄UÁˇÊà ⁄UˇÊÊ-•Ê¬ÍÁø ∑§ ‚˝Êà ∑§ M§¬ ’ŸÊ ⁄U„UªÊ– ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ Á‡Êπ⁄U ’Ò∆U∑§ ‚ê¬ÛÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ¬Ífl¸ ÁŸäÊʸÁ⁄Uà ŸËÁà ∑§ ÄU ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË Ÿ ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 2005 ◊¥ M§‚ ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë– ßU‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ M§‚ Ÿ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ê ÷⁄UÊ‚Ê ÁŒ‹ÊÿÊ Á∑§ fl„U ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë •‚ÒÁŸ∑§ ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ©U¡Ê¸ ‚Á„Uà Ã◊Ê◊ ©U¡Ê¸ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ∞° ¬Í⁄UÊ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄‘UªÊ– •Ê¬‚Ë ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ’¤ÊUÊ‚ Á◊‚ÊßU‹ ∑§ ‚ʤÊ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊ ◊¥ „ÈU߸U ¬˝ªÁà ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ Ÿ ¬˝ÁÃ⁄UˇÊÊ ‚ ‚ê’ÁãäÊà ‡ÊSòÊÊ¥ ∑§ ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ •ÁäÊ∑§ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ‚„U◊Áà ’ŸÊ߸U– •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ fl √ÿʬÁ⁄U∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ ‚¥ÿÈQ§ ∑§Êÿ¸flÊ„U∑§ ‚Á◊Áà ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë øøʸ ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ Ç‹ÊŸÊ‚ (GLONASS) ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ÷ʪˌÊ⁄UË ∑§Ê ⁄UÊSÃÊ ‚Ê»§ „UÊ ªÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ‡ÊÊÁãìÍáʸ ©Ug‡ÿÊ¥ ∑§ ŒËÉʸ∑§Ê‹ËŸ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ’‹ ÁŒÿÊ– ◊Êø¸ 2006 ◊¥ M§‚Ë ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË »˝Ò§Œ∑§Êfl ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ¬Ífl¸ „UË M§‚ Ÿ ÃÊ⁄UʬÈ⁄U ŸÊ÷Á∑§ÿ ‚¥ÿ¥òÊ 21flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ‚ê’ãœÊ¥ ◊¥ ’…∏UÃË ¬˝ªÊ…∏UÃÊ 103

„UÃÈ ÿÍ⁄‘UÁŸÿ◊ ©U¬‹éäÊ ∑§⁄UÊŸ ∑§Ë ÉÊÊ·áÊÊ ∑§⁄U ŒË ÕË– ¬⁄UãÃÈ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ‚ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ßU‚⁄UÊ (ISRO) Ÿ M§‚Ë •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ ∞¡ã‚Ë ⁄UÊÚ‚ ∑§ÊÚS◊ÊÚ‚ (Roscosmos) ∑§ ‚ÊÕ Á∑§∞ ’ÒÁ∑¥§ª ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§ ŒÊ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ¥ ∑˝§◊‡Ê— ∞ÁÄ‚‚ ’Ò¥∑§ fl •Ê߸U. ‚Ë.•Ê߸U.‚Ë.•Ê߸U. ’Ò¥∑§ mUÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§∞ ª∞– ¬Ò≈˛UÊÁ‹ÿ◊ •ÊäÊÊÁ⁄ÃU ‚¥⁄UøŸÊ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§ Á‹∞ ߥUÁ«UÿŸ •ÊÚÿ‹ fl M§‚Ë “S≈˛UÊÿ ≈˛UÊ¥‚ ªÒ‚” ∑§ê¬ŸË Ÿ ‚„U◊Áà ¬òÊ „USÃÊˇÊ⁄U Á∑§∞– ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§ 58 fl¥ ªáÊÃ¥òÊ ÁŒfl‚ 26 ¡Ÿfl⁄UË 2007 ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ •ÁÃÁÕ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ M§‚Ë ⁄UÊc≈˛U¬Áà éU‹ÊÁŒ◊Ë⁄U ¬ÈÁß •Ê◊¥ÁòÊà Á∑§∞ ª∞– ßU‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ ∞fl¥ •ãÃ⁄UʸC˛UËÿ ◊„Uûfl ∑§ ◊ÈgÊ¥ ¬⁄U ’ÊÃøËà „ÈU߸U– ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§ ŸÊÒ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃÊ¥ ¬⁄U „USÃÊˇÊ⁄U „ÈU∞– Á¡‚◊¥ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ ©U¡Ê¸ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ’…∏UÊŸ, ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ M§‚ fl·¸ 2008 ÃÕÊ M§‚ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà fl·¸ 2009 ◊ŸÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃÊ, ‚ʤÊ ©U¬ª˝„U ¬˝Ê¡ÒÄ≈U “Youth SAT” ◊¥ ßU‚⁄UÊ ÃÕÊ M§‚Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ Á‡Êπ⁄U flÊÃʸ ∑§ Á‚‹Á‚‹ ◊¥ «UÊÚ. ◊Ÿ◊Ê„UŸ Ÿ 11-12 Ÿflê’⁄U 2007 ∑§Ê M§‚ ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë ÃÕÊ ’„ÈUg‡ÊËÿ ¬Á⁄Ufl„UŸ Áfl◊ÊŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ, ◊ÊŒ∑§ Œ˝√ÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÃS∑§⁄UË ⁄UÊ∑§Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚„UÿÊª ’…U∏UÊŸ, •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ∑§Ë ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ „ÈU∞– ßU‚ Á‡Êπ⁄U flÊÃʸ ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡Ê fl·ÊZ ‚ ‹Áê’à M§¬ÿÊ ´§áÊ ÁŸÁäÊ ◊Ê◊‹¥ ∑§Ê ‚ÈÀʤÊÊŸ ◊¥ ‚»§‹ ⁄U„U– ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ê 2010 Ã∑§ 10 •⁄U’ «UÊÚ‹⁄U ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ‹ˇÿ ÁŸäÊʸÁ⁄Uà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË ∑§Ë M§‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ÃËŸ ◊Ê„U ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄U M§‚ ∑§ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË ÁflÄ≈U⁄U ¡È’∑§ÊŸ Ÿ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë– ¡È’∑§Êfl ∑§Ë ÷Ê⁄Uà ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ◊¥ ÃËfl˝ ªÁà ‚ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ’…∏UÊŸ fl ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË «UÊÚ. ◊Ÿ◊Ê„UŸ Á‚¥„U ∑§Ë M§‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÁŸäÊʸÁ⁄Uà 2010 Ã∑§ 10 •⁄U’ ∑§ ‹ˇÿ ∑§Ê ŒÊ„U⁄UÊÿÊ ªÿÊ– ¬⁄U◊ÊáÊÈ ©U¡Ê¸ ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª ∑§Ë ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ ∑§Œ◊ •Êª ’…∏UÊÃ „ÈU∞ ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÍU ◊¥ ∑È¥§«UŸ∑ȧ‹◊ ◊¥ •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ŸÊÁ÷∑§Ëÿ Á⁄U∞Ä≈U⁄UÊ¥ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ¬⁄U ‚„U◊Áà ŒÊŸÊ¥ ◊¥ ’Ÿ ªß¸U– 12 »§⁄Ufl⁄UË ∑§Ê Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË ◊¥ ßUÁá«UÿÊ-⁄UÁ‡ÊÿÊ »§Ê⁄U◊ •ÊÚŸ ≈˛U«U ∞á«U ßUŸflS≈U◊¥≈U (IRFTI) ∑§Ê M§‚Ë ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË Ÿ ‚ê’ÊÁäÊà Á∑§ÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ √ÿʬÊ⁄U (CECA) ¬⁄U ÁfløÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ‚¥∑§Ã ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ÁŒÿÊ– 13 »§⁄Ufl⁄UË ∑§Ê Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË ◊¥ M§‚Ë ∑§‹Ê∑§Ê⁄UÊ¥ mUÊ⁄UÊ ¬˝SÃÈà ∞∑§ ‚Ê¥S∑ΧÁÃ∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸∑˝§◊ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË ∑§ ‚ÊÕ M§‚Ë ¬˝äÊÊŸ◊¥òÊË Ÿ ÷ʪ Á‹ÿÊ ÃÕÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ M§‚ ∑§ fl·¸ (Year of Russia in India) ∑§Ê ‡ÊÈ÷Ê⁄ê÷ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ– •ãÃ⁄UʸC˛UËÿ ◊„Uûfl ∑§ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ◊ÈgÊ¥ ¬⁄U ◊ÃÒÄÿ Áfl∑§Á‚à ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ©Ug‡ÿ ‚ ÷Ê⁄UÃ, M§‚, øËŸ ∑§ ÁflŒ‡Ê ◊¥ÁòÊÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ’Ò∆U∑§ M§‚Ë ‡Ê„U⁄U ÿ∑Ò§≈UÁ⁄Uã’ª¸ ◊¥ 15 ◊߸U 2008 ∑§Ê ‚ê¬ÛÊ „ÈU߸U– Á¡‚◊¥ ∑§Ê‚ÊflÊ, •»§ªÊÁŸSÃÊŸ ߸U⁄UÊŸ ÃÕÊ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ¬˝‡ÊÊãà ˇÊòÊ ∑§ ◊ÈgÊ¥ ¬⁄U øøʸ ßU‚ ÁòʬˇÊËÿ ’Ò∆U∑§ ◊¥ ∑§Ë ªß¸U– ßU‚Ë fl·¸ ‚ÊÁflÿà ‚¥ÉÊ ∑§ ÁflÉÊ≈UŸ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÃË‚⁄‘U ⁄UÊC˛U¬Áà ∑§ M§¬ ◊ŒflŒfl Ÿ 7 ◊߸U 2008 ∑§Êÿ¸÷Ê⁄U ª˝„UáÊ Á∑§ÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ 104 ATISHAY KALIT

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ßU‚ ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ⁄UˇÊÊ, ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ, SflÊSâÿ ‚flÊ•Ê¥, ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ¡Ò‚ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø 5 ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃÊ¥ ¬⁄U ÷Ë „USÃÊˇÊ⁄U „ÈU∞, ßU‚◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ê 42 •ÊÒ⁄U ‚ÈπÊ߸U 30 MKI Áfl◊ÊŸ „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê •„U◊ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃÊ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „ÒU– ßU‚Ë Á‡Êπ⁄U ’Ò∆U∑§ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ M§‚ ∑§ ⁄UÊC˛U¬Áà ŒÁ◊ÁòÊ ◊ŒflŒfl Ÿ ÁflSÃÊÁ⁄Uà ‚¥ÿÈQ§ ⁄UÊC˛U ‚È⁄UˇÊÊ ¬Á⁄U·Œ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë SÕÊÿË ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ŒÊflŒÊ⁄UË •ÊÒ⁄U ‡Ê¥ÉÊÊ߸U ‚¥ª∆UŸ (SCO) ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ¬Íáʸ∑§ÊÁ‹∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ê ‚◊Õ¸Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ– ßU‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U fl·¸ 2011 ◊¥ ‚ê¬ÛÊ 12flÊ° ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ Á‡Êπ⁄U ‚ê◊‹Ÿ „UÊ‹ ∑§ fl·ÊZ ∑§ ¬Á⁄U¬˝ˇÿ ◊¥ „U⁄U ŒÎÁCU ‚ ‚»§‹ ÃÕÊ ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ŒÊÿ∑§ ⁄U„UÊ– ¡„UÊ° ∞∑§ Ã⁄U»§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ‚◊¤ÊÊÒÃ ‚ê¬ÛÊ „ÈU∞ fl„UË ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ê⁄U •ãÃ⁄UʸC˛UËÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ Á◊‹-¡È‹∑§⁄U ∑§Êÿ¸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á’hÃÊ ÷Ë √ÿQ§ ∑§Ë ªß¸U– ©U¬ÿȸQ§ Áflfl⁄UáÊ ‚ S¬CU „ÒU Á∑§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ∑§ ’Ëø ’„ÈU•ÊÿÊ◊Ë ‚ê’ãäÊ ÁŸ⁄UãÃ⁄U ◊¡’ÍÃË ∑§Ë ÁŒ‡ÊÊ ◊¥ •ª˝‚⁄U „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ªÃ ∑ȧ¿U∑§ fl·ÊZ ◊¥ ŸÒŸÊ-≈UÄŸÊ‹Ê¡Ë, Á‡ÊˇÊÊ, ‚¥S∑ΧÁà ÃÕÊ ‚ÍøŸÊ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ∑§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ÁmU¬ˇÊËÿ ‚„UÿÊª •ÊÒ⁄U ◊¡’Íà „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ◊¥ ’…∏UÃË ◊ÒòÊË fl ‚„UÿÊª Ÿ ∑§fl‹ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ fl⁄UŸ ‚ê¬Íáʸ Áfl‡√Ê ∑§ Á‹∞ ‚∑§Ê⁄UÊà◊∑§ ∑§Œ◊ „ÒU– ¡Ò‚Ê Á∑§ «UÊÚ. ◊Ÿ◊Ê„UŸ Á‚¥„U Ÿ ÁŒ‚ê’⁄U 2011 ∑§Ë ◊ÊS∑§Ê ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ‚¥ÿÈQ§ ‚¥flÊŒŒÊÃÊ ‚ê◊‹Ÿ ◊¥ Áfl‡√Ê ◊¥ ◊ÊÒ¡ÍŒÊ •ÁŸÁ‡øÃÃÊ•Ê¥ ÃÕÊ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊ãŒË ∑§Ê Á¡∑˝§ ∑§⁄UÃ „ÈU∞ ∑§„UÊ Á∑§ ‚◊ÿ ∑§Ë ∑§‚ÊÒ≈UË ¬⁄U π⁄UË ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ◊ÒòÊË ∑§Ê Áfl‡√Ê ◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁãà •ÊÒ⁄U ÁSÕ⁄UÃÊ ∑§Ê ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ ’ÃÊÿÊ– ÁŸÁ‡øà ÃÊÒ⁄U ¬⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ∑§ ’Ëø ‚ʤÊŒÊ⁄UË ∑§Ê ‚»§⁄U ∑§Ê»§Ë ¬È⁄UÊŸÊ „ÒU– fl·¸ 2012 ◊¥ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡Ê Ÿ •¬Ÿ ⁄UÊ¡ŸÁÿ∑§ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë 65 flË¥ ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ ˇÊòÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚„UÿÊª fl ‚ʤÊŒÊ⁄UË ∑§Ë ‹ê’Ë ©U«∏ÊŸ ÷⁄UË „ÒU– ßU‚∑§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ ŒÊŸÊ¥ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë •≈ÍU≈U Á◊òÊÃÊ fl •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∑§ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê ŒπÃ „ÈU∞ ◊ÊÒ¡ÍŒÊ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ◊¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ßU¡Ê»§Ê ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë Œ⁄U∑§Ê⁄U „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ©U¡Ê¸, ⁄UˇÊÊ, ŒÍ⁄U‚¥øÊ⁄U ‚ ‹∑§⁄U •ãÃÁ⁄UˇÊ •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ◊¥ •Êª ‚„UÿÊª ∑§Ë •‚Ë◊ ‚¥÷ÊflŸÊ∞° ◊ÊÒ¡ÍŒ „ÒU– ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ◊ÒòÊË ∑§Ê ◊„Uàfl ßU‚ ŒÎÁCU ‚ ÷Ë „ÒU Á∑§ ŒÊŸÊ¥ ¬˝¡ÊÃÊ¥ÁòÊ∑§ Œ‡Ê „ÒU •ÊÒ⁄U ’„ÈUäÊÈ˝flËÿ Áfl‡√Ê √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§ ¬ˇÊäÊ⁄U ⁄U„U „ÒU Á¡‚ fl¡„U ‚ ©UŸ∑§Ê ‚ŒÒfl ⁄UÊC˛UÊ¥ ∑§ ’Ëø •ãÃ⁄UʸC˛UËÿ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ ÃÕÊ ‚◊ÊŸÃÊ ∑§ ¬˝Áà ‚ê◊ÊŸ ∑§Ê •Êª˝„U ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ©Uê◊ËŒ „ÒU Á∑§ ÷Ê⁄UÃ-M§‚ ‚ê’ãäÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ÁŸÁ„Uà ◊ÒòÊË flÊÃʸ fl ‚„UÿÊª ∑§Ë ÿ„U ÷ÊflŸÊ fl΄UŒ˜ •Ê∑§Ê⁄U ª˝„UáÊ ∑§⁄‘U •ÊÒ⁄U Áfl‡√Ê ∑§Ë ‚Èπ ‡ÊÊÁãà ◊¥ ◊„Uûfl¬Íáʸ ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê •ŒÊ ∑§⁄‘¥U– ‚¥Œ÷¸ ‚ÍøË 1. ŒflãŒ˝ ∑§ÊÒÁ‡Ê∑§; ßUá«UÊ-‚ÊÁflÿà Á≈˛U≈UË ßUŸ ∞Ä‚Ÿ, ∑§◊‹, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 1971 2. ŒflãŒ˝ ∑§ÊÒÁ‡Ê∑§; ßUÁá«UÿÊ ∞á«U Œ ⁄UÁ‡ÊÿÊ ßUŸ Œ ¬ÊS≈U ∑§ÊÀ«U flÊ⁄U ¬ËÁ⁄Uÿ«U — ßUê¬Á⁄U≈Ufl »§ÊÚ⁄U Á’ÁÀ«¥Uª ∞ S≈˛U≈UÁ¡∑§ Á⁄U‹‡ÊŸÁ‡Ê¬, ‹Á‹Ã◊ÊŸ Á‚¥„U fl •ãÿ, ‚ê¬Ê., ßUÁá«UÿŸ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‚Ë, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 1997 106 ATISHAY KALIT

3. ¡.∞Ÿ. ŒËÁˇÊÃ; ◊Ò∑§‚¸ •ÊÚ»§ ßUÁá«UÿÊ ∞‚ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‚Ë, ⁄UÊ¡Ê⁄UÊ◊ ◊Ê„UŸ⁄UÊÿ ≈UÈ ÿ‡Êflãà Á‚ã„UÊ, „Uʬ¸⁄U ∑§ÊÁ‹¥‚, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 2004 4. ∞‚.«UË. ◊ÈÁŸ; ¬¥ª¡ •ÊÚfl ¬˝ÊÄ‚ËÁ◊≈UË, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 1993 5. ⁄U◊‡Ê ∆UÊ∑ȧ⁄U; Œ ¬ÊÁ‹Á≈UÄ‚ ∞á«U ߸U∑§ÊŸÊÁêÊÄ‚ •ÊÚfl ßUÁá«UÿÊ¡ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÁ‹‚Ë, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 1994 6. •Ê⁄U.∞. «UÊ‹ÊÀ«U‚Ÿ ∞á«U ¡.∞‹. ŸÊªË; ŒÊÚ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‚Ë •ÊÚ»§ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ — øÁ¡¥ª Á‚S≈U◊‚, ∞¥«ÍUÁ⁄Uª ßUã≈U⁄‘US≈U‚ ãÿÍÿÊ∑¸§, ∞◊.߸U.‡Êʬ¸, 2005 7. ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ ¡. ¡ÒÄ‚Ÿ; ⁄UÁ‡ÊÿŸ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‚Ë Œ ‚Ë.•Ê߸U.∞‚., âÿÊ⁄UË Á«U’≈U‚ ∞á«U ∞Ä‚Ÿ, ‹ãŒŸ, ⁄UÊ≈U‹¡, 2003 8. Á◊πÊßU‹ S≈UÊÁ‹⁄UÊfl, »§«U⁄UÁ‹í◊ ∞á«U Œ Á«UÄ≈U≈U⁄UÁ‡Ê¬ •ÊÚ»§ ¬ÊÚfl⁄U ßUŸ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ, ‹ãŒŸ, 2003 9. «UU‹. •Ê⁄U; „U⁄U‚Á¬Á⁄¥Uª ∞á«U ¬Ë≈U⁄U M§≈U‹Òá«U, ¬ÈÁß ‚ ⁄UÁ‡ÊÿÊ — ¬ÊS≈U ßU◊¬⁄U»§Ä≈U, çÿÍø⁄U •Ÿ ‚⁄U≈UŸ, ⁄UÊ◊ÒŸ ∞á«U Á‹Á≈U‹ »§ËÀ«U ¬Á鋇ʂ¸, ãÿÍÿÊ∑¸§, 2003 10. •‹Ä¡¥«U⁄U ∞. ‚⁄U ªÊÒÁŸŸ; M§‚ — ⁄UÊC˛UËÿ Á‚hÊãÃÊ¥ ∑§Ë ‹ê’Ë «Uª⁄U, flÁ∑¸§ª ¬¬⁄U, 10 ∑§Ê¬Ÿ„UªŸ ‡ÊÊ¥Áà •ŸÈ‚¥äÊÊŸ ßUS≈UË≈˜UÿÍ≈U, 1998 11. •Ê⁄U.∞‚. ÿÊŒfl; ßUÁá«UÿÊ ∞á«U Œ ßUÁá«UÿŸ •ÊÁ‡ÊÿŸ Sflÿ¥ ‚ê¬Ê., ßUÁá«UÿÊ¡ »§ÊÚ⁄‘UŸ ¬ÊÚÁ‹‚Ë ≈ÍU•Ê«¸U¡ 2000 ∞.«UË., Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 1993 12. ∞‚.«UË.ªÊÒÃ◊; ÷Ê⁄Uà ∞fl¥ Áfl‡√Ê ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ, üÊË ‚ÈÁŸÃÊ ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ, 1996 13. ¬Èc¬‡Ê ¬ãÃ; 21flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ •ãÃ⁄UʸC˛UËÿ ‚ê’ãäÊ, ≈UÊ≈UÊ ◊Òª˝ÊÁ„U‹ ¬Áé‹Á‡Ê¥ª ∑§ê¬ãÊË Á‹Á◊≈U«U, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀ‹Ë, 2008 14. flË.«UË. øÊÒ¬«∏Ê; ßUÁá«UÿÊ ∞‚ Á⁄U‹‡Ê¥‚ ÁflÕ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ∞á«U øÊ߸UŸÊ, ∞ ãÿÍ ¬¡, ôÊÊŸ ¬Áé‹∑§‡ÊŸ, ÁŒÑË, 1997 15. flË.¬Ë. ŒûÊ; ’Œ‹ÃË ŒÈÁŸÿÊ° ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ë ÁflŒ‡Ê ŸËÁÃ, Á„UãŒË ◊Êäÿ◊ ∑§ÊÿʸãflÿŸ ÁŸŒ‡ÊÊ‹ÿ, ÁŒÀÀÊË Áfl‡√ÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, Ÿß¸U ÁŒÀÀÊË, 2009 ¬òÊ-¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê∞° 1. »˝¥§≈U‹ÊßUŸ jktLFkku esa ukjh tkxj.k esa i=&if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk 107

MkW- jkepUnz :.Myk ATISHAY KALIT Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkku esa ukjh tkxj.k esa i=&if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk ¼^R;kxHkwfe* if=dk ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½

jktLFkku ds i=dkfjrk bfrgkl esa ^R;kxHkwfe* dk izdk'ku ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk ekuh tkrh gSA bl if=dk us 1927&28 esa ns'k esa tks u, jktuhfrd cnyko gq, rFkk lkaLd`frd iqutkZxj.k gqvk] mls Loj nsus dk mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA ^R;kxHkwfe* dk izdk'ku vtesj ls lu~ 1927 esa fot;n'keh ds fnu izkjEHk gqvk] ftlds laiknu dk nkf;Ro lqizfl) i=dkj vkSj lkfgR;dkj Jh gfjHkkÅ mik/;k; ij FkkA1 if=dk dk izR;sd vad pkSlB i`"Bksa dk gksrk Fkk vkSj mlesa jktuhfrd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd rhuksa gh fo"k;ksa ij Lrjh; lkexzh izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA vius izdk'ku ds nwljs gh o"kZ ls ^R;kxHkwfe* us ^vk/kh nqfu;k* LrEHk ds vUrxZr ukjh tkxj.k dh lkexzh ds djhc lksyg i`"B lqjf{kr j[kus 'kq: dj fn;s FksA2 ^R;kxHkwfe* ds izdk'ku ds le; jktLFkkuh lekt esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr cM+h n;uh; FkhA cky o vuesy fookg] inkZ izFkk] fuj{kjrk] cgqiRuhRo dh izFkk] yM+fd;ksa dk Ø;&foØ;] fL=;ksa ds lkaifrd vf/kdkjksa dk vHkko ,oa fo/kokvksa dh d:.k n'kk vkfn dqjhfr;ksa ls L=h lekt dqafBr FkkA3 ^R;kxHkwfe* us lekpkjksa] fVIif.k;ksa ,oa laikndh; ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls u dsoy ukjh mRihM+u dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks ;Fkk le; mtkxj dj muds izfr tu Hkkoukvksa dks m}sfyr fd;k vfirq L=h&Lok/khurk] mudh f'k{kk ,oa iqufoZokg vkfn ds izfr tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa viuk leFkZu Hkh izdV fd;kA vius izos'kkad esa gh vius mís';ksa dks Li"V djrs gq, if=dk us fy[kk & ^^R;kxHkwfe* lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa vkSj nqcZyrkvksa dh nq'eu gksxh] fdlkuksa] etnwjksa] vNwrksa vkSj fo/kokvksa ds fgr ds fy, dk;Z djsxh rFkk nqO;Zluksa] v'yhy vkSj foykflrk rFkk dkeqdrk dks c<+kus okys fp=ksa] foKkiuksa ,oa iqLrdksa vkfn ds izpkj dk fojks/k djsxhA** 4 if=dk us cky&fookg dh izFkk dk fojks/k djrs gq, vius Jko.k] lEor~ 1986 ds vad esa fy[kk fd ^^;tqosZn ds ea=ksa ls ekywe gksrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa Hkh cky&fookg ugha gksrs Fks vkSj yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds fookg muds o;%Øe ds vuqlkj gh fd;s tkrs FksA** 5 blh Øe esa if=dk us vius QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985 ds vad esa ^ljdkj dk #[k* 'kh"kZd ls ,d [kcj izdkf'kr dh gS ftlesa fy[kk gS fd cky&fookg dh izFkk bruh [kjkc] bruh uk'kd vkSj bruh gkL;kLin gS fd bldk 'kh?kz gh jksdk tkuk vko';d gSA [kcj ds lkFk gh gjfoykl 'kkjnk 108 ATISHAY KALIT dk oDrO; Hkh fn;k x;k gS ftlesa mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd & ^^eSa bl ckr dks Lohdkj ugha djrk fd cky&fookg /keZ dk vax gSA ysfdu vxj gks rks Hkh fdlh dks ;g vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og vius dks ujd esa tkus ls cpkus ds fy, nwljksa dk cpiu esa C;kg djds muds thou dks nq[ke; cuk nsA** 6 ek?k] lEor~ 1986 ds vad esa Hkh if=dk esa ^cky fookg dSls feVs\* 'kh"kZd;qDr ,d [kcj izdkf'kr dh x;h ftlds ek/;e ls bl dqizFkk dks lekIr djus ds mik;ksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA7 inkZ izFkk ds ckjs esa if=dk us fy[kk fd jktiwrkus esa ijns dh ijkdk"Bk migkl dh gn rd igq¡p x;h gS rFkk fL=;k¡ fL=;ksa dk ?kwa?kV fudkyrh gSaA8 oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986 ds vad esa ^R;kxHkwfe* us xka/khth ds ys[k ^insZ dh dqizFkk* esa muds fopkjksa dks izdkf'kr djrs gq, insZ ls gksus okyh gkfu;ka crkrs gq, fy[kk gS fd& ^inkZ fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk esa ck/kk Mkyrk gS] mudh Hkh:rk dks c<+krk gS] muds LokLF; dks fcxkM+rk gS] fL=;ksa ,oa iq:"kksa ds chp esa LoPN lEcU/k dks jksdrk gS rFkk fL=;ksa dks cká txr ls nwj j[krk gSA**9 cky fookg dh dqizFkk us rRdkyhu lekt esa fo/kokvksa dh leL;k dks tUe fn;kA bUgsa iqufoZokg dh vuqefr ugha FkhA budh nqnZ'kk ls vkgr gksdj if=dk us fy[kk fd ^^fo/kokvksa ds nq%[k vkSj nqnZ'kk dks ns[kdj d:.kk ds vkalw Øks/k dh yiV esa tgka ds rgka ty tkrs gSaA** 10 ^R;kxHkwfe* us fo/kok iqufoZokg ds i{k esa iqjtksj rjhds ls viuh vkokt mBkbZA fo}ku ys[kd gsejkt ikyhoky us Le`fr;ksa ls ,sls vusdkusd mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;s ftuesa fo/kokvksa dks iqufoZokg djus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA muds fn, gq, nks mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa& izFke] czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz dh fo/kokvksa dk iqufoZokg dj nsuk pkfg, vU;Fkk iki deZ ¼O;fHkpkj½ gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA ¼tkckfy½11 f}rh;] ifr ds ejus] pys tkus] uiaqld gksus o ifrr gksus ij L=h dk iqufoZokg dj nwljk ifr dj nsuk pkfg,A igys nsoj dks nsuk] mlds vHkko esa ftldh bPNk gks mlds lkFk laLdkj dj nsuk pkfg,A ¼vfXuiqjk.k] 154½12 if=dk us vius ikS"k] lEor~ 1984 ds vad esa Nis ys[k] ^,d Js"B fo/kok fookg* esa Hkh bldk leFkZu djrs gq, bldh vko';drk ij cy fn;k gSA13 fo/kok&fookg ds i{k esa tuer ds fuekZ.k ds fy, if=dk us oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986 ds vius vad esa phu dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, fy[kk& ^^phu esa cky&fookg dh izFkk igys ls gh de Fkh] tks FkksM+h&cgqr 'kkfn;k¡ NksVh mez esa gksrh Fkha] os Hkh vc cUn gks xbZ gSaA igys ogk¡ fo/kok fookg Hkh ugha gksrk Fkk ij vc og ca/ku Hkh <+hyk iM+k gS vkSj fo/kok fookg Hkh gksus yxs gSaA14 os';ko`fÙk dh leL;k ij ^R;kxHkwfe* us vius QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985 ds vad esa gqDeknsoh Nk=k dk ys[k ^os';ko`fÙk dSls feVs\* izdkf'kr fd;k gSA ftlesa cM+s ekfeZd 'kCnksa esa ysf[kdk us bl ?k`f.kr dk;Z ds izfr yksxksa ls dbZ loky fd;s gSa vkSj lkFk gh vius dqN lq>ko Hkh fn;s gSaA izHkko'kkyh Hkk"kk esa os iq:"kksa ls cM+k lVhd vkSj pqHkus okyk iz'u djrh gSa& ^^fdrus nq%[k] fdrus 'kksd] fdruh yTtk] fdrus vuFkZ] fdrus vU;k; vkSj fdrus v/keZ dh ckr gSA ,d jktLFkku esa ukjh tkxj.k esa i=&if=dkvksa dh Hkwfedk 109 vksj tks O;fDr viuh cgu&csVh ij dqn`f"V rd Mkyus okys xq.Ms dh tku rd ysus ij mrk: gks tkrk gS] nwljh vksj ogh Lo;a tkdj [kqys cktkj esa nwljs dh cgu&csVh dk lrhRo u"V djus esa ys'kek= Hkh ladksp ugha djrkA** 15 Hkkjrh; efgykvksa }kjk viuh LorU=rk ds fy, fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dk if=dk us cM+s iqjtksj us yxhA**17 ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa gks jgh ukjh tkxj.k dh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, if=dk us vius QkYxqu lEor~ 1985 ds vad esa [kcj izdkf'kr djrs gq, fy[kk & ^^fcgkj] mM+hlk dh dkSfUly esa fL=;ksa ds erkf/kdkj dk izLrko 14 ds fo:) 40 ds cgqer ls ikl gks x;k gSA vc ogk¡ fL=;k¡ Hkh dkSfUly dh lnL; gks ldsaxhA m/kj e/; izkUr dh dkSfUly us cky&fookg ds fo:) ,d izLrko ikl fd;k gS vkSj enzkl dkSfUly us Jherh MkW- E;qF;qy{eh jsM~Mh ds lrr~ iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:i nsonklh izFkk jksdus ds lEcU/k esa tks fcy ikl gqvk Fkk] og vc dkuwu cu x;k gSA** 18 fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk lEcU/kh fo"k; ij if=dk us dkQh vf/kd tksj fn;k ,oa bl lEcU/k esa vusd ys[k ,oa fVIif.k;k¡ izdkf'kr dhA if=dk us vius Jko.k] lEor~ 1986 ds vad esa ys[kd lw;Zukjk;.k O;kl ds lkStU; ls fy[kk gS fd oSfnd dky esa Hkh fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk&nh{kk dk leqfpr izcU/k FkkA19 if=dk esa Jh jktsUnz izlkn us vius ys[k ^gekjk L=h lekt* esa fL=;ksa dh f'k{kk ij tksj nsrs gq, fy[kk & ^^f'k{kk ,d ,slh pht gS tks cqjh ls cqjh izo`fÙk dks cnydj fof'k"V cuk ldrh gSA vr% vius dk;Z{ks= esa fL=;ksa ds lkFk gkFk caVkdj 'kh?kz gh lQyrk izkIr djus ds fy, gesa pkfg, fd mUgsa ;Fkksfpr f'k{kk ls Hkwf"kr djsaA bldk vHkko gekjs fy, cgqr gh vfu"Vdj gks jgk gSA** 20 tks/kiqj dh dqekjh xgyksr }kjk MkWDVjh dh ijh{kk ikl djus dh [kcj if=dk us vius oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986 ds vad esa cM+s tksj&'kksj ls izdkf'kr djrs gq, fy[kk fd lq"kqIr jktLFkku esa Hkh bu fnuksa dqN tkx`fr vkbZ gSA21 blh lanHkZ esa if=dk us vius QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985 ds vad esa ^lj lizw dh lykg* 'kh"kZd ls ys[k izdkf'kr fd;k gS ftlesa 110 ATISHAY KALIT mUgksaus lykg nh gS fd & ^^izkfUrd dkSfUlyksa ls izR;sd izkUr esa fL=;ksa ds Ldwy] dkWyst [kksyus vkSj vc rd dh vis{kk vf/kd jde muds fy, eUtwj djus dks dgk tk;sA**22 bl izdkj mijksDr fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds vkyksd esa ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd jktLFkku esa lkaLd`frd uo tkxj.k dh vxznwr ^R;kxHkwfe* if=dk us ukjh tkxj.k dh fn'kk esa vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;kA blus ,d rjQ tgk¡ ukjh tkfr ij gks jgs vR;kpkj vkSj neu dh ?kVukvksa dks vke yksxksa ds le{k j[kk ogha nwljh rjQ vius ldkjkRed #[k ds }kjk buds fo:) tuer fuekZ.k dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Hkh lEiUu fd;kA lanHkZ 1- iadt] fo".kq % jktLFkku ds i= vkSj i=dkj] i`"B 169 2- izHkkdj] euksgj % jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`"B 118 3- O;kl] jkeizlkn % vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl] [k.M&AA] i`"B 412 4- R;kxHkwfe] fot;n'keh] lEor~ 1984 5- ogh] Jko.k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 547 6- ogh] QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985] i`"B 688 7- ogh] ek?k] lEor~ 1986 8- ogh] ekxZ'kh"kZ] lEor~ 1984 9- ogh] oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 318 10- ogh] ekxZ'kh"kZ] lEor~ 1984 11- ogh] oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 179 12- ogh 13- ogh] ikS"k] lEor~ 1984 14- ogh] oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 150 15- ogh] QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985] i`"B 676 16- ogh] i`"B 687 17- ogh] oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 150 18- ogh] QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985] i`"B 690 19- ogh] Jko.k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 548 20- ogh] QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985] i`"B 674 21- ogh] oS'kk[k] lEor~ 1986] i`"B 185 22- ogh] QkYxqu] lEor~ 1985] i`"B 687 jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u 111 eksfudk 'kekZ ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx Vol. 1, Pt. B jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] Sr. 2, 2012 t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u

izR;sd jk"Vª esa U;k;ky; dkuwu dh O;k[;k ,oa mldh fØ;kfUofr ds lkFk gh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa vkSj jkT; ds chp fooknksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djrk gSA ,d fyf[kr lafo/kku ds vUrxZr U;k;ky; lafo/kku dh O;k[;k vkSj mlds micU/kksa ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj lHkh izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks lafo/kku dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj dk;Z djus ds fy, ck/; djus dk vfrfjDr dk;Z Hkh lEiUu djrk gSA U;k;ky; dh ,slh 'kfDr dks U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA1 U;k;k/kh'k ds- ds- eSF;w ds 'kCnksa esa **U;kf;d leh{kk dk fopkj bl fl)kUr esa fufgr gS fd lafo/kku ewyHkwr fof/k gS vkSj bl :i esa jktuhfr 'kfDr;ksa ds forj.k dk ;a= gSA ,d ,slh lŸkk gksuh pkfg, tks ;g fu/kkZfjr djs fd dc mijksDr forj.k dks ckf/kr fd;k x;k gSA2 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku U;k;ikfydk dks fofHkUu vuqPNsnksa ¼13] 32] 226] 142] 246½ ds vUrxZr U;kf;d iqujkoykssdu dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gS ftudk iz;ksx dj U;k;ky; us lkao/kkfud micU/kksa dh uohu O;k[;k djus ds lkFk gh] vla[; O;oLFkkfidh; vkSj dk;Zikfydh; d`R;ksa dh leh{kk Hkh dh gS vkSj lafo/kku ls vlaxr ik;s tkus ij mUgsa voS/k ?kksf"kr dj] lkafo/kkfud loksZPprk dh j{kk dj fof/k ds 'kklu dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA izkjEHk esa U;k;ikfydk dk Lo:i :f<+oknh ,oa ijEijkoknh FkkA lkFk gh U;kf;d izfØ;k bruh tfVy vkSj foyEcdkjh Fkh fd fu/kZu vkSj fuj{kj O;fDr ds fy;s vius lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gsrq U;k; izkIr djuk O;; lk/; vkSj nqyZHk gks x;k FkkA U;k;ewfrZ ih- ,u- Hkxorh us U;k; O;oLFkk esa eq[; nks nks"k crk, & U;k; esa nsjh vkSj vR;f/kd [kpZA3 U;k;ikfydk us mijksDr leL;k ds fuokj.kkFkZ U;k; O;oLFkk esa ,d uohu vk;ke ds :i esa yksdfgrokn dks izLFkkfir fd;kA mPpre U;k;ky; ds dqN lfØ; rFkk fØ;k'khy U;k;k/kh'kksa us ijEijkxr lquokbZ ds vf/kdkj ¼Locus Standi½ ds fu;e dks mnkj cukrs gq, tulk/kkj.k dks yksdfgr ds ekeyksa }kjk U;k; lqyHk djkuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA yksdfgr okn dh lgk;rk ls vius vf/kdkjksa esa foLrkj dj U;k;ikfydk us dk;Zikfydk vkSj O;oLFkkfidk ds dk;ksZa dks vius gkFkksa esa ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA U;k;ky; dh bl 112 ATISHAY KALIT uohu izo`fŸk dks U;kf;d lfØ;rkokn dgk tkus yxkA U;kf;d lfØ;rk % vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks nks /kkjkvksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d dks lkekU;r% Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS tcfd nwljh dks vekU; Bgjk;k x;k gSA izFke /kkjk esa uohu fl)kUrksa dk fodkl] uohu vo/kkj.kk;sa] uohu lwfDr;k¡] uohu lw=] uohu vkSfpR; vkSj uohu izfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr gS tks vc rd izpfyr fof/k'kkL= vkSj izfØ;kRed U;k; ls vlEc) vkSj dHkh&dHkh mlls vk'kkrhr izrhr gksrs gSA nwljh /kkjk dk foLrkj izkFkfedrkvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks izLrqr djus vkSj muds fØ;kUo;u ls lEcfU/kr funsZ'k nsus rd foLr`r gks x;k tcfd os ck/;dkjh ugha gS vkSj ;fn os ck/;dkjh gS rc Hkh muds izn'kZu dks fu;af=r djus ds ctk; Lofu.kZ; ls dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dks gM+i ysuk vkSj mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k rjhds ls uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, funsZ'k nsuk tcfd mlh ds leku vFkok mlls csgrj fodYi miyC/k gks] lHkh ;kstukvksa ds fy, fØ;kUo;u dks bl vk/ kkj ij ckf/kr djuk fd mUgsa fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ekU;rk izkIr ugha] Lora= vkSj Lok;Ÿk laLFk- kvksa ds dk;ksZa esa ek= ve;kZfnr O;ogkj ds uke ij gLr{ksi djuk] mu ij U;k;ky; dh bPNk dks fof/k;ksa ds :i esa Fkksiuk] tcfd os mfpr fn'kk esa dk;Z dj jgh gks] lafo/ kku vkSj fof/k dk mudh ewy Hkkouk vkSj Hkk"kk ds foijhr O;k[;k djuk vFkok muds LFkkfir Lohdk;Z vkSj loZlEer vFkZ ls ijs tkuk vkfnA4 U;kf;d lfØ;k dh mijksDr nksuksa /kkjkvksa ij fopkj djus ds mijkUr ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; orZeku fof/k;ksa dks lkekftd fgr ,oa yksd dY;k.k gsrq muesa lq/kkj ,oa ifjorZu djrs gSA CySd ykW 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj *T;wMhf'k;y ,DVhfote* 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gSA ,d ,slk n'kZu tks U;k;k/kh'kksa dks fiNys U;kf;d mnkgj.kksa dk dM+kbZ ls vuqikyu djus ls ijs tkdj ,slh izxfr'khy vkSj ubZ lkekftd uhfr;ksa ds i{k esa tkus ds fy;s mRiszsfjr djrk gS] tks leh{kk djus okys U;k;k/kh'kksa ls visf{kr la;e ds vuq:i ges'kk ugha gksrhA vkerkSj ij ,sls fu.kZ; gksrs gS] tks lks'ky bathfu;fjax dk vkg~oku dj jgs gksrs gS vkSj dbZ ckj ;s fu.kZ; fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ds ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi dj jgs gksrs gSA U;k;k/kh'k xykc xqIrk5 ds vuqlkj **ge U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks ftl Hkh :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djs] U;k;k/kh'k] lkafo/kkfud y{;] jpukRedrk vkSj f'kYidkjh blds vax gS vkSj bl lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dk mÌs'; lkekftd lq/kkj ds fy, fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksxh foLrkj djuk gSA U;k;ewfŸkZ oh-vkj- d`".kk v;~;j ds vuqlkj] **U;kf;d lfØ;rk orZeku le; esa ,d }UnkRed i)fr dh Hkkafr gS ftlesa U;k;ky; lafo/kku }kjk ml ij vkjksfir vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx dj jgk gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd U;kf;d lfØ;rk lkekftd U;k; ds cgqewY; y{; dks izkIr djus dk ,d midj.k gSA jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u 113

Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk % ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe fiNys rhu n'kdks esa Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk esa vk'p;Ztud :i ls ifjorZu vk;k gSA U;k;ky; lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; dh LFkkiuk esa Hkh :fp ysus yxh gSA U;k;ky; } kjk vius izkjfEHkd fu.kZ;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk o O;oLFkkfidk ds fo"k;ksa esa gLr{ksi u djus dh 'kSyh dks viuk;k x;k ¼,- ds- xksikyu okn] 1950½A6 fdUrq le; dh ekax ,oa cnyrs lkekftd&jktuhfrd ifjos'k ls U;k;ky; ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA 1978 ds esudk xka/khokn7 ds i'pkr~ U;k;ky; us dbZ ,sls fu.kZ; fn, gS] tgka U;k;ky; us izR;{k :i ls O;oLFkkfidk o dk;Zikfydk dh fof/k;ksa dks izekf.kr fd;k gSA buesa ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vkj{k.k] O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa esa izos'k] bysDVªkfud ehfM;k dh Lo=rark] leku ukxfjd lafgrk] jkT;ksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ,sls izeq[k ekeys gS tgka U;k;ky; dh Hkwfedk egŸoiw.kZ jgh gSA Hkkjr esa ds'kokuan Hkkjrh okn ¼1973½8 dks U;kf;d lfØ;rkokn dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gS fdUrq loZizFke 1979 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds izeq[k U;k;k/kh'k Jh ;'koar fo". kq pUnzpwM+ us vuqPNsn 32 ds v/khu tufgr ;kfpdk ij fu.kZ; nsdj U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;kA buls iwoZ 1976 esa eqEcbZ dkexkj lHkk cuke vCnqy HkkbZ ds okn9 esa U;k;ewfrZ d`".kk v;~;j us vizR;{k :i ls tufgr fooknksa dks ekU;rk iznku dhA buds dqN o"kksZa ckn U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh }kjk lk/kkj.k dkxt ij fy[kh xbZ ;kfpdk dks Lohd`fr iznku dj tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dks u;h fn'kk iznku dh xbZ gSA ih-,u- Hkxorh ds vuqlkj fof/kd O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kuk U;k;ikfydk dk drZO; gSA fof/k ds 'kklu dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ljdkj ds izR;sd vax dks viuh 'kfDr;ksa o vf/kdkjksa dh lhekvksa esa jgrs gq, dkuwu o lafo/kku }kjk mu ij vkjksfir nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djuk pkfg,A dkuwu fuekZ.k] U;kf;d izfØ;k dk vfHkUu vax gSA U;k;k/kh'k] fo/kkfidk }kjk izLrqr hy ,oa bldh QhMj ugj ij iM+ jgk gSA lkFk gh ;fn Hkfo"; esa bl {ks= esa dksbZ Hkh [kuu dk;Z gksrk gS rks ftyk dysDVj] iqfyl ,oa ou ,oa [kuu foHkkx blds fy, mRrjnk;h gksxkA jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; us jkT; ds tyh; L=ksrksa ds laj{k.k ,oa muds cgko {ks= esa gks jgs voS/k vfrØe.kksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh egŸoiw.kZ funsZ'k tkjh fd, x, gSA jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k euh"k Hk.Mkjh us lekpkj&i= jktLFkku if=dk esa izdkf'kr lekpkj ds vk/kkj ij Loizsj.kk ls izlaKku ysrs gq, jkT; ljdkj ls viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djus dks dgkA jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; us dgk fd o"kZ 2004 esa vCnqy jgekuokn11 esa jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u 115

;g vkns'k fn;k x;k Fkk fd jkT; ds lHkh cka/kksa dks mudh iwoZ fLFkfr vFkkZr~ 15 vxLr 1947 ds le; os ftl fLFkfr esa yk;k tk, fdUrq lkr o"kksZa esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk dqN iz;kl ugha fd, x,A jkT; esa fLFkr jkex<+ cka/k dks vfrØe.k eqDr djus ds vius vkns'k dh voekuuk ij] mPp U;k;ky; us dBksj joS;k viukrs gq, jkT; ds eq[; lfpo lh- ds- eSF;w dks vkns'k fn;k fd U;k;ky; ds 11 vxLr esa fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks iwjs jkT; esa izHkkoh cuk;k tk,A jkT; ljdkj dks ;g vkns'k fn;k x;k Fkk fd cka/k dks 15 vxLr 1947 dh fLFkfr esa iqu%LFkkfir fd;k tk,A lkFk gh U;k;ky; us ljdkj dks vkns'k fn;k fd lHkh ftyksa esa tyh; L=ksrksa dh fLFkfr dh tkap ds fy, lfefr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A jkt/kkuh t;iqj fLFkr vekuh'kkg ukyk] tks fd iwoZ esa n`O;orh unh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk] orZeku esa voS/k fuekZ.k o vfrØe.k dh HksaV p<+ pqdk gSA lkekftd dk;Zdrk ih-,u- e.Mksyk ,oa ,e-,l- pkS/kjh dh ;kfpdk ij jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k v#.k feJk vkSj U;k;k/kh'k ujsUnz dqekj tSu dh cSap us vkns'k fn;k fd fdlh dks Hkh ugha NksM+k tk,xk] pkgs og O;fDr fdruk Hkh izHkko'kkyh D;ksa u gksA U;k;ky; us dgk fd lHkh fuekZ.kksa dks /oLr dj fn;k tk, tks fu;eksa ds fo:) cuk, x, gS] pkgs mUgsa Lohd`fr izkIr gksA U;k;ky; ds vkns'k dh fØ;kfUofr ds ifj.kkeLo:i t;iqj fodkl izkf/kdj.k }kjk 40 O;fDr;ksa dks uksfVl Hkst dj 9-5 fdeh ds {ks= dks vfrØe.k eqDr fd;k tk pqdk gSA ogha vU; voS/k fuekZ.kksZa o vfrØe.kksa dks /oLr djus dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds i'pkr~ t;iqj fodkl izkf/kdj.k }kjk 15 LVs'kuksa dk fu/ kkZj.k fd;k x;k ftlls vekuh'kkg ukys dh pkSM+kbZ dks fu/kkZfjr dj mls ewy Lo:i esa okil yk;k tk ldsaA jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; }kjk gky gh esa] vius fu.kZ; }kjk vla[; cPpksa ds thou o LokLF; dh j{kk djus dk ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA U;k;ky; us jkT; ljdkj dks funsZ'k nsdj lHkh fo|ky;ksa] vLirkyksa o xgu vkcknh okys {ks=ksa ls eksckby Vkojksa dks dks rqjUr gVkus ds vkns'k fn, gSA eq[; U;k;k/kh'k v#.k feJk o U;k;k/kh'k ,u-ds- tSu }kjk dqN tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds lanHkZ esa ;g vkns'k fn;k fd 1 vDVwcj rd lHkh izdkj dh e'khujh o Vkoj gVk fn, tkus pkfg,A mPp U;k;ky; us eq[; lfpo lh-ds- eSF;w dks ;g ftEesnkjh lkSaih gS fd og ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd 7 vDVwcj rd lHkh eksckby Vkoj gVk fn, tk,A mPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds ifj.kkeLo:i eksckby vkWijsVlZ ,lksfl,s'ku us jkT; ds 40 'kgjksa esa 199 eksckby Vkojksa dks can djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA U;k;ky; ds bl fu.kZ; us dbZ cPpksa ds LokLF; dh jsMh,s'ku ls iM+us okys nq"izHkko ls j{kk dh gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mPp U;k;ky; }kjk tyh; L=ksrksa ds laj{k.k] voS/k 116 ATISHAY KALIT

[kuu ,oa ekuo LokLF; dh j{kkFkZ fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa us i;kZoj.k o ikfjfLFkfrdh; larqyu dks fcxM+us ls jksdus esa ljkguh; o izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA U;k;ky; }kjk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dh lquokbZ ,oa Loizsj.kk }kjk i;kZoj.kh; fo"k;kas ds fuiVkjs us tgk¡ ,d vksj U;k;ky; esa turk dh vkLFkk dks LFkkfir fd;k gS ogha ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k fd O;fDr ,oa laLFkk] pkgs og fdruh Hkh izHkko'kkyh ;k 'kfDr'kkyh gks] U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; lHkh ij leku :i ls izHkkoh gSA U;k;ky; dh bl ldkjkRed Hkwfedk ls turk esa Hkh i;kZoj.kh; fo"k;ksa ds izfr psruk fodflr gqbZ gSA lkFk gh] jkT; ljdkj ,oa vU; ljdkjh izkf/kdkfj;ksa esa Hkh tokcnsgh ,oa fØ;k'khyrk dks c<+kok feyk gSA U;k;ky; dh lfØ; Hkwfedk dh tgka ,d vksj iz'kalk dh tk jgh gS] ogha dqN vkykspd bls U;kf;d vfrokfnrk vFkok U;kf;d gLr{ksi dh laKk nsrs gSA U;k;ky; } kjk yxkrkj ljdkj ,oa iz'kklu dks fn, tkus okys fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ls dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk ds lEcU/kksa esa ruko mHkjus dk Hk; jgrk gSA U;k;ky;ksa }kjk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds ek/;e ls U;k; iznku djus dh izo`fŸk us ,d vU; leL;k dks Hkh tUe fn;k gSA yksdfgr okn U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk ,d izHkko'kkyh ek/;e gS] fdUrq orZeku esa U;k;ky; ds lkeus fooknksa dk vEckj u yxs vkSj lR; vk/ kkfjr tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ij lquokbZ gks lds] blds fy, vko';d gS fd dkYifud vkSj nqjk'k;rkiw.kZ tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ij l[rh ls jksd yxkbZ tk,A U;k;k/kh'k fot; galkfj;k ds vuqlkj tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds fy, ,d fuf'pr QkWjesV dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vUrr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd U;k;ikfydk dks viuh lfØ; Hkwfedk bl izk- Fkfed rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fuHkkuh pkfg, fd lafo/kku gh og loksZPp nLrkost gS ftlds vUrxZr dkuwu cuk, tkus pkfg,A la;e vkSj Lo&fu;a=.k ls ifjiw.kZ U;kf;d lfØ;rk fuf'pr :i ls yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dh n{krk esa yksxksa dh vkLFkk dks iqu% LFkkfir djsxhA lUnHkZ lwph % 1- dqekj ufyu] ¼QkjoMsZM ck, ih-lh- ikartfy½ **T;wfMf'k;jh vkWu xksYl vkWQ xousZUl] Mk;jsfDVo fizfliYl vkWQ LVsV ikWfylh] vukfedk ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ izk- fy- 2005] i`- 23A 2- eSF;w] ds- ds-] **MseksØslh ,.M T;wMhf'k;y fjO;w**] nh VkbEl vkWQ bf.M;k] U;w fnYyh] ekpZ 26] 1996A 3- yks<+k] xqekuey] **;wel] ysEl ,.M Qk;j**] ;wfud VsªMlZ] t;iqj] 1985 vkeq[kA 4- lkoUr] ih-oh-] **T;wMhf'k;y ,DVhfote % VªsaMl ,.M izkslisDV]** bu **ikWfyfVDl bf.M;k**] vizSy 1997] i`"B 11A 5- T;wMhf'k;y ,Dohfte] , us'kuy uslsflVh] 1999 ¼xii½ lh-vkbZ-,y-D;w-A 6- ,-vkbZ-vkj-] 1950] ,l-lh- 88] 276A jktLFkku esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk izHkko % i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u 117

MkW- vfer oekZ ATISHAY KALIT O;k[;krk] fp=dyk foHkkx] Vol. 1, Pt. B LVsuh eseksfj;y ih-th- dkWyst] Sr. 2, 2012 t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkku dh lelkef;d dyk esa LoxhZ; Jh ijekuUn pks;y dk ;ksxnku ¼,d J`)katyh½

fiNys ipkl o"kksZa dh jpuk ;k=k esa LoxhZ; Jh ih-,u- pks;y dh dyk us dbZ iM+ko ns[ks Fks] ij fdlh ,d gh iM+ko ij nsj rd fVds jguk mUgsa eatwj ugha jgkA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd jpuk&fof/k;ksa vkSj fp=&Hkk"kk ds ekeys esa gesa muds dke esa [kklh fofo/krk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA1 HkSalksaokyk dykdkj ds uke ls izfl) Jh ih-,u- pks;y dk tUe jktLFkku ds dksVk uxj esa 5 tuojh 1924 dks gqvkA fp=dyk dh izFke f'k{kk mUgsa ijEijkxr dykdkj ^Jh dkywjke 'kekZ* ls feyhA ckY;dky esa fofHkUu vaydj.kksa vkSj ek.Muksa ls budh dyk psruk mn~Hkqr gqbZA izkFkfed f'k{kk xzg.k djus ds ckn dksVk egkjkt ds iz;kl ls egkjktk Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ~l ,.M ØkV~l] t;iqj esa :fp ds vuqlkj dyk dh f'k{kk ds fy, mUgsa Hkstk x;kA ;gk¡ os 'kSysUnzukFk Ms rFkk jkexksiky fot;oxhZ; ds fo|kFkhZ jgsA laLFkk esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk us mudks fo|kFkhZ ds :i esa dyk ds izfr u;k n`f"Vdks.k fn;k rFkk mudh js[kk;sa vf/kd l'kDr gks xbZA mu fnuksa Hkkjrh; dyk dk vk/kkj ^ok'k* rFkk ^VsEijk* i)fr dk iqu:RFkku dky Fkk ftlesa ^nsoh&nsork*] ^,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa* o ^yksddyk* dks egRo fn;k tkrk FkkA fdUrq mUgksaus fdlh Hkh ,d ;k nks i)fr esa fl)gLr gksuk vkSj l`tu djuk i;kZIr ugha le>kA blh }U}kRed eu%fLFkfr esa mUgksaus 1953 bZ- esa lj ts-ts- Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ ls fMIyksek rFkk visf{kr ifjorZu dj VsEijk esa dk;Z djuk izkjEHk fd;kA ;gk¡ ls mudh dyk ;k=k dk nwljk pj.k izkjEHk gqvkA bl le; Jh pks;y us e/;izns'k ds vkfnokfl;ksa dh thou&p;kZ dk xgu v/;;u dj fp=.k fd;kA ;FkkFkZ fp=.k tks mUgksaus ts-ts- Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ ls lh[kk Fkk] ij vk/kkfjr js[kkadu vkSj ekWMy fcBkdj v/;;u djus dh :fp de gksrh xbZA blls ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds izfr vki vkdf"kZr gq, rFkk oku xkWx ds O;fDrRo ls cgqr izHkkfor gq,A vR;f/kd izHkko ds dkj.k gh vkius 1958 ls 1966 ds e/; oku xkWx] v/kwjh rLohj] pyrs&fQjrs cqr vkfn ,dkadh fy[ks o funsZf'kr fd;sA oku xkWx ds fp= ^/kku ds [ksr ij dkSos* dh rtZ ij mUgksaus ^>kSiM+h ds dkSos* fp= Hkh cuk;kA vc mUgksaus VsEijk fp=ksa dks va'kr% R;kx dj rSy fp=.k izkjEHk fd;k ftlls jaxksa esa VsEijk tSlh ped ugha jghA Qyd dk vkdkj c<+ x;k] jax /kwfey 118 ATISHAY KALIT gksus yxs vkSj vkdkj o jax lEiq"V gks x;sA vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk rwfydk?kkr Hkh LQwfrZe; vkSj csckd gks x;sA bl le; vkids }kjk HkSalksa ij cuh J`a[kyk,a o js[kkadu cgqr izfl) gq,A ;gha ls gh Jh pks;y ^HkSalksaokyk dykdkj* ds uke ls izfl) gq,A 1960 bZ- esa HkSalksa ds fp= ij gh jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh }kjk mUgsa iqjLdkj izkIr gqvkA2 Jh pks;y ds fy, 1960 dk n'kd ,d egRoiw.kZ eksM+ Fkk] tgk¡ mUgsa u dsoy rduhd tkuus o lh[kus dk volj feyk vfirq if'pe ds lkekftd thou dks ns[kus] ij[kus o thus dk volj izkIr gqvkA ;g volj Jh pks;y ds thou dk egRoiw.kZ volj Fkk tgk¡ lalkj Hkj ds dykdkjksa ls feyus] laxzgky; ns[kus rFkk lh[kus dk volj izkIr gqvk FkkA lh[kus dh rhoz bPNk us pks;y dks KkuktZu ds ,sls egRoiw.kZ LFkku ij igqapk fn;k tgk¡ mUgksaus le; dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;kA ,d vuq'kkflr fo|kFkhZ dh rjg] LysM+ Ldwy] yanu esa i<+rs gq, mUgksaus izR;sd {k.k dk lnqi;ksx fd;kA muds vkfFkZd lk/ku vR;Ur lhfer Fks] vr% yanu tSls fo'kky ,oa vusd vkd"kZ.kksa ls Hkjs bl uxj esa tgk¡ 6000 ls vf/kd 'kjkc?kj ¼ic½ ,oa vusd u`R;'kkyk;sa gSa] Jh pks;y dks vius dyk&f'k{k.k ls HkVdus dk volj ugha fn;kA os izR;sd {k.k dk mi;ksx] rduhd esa n{k gksus ,oa dyk fopkjksa ,oa Lo;a dh ekU;rkvksa dks ifjiDo cukus esa djrs jgsA pks;y us LysM+ Ldwy esa v/;;ujr jgrs gq, dfBu ifjJe ls ;g lh[kk fd ,d dykdkj dh {kerk mlds js[kkadu ¼MªkbZax rFkk Ldsfpax½ esa gSA ,d vPNk Ldsp lQyrk dk vk/kkj gSA Ldwy esa ekWMy L=h] iq:"k yEcs le; rd fLFkj cSBrs Fks rFkk Nk= ekuo 'kjhj ds ewyHkwr Lo:i dks Ldsp djuk lh[krsA izfrfnu izf'kf{kr ekWMy fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa fLFkj cSBrs] rFkk pks;y dks js[kkadu djus] Ldsp cukus rFkk dEiksft'ku djus dk volj feyrk FkkA izksQslj ds funsZ'kkuqlkj ekWMy fL=;k¡&iq:"k cSBrs] [kM+s jgrs rFkk fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa ysVrs ,oa v/kysVs jgrs Fks rFkk Nk= le; dk lnqi;ksx dj ckj&ckj vH;kl djrs FksA pks;y us vuqHko fd;k fd ekWMy fLFkj fLFkfr esa cSBrs gSa ijUrq os ¼IykLVj vkWQ isfjl ds ekWMyksa dh rjg½ futhZo ugha gS( vfirq muds 'kjhj laosnu'khy gSA pks;y esa pk{kq"k v/;;u ls fLFkj ekWMy ds 'kjhj }kjk izLQqfVr euksHkkoksa dks fpf=r djuk lh[kkA pks;y ds fy, ;g u;k vuqHko Fkk fd fuoZluk fL=;k¡ ekWMy ds :i esa ?k.Vksa cSBh [kM+h jgrh rFkk Nk= mUgsa ns[k js[kkadu djrs FksA pks;y /khjs&/ khjs 'kjhj dh ^vukVkWeh* 'kkjhfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u djus yxsA mUgksaus vuqHko fd;k fd ekuo dsoy psgjs ls gh euksHkko dks izdV ugha djrk ijUrq 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkx Hkh euksHkkoksa dk laisz"k.k djrs gSaA pks;y ds yanu v/;;u us muds euksHkkoksa dks izdV djus dh rduhdksa o jaxksa ds mi;ksx dh {kerk dks l'kDr cuk fn;kA3 os vc fp=ksa esa iryh rgksa esa jax yxkus yxsA yanu esa cukbZ izeq[k d`fr;ksa esa ^yanu dh 'kke*] ^vjkm.M gkÅl*] ^oqeSu* vkfn gSaA4 jktLFkku dh lelkef;d dyk esa LoxhZ; Jh ijekuUn pks;y dk ;ksxnku---- 119

1974 bZ- esa Jh ijekuUn pks;y dks g~n;k?kkr gqvkA Jh pks;y vius ;qokdky esa dkQh lkyksa rd rst rjkZj gkWdh f[kykM+h jgs Fks vkSj 'kk;n blh dkj.k thou ds vusd mrkj&p<+ko mUgsa rksM+ ugha ik,A g~n;k?kkr us muds 'kjhj esa njkjsa rks Mkyh ij os ,d mUeqDr ftthfo"kk fy, iqu% Liafnr gks mBsA vius rst rwfydk?kkrksa ls mUgksaus [kf.Mr egyksa] >jks[kksa dks gh ugha cuk;k cfYd lkekftd vU;k;] mRihM+u o ttZfjr ekU;rkvksa ij izgkj Hkh fd;kA /khjs&/khjs mudh iqjkuh ;knsa Hkh ykSVha vkSj lkeUrh fnuksa dh ihfM+r ukjh mudk u;k fo"k; cu x;kA4 efgykvksa dks feyus okyh izrkM+ukvksa ls os cgqr fopfyr gks mBrs Fks vkSj vius vUrl dh ?kuhHkwr osnuk dks dSuokl ij fpf=r dj nsrs FksA mUgksaus vke fp=dkjksa dh Hkkafr ukjh dk :ekuh fp=.k dHkh ugha fd;kA mUgsa yxrk Fkk fd lkeUrh iq:"k vkt Hkh rjg&rjg ds eq[kkSVs yxk, gj rjQ ekStwn gS tks ekSdk ikrs gh jko.k dk fodjky :i ys mBrk gSA lkef;d jktuhfr] lkekftd vU;k; o fc[kjrs thou&ewY; u,&u, :iksa esa mUgsa dpkSVrs jgrs Fks vkSj os /khj&xaHkhj dSuokl ij mFky&iqFky jp nsrs FksA tathjksa esa tdM+h efgyk dks os va/ksjs ls izdk'k dh vksj ys tkus esa lQy jgsA os efgyk eqfDr ds tcjnLr leFkZd jgs vkSj blh ds vuq:i mUgksaus efgyk eqfDr ls lacaf/kr fp=ksa dh ,d yEch J`a[kyk cuk;hA5 Pkks;y fp=ksa }kjk lkoZHkkSfed n`f"Vdks.k dh vfHkO;fDr djrs Fks] pks;y us ^f[kM+dh* J`a[kyk esa vusd fp= cuk;s FksA f[kM+dh ls >kadrh] ns[krh rFkk yqd&fNi dj lqurh cfr;krh efgykvksa ds fp=] ,d ijEijk esa tdM+h ekuo ftUnxh dh NViVkgV dk :ikadu gSA f[kM+fd;k¡ ukjh ds fy, Lora=rk dk ,d fNnz cu x;hA bl J`a[kyk ds fp=ksa o pks;y dh iz;ksxoknh 'kSyh us mudks vfHkO;fDroknh fp=dkj cuk fn;kA pks;y ds fp= y?kq dgkfu;ksa dh rjg gS tks fofHkUu [k.Mksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d miU;kl dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA tutkrh;] xzkeh.k o 'kgjh ukfj;k¡ dgha u dgha dBksj ijEijkvksa esa tdM+h gS] tks vktknh ikus dh NViVkgV fy, gq, gSa] pks;y us blh fopkj dks vusd :iksa esa fpf=r fd;k gSA ?kwa?kV dh vksV ls >kadrh] f[kM+dh ls fugkjrh vkos'k esa pyrh fujoluk;sa rFkk if{k;ksa ds ek/;e ls lans'k igqapkrh ukfj;k¡ g~n;ghu ijEijkvksa ds fo:) la?k"kZ djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA6 Jh ijekuUn pks;y ,d lQy ys[kd rFkk ukVddkj ds :i esa Hkh [;kfr izkIr FksA 1960 esa muds }kjk fyf[kr o funsZf'kr dykRed ukVdksa esa ^^pyrs&fQjrs cqr** ukVd ls rRdkyhu dyk lanHkksZa esa cgqr pfpZr jgs gSaA lu~ 1961&62 esa mUgksaus LysM Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ] yUnu esa v/;;u fd;k FkkA viuh bl igyh fons'k ;k=k dh dgkuh dks mUgksaus ^^yanu esa xqtkjs fnu** uked iqLrd esa ys[kc) fd;k gS( bl iqLrd ds fo"k; esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd ^^;g esjh igyh&igyh fons'k ;k=k dh dgkuh gS & dqN ikus dh vkSj dqN [kksus dh dgkuhA mu yksxksa dks lefiZr gS tks vius mn~ns'; ds fy, dqN [kksus vkSj dqN ikus dks rS;kj gSA** 120 ATISHAY KALIT

pks;y us ijEijkoknh] ;FkkFkZoknh] vfHkO;atukoknh vkSj furkUr uO;oknh :i esa fHkUu&fHkUu iz;ksx ¼okW'k] VsEijk] ty o rSyjax½ lHkh i)fr;ksa esa fd;s gSa] mUgksaus izkd`frd n`';ksa] ikSjkf.kd ,oa ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dk fp=.k fd;k] fdUrq izeq[k :i ls lkekftd mRihM+u ds e/; thou la?k"kZ ds lk{; mifLFkr fd;sA mudh dyk esa ewrZ rFkk vewrZ nksuksa dyk :iksa dk leUo; gqvk gSA Jh ijekuUn pks;y v/;;u] fMeksLVªs'ku fo'ks"kK ,oa fu.kkZ;d dk;ksZa ls vusd ckj ;wjksi ,oa iwohZ ns'kksa dh ;k=k,¡ djrs jgsA vkius Ýkal] bVyh] bftIV] baxyS.M] dkfgjk] fLoV~tjyS.M o cqyxkfj;k dh fons'k ;k=k,¡ dha rFkk ogka ds fp=dkj vkids dk;ksZa ls cgqr izHkkfor Hkh gq,A ijekuUn pks;y ds fp= vusd futh rFkk lkoZtfud laxzgksa rd igqaps gSaA buesa jk"Vªh; vk/kqfud dyk nh?kkZ] ubZ fnYyh] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] tokgj dyk dsUnz vkfn izeq[k gSA p.Mhx<+ ,oa ns'k fons'k ds laxzgky;ksa esa ;s lqlfTtr gSA7 yxHkx rhu n'kdksa rd Jh ijekuUn pks;y us mn;iqj fo'ofo|ky; ds dyk foHkkx esa Nk=ksa dks lS)kfUrd vkSj izk;ksfxd tkudkfj;k¡ nhaA vkt dbZ Nk= fo[;kr fp=dkjksa ds :i esa xq: ijekuUn pks;y dh rkyhe dks fpjkx :i esa tyk;s cSBs gSaA muds lkFk ,d vkSj lq[kn rF; ;g gS fd yxkrkj rhljh ih<+h Jh ^vkdk'k pks;y* mlh ?kj esa dyk dks jks'ku fd, gq, gSaA Jh ijekuUn pks;y ds bdykSrs iq= Jh 'kSy pks;y Lo;a ,d [;kfr izkIr fp=dkj gSaA Jh 'kSy pks;y dh lgHkkfxuh Jherh lqjthr dkSj Hkh fgUnqLrku dh efgyk fprsfj;ksa esa vxz.kh gSaA ^^l`tukRedrk u rks fdUgha izpfyr izo`fÙk;ksa ds vuqdj.k ls izkIr gks ldrh gS vkSj u ekaxus o nsus ls izkIr gks ldrh gSA og rks vuojr dk;Z la?k"kZ rFkk fpUru ds }kjk dh xbZ 'kks/k dk ifj.kke gSA n`<+ ladYi o y{; rd igqapus dh psruk gh dykdkj dks l`tu'khy cuk ldrh gSA ,d l`tukRed d`fr ges'kk dykRed Kku rFkk lkaLd`frd le> dks fodflr djrh gSA** thou ds izkjfEHkd pj.kksa ls gh Jh ijekuUn pks;y l`tu dh /kkjk dks vkxs c<+krs jgs] fp= deZ djrs jgs] ns'k&fons'kksa esa bUgsa iznf'kZr djrs jgsA dbZ jk"Vªh;&vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEeku bUgsa feysaA Jh ijekuUn pks;y dh bPNk Fkh fd ^^eSa vius gkFkksa esa cz'k fy, gh e`R;q dh izkfIr d:aA** vkSj ;gh dkj.k jgk fd Jh pks;y us vius vafre le; rd cz'k dk lkFk ugha NksM+kA dyk izfrHkk ds /kuh Jh ijekuUn pks;y us 1 flrEcj 2012 dks mn;iqj esa bl lalkj ls fonk ys yhA ysfdu viuh dyk ds ek/;e ls os bl dyk lalkj ls dHkh fonk ugha ys ldrs vkSj vkus okyh izR;sd ih<+h ds os iszj.kkL=ksr jgsaxsA lanHkZ xzUFk 1- iz;kx 'kqDy % ih-,u- pks;y dh dyk [krjs mBkdj Hkh dqN u;k jpus dk lkgl] Voyage Along: The broken Line, Dhoomimal Art Center, New Delhi, 2003 Page No. 39 jktLFkku dh lelkef;d dyk esa LoxhZ; Jh ijekuUn pks;y dk ;ksxnku---- 121

2- MkW- eerk prqosZnh % ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2010 i`- 116 3- MkW- vks-ih- tks'kh % ijekuUn pks;y] O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] bysLVªsVsM cqd ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] 2002 i`- 14 4- 'kSy pks;y % csVs dh dye ls A Voyage Along: The broken Line, Dhoomimal Art Center, New Delhi, 2003 Page No. 67 5- eatw 'kekZ % laosnu'khy fprsjs ih-,u- pks;y] lwtl lkald`frdh] lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ funs'kky;] t;iqj] 1997] i`- 249 6- MkW- vks-ih- tks'kh % ijekuUn pks;y] O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] bysLVªsVsM cqd ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] 2002 i`- 18

fp= & 1

fp= & 2 122 ATISHAY KALIT

fp= & 3

fp= & 4 jktLFkku dh lelkef;d dyk esa LoxhZ; Jh ijekuUn pks;y dk ;ksxnku---- 123

fp= & 5

fp= & 6 124 ATISHAY KALIT y¨d¢'k dqekor ATISHAY KALIT O;k[;krk] fotqvy vkVZ foHkkx Vol. 1, Pt. B LVsuh eseksfj;y ih- th- dkWyst Sr. 2, 2012 t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd dk: dk"B rduhdh dyk ,oa t;iqj dk"B dyk ¼dk: dyk½ ;g uke lqurs gh gekjs eu efLr"d esa ydM+h d¢ N¨Vs&N¨Vs ÅaV] ĨM+s] gkFkh] ukuk izdkj dh dk"B dh Ñfr;k¡ fopj.k djus yxrh gSaA dkj.k gS gekjh n`f"V] t¨ dk"B ns[kus dh vH;Lr gSA eSa jktLFkku ls gwa v©j jktLFkku izkjEÒ ls gh dyk {ks= esa jktkJ; izkIr djrk vk;k gSA *egkjktk lokbZjke flag* dk uke mYys[kuh; gS D;¨afd vki Lo;a dykdkj¨a d¨ iz¨Rlkfgr fd;k djrs Fks rFkk dyk d¨ c<+kok nsus esa vkidk ;¨xnku lokZfèkd jgkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jktLFkku d¢ okrkoj.k esa *dk# dyk* dk egRo vfèkd gSA t;iqj esa dk: dyk dk mnxe izkjEÒ esa ;g dyk gkFkh nkar ij dh tkrh FkhA dkj.k Fkk nkar d¨ jktlh ekuk tkrk Fkk rFkk ;g vewY; oLrq gSA pkgs og nhokj dh dhy g¨] gkFk d¢ dM+s g¨] ltkus dk ySEi g¨] daÄh g¨] vkÒw"k.k g¨ ;k ltkus d¢ fy, ewfrZ;k¡] tkuoj vkfn] ewyr% gkFkh nkar dk gh iz;¨x g¨rk FkkA ijUrq dky pØ dh xfr d¢ lkFk&lkFk jktlh vkJ; lekIr gqvk rFkk gkFkh nkar ij ljdkjh izfrcUèk yx x;kA ijUrq lekt esa dyk dk LFkku ,oa vko';drk ogÈ FkhA QyLo:i dykdkj¨a us bldh iwfrZ d¢ fy, u;k ekè;e ryk'k fy;kA t¨ ydM+h d¢ :i esa lkeus vk;k o izpfyr gqvkA izkjEÒ esa eq[; :i ls pUnu dh ydM+h dk iz;¨x gqvk rFkk bld¢ ckn dne] vkcuwl] gYnw] 'khle vkfn dk iz;¨x g¨us yxkA dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl dk"B dyk d¢ bfrgkl dh ckr dj r¨ gesa ckr djuh g¨xh t;iqj esa izkjEÒ esa gkFkh nkar d¢ dykdkj¨a dh ftuesa vge uke gSa ÞÒ©ajhyky thÞA ;g t;iqj d¢ izkjfEÒd ukeh dykdkj jgsA bud¢ ckn bud¢ f'k"; ÞgfjukFk thÞ us bl fojklr d¨ lEÒkyrs gq, vkxs c<+k;kA os dk"B dyk d¨ izFke ckj t;iqj esa yk, vFkkZr~ ge dgs fd ekè;e ifjorZu dk Js; ÞgfjukFkthÞ d¢ f'k"; Þxq#Òxr thÞ d¨ tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd Òkjr vktknh d¢ lehiorÊ le; esa xq:Òxr th eqacbZ ls izFke ckj 5 #i;s fdy¨ esa pUnu yk, Fks rFkk bUg¨aus blesa izFke ckj mRdh.kZ fd;kA budk eq[; fo"k; *'krjat* FkkA t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 125 bud¢ ckn bld¨ izpyu esa ykus dk Js; bud¢ f'k"; Þtxnh'k thÞ d¨ tkrk gSA bUgsa budh dyk ÞlsUV tktZÞ d¢ fy, *cjdr mYyk [kk¡* }kjk lEeku Òh fn;k x;kA bld¢ vykok Òh bud¢ eq[; fo"k;¨a esa *tSu ewfrZ;ka] tkuoj¨a dh vkÑfr;ka] v'k¨d LrEÒ vkfn izeq[k FksA bUgÈ d¢ N¨Vs Òkà *Jh lhrkjke th* rFkk vU; dà dykdkj¨a us u;s&u;s fo"k;¨a d¨ tUe fn;kA vÒh geus ckr dh dykdkj¨a dhA vc ge ckr djsa rduhd dh] r¨ dqN vge ckrsa lkeus vkrh gSaA izkjEÒ esa tc gkFkh nkar dk iz;¨x g¨rk Fkk] rc rd e'khu dk iz;¨x T;knk izpyu esa ugha vk;k FkkA mRdh.kZ ls lEcfUèkr lÒh dk;Z pkgs Mqykà g¨] lQkà g¨] rS;kjh g¨] lkjk dk;Z gkFk¨a ls fd;k tkrk FkkA bld¢ fy, *VkUdh*] *jsrh* vkfn dk iz;¨x fd;k tkrk FkkA bld¢ ckn tc igyh ckj fnYyh ls e'khu ykà xÃ] rc bldk iz;¨x gkFkh nkar esa gh fd;k x;kA ckn esa dk"B d¢ fy, bldk iz;¨x vke g¨ x;kA blls dyk dk Lrj] ekax o iwfrZ c<+hA u;s v©tkj¨a ls ifjp; gqvk] dke dh xfr c<+h] vkiwfrZ tYnh g¨us yxh] rFkk dk: dyk esa dk"B dyk lekt esa vke :i esa ns[kus d¨ feyus yxhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku le; esa jktLFkku esa ØkV dyk n'kZuh; gS rFkk e'khu¨a dh lgk;rk ls u;s iz;¨x ,oa fo"k;¨a ij dke fd;k tk jgk gS] t¨ fd ØkV d¢ Òfo"; d¨ lq[kn cukrk gSA dk"B dyk dk iz;¨tu ,oa :fp d¢ lkFk dyk {ks= esa bldk ifjp; lalkj esa gj dyk dk egRo o ifj;¨tu fuèkkZfjr gSA pkgs og ewrZ g¨ ;k vewrZ] pkgs og mnjiwfrZdrkZ g¨ ;k ekufld vko';drkv¨a dh iwfrZ] ijUrq ,d iz;¨tu fufgr vko';d g¨rk gSA esjs fo"k; dk"B dyk ij vkèkkfjr gS r¨ eSa dk"V dyk d¢ iz;¨tu d¢ ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gw¡A iz;¨tu ls igys gesa bld¢ mn~xe d¢ dkj.k¨a ij ,d n`f"Vikr djuk vko';d gSA i gkFkh nkar dh dyk ij ljdkjh ikcUnhA i vU; lkèku ¼vewY; iRFkj] pkanh] l¨uk vkfn½ dk egaxk g¨ukA i ydM+h dk ØkV tYnh rS;kj g¨rk gS] lLrk g¨rk gS] vke dyk izseh dh igq¡p esa g¨rk gSA i gYdk g¨us d¢ dkj.k fu;kZr T;knk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk fd ;g dyk gkFkh nkar ls ydM+h esa 'khÄz gh izpfyr g¨ xÃA vc ge ckr djsa bld¢ iz;¨tu d¢ ckjs esa r¨ ge gekjs thou d¢ dà vk;ke¨a ls xqtjuk iM+sxk D;¨afd ;g dk"V dk: dyk d¢oy ltkus dh oLrq ek= u jg dj vke thou esa vkus okyh N¨Vh&N¨Vh oLrqv¨a dh vko';drk iwfrZ dk lkèku cu pqdh gSA ;gh 126 ATISHAY KALIT dkj.k gS fd bl dyk dk O;kolk;hdj.k lcls T;knk o tYnh gqvk gSA O;olk;hdj.k g¨us ls ;g dyk Äj&Äj esa igq¡p pqdh gSA bl dyk dk :ikUrj.k ltkus d¢ lkFk&lkFk mi;¨xh dyk d¢ :i esa Òh g¨us yxk] D;¨afd vke thou esa dke vkus okyh N¨Vh&N¨Vh phtsa dk: dk"B dyk esa 'kkfey g¨ pqdh gSA ;g gSa& bl dk: dk"B dyk d¨ ge eq[; :i ls n¨ Òkx¨a esa ckaVrs gSa&

mij¨Dr foospu ls ;g Kkr g¨rk gS fd dk: dk"B dyk vkt gekjs thou dk ,d N¨Vk gh lgh] ij egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu pqdk gS v©j ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;g dyk vÒh rd lqjf{kr gS rFkk blesa u;s&u;s iz;¨x fd;s tk jgs gSaA dk"B dh igpku rFkk ifjp; t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 127

bl fo"k; d¢ ckjs esa ge izkjEÒ esa Fk¨M+k mYys~[k dj pqd¢ gSa ijUrq rduhdh n`f"V ls bldk egRo Li"V djuk vko';d gSA dk: dk"B d¢ fy, gkFkh nkar d¢ iz;¨x d¢ ckn tc u;s ekè;e dh vko';drk iM+h r¨ dà rduhdh fcUnq lkeus vk;s] tSls& i t¨ Òh ekè;e iz;¨x g¨] mlesa dfVax vklkuh ls dh tk ld¢A i yEcs le; rd fVd ld¢] fVdus ls vFkZ gS [kjkc uk g¨A i ckjhd mRdh.kZ fd;k tk ld¢A i gkFkh nkar d¢ rqyukRed ped ykà tk ld¢A i vklkuh ls miyCèk g¨ ld¢A bu fcUnqv¨a ij è;ku nsus d¢ ckn ,d ekè;e lkeus vk;k og Fkk ÞydM+hÞA ydM+h esa Òh dà izdkj dh ydfM+;ka lkeus vkÃA tSls&pUnu] dne] dkyh ydM+h] gYnw] 'kh'ke] vjMw] j¨toqM vkfnA mij¨Dr izR;sd ydM+h dk viuk ,d fo'ks"k xq.k gS o xq.koÙkk o iz;¨x d¢ vkèkkj ij ,d&nwljs ls de&T;knk gSaA i pUnu esa [kq'kcq] pednkj o lcls etcwrA i dne esa [kq'kcq ugÈ gSaA ped pUnu dh rqyuk esa Fk¨M+h de ij etcwr o B¨sl g¨rh gSA i dkyh ydM+h uke ls gh ifjp; feyrk gS fd ;g dkyh o pednkj g¨rh gSA blesa dqN izfr'kr y¨gs dh ek=k g¨rh gSA bldk rqyukRed otu T;knk g¨rk gSA i gYnw&;g gYdh ihyh g¨rh gS ij de iz;¨x esa ykà tkrh gSA blesa js'ks dne dh rqyuk esa T;knk g¨rs gSaA i vjMw&;g cgqr uje o gYdh g¨rh gSA ckjhd dfVax ugÈ g¨ ldrhA Tynh [kjkc g¨rh gSA de iz;¨x esa ykà tkrh gSA i j¨toqM&;g yky jax dh g¨rh gSA mRdh.kZ vPNk g¨ ikrk gSA mij¨Dr oDrO; esa geus dqN izeq[k ydfM+;¨a d¢ xq.k¨a d¢ ckjs esa tkukA bld¢ vykok Òh dà ydfM+;¨a esa dk: dk"V dyk dk fuekZ.k g¨rk gSA ijUrq ;g izeq[k gSA izkjEÒ esa pUnu iz;¨x g¨rk FkkA gkFkh nkar d¢ ckn ;gh ,d lkèku Fkk t¨ mldh xq.koÙkk d¨ iwjh dj ldrk Fkk D;¨afd pUnu dh ydM+h lokZfèkd dB¨j o rsy;qDr o [kq'kcq ;qDr g¨rh gSA blesa rsy g¨us d¢ dkj.k Tynh [kjkc ugÈ g¨rh] i‚fy'k djus ij ped vfèkd vkrh gSA dhM+k ugÈ yxrk v©j ckjhd ls ckjhd fMtkbu cukà tk ldrh gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd pUnu dk iz;¨x izkjEÒ esa lokZfèkd fd;k x;kA ckn esa pUnu 128 ATISHAY KALIT dh deh d¢ dkj.k o ljdkjh izfrcUèkksa d¢ dkj.k dykdkj¨a esa dne] gYnw] j¨toqM] vkfn dke djuk vkjEÒ dj fn;kA orZeku esa cgqr de LFkku¨a ij pUnu esa dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS D;¨afd pUnu dk egaxk g¨uk bldk eq[; dkj.k jgk gSA izkFkfed Lrj ij uD'kk rS;kj djuk o [k¨nus d¢ v©tkj dk: dk"B d¢ fuekZ.k d¨ izfØ;k d¨ 5 pj.k¨a esa ckaVk x;k gSA bUgÈ pj.k¨a d¢ lkFk ge v©tkj¨a dk ifjp; Òh nsrs pyrs gSa& Mqykà & cM+k dVj & Vsi dVj & pdjh & e¨xjk & u¨dnkj lQkà & ckyhnkj rbZ;kjh & Vsij dVj & fpyenkj & x¨yhnkj & pdjh & ';kj & rhu eqag dh ';kj pgjk [k¨yuk & Vkadh & jsrh jsteky &100 uEcj] 120 uEcj o 150 uEcjA i‚fy'k & ckQ] cV~Vh] i‚fy'k loZizFke fo"k;kuqlkj ydM+h dk VqdM+k fy;k tkrk gS] ftlesa dk: dk"B dyk dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA MqykbZ&bldk vFkZ gS ydM+h VqdM+s d¨ e¨Vk&e¨Vk ,d izFke vkdkj iznku djukA ¼fp= la[;k&1½ t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 129

¼fp= & 1½ cM+k dVj ¼fp= la[;k 2½ ;g Ms<+ ls n¨ bUp O;kl dk g¨rk gS rFkk x¨y g¨rk gSA bl ij uqdhyh èkkfj;ka cuh g¨rh gSaA tSlk fd fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa izFke mRdh.kZ fd;k tkrk gSA ydM+h d¢ VqdM+s esa ls e¨Vk&e¨Vk Òkx t¨ xgjk djuk g¨rk gS] mls fudky fn;k tkrk gSA Vsij dVj ¼fp= la[;k 3½ ;g 'kadq d¢ vkdkj dk g¨rk gSA ;g dVj d¢ ckn Mqykà d¢ dke esa vkrk gSA ;g dVj ls Fk¨M+k N¨Vk g¨rk gSA blfy, vfèkd xgjh dfVax dj ikrk gSA pdjh ¼fp= la[;k 4½ ;g Mqykà dk gh v©tkj gSA ;g pdjhuqek g¨rk gSA ;g xgjs [kkaps fudkyus d¢ fy, iz;¨x esa yk;k tkrk gSA

e¨xjk ¼fp= la[;k 5½ ;g csyuuqek v©tkj g¨rk gSA ;g Òh Mqykà d¢ dke vkrk gSA ;g u¨dnkj ls igys vfUre Mqykà djrk gSA vFkkZr lQkà ls igys e¨xjk eq[; ,d vkdkj iznku djrk gSA u¨dnkj ¼fp= la[;k 6½ uke ls gh Li"V g¨rk gS fd ;g ,d uqdhyk v©tkj g¨rk gS t¨ Nsn fudkyus o xgjk [k¨nus d¢ dke vkrk gSA 130 ATISHAY KALIT

;g Mqykà dk vfUre v©tkj gSA

;gk¡ ij Mqykà dk dk;Z bu v©tkj¨a dh lgk;rk ls iw.kZ g¨rk gSA lQkbZ ¼fp= la[;k 7½

Mqykà ls ydM+h ,d e¨Vk vLi"V vkdkj ys ysrh gSA bl vLi"V vkdkj d¨ Li"V vkdkj nsus d¢ fy, lQkà dh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ vLi"V vkdkj Li"V vkdkj esa ifjofrZr g¨ tkrk gSA dk"V dk ,d Li"V :i fn[kkà nsus yxrk gSA bld¢ fy, eq[; :i ls ,d gh v©tkj iz;¨x esa yk;k tkrk gSA ckyhnkj ¼fp= la[;k 8½ ;g e¨xjs dh rjg fn[krk gS ij ;g yEckà esa mlls T;knk o iryk g¨rk gSA ;g lQkà vFkkZr~ ydM+h d¢ VqdMs dh Mqykà d¢ ckn Li"V :i iznku djus d¢ dke vkrk gSA

;g e¨Vh&e¨Vh gqà dfVax d¨ lq:i dj nsrk gS ;k d¨Ã fgLlk csM¨y g¨ jgk g¨ mls Bhd djus d¢ dke vkrk gSA blfy, bls lQkà dk v©tkj dgrs gSaA rbZ;kjh ¼fp= la[;k 9½ lQkà d¢ ckn dk"V d¨ ,d :i fey tkrk gSA bl likV :i d¨ rÃ;kjh } t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 131 kjk vyadkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA dà izdkj dh lyoMZ] oL=] vkÒw"k.k] Qwy&ifÙk;k¡] pØ] èkkfj;ka vkfn cukdj bl dk"V :i d¨ v©j lqUnj cuk;k tkrk gSA

rbZ;kjh d¢ v©tkj& Vsij dVj ¼fp= la[;k 10½

;g 'kadquqek v©tkj g¨rk gSA ftl izdkj Mqykà djrs le; dVj dk iz;¨x izFke v©tkj d¢ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA oSls r¨ rÃ;kjh dk e¨Vk [kk[kk Vsij ls rÃ;kj fd;k tkrk gSA fpyenkj ¼fp= la[;k 11½

;g fpye d¢ vkdkj dk g¨rk gSA blls vyx&vyx izdkj dh lyoVo èkkfj;ka Mkyh tkrh gSaA rÃ;kjh esa fpyenkj dh ,d vge Òwfedk g¨rh gSA x¨yhnkj ¼fp= la[;k 12½

;g dk"B esa vUnj dh rjQ x¨y nck gqvk vkèkkj rÃ;kj djus d¢ dke vkrk gSA tSls&dey dh ia[kqfM;kaA pdjhnkj ¼fp= la[;k 13½ 132 ATISHAY KALIT

;g x¨y pdjh g¨rh gSA iryh js[kk Mkyus] lyoV Mkyus] i¨r cukus vkfn esa bldk iz;¨x fd;k tkrk gSA

';kj ¼fp= la[;k 14½ ;g dhy dh ÒkfUr uqdhyk g¨rk gSA ;g eq[; :i ls Nsn djus d¢ dke vkrk gSA

rhu eqag d¢ ';kj ¼fp= la[;k 15½ ;g *?* bl izdkj d¢ i¨r iznku djus d¢ dke vkrk gSA

psgjk o gkFk iSj cukuk rÃ;kjh d¢ ckn psgjk o gkFk&iSj cuk, tkrs gSaA bld¢ fy, Vkadh o jsrh dk iz;¨x fd;k tkrk gSA Vkadh&;g dà izdkj dh g¨rh gSA ryk dà vkdkj dh g¨rh gSA ;g gkFk ls gh pykà tkrh gSaA blls pgjk cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g fNykà d¢ dke vkrh gSA jsrh ¼fp= la[;k 16½

;g Òh gkFk&iSj] psgjk vkfn d¨ fÄlus d¢ dke vkrh gSA u¨V& v©tkj yxkus d¢ fy, e'khu ls gSUMihl psu dh lgk;rk ls t¨M+s tkrs gSaA ;g gsUM ihl n¨ izdkj d¢ g¨rs gSa& ¼1½ ftld¢ ckgj pwfM+;k cuh g¨rh gSa v©j mlls v©tkj d¨ dlk tkrk gSA tSls&dVj] Vsij vkfnA ¼fp= la[;k 17½ t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 133

¼2½ blesa yEcs v©tkj vUnj Mky dj dls tkrs gSa] fQj dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaA tSls&pdjh] fpyenkj vkfnA ¼fp= la[;k 18½

jsteky ¼fp= la[;k 19½ ;g gkFk o e'khu n¨u¨a ls fd;k tkrk gSA dk"B d¢ Åij dkxt dk jsteky dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA igys e¨Vk ¼100 uEcj½ dk fQj vUr esa ckjhd ¼120 uEcj o 150 uEcj½ dk dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA

i‚yh'k& ¼fp= la[;k 20½ jsteky d¢ ckn e'khu ij cQ ¼;g diM+s dk ,d x¨y Äsjk g¨rk gS½ ls iqNkà o i‚yh'k dh tkrh gSA bld¢ ckn i‚yh'k dh cV~Vh dke esa yh tkrh gSA

bl izdkj dk: dk"B d¨ :i iznku fd;k tkrk gSA iz;¨tu ,oa rnkuqlkj miLFkkiu izFke ge iz;¨tu dh ckr djsa r¨ vkt dk# dk"B dyk d¢ iz;¨tu d¢ dà dkj.k gSa] t¨ fuEu gSa& ltkus d¢ fy, mi;¨x& iz;¨tu d¢oy vH;kl ,oa thou thus d¢ fy, fuR; iz;¨tkuqlkj lkèku d¢ :i 134 ATISHAY KALIT esa iz;¨x ykà tkus okyh lkexzh fuekZ.k gh bl dk: dyk dk {ks= ugÈ gSA lkekU; iz;¨tu vFkok ekufld iz;¨tu dh vge Òwfedk ys ysrk gSA izFkkdfFkr of.kZr dk: dkyk esa dqN lkexzh oSlh gS tSlh lkekU;r% Äj ltkus dh lkexzh&gkFkh] ĨM+s] ÅaV] ewfrZ;ka vkfnA ekU;rk ,oa èkkfeZd vkLFkk&lekt esa ekU;rk ,oa fo'okl bl dk: dyk d¨ fn;k x;k ,d u;k vk;ke gSA ;g dk"B dyk N¨Vs&N¨Vs ewfrZ;¨a esa ifjofrZr g¨ x;kA gekjk lekt èkeZ izèkku gSA ;g dyk d¨ lajf{kr j[kus dk ,d cgqr cM+k ekè;e gSA dà ekU;rk,¡ o èkkj.kk,a o eu dk fo'okl bUgsa thfor j[kus esa ;¨xnku iznku djrh gSA bld¢ ge dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksa r¨ lkeus vk,xk fd nsoh&nsorkv¨a dh ewfrZ;ka 'kqÒ ekuh tkrh gSaA tkiku tSls ns'k esa mYyw d¨ 'kqÒ ekuk tkrk gSA cM+s vkdkj d¢ gkFkh Äj esa j[kuk 'kqÒ ekuk tkrk gSA ,sls dà dkj.k gS t¨ bl dk: dk"B d¨ thoUr j[kus esa lg;¨x iznku djrs gSaA mi;¨fxrk dk:&dk"B dyk d¢ vUrxZr cuus okyk dk: dk"B vkt mi;¨fxrk d¢ Lrj ij Òh vNwrk ugÈ gSA j¨tejkZ dh ftUnxh esa dke vkus okyh lSdM+¨a phtsa blh ls fufeZr gSA tSls isij osV] isij dVj] ¼fp= la[;k 20½ iSu LVS.M] cDls] Vªs] IysV vkfnA

iz;¨tu d¢ ckn ge ckr dj miLFkkiu dh r¨ ge dgsaxs fd dykdkj dk dk;Z dyk fuekZ.k djd¢ gh [kRe ugÈ g¨rkA dyk d¨ izLrqr djus dk rjhdk o mls iznf'kZr djus rd dk ftEek dykdkj dk g¨rk gSA dk"B dyk esa bldk egRo vfèkd gSA bld¢ egRo d¨ ge dà mnkgj.k¨a d¢ }kjk le> ldrs gSaA tSls& dà ewfrZ;¨a d¢ uhps fofÒUu izdkj d¢ LVs.M *ikoVh* yxkà tkrh gSA ;g ikoVh ukuk izdkj dh g¨rh gSA dà ckj bls vyx ls uk t¨M++ dj ewfrZ cukrs le; lkFk gh cuk fn;k tkrk gS rFkk dà ikofV;k *Qwyuqek* g¨rh gS] ftu ij vyx&vyx tkuoj yxk, tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa bUgsa IykfLVd esa iSd dj fn;k tkrk gSA bUgsa iznf'kZr djus d¢ fy, dkap d¢ cDls Òh dke esa fy, tkrs gSaA bu ikofV;¨a o ewfrZ;¨a d¢ uhps osyosV yxk;k tkrk gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd uhps dk fljk p©M+k g¨us d¢ dkj.k gok ls QVus yxrk gSA blfy, Q¢ohd¨y ls osyosV yxk t;iqj esa dk: dk"B dyk dk bfrgkl o rduhd 135 fn;k tkrk gSA dqN ewfrZ f'kYi t¨ vkdkj esa cM+s g¨rs gSaA mUgsa uhps ls [kkyh Òh dj fn;k tkrk gSA dkj.k ogh gS dVus ls cpkuk o otu Òh de g¨ tkrk gSA t;iqj esa dyk dk LFkku dk: dk"B dyk dk LFkku t;iqj esa vfÒtkr dyk d¢ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA dkj.k ;g gS fd bl dyk dh ekax vkt Òh cjdjkj gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dykdkj vkt Òh :fp ls bl dyk d¨ djrs gSa o u;s&u;s vk;ke iznku dj bls thfor j[ks gq, gSA bl dyk dk iz;¨tu o mi;¨fxrk ns[krs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g dyk nhÄkZ;q gSA ryk ;g ijEijk blh izdkj pyus esa l{ke gSaA dk: dk"B dyk d¨ ,d mfpr ÅtkZ izkIr gSA t;iqj esa D;¨afd ;g ,d i;ZVd LFky gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl dyk dh ekax vfèkd gS o cktkj dh ekax d¢ vuqlkj u;s iz;¨x Òh lkeus vkrs gSa o dkjhxj tkfr Òh lqjf{kr gSA 136 ATISHAY KALIT

MkW- jsuq ehuk ATISHAY KALIT O;k[;krk(bfrgkl)] ih-Mh-,Q- Vol. 1, Pt. B Sr. 2, 2012 bfrgkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr foHkkx] ISSN : 2277-419X jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj

vkEcsj &t;iqj ds nso izlknksa esa f'ko dh fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡

Hkkjr dh dyk] laLd`fr] iqjkrRo ,oa lkfgR; esa f'ko dh mikluk dk bfrgkl vR;Ur izkphu gSA vkt ls yxHkx 5000 o"kZ iwoZ eksgutksnM+ks ,oa gM+Iik dh [kqnkbZ esa izkIr izkphu lH;rk ds iqjko'ks"kksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd f'kofyax rFkk i'kqifr f'ko dh iwtk ml le; ls gh Hkkjr esa izpfyr FkhA oSfnd lkfgR; esa f'koksikluk dk loksZPp Hkko of.kZr gSA vk;ksZ o vuk;ksZ esa f'ko iwtk dk izpyu feyrk gSA ^'kqDy ;tqosZn* esa 'kr:nzh; va'k esa :nz ds lSadM+ksa ukeksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA f'ko ds ftrus uke lalkj esa gSa fdlh vU; nsoh&nsork ds ugha feyrs gSa& ftuesa 'kadj] uhyd.B] i'kqifr] bZ'kku] vk'kqrks"k] :nz] egknso] O;kseds'k] uanh'oj bR;kfn egRoiw. kZ gSaA izkphu dky ls gh f'ko iwtk ds nks :iksa esa izpyu ds lk{; feyrs gS& (1) ekuo:i (2) fyax :i esaA ewrZ :ikadu ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ;gha nks :i ekus x;s gSa& (1) fyax foxzg & esa lkekU; fyax foxzg rFkk eq[k1 fyax foxzg vkSj la;qDr foxzg cuk;s tkrs gSA nsorkewfrZ izdj.ke~2 o izklkn e.Mue~3 esa fy[kk gS fd f'kofyax ds lkeus fdlh Hkh nso dks iwtu ds :i esa LFkkfir ugha djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd f'ko loZJs"B gSa vr% nwljs nsoksa dh izHkk u"V gks tkrh gSA eRL; iqjk.k4 esa dgk x;k gS fd f'kofyax dh vR;f/kd lqUnjrk mlds fuekZrk rFkk mikld nksuksa dks gh le`f¼ iznku djrh gSA blesa fyax ds pkjksa vksj ekuo eq[k mRdh.kZ djus pkfg,A rFkk ekuo foxzg esa f'ko dh lkSE; izfrek,a tks dY;k.k dkjd :i esa gksrh gSA :ie.Mu5 esa dsoy lkSE; izd`fr esa mek & ekgs'oj dk Lo:i crk;k x;k gSA ^fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k*6 esa egknso] xkSjh'kadj] mek&ekgs'oj dk mYys[k feyrk gSA dY;k.k lqUnj ewfrZ f'ko vkSj ikoZrh vkEcsj &t;iqj ds nso izlknksa esa f'ko dh fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡ 137 ds fookg dks n'kkZrh gSA ^fo".kqiqjk.k*7 esa ikoZrh dh dfBu riL;k rFkk f'ko ds lkFk fookg fd;s tkus ds izlax feyrs gSA f'ko&ikoZrh ds fookg ds le; fo".kq ds }kjk f'ko dks ltk;k x;k og :i ^^pUnz'osj** dgyk;k tks vR;Ur :ioku ekuk tkrk gSA nwljk f'ko dk jkSnz :i tks dBksj rFkk lagkjd ekuk x;k gS dk :ikadu f=iqjkUrd] xtklqjo/k o HkSjo ewfrZ esa feyrk gSA rhljk uVs'k f'ko dh (u`R; djrh gqbZ) izfrek,a cuk;h tkrh gsa iqjk.kksa esa f'ko dk mYys[k u`R;'khy] oknu'khy] ok|u`R;fiz; rFkk loZrw;kZfuukfn ds :i esa mYys[k feyrk gSA8 ojkgfefgj us ^o`agr lafgrk*9 esa f'kofyax rFkk egknso ds Lo:i ds fo/kku crk;s gS ;Fkk ekuo:i esa 'kEHkqth ds flj ij pUnzdyk] cSy] okgu ;k cSy fpUg] m/oZeq[k] rhljk us= yykV ij gksA ,d gkFk esa f='kwy rFkk nwljs gkFk esa fiukd uked /kuq"k] cka;s Hkkx esa xkSjh ;k v¼Zukjh'oj :i esa ,d gh 'kjhj ds ck;a Hkkx esa xkSjh dk :ikadu gksuk pkfg,A fo". kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k10 esa f'ko dks o`"kHkk:<+] iapeq[kh] v"V Hkqtk/kkjh f='kwy] n.M] ohj] ine~] Me:] fiukd] niZ.k] de.Myq vkSj peZ/kkjh crk;k x;k gSA f'ko ds vk;q/kksa esa otz] pØ] f='kwy] xnk] ij'kq] ryokj vkfn dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA11 lSU/ko lH;rk ls vkt rd f'ko dk vadu fyax o ekuo nksuksa :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA 'kSo mikld fyax iwtk dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA pkSFkh 'krkCnh ls fyax eq[kfyax esa & ,d eq[k] f=eq[k rFkk iapeq[k fyax if- jofrZr gksus yxs vkSj 'kSo izfrekvksa dk Hkh Øfed fodkl gksrk x;kA12 buds vusd Lo:i curs x;s ;Fkk & egknso] lnkf'ko] v¼Zukjh'oj] mek& ekgs'oj] f'koukjk;.k] gfjgj firkeg] lw;Z gfjgj firkeg] gfjgj] f=;acd] fo:ik{k] panzkad firkeg (f'ko$czã)] p.M& HkSjo d`".k 'kadj13 vkfn Lo:ikuqlkj uke Hkh feyrs x;sA vkEcsj & t;iqj esa f'ko eafnjksa dh la[;k vusd gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl uxjh dks NksVh dk'kh Hkh dgrs gSaA ;gka ij 'kSo izfrek,a] fyax vkfn izfrek foKku ds fo/kku ds vuqlkj feyrh gSA vkEcsj ds vfEcds'oj egknso esa izkphudky dk f'kofyax] dkyk egknso] la?kh ^>wFkkjke eafnj* esa 12 :nz f'kofyax rFkk t;iqj esa >kj[k.M egknso efUnj esa f'kofyax] rkM+ds'oj egknso dk f'kofyax] jktjkts'oj f'kofyax] jkes'oj th (iqjkuk ?kkV)] pUnzs'oj egknso vkfn f'kofyax feyrs gSaA vkEcsj esa }kn'k :nz 138 ATISHAY KALIT egknso] }kn'k T;ksfrfyaxs'oj (dwdl) txrs'oj egknso (iqjkuk ?kkV) esa iapeq[kh f'kofyax vkfn dk vadu feyrk gSA ekuo :i esa egknso] f'ko&ikoZrh] mek&ekgs'oj dk vkfyaxu eqnzk esa ewfrZ;ka ;gka ds vusdksa eafnjksa esa feyrk gSA rkM+ds'oj eafnj dh }kj 'kk[kkvksa ij f'ko dk fofHkUu :iksa esa :ikadu latho o eueksgd gSA txrf'kjksef.k eafnj ] dY;k.k eafnj] u`flag eafnj esa rksj.k}kj esa] }kjLrEHk] ujFkj] esa f'ko ikoZrh o mek&f'ko dk f'kYikdau feyrk gSA mek&ekgs'oj ds vadu esa f'ko o mek (ikoZrh) dks lq[kklu eqnzk o v/kZi;Zdklu eqnzk eas n'kkZ;k gSA mek vkfyaxu eqnzk esa f'ko dh oke ta?kk ij fojkteku gSA f'ko dk :ikadu prqZHkqt gS ftuesa f='kwy] liZ] v{kekyk rFkk ,d gkFk ikoZrh dh dej ij gSA ikoZrh f} Hkqth gS ftlesa ,d gkFk f'ko ds LdU/k ij gS rFkk nwljs gkFk esa xnk gSA egkjktk ekuflag ds le; fufeZr txrf'kjksef.k eafnj dh iwohZ rk[k esa ;g vadu feyrk gSA txr f'kjksef.k eafnj dh x:M+ fifBdk ds ujFkj esa f'koth dh cjkr dk n`';] uanh vkSj x.k bR;kfn mRdh.kZ gSaA rksj.k} kj ds LrEHk ij f'ko&ikoZrh] uanh dk f'kYikadu gSA vkEcsj esa 8oha] uoha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr dY;k.k eafnj esa xHkZx`g ds vUrjky; ds iwohZ vky; esa LFkkud eqnzk esa f'ko&ikoZrh dk v¼Zukjh'oj Lo:i gS ftlesa vk/kk fgLlk f'ko dk gS rFkk vk/kk fgLlk ikoZrh dk gSA budsvxy&cxy esa NksVs dn esa f'ko ikoZrh rFkk uanh gSA vkEcssj ds izkphu ds'konkl th dY;k.k eafnj ds iwoZeq[kh xHkZx`g ds vUrjky; dh nf{k.kh vky; esa mek&egs'oj dh izfrek esa f'ko pkjHkqtk /kkjh gSaA mudh Hkqtkvksa esa f='kwy] liZ] Me: rFkk ,d Hkqtk ikoZrh dh dfV ij gSA ikoZrh f}Hkqth esa ,d gLr f'ko ds LdU/k ij gS rFkk nwljs gLr esa xnk gSA nksuksa gh foxzg vkHkw"k.kksa ls ;qDr gSA vkEcsj esa la?kh >wFkkjke eafnj esa ewy osfndk esa f'kofyax rFkk Åij fHkfÙk ij egknso ds ckyLo:i esa foJke dh eqnzk dk fp=kadu vfr lqanj ,oa eueksgd gSA vkEcsj esa egkjktk jkeflag ds dky esa fufeZr jkes'ojth eafnj esa f'kofyax] uanh] ikoZrh] x.ks'k th dh izfrek,¡ izfrf"Br gSaA vkE- csj ds gh fcgkjh eafnj ds mÙkjh vky; esa v¼Zi;kZdlu eqnzk esa uanh ij f'ko&ikoZrh fojkteku gSaA prqHkqZt f'ko rFkk f}Hkqth ikoZrh gSaA f'ko dh ta?kk ij fojkteku ikoZrh ds nksuksa iSj uanh ij fVds gq, gSaA y{ehukjk;.k eafnj esa Hkh varjky ds iwohZ vkys esa f'ko ikoZrh uanh ij fojkteku gksus dk foxzg feyrk gSA izkphu y{ehukjk;.k lkxj jksM+ ds eafnj ds vky; esa Hkh f'ko ikoZrh dk vadu feyrk gSA vkEcsj esa Jh cnzhukFk pkjksa /kke] vkEcsj &t;iqj ds nso izlknksa esa f'ko dh fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡ 139 flykoVksa ds eafnj esa 'osr laxejej ls fufeZr nf{k.kh vky; esa fo'kky LFkkud uanh ij iwjs ifjokj lfgr f'ko] N%eq[kh dkfrZds;] ikoZrh rFkk mudh xksn esa x.ks'k th lfgr foxzg gSaA ikoZrh f'ko dh oke ta?kk ij fojkteku gSA lokbZ t;flag ds dky esa fufeZr ojnjkt eafnj czãiqjh esa fLFkr gSA ;gka izklkn ds vUrjky ds if'pe vky; esa f'ko&ikoZrh ds foxzg gS ftlesa ;s 'kknh ds ckn uanh ij lokj gSA f'ko prqHkqZt gSa ftuds nf{k.kh gLr esa Me: vkSj ikoZrh ds LdU/k ds ihNs gS rFkk nwljk nf{k.kh gLr ikoZrh ds d.B ij gSA mÙkjh gLr esa f='kwy gSA egkjktk izrki flag ds dky esa Hkokuhjke cksgjk ds f'ko eafnj esa f'kofyax iapk;r ds lkFk vkd"kZd o dykRed Nrjh esa fojkteku gSA pkanuh pkSd esa egkjktk izrki flag ds le; cuk f'koky; Jh izrkis'oj ds xHkZx`g esa 'osr laxejej dh ekuo :i esa cSBs gq, f'ko ikoZrh] dkfrZds;] x.ks'k] f='kwy] Me:] uanh dk rFkk f'kofyax dh fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡ izfrf"Br gSA t;iqj esa lhrkjke eafnj (lkr pkSd okyk)] dfYd eafnj ds vky;ksa esa uanh ij lokj f'ko ikoZrh dk vadu mRdh.kZ gSaA f'ko ds fofHkUu :iksa dk :ikadu tSls ?k.Vkdj.k] dkyHkSajo] ohjHknz] xkSjs HkSajo dk :ikadu rkM+ds'oj eafnj dh }kj'kk[kkvksa esa latho o eueksgd gSA vkEcsj& t;iqj esa f'koky;ksa dh cgqyrk ds dkj.k bl xqykch uxj dks NksVh dk'kh dk uke nsuk dgha Hkh vfr'k;ksfDr ugha yxrk] ;gka ix&ix ij f'koky; vksj tuekul dk f'ko ls tqM+ko NksVh dk'kh ln`'; gh gSA eksrh Mwaxjh] flVh iSysl] jkt jkts'oj f'koky;] xqIrs'oj] xkSres'oj] pUnzs'oj] rkM+ds'oj f'koky;] ihiys'oj egknso eafnj pkSM+k jkLrk] >kM+[k.M egknso rFkk iqjkus ?kkV esa 11 :nz egknso] txrs'oj egknso] jkes'oj th vkfn f'koky; bl ckr dh vksj bafxr djrs gSaA vkEcsj& t;iqj dh ;s f'ko izfrek,¡ viuh f'kYi dyk ds ek/;e ls gekjh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dks l'kDr :i ls izfrfcfEcr djrs gSaA ;s eafnj gekjs vrhr ds xkSjo rFkk LFkkiR; dyk ds fljekSj gSaA 140 ATISHAY KALIT

rkMds'oj egknso efUnj esa xHkZx`g dh }kj 'kk[kk vkSj ckgjh fHkfRr;ksa ij fofHkUu :iksa esa f'ko dk vadu

vkEcsj esa la?kh >qFkkjke efUnj ds xHkZx`g dk iapeq[kh f'kofyax

izrkis'oj egknso efUnj esa f'ko izfrek rFkk f'kofyax vkEcsj &t;iqj ds nso izlknksa esa f'ko dh fpÙkkd"kZd izfrek,¡ 141

txr f'kjksef.k efUnj ds rksj.k }kj ds LrEHkksa ij f'ko&ikoZrh dk

txr f'kjksef.k efUnj dh x:<+ fifBdk ds ujFkj esa f'ko th ckjkr

fcgkjh efUnj esa f'ko dk vadu ojnjkt efUnj esa

pkjks /kke cnzhukFk (f'kYykoVksa ds efUnj) esa nksuksa iq=ksa lfgr f'ko

X;kjg :nz egknso egknso efUnj (iqjkuk ?kkV) ds f'ko fyax 142 ATISHAY KALIT

¥çÙÜ ·é¤×æÚU àæ×æü ATISHAY KALIT °×.°., °×.çÈ¤Ü (翘淤Üæ) Vol. 1, Pt. B ÅUè.Áè.ÅUè. (翘淤Üæ) Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X ÚUæÁ·¤èØ âßæðüÎØ ÕæÜ çßlæÜØ ÇUè ŽÜæò·¤, ÁÙ·¤ÂéÚUè, Ù§üU çÎËÜè

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9. «UÊÚ0 ¡ÿÁ‚¥„U ŸË⁄U¡; «UÊÚ0 ’Ë.∞‹.‡Ê◊ʸ; ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ∑§Ë ‚Ê¥S∑ΧÁÃ∑§ ¬⁄¥U¬⁄UÊ, 1999, ¬Î. 108 10. ÁøòÊ‡Ê; ÁøòÊ •ÊÒ⁄U •Êà◊Ê ∑§Ê ‚¥’¥äÊ, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, 18 Ÿflê’⁄U, 2001 11. ‚¥¬Ê.-•M§áÊÊ ‡ÊπÊflÃ; ∑§‹Ê Á∑§⁄UáÊ, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, Ÿfl.-2001, ¡È‹Ê߸U-2002 (‚¥ÿÈQ§Ê¥∑§), ¬Î. 23 12. ‚¥¬Ê.-Áfllʂʪ⁄U ©U¬ÊäÿÊÿ; mÊ⁄U∑§Ê ¬˝‚ÊŒ ‡Ê◊ʸ, ◊ÊŸÊª˝Ê»§, ⁄UÊ.‹.∑§.•., ¡ÿ¬È⁄U, 1977, ¬Î. 8 13. ∑§‹ÊÁflŒ˜ ⁄UÊ◊ ¡Ò‚flÊ‹ ‚ ‡ÊÊäÊÊÕ˸ ∑§Ë ’ÊÃøËà ∑§ •ÊäÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U, 24 »§⁄Ufl⁄UË, 2007

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ooo 156 ATISHAY KALIT egsUnz flag lqjsyk ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/kkFkhZ Vol. 1, Pt. B lsUVj QkWj E;wft;ksykWth ,.M dUtosZ'ku Sr. 2, 2012 jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k dsUnz ,oa mudk v/;;u

jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ekuo dh vkLFkk rFkk fo'okl dk izrhd ek= gh ugha vfirq lEiUu] /kkfeZd] vk/;kfRed rFkk nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe dks Hkh iznf'kZr djrh gSA ewfrZdyk dh izfrekvksa ds lEeq[k n'kZd dsoy muds lkSUn;Z dh gh iz'kalk ugha djrs vfirq mldh nsoh; ewfrZ;ksa esa vk/;kfRed vkst dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA blfy, vk/;kfRed vkst ewfrZdyk ds mPp vkn'kkZsa dks izLrqr djrk gSA jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk dk vk/kkj /keZ o rRdkyhu lekt jgk gSA bldh izsj.kk ls gh ewfrZ fuekZ.k dh fo"k;oLrq dks fu/ kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dk vR;f/kd iz;ksx /kkfeZd LFkyksa ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk gh eafnj LFkkiR; o ewfrZdyk vUrj lEcU/k dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA LFkkiR; vkSj ewfrZdyk dk xgu lEcU/k gSA eafnj] egy] fuokl] LrEHk vkfn esa dqN u dqN rjk'kk tkrk gSA oLrqr% LFkkiR; esa tks Hkkouk vkSj dYiuk gS] ogh ewfrZdyk gSA ;gh dyk ns'k dh lkaLd`frd izxfr] ekuo thou] /kkfeZd fpUru vkfn dk izfrfcEc gSA jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk dk izLQqfVr iq"i Hkkjrh; dyk dh gh /kjksgj gSA ftldk bfrgkl yxHkx 5000 o"kZ iwoZ dkyhcaxk vkSj cukl dh unh ?kkVh lH;rkvksa ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA bu {ks=ksa ls izkIr eqgjsa] e`.kHkk.M] f[kykSus] gfFk;kj o midj.k jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds lw{e vk/ kkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk dk mn~Hko eq[;r% ekS;Z o ekS;kZsÙkj dky esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ftldk izek.k mR[kUu ls izkIr eqnzk,a o e`.kewfrZ;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gSA blds i'pkr~ xqIr dky esa Hkh jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk dk fodkl ns[kk x;kA xqIr dky Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dk Lo.kZ ;qx jgk gSA bl dky esa ewfrZdyk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa esa :i esa ekuo dh ifj"d`r :fp] dyk izse o lkSUn;Zcks/k dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ] ftlls jktLFkku Hkh vNwrk ugha jgkA jktLFkku esa bl le; ds vo'ks"k ds :i esa eqdUnjk] pkj/kksek] xaxk/kj ¼gM+kSrh½] uxjh ¼fpÙkkSM+x<+½] eaMksj ¼tks/kiqj½] ljLorh miO;dk ¼xaxkuxj½] esa HkO; nsoky;ksa ds LFkkiR; [k.Mksa o ewfrZ;ksa ds :i esa feys gSaA rkRdkyhu dykihBksa esa jaxegy] Hkjriqj] fojkVuxj jksM+] dY;k.kiqj] Mwaxjiqj vkfn izeq[k gSA tgka f'ko] fo".kq] ;{k vkfn dh izfrek,a fufeZr gqbZ gSaA1 jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k dsUnz ,oa mudk v/;;u 157

jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk ds dsUnzksa ds vUrxZr ekjokM+ esa vksfl;k] dsdhUnj] xksB&ekaxyksn] cqpdyk ,oa fdjkMw( esokM esa fpÙkkSM+x<+] dY;k.kiqj] vkgM+] muokl] txr] ukxnk] bZloky] Vwl( >kykokM+ esa pUnz;ksxk vksj >kyjkikVu( ckalokM+k esa vFkwZ. kk( dksVk esa ckMksyh] dUlqvk] pkj pkSek] foykl] vV: vkSj jkex<+( t;iqj esa vkckusjh vkSj g"kZukFk( vyoj esa iM+kuxj( Hkjriqj esa dkeka( fljksgh esa oekZ.k vkSj nsyokM+k vkfn jktLFkku dh bl ;qx dh ewfrZdyk o LFkkiR; ds izeq[k dsUnz gSaA2 vkHkkusjh ¼t;iqj½ ckanhdqbZ ¼ftyk nkSlk½ jsyos LVs'ku ls 8 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij vkHkkusjh xkao esa fLFkr ckoM+h ^pkan ckoM+h* ds uke ls izfl) gS ckoM+h ls gh tqM+k oS".ko eafnj vc g"kZn ekrk eafnj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ckofM+;ksa ds vo'ks"kksa ls izkIr nso izfrekvksa vU; ewfrZ;ksa ,oa okLrq rFkk dq.M esa ,d vksj efg"kklqj enZuh rFkk x.ks'k dh nso dqfydkvksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd bl ckoM+h ls la;qDr ,d nso izlkn Hkh FkkA Hkkjrh; tu laLd`fr ds ioksZ] mRloksa esa nSfud iwtk ,oa uSfefÙkd dk;ksZa esa ty ,oa Lukukfn dk egRo gksus ls ckoM+h egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA blds vfrfjDr bl ckoM+h esa i'kqvksa ds ihus ds fy, i`Fkd dq.M] flapkbZ ,oa vU; dk;ksZa ds fy, dwi ls ty fudkyus dh O;oLFkk FkhA vc ;g dwi feV~Vh Hkj tkus ls can gks tkrk gSA ckoM+h dh ,d fn'kk esa ;s nks NksVh nso dqfydk,a ckoM+h ds vanj cuh gS tks o"kkZ dky esa ty Lrj c<+ tkus ij tyeXu gks tkrh gSA ckoM+h ls laca/k ,d izklkn gS ftlesa dbZ 'k;u d{k] okrk;u ,oa LrEHk ;qDr vkfyUn gS ;|fi bl ckoM+h ls lacaf/kr dksbZ vfHkys[kh; lk{; izkIr ugha gqvk gS ijUrq ewfrZdyk dh 'kSyh ,d oLrqxr rFkk vkyadkfjd vfHkizk;ksa ds iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij rFkk vU; frfFk ;qDr vo'ks"kksa ls rqyuk djus ij bls eaMksj ,oa uhydaB ¼vyoj½ ds Lrj ;qDr vf/k"Bku okys eafnjksa ds ledkyhu ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl ckoM+h ds nsodks"Bksa ds Åij pSR;xok{k ds vfHkizk;ks dk vadu] dhfrZeq[k ds :i esa ekSfDr ekyk m}h.kZ djrk gqvk flagkL; dk vadu] m|ku ds n`';ksa esa vkezQyksa ls ynh Mkfy;ka] p"kd idM+s gq, lsod] u`R;jr feFkqu] v'okjksfg;ks dh lfTtr iafDr;ksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA3 g"kZn ekrk dk eafnj vkBoh 'krkCnh dh izfrgkj dyk dk 'kh"kZ gksdj VwVus dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gS ysfdu fo'kky ifjØek,a rFkk mu ij mdsjh xbZ ewfrZ;k¡A vHkh Hkh izk.koku gSA gkykafd vkHkkusjh dk bfrgkl lEer fyf[kr vfHkys[k miyC/k ugha gS rFkkfi bldk ,sfrgkfld Lo:i] bldh izkphurk rFkk HkO;rk dh dFkk vius vki dgrs tku iM+rs gSA 158 ATISHAY KALIT

g"kZn ekrk izfrek¼ vkHkkusjh a½ ;gka dh izfrgkj dyk esa xqIrdkyhu f'kYi ,oa ewfrZdyk dh izekf.kdrk dk lewpk thou(lkS"Bo vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA xHkZx`g ds cká ta?kk ij tks f'kYi mdsjk x;k gS mlls irk pyrk gS fd ;g eafnj oS".ko lEiznk; dk gSA ;gka fo".kq vkSj cyjke ds gkFkksa esa xnk] pØ rFkk gy o ewly fn;s gq, gS tcfd uhps ds gkFk dVs gq, gSA eLr xtks dk tks fp=.k feyrk gS] og dykdkjksa ds dkS'ky rFkk lkSUn;Z cks/k dk ifjpk;d gSA eafnj esa fo".kq o cyjke dk ewfrZ fp=.k izeq[krk ik ldk gS rks ;ksxukjk;.k] lw;Z] x.ks'k] dqcsj rFkk xty{eh ds ewfrZ f'kYi Hkh gtkjksa LFkkuks ij miyC/k ujs'k] x.ks'k] egf"kefnZuh] efnZuh] iSjks esa ?kqa?kq: ck/krs ,oa ekFks ij Vhdh yxkrs J`axkj] nqxkZ rFkk jko.k dks dSyk'k ioZr mBkrs gq, fn[kyk;k x;k gSA4 dkeka ¼Hkjriqj½

pkSjklh [kEHkk efLtn¼dkeka½ dkeka esa Hkh ,d pkSjklh [kEHkk uked efLtn fgUnw ds /oalko'kksa ls fufeZr tku iM+rh gSA efLtn ds LrEHk ?kV iYyo ds vyadj.k rFkk izfrekvksa ls ;qDr gSA bu izfrekvksa ls gh ;g fu'p;iwoZd dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s LrEHk oS".ko vkSj efUnj ds lHkk e.Mi ds vax FksA ,d LrEHk ij vafdr ^^ue% f'kok;%^^ vfHkys[k bl rF; dh iqf"V djrk gSA ;g efUnj vkBoha 'krkCnh bZLoh dk jgk gksxk] D;ksafd vfHkys[k dh fyfi blh dky dh izrhr gksrh gSA blds lkl&cgq eafnj] ukxnk ¼mn;iqj½ jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k dsUnz ,oa mudk v/;;u 159 vfrfjDr ,d vU; vfHkys[k ;qDr LrEHk ls fo".kq efUnj ds fuekZ.k dk irk pykr gSA 'kwjlsu oa'k ds nqxZx.k dh ifRu ^^fofPNdk^^ us ,d fo".kq efUnj cuok;k FkkA ;g LrEHk mlh eafnj dk vax jgk gksxkA^^5 ukxnk ¼mn;iqj½ ukxnk tks mn;iqj ls 15 ehy mÙkj esa gS] lkl&cgq efUnj dh r{k.k dyk ds fy, cM+k izfl) gSA lEiw.kZ efUnj rksj.k}kj ds chp esa cM+k lqUnj yxrk gSA blesa [kEHkksa o Nr esa rFkk ifjØek ds pkjksa vksj yxh gqbZ ifê;ksa ds n`';] tkfy;k¡] iqrfy;k¡] csy&cw¡Vs vkSj uDdkf'k;ksa dks ns[kdj n'kZd nax jg tkrs gSaA gkFkh&?kksMs ds rFkk ;kS) kvksa ds vkØe.kkFkZ izLFkku dh ifê;ksa esa 'kkS;Z vkSj xfr dk vPNk lfEeJ.k gSA bgyksd vkSj ijyksd lEcU/kh iêh vk/;kfRed fparu dk rks ;{kh dh iqryh lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr dk vuqie uewuk gSA7 vksfl;ka ¼tks/kiqj½

vksfl;kW¼ tks/kiqj½ tks/kiqj ftys esa vksfl;ka uked LFky esa ckjg cM+s&cM+s efUnj gSa] ftuesa Hkhrj vkSj ckgj fofo/k izdkj dh ewfrZ;k¡ rFkk csy&cwVksa dk vadu gS] tks jsfxLrkuh dyk dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA ;gka ds r{k.k esa xqIrdky dh dyk ds xq.k vkSj nks"k gS vkSj ;s LFkkuh; dyk dh fo'ks"krk ls Hkjiwj gSA dqN efUnj brus vf/kd vyad`r gksrs gq, Hkh ns[kus esa fujFkZd ugha yxrsa ,d efUnj esa vkHkhj dU;k dh ewfrZ gyds diM+ksa ds lkFk fcuk vkHkw"k.k ds ,slh mRdh.kZ dh xbZ gS fd psgjs ls lqjE;rk vkSj xksikyu ljyrk ls >ydrs gSaasA bldh cy[kkrh gqbZ nsg esa LokHkkfodrk lgt esa igpkuh tk ldrh gSA ,d efUnj esa f=foØe dh ewfrZ tks i`Foh vkSj jkgw dks nckrh gqbZ cukbZ xbZ gS] xfr vkSj 'kkS;Z ds vadu dk vPNk uewuk gSA ,d efUnj dh osfndk ij vafdr ukjh o`{k ds uhps vaxM+kbZ ys jgh gS] tks viuh {kh.k dfV vkSj ihu Lruksa esa nsorkvksa dks Hkh o'khHkwr djus esa leFkZ gSA g"kZukFk ¼lhdj½ lhdj ls nf{k.k esa vjkoyh ioZr dh rygVh esa ,d xkao gSA g"kZukFk ftldh Å¡pkbZ 160 ATISHAY KALIT leqnzh rV ls 3000 QhV gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd tc 'kadj Hkxoku us f=iqjklqj dk o/k fd;k]rks nsorkvksa us blh igkM+h ij cSBdj 'kadj Hkxoku dks izlUu fd;k FkkA blfy, bl igkM+h dk uke g"kZukFk iM+ x;kA igkM+h ij Hkxoku 'kadj dk efUnj gSA HkkX;o'kkr~ izkphu g"kZukFk eafnj ls pkgeku foxzgjkt f}rh; dk foØe laor~ 1030 ,d vfHkys[k izkIr gksrk gS ftlesa g"kZukFk dk fo'kn~ o.kZu gSA vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj eafnj dk fuekZ.k g"kZfxjh ij foØe laor~ 1013 dh vk"kk<+ ekl dh 'kqDyi{k dh =;ksn'kh dks lEiw.kZ gqvk FkkA ;g vYyV uke ds 'kSo vkpk;Z }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk] tks ;gha fuokl djrs FksA bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k turk }kjk fn;s x;s nku dh jkf'k ls laHko gqvk FkkA ;gk Jhg"kZ uke ls egknso dh mikluk dh tkrh gSA ;g uke dgh vkSj izpfyr ugh gSA f'ko ds blh fo'ks"k.k ds vk/kkj ij igkMh dk uke Hkh g"kZfxjh iM+ x;kA ;gkW f'ko ds f=iqjkUrd Lo:i ,oa f=iqj&fot; ds mijkUr g"kksZYykl ls xn~xn g"kZnso uke ls f'ko dh vpZuk dh xbZ gSA8 eafnj dk lkSnU;Z mlds foLr`r lHkkeaMi vkSj rksj.k}kj eas fufgr FkkA xHkZx`g ds fcYdqy lkeus uUnh dh vpZuk dh xbZA eafnj dk lkSUn;Z mlds foLr`r lHkke.Mi vkSj rksj.k}kjk esa fufgr FkkA xHkZx`g ds fcYdqy lkeus uUnh dh vyad`r izfrek LFkkfir FkhA bl eafnj ls la;qDr NksVs vk;ruks esa fodVk ,oa ikaMoksa dh izfrek,a izfrf"Br FkhA vfHkys[k esa eafnj ls tqMs vU; Hkouks dk Hkh o.kZu gSA eafnj dk Lo;a dk m|ku Fkk ftls g"kZnso dh vpZuk ds fy;s iq"i izkIr gksrs FksA i'kqvks ds ikuh ds fy;s ckoMh rFkk 'kq} ty ds fy;s ,d dwi Fkk tks ihus rFkk m|ku lhapus ds dke vkrk FkkA eafnj ds lkeus dk izkxa.k fpdus iRFkjks ls tqMk gqvk Fkk tks likV rFkk pyus esa lqxe FkkA okih] dwi] m|ku vkfn ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z Hkko|ksr }kjk iwjk djok;k x;k] tks fd vYyV ds f'k"; FksA ;g Hkh 'kSo vkpk;Z Fks rFkk vYyV dh e`R;q ds ckn bUgksus gh eafnj dk 'ks"k fuekZ.k dk;ZHkkj ogu fd;k FkkA jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k dsUnz ,oa mudk v/;;u 161

vyad`r izfrek g"kZukFk¼lhdj½ orZeku le; esa g"kZukFk ewfrZ;ksa dk orZeku izys[ku ugha gS ftlds dkj.k bldk lkaLd`frd egRo iw.kZ:Ik ls ifjyf{kr ugh gks ikrk gS vkSj izys[ku ds uke ij dsoy lkekU; uke nsdj mudk cgqr gh lw{e tkudkjh ,d iaftdk esa ntZ gS tks fMftVy izys[ku ,oa mldh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ 'kks/k] f'k{kk] vuqla/kku ,oa iqjkrkfRod] ,oa jk- tLFkku ds lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA ewfrZadyk dyk ds {ks= esa jktLFkku us ges'kk ls gh viuh lH;rk] laLd`fr] dyk dks lgst ds j[kk gS vkSj blfy, ewfrZdyk dks jktLFkku esa vuqdwy okrkoj.k feyk vkSj ;gh dkj.k jktLFkku dh ewfrZadyk vkt fo'ofo[;kr Lrj ij igqap xbZ gSA fQj Hkh jktLFkku ds dqN {ks=ksa esa mRd`"V ewfraZdyk gksrs gq, Hkh yksx mlds ckjs esa lgh rjg ls ugha tkurs gS ftlds dkj.k jktLFkku dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dk v/;;u v/kwjk jg tkrk gS tks fd ,d lqfuf'pr izys[ku }kjk gh laHko gSA nsyokM+k

Jh vkfnukFk th fd izkphu izfrek¼nsyokMk½ vkcw ioZr ij pkj gtkj QqV dh Å¡pkbZ ij nsyokMk uked xzke ds fudV cus nks tSu efUnj Hkkjrh; dyk txr dh ,d uohu yksdksUrj psruk ds mnkgj.k gSaA buesa ls ,d foey'kkg dk 1032 bZñ esa cuok;k gqvk vksj nwljk rstiky dk 1232 bZñ dk gSA ;s nksuksa gh vkf'k[kjkar laxejej ds gSA ^jk; d`".knkl* us budh dyk ds izlax esa Bhd gh dgk gS fd ^^;|fi buds vyadj.kksa esa vR;f/kdrk ds lkFk&lkFk ;g nks"k Hkh gS fd 162 ATISHAY KALIT vyadj.k vkSj ewfrZ;ka fcYdqy ,d lh gSa] vFkkZr~ ogh&ogh vyadj.k vkSj ogh&ogh :i ?kMh&?kMh nksgjk;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh buesa ,slh foy{k.k tkfy;k¡] iqrfy;k¡] csy&cwVs] vkSj uDdkf'k;ka cukbZ xbZ gSa fd ns[kus okyk nax jg tkrk gSA efUnjksa esa ,d bap LFkku Hkh [kkyh ugha NksMk x;k gSA laxejej ,slh ckjhdh ls rjk'kk x;k gS] fo".kq ] ujflag fd izfrek¼ckMkSyh½ ekuks fdlh dq'ky lqukj us jsrh ls jsr&jsr dj vkHkw"k.k cuk;s gks ;k ;ks dfg, fd cquh gqbZ tkfy;ka vkSj >kyjsa iFkjk xbZ gSaA9 ;gka dh Nrksa dh lqUnjrk dk dguk gh D;kA buesa cuh gqbZ u`R; dh HkkoHkaxh okyh iqrfy;ksa vkSj laxhr eaMfy;ksa ds flok; chp esa laxejej dk ,d >kM Hkh yVd jgk gS] ftldh ,d&,d iRrh esa ckjhd dVko gSA ;gka igqap tkus ij ,slk ekywe gksrk gS] tSls LoIu ds vnHkqr yksd esa vk x;sA vkt fnu rd vkxjs ds rkt dh 'kksHkk ds brus xq.k xk;s tkrs gSa] fdUrq ;fn bu nksuksa efUnjksa dh vksj FkksMk Hkh /;ku fn;k tkrk rks ;g Li"V gks tkrk fd budh lqUnjrk rkt ls dgh vf/kd gSA ckMkSyh ¼dksVk½ pEcy unh dkaBs ckMkSyh dk f'ko efUnj gS] ftldh iêh esa ;qxy izsfe;ksa dk vadu izse vkSj mYykl ds vf}rh; uewus gSaA ukfj;ksa ds Hkksys eq[k bl izdkj rjk'ks x;s gSa fd mu ij ls vk¡[k gVk;s ugha gVrhA [kEHkksa dh mRdh.kZ dyk cstksM+ gSA ukfj;ksa ds vyadj.k vkSj mudk 'kkjhfjd us esa cM+s mikns; gSA lanHkZ % 1- MkWñ bUnzflag jktiqjksfgr( Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk] ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj] 2007] i`-109 2- uhfyek of'k"B] jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2001] i`-15 3- uhfyek of'k"B] ty LFkkiR; esa vf}rh; vkHkkusjh dh pkan ckoM+h] jktLFkku lqtl] 2009 jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko 163 jkefd'kksj lSuh ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/kkFkhZ Vol. 1, Pt. B lsUVj QkWj E;wft;ksykWth ,.M dUtoZs'ku Sr. 2, 2012 jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko

euq"; izkjEHk ls gh viuh ?kuhHkwr laosnukvksa vkSj dksey jkxkRed vuqHkwfr;ksa dks fp=dyk ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr djrk vk;k gSA le; ds vusd mrkj&p<+koksa ds ckotwn fp=dyk dh la?k"kZe; ;k=k vkt Hkh vuojr tkjh gSA fp=ksa esa n`';ksa dh laosnu'khyrk dks fprsjksa us viuh foy{k.k dYiuk'khyrk] dkseyrk ,oa jax la;kstu ls iw.kZ:i iznku fd;k gSA fp=ksa esa izdk'k o Nk;k dk vn~Hkqr la;kstu vkSj fofo/k i`"BHkwfe esa vaxksa dk vkd"kZd foU;kl dykdkjksa dh thou dyk dks izdV djrk gSA1 fp=dyk ds izfr euq"; dk izse vukfndky ls jgk gSA og izkjfEHkd ;qx esa isM+&iÙkksa rFkk iRFkjksa ij vkM+h&frjNh js[kkvksa ls vkdkj mdsjk djrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs lkekftd fodkl us fp=dyk dk u;k eksM+ iznku fd;k] ftldk ifj.kke gekjs chp fo|eku gSA jktLFkku dh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dks c<+kok nsus esa ;gk¡ dh fp=dyk dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA fp=dyk ds izfr vfHk:fp vkSj mldk ekSfyd Lo:i izkjEHk ls gh izpfyr FkkA dksVk ftys ds vkyf.k;k] njk] cSjkB] vkgM+ rFkk Hkjriqj ftys ds nj uked LFkkuksa ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa vkfn ekuo }kjk mdsjs x;s js[kkadu vkSj e`nHkk.Mksa dh dykRed mdsfj;k blds izkjfEHkd fp=.k ijEijk dks crykrh gSA ijUrq jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ,oa fof'k"V vFkZ esa gh izdV gksrh gSA iwoZ esa jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dks LorU= egÙo izkIr ugha FkkA 1916 esa ^vkuUn dqekj Lokeh* us jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk ,d lEiUu Lo:i crk;kA ^MCY;wñ,pñ czkmu* us dqN fp=ksa ds vk/kkj ij bls jktiwr 'kSyh dgk gS] ysfdu ,uñlhñ esgrk us rks ;g dgk fd ;s fp= fgUnw 'kSyh ds gSaA bl izdkj jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dks Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds nk;js esa Lora= vfLrRo izkIr ugha gks ldkA /khjs&/khjs 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds iz;klksa ls Li"V gqvk fd bls ek= fgUnw 'kSyh ;k jktiwr 'kSyh ugha dgk tk ldrk] oju~ blesa vusd jktiwr 'kSfy;ksa dk lekos'k gS] ftlesa esokM] ekjokM+] fd'kux<+] t;iqj] vyoj] chdkusj] dksVk] cwanh] ukFk}kjk vkfn 'kSfy;k¡ lfEefyr gSaA dqN fo}kuksa us rks mf.k;kjk 'kSyh vkSj vtesj 'kSyh dks mDr 'kSfy;ksa ls fHkUu ekuk gSA ^MkWñ xksihukFk 'kekZ* us Hkh esokM+ 'kSyh ls fHkUu Mwaxjiqj vkSj nsox<+ dh mi&'kSfy;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gS fd jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk izeq[k dsUnz esnikV ¼esokM+½ jgk gSA2 164 ATISHAY KALIT mRifÙk ;|fi jktLFkkuh izkphu fp='kSyh ds uewus ;k lk{; rks vHkh rd miyC/k ugha gS] ijUrq vkgM+] cSjkB] jaxegy] uksg] vkfn LFkkuksa dh [kqnkbZ ls izkIr lkexzh ls ;g izekf. kr gksrk gS fd izkphudky esa jktLFkku esa fp=dyk dh oSHko'kkyh ijEijk fo|eku FkhA 7oha&8oha 'krkCnh ds yxHkx tc Hkkjr esa vtUrk fp=dyk ijEijk le`) gks jgh Fkh] rc ;gk¡ ds fp=dkjksa us vtUrk fp=dyk 'kSyh esa LFkkuh; 'kSfy;ksa dks feykdj fp=dyk dh ,d uohu 'kSyh dks izkjEHk fd;kA vtUrk dh fp=.k ijEijk dks x`g.k djus dk Js; xqfgy oa'kh; esokM+ 'kkldksa dks gSA nf{k.h jktLFkku esnikV ¼esokM+½ og LFkku gS] tks izkphu dky ls gh lw;Zoa'kh jktkvksa ds gkFk esa jgk gS vkSj xqIr lkezkT; ds fo?kVu ds mijkUr Hkh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh e'kky vius gkFkksa esa fy;s jgkA frCcr ds bfrgkldkj rkjkukFk ¼16oha 'krkCnh½ us e:izns'k ¼ekjokM+½ esa 7oha 'krkCnh esa Jh jax/kj uked fp=dkj dh ppkZ dh gSA 5oha 'krkCnh ls 12oha 'krkCnh rd dk dky jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;qx FkkA vr% ;gk¡ vU; dykvksa ds lkFk fp=dyk Hkh vo'; fodflr gqbZ gksxh] fdUrq fp=ksa dh vuqiyC/krk ds dkj.k ;g dg ikuk dfBu gSA vtUrk fp=dyk 'kSyh esa LFkkuh; 'kSfy;ksa dks feykdj tks ubZ 'kSyh izkjEHk dh xbZ] mlds uewus rks miyC/k ugha gSa] ysfdu e.Mksj }kj ds xkso/kZu /kkj.k vkSj ckM+kSyh rFkk ukxnk xk¡o dh ewfrZdyk esa bl ubZ 'kSyh ds fpUg Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA jktLFkku esa rkM+i= ij fpf=r izFke miyC/k xzaFk ^lkoxifM+de.k lqUr pqUuh^3 ¼Jkod izfrØe.k lw=pw.khZ½ gS] tks vkgM+ ¼mn;iqj½ esa lu~ 1260 bZñ esa xqfgy rstflag ds jkT;dky esa fpf=r gqvkA nwljk izeq[k mnkgj.k eksdy ds 'kkludky esa nsodqy ikVd ¼nsyokM+k] mn;iqj½ lu~ 1422&33 bZñ esa fyf[kr ,oa fpf=r xzaFk ^lqiklukg pfj=e~^ ¼lqik'oZukFk pfjre~½ gSA blesa jktLFkkuh fp=.k dh HkkoHkwfe ij tSu ,oa xqtjkrh 'kSyh dk iw.kZ izHkko gSA yxHkx 1450 bZñ ds vklikl if'peh Hkkjr esa ,d izfr ^xhr xksfoUn^ vkSj nwljh ^cky xksiky^ Lrqfr dh izkIr gksrh gSA ftlesa jktLFkku dh izkjfEHkd fp=dyk 'kSyh ds vadqn fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA 15oha 'krkCnh rd bl izdkj tks fp='kSyh jktLFkku esa izpfyr jgh] ml ij tSu 'kSyh] if'peh Hkkjr 'kSyh] viHkza'k 'kSyh vkfn dk iw.kZ izHkko jgkA pwafd vusd tSu xzaFkksa dks bl 'kSyh esa fpf=r fd;k x;k Fkk] vr% bls tSu 'kSyh dgk x;kA ^jk;d`".knkl* ds vuqlkj ^jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk mn~Hko viHkza'k 'kSyh ls xqtjkr ,oa esokM+ esa dk'ehj 'kSyh ds izHkko }kjk 15oha 'krkCnh esa gqvkA^^ ;g dFku vkt vf/kd`r :i ls ekU; gS] D;ksafd ftl le; jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk tUe gks jgk Fkk] mu fnuksa Hkkjr esa xqtjkr dk lqYrku egewn csxM+k rFkk esokM+ ds egkjk.kk dqEHkk nksuksa gh dyk vkSj dykdkjksa dks vkJ; ns jgs FksA blh le; d'ehj esa tSuqy vkCnhu dk ije mUur o mnkj jkT; FkkA ogka fp=dyk mUufr ij FkhA vr% fp=dyk ds {ks= esa ikjLifjd vknku&iznku dksbZ vlaHko ckr ugha FkhA jktLFkku esa bl ubZ 'kSyh dh vfojy izxfr gksrh jghA 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls vc jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr esa dksbZ Hksn ugha jg x;k Fkk] D;ksafd vusd xqtjkrh dykdkj ;gka vkdj cl x;s Fks] tks jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko 165 lkseiqjk dgyk;sA ^egkjk.kk dqaHkk* ds le; ^lw=/kkj e.Mu* uked f'kYih xqtjkr ls ;gka vkdj clk FkkA bl 'kSyh ds fp=ksa esa dBiqryh dh rjg dh vkd`fr o psgjk gksrk FkkA lEHkor% bl 'kSyh us jktLFkku dh izkphu yksddyk dBiqryh ds rRo xzg.k fd;s gq, FksA mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd jktLFkku esa LFkkuh; ekSfyd ijEijk vkSj vtUrk ijEijk ds lkeatL; ls mRiUu bl ubZ 'kSyh dh vfojy izxfr gksrh jghA vusd bfrgkldkj jktLFkkuh fp=dyk 'kSyh dk izkjEHk 15oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z ,oa 16oha 'krkCnh ds iwok)Z ds chp yxHkx 1500 bZñ ds yxHkx ekurs gSa] tks Lohdk;Z gS rFkk ;g 'kSyh xqtjkrh ,oa le`)'kkyh fp=dyk dh izLrqr psruk Fkh] og viHkza'k 'kSyh dk gh uohu laLdj.k FkhA jktLFkku 'kSyh u;s ifjos'k ij vk/kkfjr Fkh] ysfdu fo"k; oLrq ds fy, mlus viHkza'k 'kSyh dk lgkjk fy;kA bl 'kSyh esa dBiqryh dh rjg psgjk] rh[kh ukd] uqdhyh nksgjh BqM~Mh rFkk vuqikr esa cM+h vka[ks FkhA bu fp=ksa esa eq[; :i ls yky o uhys jax dks feykdj ,djaxh i`"BHkwfe cukbZ tkrh Fkh rFkk lqugjs jaxksa dk iz;ksx vf/kdkf/kd fd;k x;kA 15oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa yksnh lqYrkuksa ds le; jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ds fodkl esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;kA ;|fi xqtjkr ;k tSu 'kSyh dk izHkko rks ;Fkkor jgk] ysfdu vc vuqikr ls cM+h vka[kksa dk fp=.k] tks tSu 'kSyh dh ,d fo'ks"krk Fkh] lekIr gksus yxkA rRdkyhu os'kHkw"kk n'kkZ;h tkus yxh] nSfud thou ds fp= cuus yxs rFkk fHkUu&fHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx dj fp= dks jax&fcjaxk cuk;k tkus yxkA vc izkd`frd n`';ksa dk fp=kadu Hkh gksus yxkA vc rd dsoy tSu ,oa fgUnw /keZ xzaFkksa dks fpf=r fd;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu vc Qkjlh xzaFkksa dks Hkh LFkkuh; dykdkjksa }kjk fpf=r djk;k tkus yxkA bu xzaFkksa dh fp=dyk esa Qkjlh ,oa Hkkjrh; 'kSyh dk feJ.k ik;k tkrk gSA vc xSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks Hkh fpf=r djus dk izpyu vkjEHk gks x;kA bl dky ds fp=ksa esa ;|fi xqtjkr ,oa tSu 'kSyh dh iz/kkurk jgh] fdUrq dqN uohu rRoksa dk lekos'k Hkh gqvkA iq:"k vkd`fr dks dwUgk ixM+h ¼QSyh gqbZ½ igus gq, fn[kk;k tkus yxkA vr% bl Js.kh ds fp=ksa dks ^dwUgsnkj lewg^ ds fp= dgk x;kA dqN fo}ku bu fp=ksa dks esokM+h fp=ksa dh Js.kh esa j[krs gSa] D;ksafd esokM+ ds y?kqfp=ksa esa ixM+h igys ls gh iznf'kZr dh tk jgh gSA ysfdu ^dkyZ [k.Mkyokyk* dh ekU;rk gS fd dwUgsnkj ixM+h dk iz;ksx yksnh lqYrku vkSj muds v/khu fgUnw 'kkld gh djrs Fks vkSj ,slh ixM+h jktLFkku esa dHkh izpyu ugha jgkA vr% [k.Mkyokyk us bl fp=dyk dks ^yksnh 'kSyh^ dgk gSA yksnh fp=dyk njckjh dyk ugha Fkh] cfYd bl dyk ds laj{kd fgUnw] eqlyeku] lkfgR; esa :fp j[kus okys laHkzkUr yksx vkSj /kkfeZd fopkjksa okys O;kikjh FksA 1526 bZñ esa ;|fi yksnh lqYrkuksa dk iru gks x;k Fkk] fQj Hkh 1562 bZñ rd dqN u dqN va'kksa rd ;g yksnh 'kSyh izpfyr jghA eqxy 'kSyh dk izHkko e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa eqxy 'kklu u dsoy iz'kklfud :i ls lqn`<+ Fkk] 166 ATISHAY KALIT vfirq dyk ,oa laLd`fr ds {ks= esas Hkh vf}rh; jgk gSA eqxy 'kkldksa us ewfrZdyk] LFk- kiR; dyk esa Hkkjrh; dyk dks 'kh"kZ f'k[kj ij igq¡pk;kA eqxyksa ds vkxeu ls jktLFk- kuh fp=dyk 'kSyh esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;kA eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj us fp=dyk dks izksRlkgu fn;k] mlus njckjh dfo ^ehj lS¸;n vyh* o ^vCnqLen* dks ^getkukek^ fpf=r djus dk dke lkSaikA4 bl dk;Z ds fy, izfrHkk'kkyh dykdkjksa dks Hkh vkeaf=r fd;k x;k rFkk mUgksaus bZjkuh fp=dkjksa ds funZs'ku esa fp=dyk ds u;s rRo xzg.k dj fy;s Fks] ftudk iz;ksx mUgksaus vius&vius jkT;ksa dh fp='kSfy;ksa esa fd;kA gkykafd vkjEHk esa mu fp=ks ij xqtjkrh 'kSyh o yksnh 'kSyh dk izHkko eqxy os'kHkw"kk dh iz/kkurk jghA ysfdu T;ksa&T;ksa jktiwr 'kkldksa us eqxy lezkV ls oSokfgd ,oa jktuSfrd laca/k LFkkfir fd;s] R;ksa&R;ksa jktLFkkuh fp=dyk esa eqxy izHkko vf/kdkf/kd c<+rk x;kA blesa jktLFkku dh ewy 'kSyh lekIr gksus yxh rFkk fp=dkjksa dh eqxy fp=dyk 'kSyh ds izfr :fp c<+us yxhA izksñ ghjsu eq[kthZ us dgk gS fd jktLFkkuh 'kSyh dk tUe eqxy 'kSyh ls gqvk gS] ysfdu ;g er ekU; ugha gS] D;ksafd bl dky esa eqxy izHkko gksrs gq, Hkh jktiwr 'kkldksa dh fp=dyk ds izfr :fp esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;kA ftlesa dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktLFkkuh fp=dyk 'kSyh us viuk LorU= izHkko cuk;s j[kk FkkA dkyZ [k.Mkyokyk us chdkusj esa miyC/k bl dky ds dqN fp=ksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, crk;k gS fd ;|fi ;s fp= eqxy 'kSyh ds vf/kd fudV izrhr gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh ;s fp= LFkkuh; fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k eqxy 'kSyh ls fHkUurk crkrs gq, viuk Lora= vfLrRo Hkh izdV djs gSaA5 ysfdu jktLFkkuh fp=dyk esa eqxy 'kSyh dk izHkko bl dnj iM+k fd mls fo'k) jktLFkkuh 'kSyh ;k fo'kq) eqxy 'kSyh ugha dgk tk ldrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs jktiwr 'kkldksa ,oa eqxyksa ds chp lekxe c<+rk x;kA esokM+ ds ^egkjk. kk vej flag* us 1605 esa pko.M esa jkxekyk fpf=r djus ds fy, ,d eqfLye dykdkj ^ukfl:íhu* dks vkeaf=r fd;k FkkA bl le; ds cus ^jkfxuh^ vkSj ^Hkkxor^ ds fp=ksa esa eqxy 'kSyh Li"V fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA bu fp=ksa esa pednkj jaxksa] psgjs dh dksf.k;rk vkSj os'kHkw"kk dks xqtjkrh 'kSyh esa cukbZ ysfdu yksnh ,oa eqxy 'kSfy;ksa dk vkaf'kd izHkko Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl u;h 'kSyh esa LFkkuh; fo'ks"krk,a lfEefyr gksus ds dkj.k 17oha 'krkCnh vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh ds vkjafHkd dky dks jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk Lo.kZ ;qx dgk gSA fd'kux<+ dk egkjktk lkoUr flag ¼1699&1764 bZñ½ tks fgUnh dkO; lkfgR; ea ukxjhnkl ds uke ls izfl) Fkk] og dfo] dyk dk laj{k.k ,oa dykdkj FkkA buds funZs'ku essa fugky pUn uked fp=dky us 1737 ls 1760 bZñ rd dk;Z fd;kA ftlls ,d LorU= 'kSyh dk fuekZ.k gqvkA esokM+h fp=dyk dks u;h fn'kk iznku djus esa lkgscnhu dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh FkhA lkgscnhu eqxy njckjh fp=dkjksa ds funZs'ku esa dk;Z dj pqdk Fkk] vr% mlds fp=ksa esa eqxy izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ysfdu fp=ksa dh cukoV vkSj jaxksa ds iz;ksx esa mldk Lo;a dk O;fDrRo fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vr% mlus esokM+h fp=dyk dks ubZ jkg jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko 167 iznku dhA mlus Hkkxor] iqjku] jkek;.k] jkxeyk] xhr xksfoUn vkfn xzaFkksa ds fp=.k esa viuk fof'k"V izHkko NksM+k gSA 1760 bZñ ds ckn cwanh ds fp=ksa esa eqxy izHkko vf/ kd fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftuesa psgjs ij vR;f/kd xgjk jax vkSj ,sls fo"k; ftu ij eqxy 'kSyh esa fp= curs Fks] tSls& ySyk&etuw dk iz.k; fp= vkfnA chdkusj esa cus fp=ksa esa eqxy 'kSyh dk izHkko vf/kd Fkk] D;ksafd chdkusj ds eq[; fp=dkj vf/kdka'k eqlyeku FksA bl izdkj jktLFkku ds izR;sd jkT; us viuh Lo;a dh 'kSyh fodflr dh] ftldh viuh vyx igpku gS rFkk Lo;a gh vyx ls jax ;kstuk gS] ftlls ;g 'kSfy;ka viuk LorU= vfLrRo j[krh gSaA 18oha 'krkCnh esa eqxyksa dh 'kfDr âkl gksus yx xbZ FkhA eqxy 'kkld ,s'o;Z vkSj foykflrk dk thou O;rhr dj jgs FksA 'kfDrghu eqxy lezkV ds njckj ls eq¡g eksM+dj jktLFkkuh ujs'k viuh jkt/kkfu;ksa esa okil ykSV vk;sA laj{k.k ds vHkko esa dykdkj jktLFkkuh jkT;ksa esa vkdj clus yxsA ftldk lh/kk&lh/kk izHkko jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ij iM+kA bl foykflrkiw.kZ dky esa 'kkldksa ds foyklh thou ds n`';ksa ij tksj fn;k tkus yxk] tSls& 'kkld dks njckfj;ksa ds lkFk fn[kkuk] 'kkld ds f'kdkj n`';] njckjh laxhr ,oa uR; vk;kstu vkfn izeq[k fo"k; cu x;s FksA 18oha 'krkCnh ds var rd jktLFkkuh fp=dyk esa eqxy 'kSyh iwjh rjg foyhu gks pqdh FkhA ftlesa jktLFkkuh 'kSyh dk fo'kq) :i fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA ml ;qx esa d`".kyhyk vkSj jk/ kk&d`".k lacaf/kr /kkfeZd fp=ksa esa Hkh ekuoh; dkeqdrk dk gh fp=.k gksrk FkkA fp=dyk dh ;g izo`fÙk dsoy jktLFkkuh 'kkldksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkh] cfYd izR;sd egÙoiw.kZ lkeUr Hkh viuh tkxhj dh gosyh esa fp=dkjksa dk izJ; nsus yxkA ,sls lkeUrksa esa ?kk. ksjko] nsox<+] mf.k;kjk] 'kkgiqjk] cnukSj] lywEcj] dksBkfj;k vkfn ds lkeUr izeq[k gSaA 19oha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk ls jktLFkkuh 'kSyh ij cus fp=ksa esa Hkko&fp=.k dh futhZork vkus yxhA bl le; fczfV'k vadq'k c<+rk tk jgk FkkA bl le; vkfFkZd fLFkfr vR;f/ kd [kjkc gksus lss jktLFkku dh lfn;ksa iqjkuh laLd`fr dks xgjh Bsl igqap jgh FkhA6 QyLo:i fp=dkjksa us viuh vkthfodkl gsrq O;kolkf;d fp=dyk dks viuk fy;kA fp='kSyh dh izpfyr :f<+;ksa ds foijhr fuR; u;s oS"kE;iw.kZ iz;ksx fd;s tkus yxsA ftlls ;gka dh dyk dk ijEijkxr fodkl loZFkk vo:) gks x;kA fQj Hkh ;=&r= jtokM+s viuh 'kSfy;ksa dks thfor j[kus esa leFkZ gks lds] ysfdu fp=dyk txr esa bls viokn gh dgk tk;sxkA O;kolkf;d fp=dyk esa ek= fNNykiu gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ij eqxy izHkko gj {ks= esa ns[kus dks feykA esokM+ fp=dyk 'kSyh vtUrk ijEijk dk izHkko loZizFke esokM+ 'kSyh esa gh fn[kkbZnsrk gSA jktLFkku esa esokM+ fp=dyk 'kSyh dk eq[; dsUnz FkkA 1260 dk ^Jkod izfrØe.k lw= pwf.kZ^ vkSj 1423 bZñ dk lqiklukg pfj=e~ rRdkyhu 'kSyh ds Js"B mnkgj.k gSA ftuesa iks'kkdksda o vkHkw"k.kksa esa vtUrk ijEijk rFkk xqtjkr 'kSyh dk lkeatL; Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl 168 ATISHAY KALIT

'kSyh dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa esa x:<+ tSlh yEch ukd] dkSMh tSlh QVh gqbZ vka[ks] ftlesa ,d vka[k psgjs dh lhek ls ckgj v/kj esa yVdh gqbZ] ?kqekonkj yEch vaxqfy;ka] pVdnkj lhfer jax ¼yky] ihyk vkSj dkyk½ Nk;k vkSj izdk'k ds fl)kUrksa dk vHkko vkfn gSA L=h vkd`fr;ksa esa mHkjh gqbZ xksy Nkfr;k¡] rh[kh ukd o NksVh BqM~Mh fn[kkbZ x;h gSA tcfd iq:"k vkd`fr;ksa esa mldk o{k fo'kky vkSj dej 'ksj ds leku cuk;h x;h gSA 17oha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa esokM+&eqxy laf/k ds ckn esokM+h 'kSyh esa eqxy fo'ks"krkvksa dk lekos'k gksus yxkA 1650 bZñ vklikl cus ukf;dk Hksn ds fp= Js"B mnkgj.k gSA egkjk.kk txrflag dk dky bl n`f"V ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA jk/kk d`".k fp=ksa ds dsUnz fcUnq FksA bu fp=ksa esa lQsn] ihys] yky] gjs] xqykch] dkys vksj yktonZ ¼,d izdkj dk uhyk jax½ jaxksa dk pVdnkj iz;ksx] lery ,djaxh; i`"BHkwfe esa fojks/ kkHkklh jaxksa ls mrjrh :ikd`fr;k¡] fL=;ksa o iq:"kksa dh Hkkjh ukd] v.Mkdkj psgjs] eNyh tSlh vka[ks] iq:"k vkd`fr;ka yEch o irys cnu dh] fdUrq muesa lknxh vkSj Hkkouk dk lekos'k] L=h vkd`fr;k¡ fBxuh vkfnA iq:"kksa dh os'kHkw"kk esa V[kus rd dh NksVh lknk xksy ?ksjnkj tkek esa rCnhy gks pqdh Fkh] dwUgsnkj ixM+h yqIr gks xbZ FkhA vkSjrksa ds ?kk?kjk] ckjhd Qydnkj vks<+uh] ukfHk ds Åij rd fpidh gqbZ pksyh dh txg Qy ,oa cwVks ls lfTtr NhaV ds ygaxs] dlh gqbZ pksfy;ka] ikjn'kZd fpidh vks<+uh vkfn fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl 'kSyh esa eqxy ltkoV vf/kd c<+rh pyh xbZA bl 'kSyh ds fp=ksa esa e.Mi cukuk] njoktksa ij inkZsa dk izn'kZu] vkaxu ij dkyhu dk fp=.k eqxy 'kSyh ds vuq:i FksA bl dky ds fpf=r xzaFk eq[r;k jkxekyk] ckjgeklk] i`Fohjkt jh osy] dknEHkjh] ,dkn'kh egkRE; vkfn gSA ftuesa Ja`xkfjrk rks >ydrh gS ysfdu rRdkyhu lekt dh >akdh Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ekjokM+ 'kSyh 16oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa jko ekynso ds dky esa ekjokM+ dh LorU= 'kSyh Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ftuds fp=ksa esa jke&jko.k ds ;q) rFkk ^lIr'krh^7 ds n`';ksa dks vorfjr fd;k x;k gSA eNyh tSlh vk¡[ks] ruk gqvk n`<+ psgjk] xksykd`fr ds isM+&ikS/ks vkfn eq[; fo'ks"krk,a bl 'kSyh esa feyrh gSaA mn;flag }kjk eqxyksa ds vkf/kiR; Lohdkj djus ds ckn bl 'kSyh ij eqxy izHkko iM+kA 1610 esa fpf=r Hkkxor iqjk.k esa d`".k&vtqZu dh cgqvk;keh vkd`fr;ksa esa os'kHkw"kk eqxyksa tSlh fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA xksfi;ksa ds fp=ksa dh os'kHkw"kk rks ekjokM+h gS] ysfdu vkHkw"k.kksa esa eqxy izHkko gSA dY;k.kh jkfxuh ds fp= esa uk;d] ukf;dk dks vkfyaaxu cê fd;s gq, 'k;u&d{k dh vksj ys tk jgk gSA gkykafd ;g fp= ekjokM+h 'kSyh dh ekSfydrk fy, gqbZ gSA ysfdu 'k;u d{k esa n'kkZ;k x;k yksVk eqxy 'kSyh dk gSA bl 'kSyh esa egkjktk lwjflag ¼1595&1620 bZñ½ ds dky esa ^wers gkFkh] ukprs eksj] cgrs gq, >jus vkSj igkM+ksa ij ?kwers gq, 'ksj dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA egkjko jkeflag ¼1821&1862 bZñ½ ds dky esa oS".ko /keZ ls lacaf/ kr vf/kdrk esa feyrs gSaA 19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa vU; jkT;ksa dh Hkkafr cwanh 'kSyh dh iruksUeq[k fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rFkk 'kSyh esa fczfV'k izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dksVk 'kSyh dksVk ds jko jruflag ds f}rh; iq= ek/kksflag us 1631 bZñ esa dksVk jkT; dh LFk- kiuk dh Fkh rFkk mldk eqxy njckj ls ?kfu"B laca/k jgk FkkA vr% dksVk dh fp= 'kSyh esa cwanh vkSj eqxy 'kSyh dk lkeatL; gksrs gq, Hkh dksVk esa ,d uohu 'kSyh vkjEHk gksrh gSA buesa fL=;ksa ds fp= izfrek ds leku fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] ftuesa 'kh'ks esa viuk izfrfcEc ns[krs gq,] o`{k dh Mkyh idM+s gq, vkfn eq[; gSaA egkjko mEesn flag ¼1771&1820 bZñ½ ds dky esa rks dksVk dh fp=dyk vius pje fcUnq ij FkhA bl le; ds vf/kdka'k fp=ksa esa mEesn flag dks f'kdkj djrs gq, crk;k x;k gSA f'kdkfj;ksa ds lewg] isM+&ifÙk;ksa vkSj i'kq oxZ dk p;u LFkkuh; vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA jkoflag ¼1828&1866 bZñ½ ds dky jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh mRifÙk ,oa eqxy izHkko 171 esa ;|fi ijEijkxr fp=ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk jgk] ysfdu dksVk 'kSyh esa fons'kh rRoksa dk feJ.k vkjEHk gks x;k rFkk egkjko N=flag ¼1866&1889½ ds dky esa ;wjksih; izHkko c<+rk gh x;k vkSj dksVk 'kSyh dh vkRek âkl gkssrh xbZA7 var esa ;g dguk loZFk vlR; gS fd jktLFkku dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dh mRifÙk eqxy fp=dyk ls gqbZ gS rFkk jktLFkku dh fp=dyk vtUrk ,oa ck?k dh izpfyr dyk ls izsfjr gSA ;g fodkl ds Øe esa xqtjkr dh tSu ik.Mqfyfi;ksa ls fodflr gksdj vk;h FkhA izfl) fo}ku jsus xzkÅtsV us jktLFkkuh vkSj eqxy fp=dyk esa vUrj Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd eqxy fp=dkjh ,d njckjh fp=dyk gS] ;g y?kq fp=ksa dh fp=dkjh esa fof'k"V gSA ftlds lkFk gh mldh mRifÙk gqbZ FkhA blds foijhr jktLFkkuh fp=dyk 'kSfy;ka ns'kh feêh dh mit gSaA bldh rduhd y?kq fp=ksa ls ugha cfYd fHkfÙk fp=ksa ls fodflr gqbZ gSA jktiwr 'kkldksa dk eqxyksa ls laca/k LFkkfir gksus ds ckn lHkh 'kSfy;ksa us eqxy 'kSyh dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dks xzg.k dj fy;k Fkk] fQj Hkh muesa ekSfydrk vkSj LFkkuh; fo'ks"krk,a ;Fkkor cuh jghA blls ;g Li"VgS fd jktLFkkuh fp=dkjksa us lnSo lR;fu"B ,oa izflf) dh dkeuk ls dyk dh lsok dh gS vkSj ;gh mldh ekSfydrk dk izeq[k dkj.k jgk gSA lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 1- jksfgr dqekj flag] jktLFkku lqtl] Mksfefu;u ykW fMiks] t;iqj] 2008] i`- 921 2- dkywjke 'kekZ] izdk'k O;kl % jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2004] i`- 303 3- dkywjke 'kekZ] izdk'k O;kl % jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2004] i`- 304 4- beR;kt vgen] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr]us'kuy ifCyds'ku iVuk] i`- 296 172 ATISHAY KALIT jf'e ATISHAY KALIT bfrgkl foHkkx] Vol. 1, Pt. B jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X

eqxy 'kkldksa dk fp=dyk esa ;ksxnku ,oa fodkl Øe

Hkkjr esa eqxyksa us fp=dyk dh ftl 'kSyh dh uhao Mkyh] og ,d mUufr'khy vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh dyk vkanksyu ds :i esa fodflr gqbZ] ftlus mÙkjorhZ e/;dkyhu ;qx esa Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl dh /kkjk dks cny fn;kA ;|fi ckcj us bl ns'k esa eqxy oa'k dh uhao j[kh vkSj og Lo;a dykRed :fp lEiUu O;fDr Fkk] fQj Hkh bl ckr ds izek.k miyC/k gSa fd og fp=dyk dk tUenkrk Hkh FkkA mldk 'kkludky de le; dk Fkk]1 blfy, lEHko gS fd mls fp=dyk dh vksj /;ku nsus dk le; gh ugha feyk gksA ,d fof'k"V dyk 'kSyh dks tUe nsus dk Js; mlds iq= gqek;q¡ dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA tc gqek;q¡ Qkjl vkSj vQxkfuLrku esa dqN o"kkZsa ds fy, fuokZflr thou th jgk Fkk] rc mlus eqxy fp=dyk dh uhao j[khA ml le; Qkjl ds nks egkure dykdkjksa ehj lS¸;n vkSj [oktk vCnqLlen dh lsok;sa ysus dk volj eqxy lezkV dks izkIr gks ldkA tc 1555&56 esa gqek;q¡ fgUnqLrku dks fot; djus esa lQy gqvk rks mi;qZDr nksuksa fp=dkj gqek;q¡ ds lkFk fnYyh vk x;sA tc vdcj jktxíh ij cSBk rc Hkh ;s dke djrs jgs vkSj rc rd mUgksaus vdcj ds fy, ,d mUur dyk laxBu dh LFkkiuk dj yh FkhA vdcj us vCnqLlen ds usr`Ro esa fp=dkjh dk ,d vyx foHkkx [kksy fn;k rFkk bl egku fp=dkj dks ^^f'kjhu&,&dye^^ dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;kA vcqy Qty ds vuqlkj vdcj ds le; esa lkS fp=dkj dyk ds izfl) Lokeh gks x;sA gEtukek dk fp=.k ehj lS¸;n vyh ds usr`Ro esa gqek;q¡ us izkjEHk djk;k FkkA2 bl ;kstuk dks iw.kZ djkus dk Js; vdcj dks gSA blds vfrfjDr iapra=] ;qlqQ vkSj tqys[kk dh dgkuh] xqfyLrku] jTeukek ¼egkHkkjr½ rFkk vdcjukek dk Hkh fp=.k djok;k x;kA lfp= ckcjukek ¼fczfV'k laxzgky;½ dh fp='kSyh vfr jkspd gSA f'kdkj dk ihNk djrs gq, mej'ks[k fetkZ rFkk blesa i'kq] i{kh rFkk lqUnj o`{kksa dk fp=.k ekfeZd rFkk ân;xzkgh 'kSyh esa ealwj us lEiUu fd;k gSA fHkfÙk fp= 'kSyh dk fodkl vdcj dh nsu gSA efj;e dh dksBh dk fHkfÙk fp= Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk mRlkgo)Zd mnkgj.k gSA vdcj ds dky ds fp=ksa ij izkjEHk esa Qkjlh izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ;s fp= lery ,oa likV FksA ckn ds fnuksa esa fp=ksa esa f=vk;keh; izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh; jaxksa dk bLrseky gksrk Fkk] tSls&eksj ds leku uhyk jax] yky jax bR;kfnA ckn ds fnuksa esa fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh;] Qkjlh ,oa ;wjksih; izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA fp=ksa ds egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq Fks %& eqxy 'kkldksa dk fp=dyk esa ;ksxnku ,oa fodkl Øe 173

¼i½ ledkyhu izeq[k O;fDr ¼ii½ njckj ds n`'; ¼iii½ ;q) ds n`'; ¼iv½ f'kdkj ds n`'; ¼v½ okLrfod ?kVukvksa ds fp=.kA tgk¡xhj us vius 'kkgtknk dky esa fp=dyk dh tks ijEijk 'kq: dh] ogh ijEijk mlds ckn'kkg cu tkus ij Hkh lfØ;rk ls pyrh jghA vkxs pydj blh ijEijk us fp=dyk dks pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡pk fn;kA tgk¡xhj us rqtqds&,&tgkafxjh esa fy[kk gS fd] ^^tc dksbZ fp= esjs lEeq[k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] pkgs e`r fp=dkj gks ;k thfor eSa ns[kdj rqjUr crk ldrk gw¡ fd og fdldh rqfydk dk Qy gS vkSj ;fn ,d fp=iV ij vusd O;fDr;ksa dh vkd`fr;k¡ gks] ftUgsa fofHkUu fp=dkjksa us rS;kj fd;k gks rks eSa ;g crk ldrk gw¡ fd dkSu&dkSu lh vkd`fr;k¡ fdu&fdu fp=dkjh dh gSA tgkaxhj ds le; esa gsjkr ds izfl) fp=dkj vkxk fjtk] vcqy eqgEen ukfnj] eqgEen eqjkn] fgUnw fp=dkj fc'kunkl] euksgj] xkso/kZu rFkk ek/ko dks jkT;kJ; izkIr FkkA tgkaxhj ds le; esa vf/kdka'k fp=dkjksa us HkkSfrd thou dk fp=.k fd;k gSA lezkV ds njckj] gkFkh ij cSBdj /kuq"k&ck.k ds lkFk f'kdkj dk ihNk djuk] tqywl] ;q) LFky ds o.kZu ls feyrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr izkd`frd n`';] Qwy] ikS/ks] i'kq&i{kh] gkFkh] ?kksM+s] 'ksj] phrk ds fp= feyrs gSaA izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dk izseh gksus ds dkj.k mlus lqanj izkd`frd n`'; dk fp=.k djok;kA bl le; ds fp=ksa ij ik'pkR; izHkko fn[kk;h nsrk gSA eqxy ckn'kkgksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dks ,d xksykdkj lQsn vkdkj ls ?ksjuk ^bZlkbZ^ izHkko dk lwpd gSA 1607 esa Qknj tsjkse tsfo;j us tgkaxhj dks nkLrku&,&vgoy&bZ gokafj;k iazLrqr fd;kA izdk'k ,oa Nk;k dk fp=ksa ij izHkko] xjtrs gq;s cknyksa dk fp=.k vkfn ;wjksih; izHkko dks n'kkZrk gSA VkWel jks us 1615 bZñ esa vkbZtd vkfyoj dks tgkaxhj dks HksaV Lo:i fn;k] ftlus lqanj y?kq fp=ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA tgkaxhj ds dky esa NksVs vkdkj ds fp=ksa ds fuekZ.k dks vf/kd izksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA tgkaxhj ds ;qx esa fp=dyk esa ckjhdh c<+ xbZ FkhA vdcj ds ;qx esa fp= izk;% iqLrdksa esa gh fpf=r fd;s tkrs Fks] ijUrq tgkaxhj ds le; esa LorU= fp=ksa dk vadu 'kq: gks x;k FkkA eqxy fp=dkjksa } kjk cuk;s x;s fp=ksa esa njckj vkSj f'kdkj fo"k;d n`'; vf/kd fpf=r gSA O;fDr;ksa ds leg fp=.k vkSj L=h laca/kh fp=ksa dk loZFkk vHkko ugha FkkA eqxy fp=dkjksa }kjk cuk;s x;s fp=ksa esa /kkfeZd fp= vla[; gSaA mPpdksfV ds fp=dkjksa us lk/kq rFkk Qdhjksa ds 'kkUr LFkkuksa dh Nfo dk izn'kZu vius fp=ksa esa fd;k gS] ijUrq bl dky dh fp=dyk dk eq[; fo"k; izkd`frd lkSUn;Z FkkA tgkaxhj dkyhu fp=ksa eas njckj dh >kadh dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gS] u fd tuthou dksA fgUnw fp=dkjksa esa fc'kunkl ekuokd`fr fp=kadu esa lokZf/kd izfrf"Br FkkA og ;FkkFkZ esa vuq:ih; vfHkO;fDr esa vf}rh; FkkA fp=dkj ealwj if{k;ksa rFkk Qwy&ifÙk;ksa ds fp=.k esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk j[krk FkkA 'kkgtgka dks fp=dyk dh vis{kk LFkkiR; dyk ds izfr vf/kd :fp FkhA bl dkj.k 174 ATISHAY KALIT mlds le; esa fp=dkjksa dks jktnjckj }kjk vf/kd izksRlkgu u fey ldkA mlds le; esa vkd`fr fp=.k vkSj jax lkeatL; esa deh vk x;h] ijUrq js[kkadu o cksMZj cukus esa mUufr gqbZA3 njckjh fp=ksa esa vusd jaxksa rFkk Lo.kZ dk iz;ksx vf/kd gqvkA fp=ksa ds fdukjksa dks Qwy] iRrh rFkk yrkvksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gSA iq"iksa] frrfy;ksa ,oa vU; izkd`frd rRoksa }kjk vyadj.k bl dky dh fp=dyk dh fo'ks"krk gSA4 'kkgtgka us eqxy jkt ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds NksVs vkdkj ds fp=ksa dk ,d vkd"kZd ladyu Hkh cuk;k FkkA bl le; ds cus vf/kdrj fp=ksa esa vkarfjd lkSUn;Z ds Hkko iznf'kZr u gksdj fj;kt] ckjhdh] jaxksa dh rM+d&HkMd] gLr eqnzkvksa dk gqdqer dk njckj vf/kd fn[kk;h nsrk gSA fQj Hkh 'kkgtgka ds le; esa fp=dyk dk iru gksuk 'kq: gks x;k FkkA vkSjaxtsc us rks /kkfeZd dêjrk ds dkj.k fp=dyk dks jkT; dh vksj ls dqN izksR- lkgu ugha fn;k rFkk vusd LFkkuksa ij cus fp=ksa dks u"V djk fn;k] ijUrq vkSjaxtsc ds ;q)ksa vkSj nqxkZsa ds fp=ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ml le; fp= cuk;s tkrs Fks] ftlls fp=ksa dk u dsoy dyk dh n`f"V ls Lrj cgqr fxj x;k] cfYd eqxy njckj ls fp=dyk lekIr izk;% gks x;hA5 bl dkj.k fp=dkj eqxy njckj ls gVdj fofHkUu izkarksa esa pys x;sA y[kuÅ] gSnjkckn rFkk jktiwrkuk vc dyk ds dsUnz cu x;s vkSj LFkkuh; 'kkldksa us bl dyk dks izksRlkgu fn;kA bu 'kkldksa ds vkJ; ls ubZ&ubZ 'kSfy;ksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ] ftlesa jktiwr fp=dyk 'kSyh] dkaxM+k fp=dyk 'kSyh] clkSyh 'kSyh vkfn izeq[k gSA lanHkZ % 1- gfj'pUnz oekZ % e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] 2007] i`- 510 2- 'kekZ O;kl % e/;;qxhu Hkkjr] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2004] i`- 476 3- ,lñlhñ jk; pkS/kjh % lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼e/;dkyhu½] lqjthr ifCyds'kUl] fnYyh] 2003] i`- 221 4- gfj'pUnz oekZ % e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] 2007] i`- 524 5- chñ,yñxqIrk@isekjke % e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] t;iqj ifCyf'kax gkÅl] 2007] i`- 514

ooo t;iqj] dsUnzh; laxzgky; esa laxzghr esokM+ 'kSyh ds fp= % izeq[k fp=ksa dk foo- 175 jesa'k pan eh.kk ATISHAY KALIT Vol. 1, Pt. B 'kks/kkFkhZ Sr. 2, 2012 fp=dyk foHkkx] jkt-fo-fo- ISSN : 2277-419X

t;iqj] dsUnzh; laxzgky; esa laxzghr esokM+ 'kSyh ds fp= % izeq[k fp=ksa dk foospukRed v/;;u

t;iqj] dsUnhz; laxzgky; ds izFke ry ij vofLFkr rhu nh?kkvksZ esa y?kqfp= laxzghr gSA ftudk lEcU/k jktLFkkuh 'kSyh&esokM 'kSyh] cwanh 'kSyh] dksVk 'kSyh] t;iqj 'kSyh] fd'kux< 'kSyh] tks/kiqj 'kSyh] chdkusj 'kSyh vkfn eqxy 'kSyh igkMh 'kSyh] dEiuh 'kSyh vkfn 'kSfy;ksa ls gSA izLrqr y?kqfp= laxzg dks t;iqj dsUnzh; laxzgky; ds leLr le`) lap; dk laxzgjkt dgk tk ldrk gSA 1-1 jktLFkkuh 'kSyh izkxSfrgkfld dky lsa jktLFkku fp=dyk ds f{kfrt ij viuh izHkkoh mifLFkfr ntZ djokrk gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ls iwoZ fofHkUu fj;klrksa o jtokMksa ds vkJ; esa iuih y?kqfp= 'kSafy;ksa ds y?kqfp=ksa dk jktLFkku es v{k; Hk.Mkj gSA lEifr] jktLFkkuh 'kSyh ls vfHkizk; fp=dyk dh ,d ,slh 'kSyh ls gS] tks if'peh Hkkjrh; 'kSyh ;k viHkza'k 'kSyh ds vuqHkoksa ls Nudj jktLFkku izns'k esa tUeh o iYyfor gqbZA dyk leh{kdksa us jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dks HkSkxksfyd rFkk 'kSyh vk/kkjksa ij fuEufyf[kr eq[; 'kSafy;ksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k gS& 1 esokM 'kSyh& mn;iqj] nsox<-] ukFk)kjk 2 gkMkS+rh 'kSyh& cwanh] dksVk] >kykokM+k 3 dj idMrk O;fDr] canj dks lpsr djrk pjokgk] cUnj&exjePN dh dFkk] /kksch )kjk igukbZ flag dh [kky igus [kMk x/kk] fdlku iq= dk dky lkai] cqf) dk egRo] tUetkr vifjorZuh; izo`fr;kWa] oxZLrj dh gkfudkjd laxfr] fl;kj o flag 'kkod dh dFkk] xnHkZ&fl;kj dFkk vkfnA 10 Hkxonxhrk ij vk/kkfjr& d`".k )kjk vtqZu dk eksgHkax] lat; /k`rjk"Vª laokn] t;iqj] dsUnzh; laxzgky; esa laxzghr esokM+ 'kSyh ds fp= % izeq[k fp=ksa dk foo- 177 vtqZu dks Jh d`".k ds fnO; :I ds n'kZu] Hkh"e o vtqZu )kjk ;q) dk 'ka[kukn] fojkV Lo:Ik dk vkRelkr djrs vtqZu] d`".k dk fojkV Lo:i] vtqZu dk lkjFkh d`".k vkf- nA 11 d`".kkorkjpfj= lEca/kh fp=& xk; ds :Ik esa d`".k] dkjkokl esa d`".k tUe] d`".k dks ys tkrk oklqnso] iwruko/k] dkfy;k neu] d`".k cyjke dk xks/kwyh esa vfHkuUnu] d`".k }kjk nkokuy iku] ;'kksnk dh lh[k] xkso/kZu /kkj.k djus ij cyjke }kjk d`".k dk vkafyxu] c`t esa d`".k xksfi;kWa] va/kdklqj }kjk d`".k] cyjke o xk;ksa dk o/k vkfnA 12 ,dkn'kh egkRE; lEcU/kh& ,dkn'kh )kjk fo".kq dh j{kk] ,dkn'kh ozr o nku fo/kku] ,dkn'kh ozr dk jktk j?kq dks Qy] ,dkn'kh ozr esa fu"ks/k [kk| vkfnA esokM+ 'kSyh ds izeq[k fp=ksa dk foospu 1 pUnzihM ds njckj esa oS'Eik;u o vkfnoklh ouckyk% jktk g"kZo)Zu ds dfo ck.kHkV~V }kjk laLd`r x| esa jfpr dknEcjh dh fo"k;oLrq dk vkJ; xzg.k dj izLrqr fp= dk fp=.k vKkr fp=dkj us fd;k gSA bl fp= dk vkdkj yxHkx 40x24 lseh gSA bldk laxzgky; esa izkfIr vad & 1097@14@62 gSA ;g orZeku esa y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d lax`ghr gSA bl fp= ds ,d n`'; esa vkfnoklh ouckyk o 'kqd :Ik essa iquthZfor fiatjc) os'Eik;u dks jktk pUnzihM ds njckj esa is'k fd;k tk jgk gSA jktk pUnzihM flgkluk:< gSaA jktk ds ihNsa Hk`R; [kMk gqavk paoj >y jgk gSA jktk ds lkeus ,d vuqpj o ,d ifjpkfjdk ds lkFk ouckyk Hkh [kMh gSA uhps ds cka;s dksus esa nks jktlh O;fDr pkSiM [ksy jgs gSA la;kstu ds yxHkx e/; esa uhps dh vkssj jfld jktk u`R; dk vkuUn ys jgk gSA urZdh dh y;kRed eqnzk n'kZuh; gSA urZdh ds nkfguh vkSj ,d O;fDr eathjs o ,d O;fDr

e/;dky o HkfDrdky ds dfo lwjnkl ftldk le; 16oha lnh ds vkl&ikl gS] ds inksa dk ladyu Þlwjlkxjß iqLrd esa gSA ;g fp= Þlwjlkxjß ds dF; dks pfjrkFkZ djrk gSA rqylh ds jke] pSrU; ]ehjk ds Hkxoku d`".k us lkekU; tu ls njckjksa rd vius dks izse jl esa vksr&ikzsr dj fy;k FkkA3 bl fp=d`fr dk vkdkj 24-5x19 lseh gSA bldk t;iqj] dsUnzh; laxzgky; esa izkfIr vad& ACC.No.26/8/1097.D.R.11-12 P.150/5/28 gSA ;g y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA bl d`fr dk vadu 17oha lnha ds mrjk)Z esa esokM esa gqvk Fkk bl fp= es nkfgus dksus ds e/; Hkkx esa jk/kk o d`".k dks cSaxuh o.kZ ds vklu ij cSBs fn[kk;k x;k gSA vklu ij cSaBs d`".k us jk/kk dk eqag vius dey ds leku dksey gkFkksa esa ys j[kk gS o ckrphr esa nksuks eXu gSA vkdk'k xgjk uhyk jax dk gSA eq[;Hkwfe eas jk/kk o d`".k nksuks unh ds fdukjs fopj.k dj jgs gSA dsys] vke] o vU; o`{k gjh i`"BHkwfe esa lq'kksafHkr gSaA nkfguh vksSj uhps ds dksus esa ,d iq:"k vius vkaxu ds ckgj cus txrh ds cka;s dksus esa xs: oL= igus cSBk gSA mij ihys o.kZ ds gkf'k;s esa dkys o.kZ ls dF; fyf[kr gSA ek/kq;Z xaq.k ds lkFk la;ksx J`axkj dk euksgkjh lekgj n`"VO; gSA vfHknk dh 'kfDr fp= esa lkeF;Z dk lapkj djrh gSA 5 t;nso )kjk oS".ko eRL;korkj Lej.k % 12oha lnha esa caxky ds jktk y{e.k lsu ds jkT; dfo t;nso us jk/kk&d`".k ds izse dk izfr/ofur djus okyk] laLd`r Hkk"kk esa Þxhr&xksfoUnß dkO; dh jpuk dhA blh dkO; dh dFkkoLrq dk vkJ; xzg.k dj izLrqr fp= dks 15oha lnh lsa 19 oha lnh ds dgh e/; esafpf=r y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA bldk vkdkj yxHkx 43x25 lseh gSA laxzgky; esa bl fp=d`fr dk izkfIr vad& ACC.No. 1097 /21/59.S.12/P.147 gSA izLrqr fp= esa t;nso dks oS".ko n'kkorkjksa esa ls ,d erL;korkj dk Lej.k djrs fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA erL; dk ewrZ:I lkekU; dye i= ;k dYiyrk vfHkizk; ij vf/ kf"Br eRL; ds :Ik esa gh izkIr gksrk gSaA dHkh&dHkh blds pkjksa vkSj osnksa dk izfrdkRed fp=.k Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA izLrqr fp= esa Hkh ehu Hkxoku dey ljksoj esa ,d iqLrd eqag esa fy, eRL;korkj esa n`"VO; gSA eRL; vkd`fr ,d p'e gSA ljksoj esa yky o lQsn dey fodflr gS] dey ds l?ku gjs iRrs yko.;e;h gSA ljksoj dk ty xgjk&uhyk gSA ljksoj ds rV ij czãk] fo".kq] egs'k o t;nso vksj ,d vU; O;fDr Lrqfr eqnzk esa gkFk tksMs [kMsa gSA cka;h vkSj Åij ds dksus esa pkj ?kj vafdr gSA eq[; Hkwfe ds nkfguh vksj dnyh o vU; nks o`{k n`"VO; gSA i`"BHkwfe gjh&Hkjh gSA mij uhyh iVVh ds :i esa ckny n`"Vo; gSA rV ij [kMs ';ke o.kZ ds fo".kq dej ds uhps Lo.kZ oL= igus gq;s gSA gYdss uhys o.kZ esa f'ko ds 'kjhj dk vadu gSA tks lj ij tVktwV] xys eas ukx] gkFk esa f='kqwy o dej ds uhps cSxuh oL= /kkj.k fd;s gq;s gSA ihys v/kksoL= igus prqeqZ[kh czãkth xkSjs o.kZ esa vafdr gSA vUrjky foHkfDr vle gSA js[kkvksa esa lkSUn;Z gSA la;kstu lqO;ofLFkr gSA HkfDr jl o izlkn xq.k dk lg;ksx n`"VO; gSA Åij ihr o.kZ ds gkf'k;s esa dkys o.kZ ls dF; fyf[kr gSA vfHknk dh ;Fks"Vk izHkkfodh izkaIr gksrh gSA 180 ATISHAY KALIT

6 ty&fdzMk ¼fp=&1½ 1591 bZ-esa vkSjNk ujs'k ds HkkbZ jktk bUnzthr ds vkJ; esa czt Hkk"kk ds dfo ds'konkl us Þjfldfiz;kß uked izca/kkRed xzUFk dh jpuk dh] ftldh fo"k;oLrq dk vk/ kkj xzg.k dj izLrqr fp= dh jpuk dh xbZA eq[; :Ik ls y?kqfp=ks dh fo"k;oLrq rhu Hkkoukvksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSA HkfDr]J`xkkj]vkSj laxhrA6 ;g fp= t;iqj] dsUnhz; laxzgky; ds laxzg d{k dhy y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA bl fp= dk vkdkj 24-5x19-5 lseh gSA laxkzgky; esa bldk izkfIr vad& ACC.No.1097/26/31/.S.7/P.49 gSA ¼fp=&1½ ty ØhM+k bl fp= d`fr dks ns[k bls ßtyfogkj dk feyuß uke Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSA blesa oL= foghu]iw.kZr;k% uXu ;qofr;kWa dey ljksoj esa Luku dj jgh gSA mus [kqys oL= ljksoj ds nkfgus o cka;s dksus esa j[ks gSaA ljksoj ds dqN ikjn'khZ ty esa iq"iyrkvksa lfgr vafdr gSA ljksoj esa rSjrh eNyh fpf=r gSA ljksoj esa rhu xkSj o.khZ L=h o ,d ';keo.khZ iq:"k gkFk esa ,d lwjtew[kh tSls Qwy dks fy, ljksoj esa [kMsa gSaA ,d iq:"k vkd`fr ck;sa rV ij ty esa izos'k djus dh eqnkz esa vafdr gSA vkd`fr;kssa esa piyrk n`"VO; gSA eghu lQsn ygjnkj js[kkvksa ls ygj cuh gSA ljksoj ds rV ij yky jax dh pVVku o dqN o`{k vkSj ?kkl dk vadu gSA ihys jax ds gkfl;sa ess dkys jax ls fy[kh ifDr mij dh vkSj cuh gSA ;FkkFkZ ls lei`Dr dYiuk] xfrf'ky js[kk],d p'e :ikdkj] vle ekSfyd vUrjky vkfn dh izHkkfork la;kstu esa n`"VO; gSA la;ksx J`axkj dk ek/kq;Z xq.k ds lkFk lekgu Hkh n`f"Vxr gSA y{k.kk]vfHknk o O;tauk ls fp= oSf'k"V; lEi`Dr gSA 7- la;ksx J`axkj dk vkuUn % ¼fp=&2½ izLrqr fp= Hkh ds'konkl d`r ßjfldfiz;kß dh fo"k;oLrq ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g fp= t;iqj] dsUnhz; laxzgky; dh y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA nl fp= dk vkdkj 25x20 lseh gSA laxzgky; esa bldk izkfir vad&ACC. ¼fp=&2½ la;ksx J`axkj dk vkuUn No.1097/26/31/P.49 /4 gSA bl fp= esa flj ij eqdqV / kkj.k fd;s uhy o.khZ jktk o xkSj o.khZ jkuh] ftlus dej ds uhps igus dkys NhaV ds fdukjh ;qDr yky jax ds ?kk?kjs dks lesVdj mij py jgh gSA vklu ds nka;h vksj [kMh ,d L=h iq"i o"kkZ dj jgh gSA ihNs dnyh o vke ds o`{k fpf=r gSA uhys o.kZ ds vkdk'k esa a'osr o.khZ iw.kZ xksy pUnzek ped jgk gSA /kjkry o i`"BHkwfe gYd uhys o.kZ dh gSA lHkh phtksa dk izrhdkRed vadu n`"VO; gSA ,d vkd`fr ,d dks NksMdj lHkh vkd`fr ,d p'e gSA oL=ksa esa ;qofr;ksa us ygaxk]pksyh o ikjn'khZ oL= igusa gSA Åij ihr o.khzZ mikUr esa dkysa jax ls vafdr gSA J`axkj jl dk fo;ksx i{k n`f"Vxr gSA O;atuk o y{k.kk dk vkLoknu izkI; gSA 9 ek/ko ds fp= dks fNikrh ekyrh% ;g fp= ekyrhek/ko dkO;d`fr ds dF; ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g fp= t;iqj]dsUnhz; laxzgky; dh y?k``qfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA bl fp= dk vkdkj 21-5x36-5 lseh gSA laxzgky; esa bldk izkfIr vad& ACC.No.1083/4/61.p-197/s-12 gSA fp= dsa nkfgus dksus esa ekyrh egy ds >jks[ksa esa cSBh viuh lgsfy;ksa ls LoIu esa ns[ksa ek/ko ds Lo:i dk o.kZu dj jgh gSA ekyrh elun ;qDr dqyhu vklu ij cSBh gSA nkfgus dksus esa LoIu esa ek/ko ds Lo:Ik dk o.kZu lqu cus fp= dks ekyrh ys tk jgh gS vkSj jkLrs esa feyh Hkxorh dkeUnh ls ml fp= yTtko'k Nqik jgh gSA fp= Hkwfe ds uhps e/; esa kus ds Hkko Li"V gksrs gSA ftuesa rhu Lo.kZ jaxh eqdqV o ,d uhys jax ds eqdqV dks flj ij /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSA i`"BHkwfe esa xgjk /kaq/kyk o.kZ Hkjk gSA Hkxorh dkeUnh jksyh&eksyh ds fefJr o.kZ ds oL= igus gSaaA tks ,d gkFk esa ykBh idMssa gq;s gSA Åij ihys gkf'k;sa esa dkysa jax ls mfDr fyf[kr gSA ck;h vkSj dksus esa Hkxorh dke- Unh ds Lo:Ik dks 'osr diMs ij ifjpkfjdk lfgr fpf=r fd;k gSA ftldks nks iq:"k ihNs ls idMsa gSA yky] uhyk] xsgqvkWa] ihyk] gjk] lQsn] cSaxuh] ukjaxh] dslfj;k o.kZ vuqiz;ksx n`"VO; gSA izlkn o ek/kq;Z xq.kksa ds lkFk 'kkar o Jaxkj jl dk vnHkwn leUo; izLrqr fp= esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA vfHknk dh Hkko ¼fp=&4½ i`Fohjkt dks jksdrh bUnzorh o dkenso izR;{k fo|eku gSA dh dkeiq"i o"kkZ 10 i`Fohjkt dks jksdrh bUnzorh o dkenso dh dkeiq"i o"kkZ % ¼fp=&4½ y?kqfp=ksa esa dyk]lkfgR; o laxhr rhuksa dk laxe fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds jkT; dfo pUnzojnk;h d`fr ßi`Fohjktjklksaß xzUFk dh dFkkLrq dk vkJ; ysdj izLrqr fp= dh jpuk vKkr fp=dkj ds }kjk 17oha lnh ds mrjk)Z esa dh xbZ A bl fp= dk vkdkj 36-5x21-5 lseh gSA ;g fp= t;iqj] dsUnhz; laxzgky; dh y?kqfp= nh?kkZ ,d esa lax`ghr gSA laxzgky; esa bldk izkfIr vad& ACC.No. 1097/17/11.p-144/s-17 gSA bl fp= esa o"kkZ _rq esa vkPNkfnr cknyksa esa likZdkj Lo.kZjaxh fctyh ped jgh gSA fp= ds cka;s dksus eas uhps banzorh dks izFohjkt ds lkFk cSBs fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jkuh bUn- zorh i`Fohjkt dks ;q) esa u tkus ds fy, euk dj jgh gSA i`Fohjkt ihr o.khZ rfd;s ds lgkjk cSBk gSA bUnzorh us dkyh ikjn'khZ vkskrh gSA 12 dq:{kas= esa nksuksa lsukvks ds e/; vtqZu o Jh d`".k dk jFk % egkHkkjr ds Hkh"eioZ dk Hkkx ßHkkxon~ xhrkß laLd`r Hkk"kk esa m)r gSasA ftldh fo"k;oLrq ;q) {ks= esa d`".k o vtqZu laokn ls lEcU/k j[krh gSA izLrqr fp= ßHkkxon~ xhrkß dh dFkkoLrq dk vkJ; ysdj vKkr fp=dkj }kjk fpf=r fd;k x;kA bl fp= dk vkdkj 17x22-5 lseh gSA ;g fp= t;iqj] dsUnhz; laxzgky; dh y?kqfp= nh?kkZ nks esa laxzghr gSA laxzgky; esa bldk izkfIr vad& ACC.No.22/713 gSA bl fp= esa lQsan fefJr gjs jax dh i`"BHkwfe esa e/; esa nks 'osr ?kksMksa ls lapkfyr jFk esa ';ke o.khZ 184 ATISHAY KALIT vtqZu vL=&'kL= fy, cSBk gSaA vtqZu ds jFk dk lkjFkh ';ke o.khZ Jh Ñ".k o vtqZu dh gLreqnzk Øe'k le>kus o le>us dh eqnzk esa gSa e/;Hkwfe ls nkfguh vkSj ;qw) os'k esa lqlfTtr ukS ikaMoksa dh lsuk gS] tks gkFkh o ?kksMksa ij fojkteku gSa e/;Hkwfe ds cka;h vksj dkSjoks dh lsuk gkFkh&?kksMksa ij vk:< gSaA lEiw.kZ ekuokd`fr;ksa esa nks lSfudksa dks NksM lHkh lSfudksa dk us= ,d p'e gSA lHkh lSfudks uas Lo.kZ jtr]cSaxuh o uhys o.kZ dh ;q) iks'kkd igu j[kh gSa ftuesa c[krj rhj]

Lk¡kxkusjh NikbZ dyk esa jaxksa dh fof'k"Vrk

oL= izkjfEHkd ;qxksa ls euq"; dh izeq[k vko’;drk jgh gS] vius ’kjhj dks fofHkUu jaxksa] vyadj.kksa ,oa uewuksa ds oL=ksa ls ltkuk mldh vpy vkdka{kk jgh gSA bl lkSUn;Z ,oa ltkus dh r`".kk ds QyLo:i fofHkUu ;qxksa esa vla[; fdLeksa ds oL= ,oa ifj/kku cuk, x,A lwrh oL= dh ijEijk ,oa jaxkbZ dh dyk dk mn~Hko Hkkjr esa vR;Ur izkphu gSA cqudjksa] oL= dkrus okyksa] jaxjstksa ,oa NikbZ dykdkjksa us Hkwrdky ,oa orZeku dky esa lqUnj jaxsa ,oa Nis oL=ksa dh ,d vk’pZ;tud ,oa ’kkunkj J`[kayk dk mRiknu fd;k] ftlus dh Hkkjr dks mlds gkFk ls Nis ,oa fpf=r oL=ksa ds fy, lEiw.kZ fo’o esa yksdfiz; cuk fn;kA1 jktLFkku Hkkjr dh if’peh lhek ij clk ,d ,slk izns’k gS tgkWa ij izd`fr cM+s lhfer jaxksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA izns’k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx e:LFkyh; gSa dqN ,d LFkkuksa dks NksM+dj cgq/kk Hkwfe catj ,oa vuqitkÅ gSA lw[kk&vdky ds lgHkkxh jktLFkku oklh vius LoHkko o jgu&lgu esa fQj Hkh vusd jaxksa dk lekos’k j[krs gSaA ;gkWa dk yksd&laxhr o vU; yksd&dyk,¡a rht&R;kSgkjksa eas gkV&esyksa esa mudh ekSteLrh muds jax&jaxhys thou ds ifjpk;d gSA lqnaj vkSj mi;ksxh oL=ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr o"kZ dh jk"Vªh; dyk jgh gSaA euq"; us tc oL= cukuk ’kq: fd;k rHkh mldksa ltkus dh ckr Hkh mlds efLr"d esa vkbZ rkfd oL= lqnaj yxsaA blds fy;s mlus izd`fr ls izkIr oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA blls izHkkfor gksdj mlds efLr"d esa /khjs&/khjs ;g ckr vkbZ fd iz—fr ls izkIr jaxks dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls mlus gjflaxkj ds Qwy dks ely dj ihyk jax rS;kj fd;kA mlh izdkj dqlqe ds Qwy ls yky vkSj ihyk ¼gYnh tSlk ihyk½] vukj ds fNyds ls ihyk] enkj dh Nky ls yky] uhy ls uhyk vkfn jax rS;kj fd;s gksaxs vkSj vius oL=ksa dks jaxksa ls ltk;kA2 jaxksa ds lkFk diM+s ij ydM+h ls cus gkFk&BIiksa dh NikbZ dk uke tcku ij vkrs gh jktLFkku dh jkt/kkuh t;iqj ds ikl cls lk¡xkusj dk uke vkSj diM+s dh NikbZ dk dk;Z Le`fr;ksa esa lqxU/k lk rSjus yxrk gSA bl lk¡xkusjh gkFk&BIik NikbZ ds dkj.k dsoy lk¡xkusj gh ugha vfirq lexz jktLFkku vkSj Hkkjr ns’k Hkh fo’o ds ekufp= ij Lk¡kxkusjh NikbZ dyk esa jaxksa dh fof'k"Vrk 187 ns’k&ns’kkUrjksa esa Hkyh&Hkkafr tkuk igpkuk tkrk jgk gS3 vkSj igpkuk tkrk jgsxk ,slk esjk fo’okl gSA lk¡xkusj t;iqj ’kgj ds nf{k.k if’pe esa 13 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA lk¡xkusj esa fdlh tekus esa ikap ufn;ksa dk laxe Fkk tks fd lk¡xkusj dks ?ksjrh gqbZ lh izrhr gksrh FkhaA ijUrq vkt dsoy vekuh’kkg dk ukyk ogakW ls xqtjrk gSA dgrs gS bleas s ,slk izrhr ugh gksrkA lk¡xkusj dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjrh gqbZ ,d nhokj cukbZ xbZ Fkh ftlesa pkj njokts gaS] ;Fkk & nkSlk njoktk] t;iqj njoktk] pkdlw njoktk] ekyiqjk njoktkA nkSlk njoktk ck<+ ds dkj.k iw.kZr;k VwV pqdk gSA lk¡xkusj ls lVk ,d f=iksfy;k cuk gqvk gS tks vc VwVus ds dxkj ij [kM+k gSA pkj&nhokjh esa nks cqtZ cus gSA4 jkT; dh dk"B&BIik NikbZ dyk dks Hkh ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ izkphudky ls izHkkfor djrh vkbZ gSaA NikbZ dyk ij bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izHkko dks fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vUrxZr Li"V fd;k x;k gS& · ftl le; fons’kh vkØkUrkvksa ls mRrjh Hkkjr vkØkUr Fkk] jktLFkku ioZrh; nhokjksa ¼vjkoyh ioZrekyk½ ds dkj.k bu vkØe.kksa ls cpk jgkA jktLFkku ds ’kq"d ,oa fujatu e:LFky us Hkh dbZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh ?kqliSB dks jksdus esa cM+k ;ksx fn;kA ;gh dj.k jgk fd tc vkSjaxtsc ds lkFk ;q) ds nkSjku xqtjkr ladViw. kZ fLFkfr ls xaqtj jgk Fkk vkSj ckn esa ejkBksa us ogk¡ /kkok cksy dj ywVikV ’kq: dj nh] rc vusdksa gLrf’kYih vius /ku o thou dks lqjf{kr j[kus ,oa jkstxkj ikus ds fy, ogk¡ ls LFkkukUrfjr gksdj jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa cl x,A5 buesa ls cgqr ls ifjokj oL=&NkbZ ds dk;Z ls Hkh tqM+s Fks] ftUgksaus jktLFkku esa cl dj ;gk¡ dh oL=&NikbZ dyk dh fodkl ;k=k dks u;s vk;ke fn;s A · jktFkku esa NikbZ djus okys dykdkj oL=ksa dh /kqykbZ&rikbZ gsrq unh] dqvksa] rkykcksa ds vkl ikl cls gSaA ;gk¡ ufn;ksa ds ty esa daqN ,sls fof’k"V [kfut rRo ik;s tkrs gaS] ftuls oL=ksa ds jaxksa dsa fo’ks"k ped mRiUu gks tkrh gS] tSls & lk¡xkusj dh /kaq/k unh] cx: dh lka>fj;k unh] ckM+esj dk uj lkxj bR;kfn fo’ks"k [fut ;qDr ty okys gSaA bu ufn;ksa ds /kwi;qDr LoPN jsrhyk fdukjk Hkh NikbZ dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vko’;drk gS] tgk¡ Nhis oL=ksa dks lq[kkrs gSa ,oa vU; xfrfof/k;k¡ lEiUu djrs gSaA · tyok;q dk Hkh NikbZ ds ifj.kke ij cgqr izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk ekSle dh vko’;drkuqlkj jaxksa dk pquko gksrk gSA jktLFkku jsrhyk gS] vr% ;gk¡ ij oL= NikbZ esa xgjs jax dk iz;ksx vf/kd gksrk gS] D;ksafd og lw;Z dh rst fdj.kksa rFkk jsr ls j{kk djrk gSA6 pw¡fd jktLFkku ds e:LFkfy; izns’kksa esa izd`fr esa jaxksa dh deh ikbZ tkrh gSA ;gk¡ gfj;kyh Hkh ukeek= dks gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh 188 ATISHAY KALIT

dqN eghuksa ds fy,] vr% ;gk¡ ds yksx jax&fcjaxs oL= /kkj.k dj jaxksa dh bl deh dks iwjk dj nsrs gSaA NikbZ dyk esa pqus x;s jax yksd thou esa ,d lq[kn vkHkkl nsrk gSa vkSj bl lq[ksiu dks FkksMk de djus esa Hkh lkFkZd fl} gksrk gSA · jktLFkku esa NikbZ esa okuLifrd inkFkksZa dk izpwj ek=k esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu izkd`frd ouLifr;ka dk iz;ksx NikbZ ds fy, jax rS;kj djus esa iz;qDr gksus okyh dqN izeq[k ouLifr;k¡ ,oa ouLifr;ksa ls fufeZr inkFkZ bl izdkj gSa&eaftB] esgUnh] tok gjM+] dPpk dRFk] fQVdjh] vukj dk fNydk¼ukliky½] vky dh ydM+h] enkjh Nky] /kkoM+h xksan] yky panu dk cqjknk] Qksyk gYnh] vukVks cht] irax dh ydM+h] fdyeksj dh tM+] yk[k] ccwy fNydk] tkequ dk Qy] xqM+] baMksyh dk rsy] ghjk dlhl] uhe dh Nky] f’kdkdkbZ] dkpjh] beyh ds chp dk ikmMj] tkequ dk lhjdk] phM+] frYyh dk rsy] xsgw¡ dk vkVk] ’kDdj bR;kfnA · dbZ Qwyksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fofHkUu izdkj ds jax rS;kj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Qwy Hkh jktLFkku dh gh LFkkuh; mit gSa] ;Fkk&/kkoM+;k ds Qwy] dqlqek ds Qwy] gjflaxkj ds Qwy] dslwyk Qwy bR;kfnA · jktLFkku dh /kjrh esa vdwV [kfut laink dk HkaMkj fo|eku gSaA [kfut ;qDr feV~Vh ,oa ikuh dh NikbZ esa ykHk dk fooj.k igys fn;k x;k gS] cgqr ls [kfut inkFkksZa dk Hkh NikbZ eas iz;ksx gksrk vk jgk gSA yksgk] pwuk&iRFkj] xs: feV~Vh] dkyh feV~Vh bR;kfn dk iz;ksx NikbZ dh fofo/k izfØ;kvksa ds nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSA lksus&pk¡nh ds odZ ,oa ikmMj dk iz;ksx ;gk¡ dh fof’k"V [kM~M+h dh NikbZ esa izkphudky ls fd;k tkrk jgk gSA dqUnhxjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku vf/kdka’kr% laxejej ds iRFkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA · [kkjs ikuh dh >hyksa ls izkIr ued dk iz;ksx Hkh NikbZ dh fofo/k rduhdksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA7 · jktLFkku esa NikbZ gsrq lhle] xqjtu] lkxoku] vke vkSj vjMw dh ydM+h ds BIis iz;qDr gksrs gSaA vf/kdka’kr% ;s ydfM+;k¡ jktLFkku esa gh miyC/k gks tkrh gSa ,oa ek¡x vf/kd gksus ij ckgj ls Hkh eaxokbZ tkrh gSaA lhle dh ydMh ekm.V vkcw ioZr {ks= ls] xqjtu dh ydM+h lokbZ ek/kksiqj ds taxyksa ls ,oa lkxoku dh ydM+h mn;iqj] Mw¡xjiqj] >kykokM+] fpRrkSM+x<+ vkSj ckjka ds ouksa ls izkIr gksrh gSaA budk iz;ksx BIis cukus gsrq fd;k tkrk gS ,oa vke rFkk vjMw dh ydM+h dk iz;ksx BIis dh ewB cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA mRrj izns’k ls izkIr ’kh’ke dh ydM+h ,oa e/; izns’k rFkk egkjk"Vª ls izkIr lkxoku dh ydM+h dk iz;ksx Hkh BIis cukus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA8 · ;gk¡ oL=ksa ij mdsjh xbZ Hkkarksa esa LFkkuh; Qyksa] Qwyksa] lfCt;ksa] yrkvksa] o`{kksa] i’kq&i{kh o ekuo vkd`fr;ksa dk fp=.k mdsj.k izeqw[k gS] ;Fkk&Qy] Qwy ,oa lfCt;ksa esa dSjh] xqykc xksHkh] ujfxjl] dpukj] pesyh] xqM+gy] lwjteq[kh] pEikdyh] eksxjk] lkSalu] vke] /krqjs ds Qwy] dslw ds Qwy] HkwV~Vs bR;kfn dk ,oa i’kq&if{k;ksa esa rksrk] eksj] frryh] xksjS;k] eSuk ?kksM+k] gkFkh] fgj.k] [kjxks’k] ’ksj bR;kfn dk fp=.k izeq[k Lk¡kxkusjh NikbZ dyk esa jaxksa dh fof'k"Vrk 189

:i ls fd;k tkrk gSA ekuokd`fr;k¡ Hkh LFkkuh; oL=kHkw"k.kksa ls lqlfTtr gksrh gSA9 · ,d vU; ckr Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd NikbZ ds lHkh vyadj.kksa ds uke ouLifr] i’kq&i{kh ;k vU; izkd`frd phtksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrs gSaA buesa LFkkuh; iSnkokj dk Hkh izHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s uke leqnk; ds yksxksa dks vklkuh ls ;kn Hkh jg tkrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s muds nSfud thou ls tqM+s jgrs gSa] tSls&cSaxu dh cwVh] MksMh dh cwVh] frryh dh cwVh] ykSax dh cwVh] dSjh dh cwVh] p.kh dh cwVh] cawnhyh dh cwVh] fueksM+h dh cwVh] fephZ dh cwVh] QwyM+h dh cwVh] ?kaMh dh cwVh] esaM dh cwVh] iRrh dh cwVh] xsgw¡ dh cwVh] /ku dh cwVh] fpM+h dh cwVh bR;kfnA jaxksa ds uoke Hkh bvkt dh rjg yky] gjs] ihys] ugha jgsA buds ukeksa esa izkd`frd thou dk Lo:i tqM+k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA jaxksa ds fy, dlwey] rks:Qwyh] ewafx;k] jkrk vkfn uke izpyu esa jgs gSa] ftUgsa fdlh Hkh xzkeh.k ds fy, vyx ls ;kn j[kus dh vko’;drk ugha jgrhA10 · jktLFkku dh ’kq"d tyok;q dk ,d ykHk ;g Hkh jgrk gS fd ,d ckj NikbZ djus ds ckn diM+k ’kh?kz lw[k tkrk gS ,oa ml ij vklkuh ls nqckjk NikbZ dh tk ldrh gSA diMs+ esa ueh jgus ij jax QSyus dk [krjk jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd o"kkZ ds eghuksa ¼e/; twu ls flrEcj½ ds nkSjku NikbZ dk dk;Z vf/kdka’kr% can j[kk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ml nkSjku okrkoj.k esa ueh gksrh gSA jax lk¡xkusj ds Nis oL=ksa esa jax dh Hkwfedk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ftls ;gk¡ ds Nhik fofHkUu ouLifr;ksa vkSj [kfut inkFkksZa }kjk Lo;a rS;kj djrs FksA fdUrq orZeku le; esa vf/ kdrj jklk;fud jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA ;s ns’kh jax unh] ioZrksa dh feV~Vh] iRFkj] ty o fofHkUu ouLifr;ksa ds Qwy&iÙkksa] o`{kksa dh Nkyksa vkSj tM+ksa vkfn ls rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA dPps vkSj iDds nks izdkj ds jax jktLFkku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa izpfyr gSA dPps jax vis{kkd`r vf/kd pVdhys vkSj de le; esa rS;kj gksus okys gksrs gSA fdUrq ,d ;k nks /kksc ¼/kqykbZ½ ds i’pkr~ gh diM+k lQsn fudy vkrk gS vkSj jax Qhds iM+ tkrs gSA tcfd iDds jax cukus dh fØ;k yEch vkSj tfVy gksrh gS vkSj blesa vR;kf/kd ifjJe o ykxr ¼vFkZ½ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ijUrq ,d ckj Nius o jaxus ds i’pkr~ diM+s ds QVus rd jax Qhdk ugha gksrk cfYd fnu izfrfnu jaxksa dh ped c<+rh gh tkrh gSaA uhyk] ihyk vkSj yky ;s rhu izkFkfed jax gSA ;s rhuksa gh jax fofHkUu izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa vkSj [kfut inkFkksZa ls rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA tks fd fuEufyf[kr gSA ihyk jax ;g jax gYnh] gjflaxkj ds Qwy] dqlqe ds Qwy] xSank] Vslw ds Qwyksa] vMwlk] ukliky 190 ATISHAY KALIT bR;kfn ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA fQVdjh ,oa ukliky] gYnh ,oa vMwlk ds jaxksa dks iDdk djus ds fy, iz;qä gksrh gSA buesa pwuk] lTth] uhacw dk jl] dlhl] [kVkbZ bR;kfn dh de ;k vf/kd ek=k feykdj ihys jax dh vusd xgjh o gYdh jaxrs rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ihyk jax dks iDdk djus ds fy, jaxs o Nis oL=ksa dks fQVdjh ds ?kksy esa jkr Hkj j[kus ds i’pkr~ lw[kkrs gSA ckn esa oL=ksa dh /kqykbZ o"kkZ ds ikuh ls dh tkrh FkhA orZeku le; esa d’kh’k dk iRFkj ls Hkh ihys jax dh gYdh o xgjh jaxrs rS;kj dh tkrh gSA blesa xksan dh ctk; beyh ds chtksa ¼fp;ksa½ dk pw.kZ Hkh O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA yky jax ¼cqtZ ysbZ½ yky jax vkSj mldh fofo/k jaxrs dqlqe ds Qwy] eathB] irax dh ydM+h] vky] xs: bR;kfn ds lkFk dsyk] lhih ;k <+kd dh jk[k] fQVdjh] beyh] uhcw dk jl] pwuk] lTth] gjsa bR;kfn {kkj;qä inkFkksZ dks vko’;d ek=kvksa esa feykdj rS;kj dj yh tkrh FkhA uhyk jax ¼bfUMxks Cyw½ uhyk jax vkSj mldh jaxrs uhy] uhykFkksFkk] taxkj bR;kfn rFkk dqN {kkj;qä inkFkksZa ls rS;kj dj yh tkrh gSA ^uhy* ¼yhy½ ,d uhyk jax dk nzO; gS tks uhy ds ikS/ks dk vdZ ¼lkj½ fudkydj cuk;k tkrk gS ckfd inkFkZ ifÙk;ksa }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa lk¡xkusj Nhikvksa }kjk bl izdkj dk ^uhy* dk vdZ ugha O;ogkj fd;k tkrkA cfYd cktkj esa miyC/k rS;kj nkusnkj d`f=e ^bfUMxks* iz;ksx djrs gSA dkyk ¼L;kgh½ jax bu izkFkfed jaxksa ds vfrfjä Nhik vusd izdkj dh jaxrs rS;kj djrs gS ftuesa eq[; :Ik ls lk¡xkusj dk izfl) dkyk ¼L;kgh½ jax gSA ^^L;kgh** lkj :Ik ls yksg dk mQku ¼Qsu½ mRiUu fd;k x;k ?kksy gSA blds lkFk xqM+ vkSj xksan feykdj NikbZ ds fy, ysbZ rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ^^L;kgh** dks gjM+k ds fpjijk ?kksy ds la;ksx ls fodflr dj xgjk dkyk jax rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA mi;qZä oLrqvksa o ouLifr;ksa ds vfrfjä jaxksa ds fodkl ds fy, mi;qZä tyok;q dk gksuk Hkh vfrvko’;d gSA vusd izdkj dh jaxrksa o jaxksa dks rS;kj djus esa lw;Z dh jks’kuh vkSj fo’ks"k izdkj ds [kfut inkFkZ ;qä ty dk egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx gksrk gSA blh dkj.k dqN LFkkuksa ds unh] rkykc vkSj dqvksa ds ty esa ;g xq.k gksrk gSA ogk¡ Nhik] jaxjstksa dh cfLr;k¡ clh gqbZ feyrh gSA lk¡xkusj ds lehi cgus okyh /kqa/k ¼ljLorh unh½ Hkh ogk¡ dh jaxkbZ] NikbZ vkSj jaxksa ds fodkl esa eq[; :i ls lgk;d fl) gqbZ gSA tyok;q ds ifjorZu ls Hkh LFkku&LFkku dh jaxrksa esa vUrj vk tkrk gSA bl izdkj Li"V gS fd jktLFkku dh dk"V&BIik NikbZ dyk ij fu’fpfr :i ls HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko iM+k gSA jktLFkku dh NikbZ dyk ds jxksa dks ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vyx djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izkphudky ls ;gk¡ dh Lk¡kxkusjh NikbZ dyk esa jaxksa dh fof'k"Vrk 191

HkkSxksfyd cukoV us vU; izns’kksa ls NikbZ dykdkjksa dks ;gk¡ vkus dh fy, izsfjr fd;k ,o a;gk¡ ds NikbZ dykdkjksa esa Hkh LFkk;fRo dh Hkkouk mRiUu dh] ftlls fd mUgksaus viuh yxu ,oa ifjJe ls NikbZ dh dyk dks fodkl dh vksj vxzlj fd;kA fof’k"V HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us LFkkuh; turk dks fo’ks"k jaxksaa ,oa vyadj.kksa ls ;qDr oL= / kkj.k djus gsrq izfjr fd;k ,oa NikbZ dh Hkh fof’k"V rduhd viukbZ xbZ] ftlls fo’o cktkj esa jktLFkkuh oL=ksa us viuk ,d vyx LFkku cuk;kA [kfut ;qDr unh ds ty us oL=ksa ds jaxksa esa ,d fo’ks"k ped mRiUu dh ,oa izd`fr us os lHkh oLrq,¡ NikbZ dykdkj dks iznku dh tks NikbZ gsrq vko’;d gSaA gkykafd orZeku esa jklk;fud rRoksa dk iz;ksx NikbZ esa c<+ x;k gS ,oa LØhu dh NikbZ dk izpyu Hkh c<+k gS] fQj Hkh jktLFkku esa oL= NikbZ esa vkt rd Hkh izkd`frd miknkuksa dk izpwj ek=k esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA LØhu dh NikbZ ds gksrs gq, Hkh ydM+h ds BIiksa ls gkFk ls Nis oL=ksa ,oa muds jxksa dk viuk fof’k"V egRo gSA ;gk¡ oL=ksa ij Nkis tkus okys vf/kdka’k vyadj.k Hkh izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftudk fuekZ.k dykdkj us jktLFkku ds izkd`frd ifjos’k ds xgu voyksdu ds i’pkr~ fd;k gS ,oa budk uke Hkh fofHkUu ouLifr;ksa] i’kq&if{k;ksa ;k vU; izkd`frd phtksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa] ftlls fd O;fDr dk izd`fr izse mldh vfHkO;fDr dh lhek ds vk/kkj ij oL=ksa dh NikbZ eas utj vkrk gSA vr% ;g dguk vfr’;ksfDr ugha gksxk fd orZeku esa jktLFkkuh oL= NikbZ dyk ds jxksa us lEiw.kZ fo’o esa tks viuh ekSfyd igpku cukbZ gSa] mlesa ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ;gkWa ds efgyk ,oa iq:"k rht R;kSgkjksa ds lkFk lkFk fnuksa ds vuq:i Hkh jaxksa dk pquko dj oL= /kkj.k djrs gS vkSj bl dkj.k ls bl NikbZ dyk ds jaxksa dk yksd thou esa viuk ,d egRo gS vkSj bu jaxksa dh HkjikbZ fdlh vU; lk/kuksa }kjk djuk vlEHko lk izrhr gksrk gSA lanHkZ % 1 ‘Bandhej’-Craft of Rajasthan; Part-five, National Craft Institute for Hand Printed Textiles, Office of Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Jaipur, 1986, p. 4 2 vk’kk Hkxr( jktLFkku] xqtjkr ,oa e/;izns’k dh NikbZ dyk dk losZ{k.k] ubZ fnYyh] 1995]i`- 6 3 dyk fdj.k( =Sekfld dyk if=dk] c`teksgu ’kekZ&ydM+h gkFk&BIik NikbZ dh dyk] o"kZ % 1] vad % 1] t;iqj] vxLr 1997] i`-15 4 lk¡xkusjh&NikbZ( Hkkx&izFke] us’kuy Øk¶V baLVhV;wV QkWj gS.M fizaVsM VSDlVkbYl] gLr&f’kYi vk;qDr dk dk;kZy;] Hkkjr ljdkj] t;iqj] 1985]i`- 6 5 Chandramani Singh; Textiles and Costumes from the Maharaja Sawai Man singh-II Museum, Jaipur. 6 vk’kk Hkxr( jktLFkku] xqtjkr ,oa e/;izns’k dh NikbZ dyk dk losZ{k.k] ubZ fnYyh] 1995]i`- 23 192 ATISHAY KALIT cchrk pkS?kjh ATISHAY KALIT izoDrk] Vol. 1, Pt. B jktdh; efgyk iksfyVsfDud egkfo/kky;] Sr. 2, 2012 t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz

Lkkjka'k & ^^t;iqj dyk ,ao lald`fr dh n`f"V ls viuh vyx igpku vkSj 'kku j[krk gS A ,d vksj ;gkWa ds nqxZ] efUnj vius f'kYi vkSj lkSUn;Z ds dkj.k fo[;kr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk nsoh&nsorkvks ds vkokl x`g ekus tkrs gS] ogh nwljh vksj ;gkW ds fuoklh;ks dh os'kHkw"kk] oL= vyadkj dk lkaLd`frd i{k bruk izcy gS fd lfn;ks ds xqtj tkus vkSj eqxy&vkaXy fons'kh izHkko gksus ckotwn Hkh ;gkWa dh os'kHkw"kk viuh fo'ks"krkvks dks fpj LFkk;h j[kus es lQy jgh gSA** t;iqj jkT; dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1727 bZ- esa egkjktk lokbZ t;flag th f}rh; }kjk dh xbZ FkhA mlls igys lkaxkusj esa NikbZ dk dk;Z pyrk vk jgk FkkA jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk fo'ks"k dk;Z buds dky esa gh izkjEHk gqvkA t;iqj dh Nih gqbZ eyey vkSj lwrh NhaV iwjs Hkkjr esa izfl) jgh gS tks tks/kiqj esa cM+h ek=k esa fu;kZr dh tkrh FkhA t;iqj esa diM+ksa ds pkj foHkkx Þfdfdjk[kkuk] tjxj[kkuk] rkslkj[kkuk ,oa [ktkuk csgyk gksrs FksAß jaxkbZ rFkk NikbZ ds fy;s jkT; dh rjQ ls vf/kd ek=k esa oL= fn;s tkrs FksA fo'ks"k voljksa ij tSls ?kqM+p<+h] fookg] rht&R;kSgkj ds le; Fkku ds Fkku jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ ds fy;s lkaxkusj Hksts tkrs FksA t;iqj ds ikl lwrh oL= dk nwljk dsUnz cx: gSA dkykMsjk esa eq[; :i ls uhys jax dh lrg ij QM+n cuk;h tkrh gSA t;jkeiqjk esa yky o dkys jax ls lh/kkiu fy;s gq, Hkkar ¼fMtkbZu½ dh NikbZ gksrh gSA cLlh esa igys pknjsa gh Nirh Fkha] ijUrq vktdy ;gk¡ vU; rjg ds diM+ksa ij Hkh NikbZ dk dk;Z gksus yxk gSA oL= NikbZ ds midj.k % fdlh Hkh oL= dh NikbZ ds fy;s os midj.k vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSa ftuls NikbZ dh tk ldrh gSA ;s ydM+h ;k /kkrq ds cus gksrs gSaA izkjfEHkd dky esa ydM+h ds BIis cuk;s tkrs FksA ckn esa 'kh'ke] xjtu] lkxoku o jks;M+k dh ydM+h ls cuk;s tkus yxsA 'kh'ke dh ydM+h Bksl gksrh gS ftldss dkj.k] [kqnkbZ djus esa T;knk ifjJe dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk mldk BIik yEcs le; rd dk;Z dj ldrk gSA T;knk ikuh esa jgus ds dkj.k og [kjkc Hkh ugha gksrkA xqjtu dh ydM+h jktLFkku esa dsoy lok- bZek/kksiqj ds taxyksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA eqyk;e gksus ds dkj.k mldh xgjh [kqnkbZ dh tk ldrh gSA bl ydM+h dk cuk Nkik fo'ks"k :i ls js[k o ?kqekonkj fMtkbZu dh NikbZ esa dke vkrk gSA1 lkxoku dh ydM+h jktLFkku lfgr e/;izns'k] xqtjkr o egkjk"Vª esa t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz 193 ikbZ tkrh gSA blls vf/kdrj BIis dk gh dke fy;k tkrk gSA vke vkSj vjM+ ds cus BIis T;knk dk;Z ugha djrs D;ksafd buds cus BIis ikuh esa vf/kd jgus ij Qwy tkrs gSaA ydM+h ls BIis cukus ds ckn mUgsa pkj&ik¡p fnuksa rd frYyh ds rsy esa Mqcksdj j[kk tkrk gS] ftlls dke ysus ds ckn os Vs<+s&es<+s ugha gksrsA2 BIis cukus ds fy;s loZizFke ydM+h dks vko';drk vuqlkj dkV fy;k tkrk gSA fQj fdlh [kqjnjs iRFkj ;k jsxeky ls jxM+ dj mls lkQ dj fn;k tkrk gS] fQj ml ij [kfM+;k feÍh dk ysi p<+kdj lq[kk;k tkrk gSA lw[kus ds ckn mlh Hkkar ds dkxt dks ml ij fpidk fn;k tkrk gS rFkk uksdnkj vkStkj dh lgk;rk ls ml Hkkar dks mrkj fn;k tkrk gSA [kqnkbZ dh Hkkar rS;kj gkssus ij mHkjs gq, fgLls dks jsrh ls lkQ dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk bl izdkj os NikbZZ ds fy;s rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA3 /kkrq ds cus BIis vf/kdrj ihry ds gh cuk;s tkrs gaSA os vf/kdrj mŸkj izns'k ds vktex<+ o eqjknkckn esa cuk;s tkrs gSaA ;s BIis ydM+h dh vis{kk vf/kd egaxs gksrs gSa fdarq dbZ o"kksaZ rd os pyrs Hkh gSaA vf/kdrj Nhais Hkh ydM+h ds cus BIis dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tc os iqjkus BIis fcxM+ tkrs gSa rks mlh rjg ds u;s BIis rS;kj dj fn;s tkrs gSaA jktLFkku esa t;iqj] lkaxkusj] cx:] cLlh dkykMsjk tkgksrk] ckM+esj] tSlyesj vkSj vkdksyk ds Nhais fgUnq gSa] tcfd HkhyokM+k] ckyksrjk] ihikM+] tks/kiqj vkSj mn;iqj ds Nhais bLyke /keZ ds vuq;k;h gSaA ;s gh yksx izR;sd txg ij jaxkbZ dk dk;Z djrs gS] fdarq oL= NikbZ esa LFkkuh; ek¡x ds vuqlkj dgha lkxoku rks dgha /kkrq ds BIiksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA4 fL=;ksa ds ifj/kkuksa ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds diM+s izpfyr Fks] ftUgsa tkeknkuh] fde[kkc] Vlj] NhaV] eyey] e[key] ikjpk] el:] fpd] byk;ph] egewnh fpd] ehj&,&cknyk] ukSjax'kkgh] cgknqj'kkgh] Q:[k'kkgh NhaV] ckrk] eksetkek] xaxktyh vkfn uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA mPpoxhZ; fL=;k¡ vius p;u esa bu diM+ksa dks ojh;rk nsrh FkhaA ijUrq lk/kkj.k oxZ dh fL=;k¡ yës o NhaV ds oL=ksa ls gh larks"k dj ysrh FkhaA _rq vkSj voljkuqdwy jax&fcjaxs o pVdhys ifj/kkuksa dk pko fL=;ksa esa vo'; Fkk] tks viuh&viuh gSfl;r ds vuqlkj cf<+;k vkSj ?kfV;k fdLe ds diM+s cuokrs FksA pw¡nM+h vkSj ygfj;k t;iqj lfgr jktLFkku dh izeq[k lkM+h jgh gS] ftldk iz;ksx gj Lrj dh fL=;k¡ vkt Hkh djrh gSaSA5 tgk¡ rd dikl ds mRiknu dk iz'u gS] bldk mRiknu xkaoksa esa gksrk Fkk vkSj ?kjksa esa fL=;ksa }kjk ;g lkQ dh tkrh FkhA pj[ks cM+s etcwr gksrs Fks] muesa dy&iqtsZ dh dksbZ my>u ugha gksrh FkhA rkdw vkSj eky dks Bhd dj pkyw dj fn;k tkrk FkkA pj[ks dh dhy ?kh ls ckaxh tkrh Fkh vkSj eghus nks eghus esa QM+dY;k ¼rkdw esa yxus okyh fVdM+h½ dks cny fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh lkjh ;kaf=d izfØ;k FkhA mŸke pj[ks esa 24 194 ATISHAY KALIT rkM+h] e/;e esa 12 vkSj lk/kkj.k esa 6 rkfM+;ka gksrh FkhaA fdlh&fdlh pj[ks esa ltkoV ds fy, yksgs vFkok ihry dh QqyfM+;ka Hkh tM+h gksrh Fkh] ijUrq vf/kdrj pj[ks lkns gh gksrs FksA lelkef;d iqjkys[kh; lkexzh ls Kkr gksrk gS fd cf<+;k pj[kk 10 vkus esa] e/;e 6 vkus esa vkSj ekewyh 3 vkus esa fey tkrk FkkA rkdw ,d iSls ds rhu&pkj vkSj QM+dY;k ,d iSls ds 10&12 rd fey tkrs FksA6 lHkh fL=;k¡ lwr dkrrh Fkha vkSj blesa viuk iwjk ifjJe djrh jl ysrh gqbZ ^oL=k iq=k; ekrjka o;fUr* osn okD; dk ikyu djrh FkhaA izfrfnu ?kj esa 40 rksyk rd 5 uEcj dk lwr dkrk tkrk FkkA ckjhd lwr dkrus ds fy, dqN fL=;ka vius ck,a gkFk ds uk[kwuksa esa Nsn dj ysrh Fkha ftuls os ;FksPN ckjhdh dk rkj fudky ysrh Fkh tks lc bdlkj gksrk FkkA ,dkn'kh] vekoL;k] R;kSgkj ds fnuksa esa mudk vdrk ¼NqÍh dk fnu½ gksrk FkkA pj[ks dks jgaVk vkSj HkSjsyk Hkh dgrs FksA bUgha ukeksa ls ;qä vusd yksdxhr Hkh xk;s tkrs gSaA mu fnuksa dksyh] cykbZ ckSj tqykgk tkfr ds cqudj ?kj cSBs vkdj lwr rkSy dj [kjhn ys tkrs FksA dqN yksx viuh yks<+h gqbZ dikl dh ^iqf.k;ka* ns tkrs Fks vkSj fQj drkbZ dh mtjr nsdj lwr dh dwdfM+;ka ys tkrs FksA muds ?kjksa ij ^rk.ks* pyrs Fks vkSj ?kj ds yksx feydj ml lwr ls jstk rFkk jsth cqurs FksA cM+s xkaoksa] dLcksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa lwr iw.kh dk gVokM+k ¼lkIrkfgd cktkj½ Hkh yxrk Fkk tgk¡ xk¡oksa ls vkdj cqudj yksx vius jsts&jsth] lwr vkSj iw.kh [kjhn ysrs Fks vkSj mlls viuk O;kikj pykrs FksA7 tgk¡ rd jstk dk iz'u gS] ;g izk;% eksVs lwr dk gksrk Fkk vkSj yEckbZ esa 12] 16 ;k 20 gkFk dk gksrk Fkk] jsth dk lwr eghu vkSj mldh yEckbZ 20 xt rd gksrh FkhA jsth dks xth] jsts dks xk<+k ;k eksfV;k Hkh dgrs FksA buds vfrfjDr cqudj yksx nqiÍs] /kksrh&tksM+s] pknjsa] [kslys] bLlwrh vkSj QM+nas vkfn diMs+ Hkh cqurs FksA mu fnuksa vPNh jsth ds diM+ksa dk cgqr eku FkkA blds cqus gq, /kksrh] ixM+h] :eky] ygaxs] vks<+uh] dqrkZ] Vksih vkfn cM+s pko ls igus tkrs FksA jktk egkjktkvksa] vehj&mejkoksa vkSj lsB&lkgwdkjksa ds ;gk¡ ifjdj dh iks'kkdsa] flikfg;ksa dh ofnZ;ka] jFk cgfy;ksa vkfn ds [kksys ,oa vU; ltkoVh lkexzh vkfn jsts&jsft;ksa ds gh curs FksA eafnjksa] egyksa vkSj edkuksa ds insZ] panos] fiNokbZ] pkanuh] xÌs] rfd;s] pÌjsa] tktesa] dukrsa] Msjs] rEcw] [kses] Nksynkjh o 'kkfe;kus vkfn ds fy, Hkh jsth&jstksa dk gh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA >kyjsa vkSj >.Ms&>afM;k¡ Hkh blh diM+s dh curh FkhA Åuh o js'keh diM+s ds Fkkuksa rFkk gLrfyf[kr iksfFk;ksa dks cka/kus ds fy, os"Vu ;k cLrs Hkh lknk] jaxhu ;k Nkiy jsth ds curs Fks] ftuesa n`<+ cU/ku ds dkj.k muesa /kwi vkSj /kwy dk izos'k ugha gks ikrk FkkA8 laor~ 1914 ds ,d dkxt ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml le; 12 fxjg ¼27 bap½ iugs ¼pkSM+kbZ½ ds 16 xt yEch iryh jsth dk Fkku 9 vkus esa] 14 fxjg pkSM+h ckjg vkus esa vkSj xt Hkj pkSM+kbZ okyk 24 xt dk Fkku Ms<+ vjt ¼pkSM+kbZ½ okys Fkku 3 vkSj 4 :i;s t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz 195 rd esa fcdrs FksA mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls Fkku dh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ esa ?kVr&c<+r gksrh jgrh Fkh vkSj iksrksa ¼eksVkbZ½ esa HkhA ixM+h] eaqMkls vkSj QsaVs ds Fkkuksa dh pkSM+kbZ cgqr de gksrh FkhA tkesa] ik;tkesa] vaxj[kh] ywxM+h] ?kk?kjs rFkk lkM+h vkfn ds fy, pkSMs+ igus dh jsth dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA [kses] Msjs] rEcw lk;oku] ljk;ps] pknjsa] xÌs vkSj jFk&cgfy;ksa ds [kksys vkfn cukus ds Fkku lok xt ls ikSus nks xt rd pkSM+s gksrs Fks vkSj mudh yEckbZ Hkh 24 ls 40 xt rd dh gksrh FkhA ,d 10 xt pkSM+h vkSj 25 xt yEch rFkk nwljh 22 xt pkSM+h rFkk 40 xt yEch FkhA9 jsth ds diM+ksa] Fkkuksa] pÌjksa] Msjksa vkSj [kseksa vkfn dh /kqykbZ [kkj ¼[kkjh feÍh½ ls gksrh Fkh] tks /kqykbZ ds fy, fefÍ;ksa ls ekik tkrk FkkA tSls ixM+h ds fy, iSls Hkj] vaxj[kh ds fy, nks iSls Hkj] /kksrh ds fy, eqëh Hkj vkSj vks<+us dh [kksy /kksus ds fy, nks eqëh Hkj [kkj dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA mu fnuksa nks eu [kkj feÍh ,d vkus esa vk tkrh FkhA jsth ds pkj Fkku ,d iSls esa /kqy tkrs Fks] chl diM+ksa dh /kqykbZ pkj iSls vkSj cM+h pÌjksa] Msjksa vkfn dh /kqykbZ Hkh ;Fkk ;ksX; vf/kd nh tkrh FkhA [kkj ls /kqys diM+s [kwc lkQ fudyrs FksA tkesa vkSj ph.knkj ¼lhao.k ij Mksyh yxh gqbZ½ vaxj[kh cgqr iryh jsth ds curs FksA tkesa esa nl Fkku rd jsth yx tkrh FkhA ftruk vf/kd ?ksj gks mruk gh Å¡ps ntsZ vkSj gSfl;rokyk og rkek le>k tkrk FkkA iqjkus jktkvksa ds fp=ksa esa ,sls ?ksjnkj tkeksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fL=;ksa ds ?kk?kjs Hkh lkS&lkS dfy;ksa ds ?ksjnkj gksrs FksA muesa Hkh dbZ&dbZ Fkku yx tkrs FksA ph.knkj vaxj[kh esas pkj ls nl xt rd diM+k yxrk FkkA ,sls ckjhd Fkkuksa dh dher 40 :i;s ls 400 :i;s rd gksrh FkhA ,slh jsth ds diM+ksa esa dkjhxj yksx pqéV ;k fpukbZ dk dke Hkh djrs Fks] ftlls mu oL=ksa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh vkHkk vkSj vkd"kZ.k iSnk gks tkrk FkkA os dkjhxj diM+ksa dks Å¡ps mBkdj pqVfd;ksa esa nckdj pqéV Mkyrs Fks vkSj fQj mudks mesB dj oSls gh j[k nsrs Fks] rg ugha djrs FksA vc Hkh eyey ds dqrksZ dh ckagksa] nqiÍksa mijuksa vkSj pqéV djus dh dyk cgqr iqjkuh gSA g"kZpfjr ¼7oha 'krh½ esa Hkh ^HkM+xqjksŸkjh;* 'kCn vk;k gSA ;g HkM+xqj 'kCn pqéV dk gh |ksrd gSA lwrh gh ugha] js'keh oL=ksa dh Hkh pqéV gksrh FkhA pqéV ds vusd Hksn gksrs FksA _rq vkSj volj ds vuqlkj iks'kkdh buesa cny djrs jgrs FksA10 18oha 'krh dh ,d iqLrd QqVdj dgk esa izfl) LFkkuksa ds o.kZu esa lkaxkusj dk uke Hkh vkrk gS tks vius jaxksa ds fy, izfl) FkkA 18oha 'krh dh gh ,d iqLrd cqf) foykl esa tSu dfo c[krjke 'kkg us t;iqj ds cktkjksa esa fcdus okys jaxs oL=ksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa11& jaxjst jaxr dgw¡ iV lqjax ygfj;k tq cka/kr dfj meaxAA 8AA dgw¡ 'kéh Nhis pwujhu 196 ATISHAY KALIT

ikseps cka/kh cspr izohuA ;s rks jgs dqN lkfgfR;d lanHkZ] ij ;fn ge jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esa laxzghr iqjkus dkxtksa dks VVksysa rks irk pyrk gS fd fdl izdkj e/;dky esa ljdkj bu m|ksxksa dh izJ; nsrh Fkh vkSj muls lEc) NksVh ls NksVh lqfo/kk dk /;ku j[krh FkhA fdlh izdkj dh dfBukbZ gksus ij Nhis&jaxjst lh/ks egkjktk dks i= fy[krs Fks vkSj mudh lquokbZ Hkh gksrh FkhA izLrqr gS & lkaxkusj ds iap egktuksa dk ,d i= egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ds uke& fl) Jh egkjktkf/kjkt egkjktk th Jh Jh Jh Jh tSL;a/k th pj.k deyk.k cank [kkutkn vjtnfLr fy[kra dlck lkaxkusjh dk iap egktuk dsU; ikao

blh izdkj egkjktk t;iqj ds futh laxzg esa lokbZ t;flag dk ,d vkns'k gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd t;iqj ds oL= O;olkf;;ksa ds fgr /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkxjk vkSj lwjr ls oL= ,oa tjh dk vk;kr cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA t;iqj ds vfHkys[kksa esa u tkus fdrus gh Nhiksa vkSj jaxjstks ds uke lqjf{kr gSaA lokbZ t;flag }kjk laLFkkfir NŸkhl dkj[kkuksa esa de ls de pkj lkS oL=ksa ls lEc) Fks gh&lhaou [kkuk] jax [kkuk] Nkik[kkuk tgk¡ Øe'k% diM+s flys] jaxs ,oa Nkis tksrs Fks] vkSj diM+s }kjk tgk¡ cgqr dherh diM+s rS;kj gksrs vkSj lqjf{kr j[ks tkrs FksA bl ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe esa vc dqN fof'k"V oL=ksa dh ppkZ ;gk¡ dh tk jgh gSA jaxkbZ dk dke vkerkSj ls jaxjst ;k uhyxj djrs gSaA ixfM+;k¡] lkQs] vks<+uh vkSj ?kk?kjs rFkk vaxj[kh ds fy, jaxs tkus okys diM+s gh jaxkbZ dh phtsa gSA buesa Hkh ixM+h] lkQs vkSj vks<+uh gh izeq[k gSA ,d gh jax dh jaxkbZ rks lk/kkj.k ckr gS] dbZ ckj yksx vius&vius ?kjksa esa Hkh dj ysrs gSa] ij c) vFkkZr~ ca/kkbZ ds ckn jaxkbZ dfBu gS vkSj fo'ks"kdj mlesa vyadj.k cukukA ij Hkkjr esa bldk izpyu izkphu dky ls gh FkkA 7oha 'krh esa g"kZ dk njckjh dfo ck.k ^c)* oL=ksa dk o.kZu djrk gS rks 16oha esa efyd eksgEen tk;lh ^leqnz ygj* vkSj ^ygj iVksj* dkA blh izdkj xqtjkrh o.kZd ¼17oha 'krh½ ^izrkglkgh* ygfj;k dh iz'kalk djrs ugha Fkdrs rks lHkk J`axkj ds ladudrkZ ^pqujh* dkA 18oha 'krh rd vkrs&vkrs t;iqj ds cktkjksa esa iksepk] ygfj;k vkSj pqujh Hkk¡fr ds oL= ck¡/ks vkSj jaxs tk jgs Fks ftldk mYys[k Åij gks pqdk gSA igys jktLFkku esa ^eykfxfj* ¼ey;fxfj½ jaxk tkrk Fkk] Hkwjs jax dh bl jax dks dbZ phtksa ds feJ.k ls rS;kj djrs FksA bl jax esa jaxk gqvk oL= o"kksZa rd lqxfU/kr jgrk FkkA iq:"k bl jax esa viuh vaxjf[k;k¡ jaxokrs FksA bldh lqxa/k bruh fVdkÅ gksrh Fkh fd flVh iSysl] t;iqj esa egkjktk jkeflag f}rh; ¼1880½ dh vaxjf[k;k¡ vHkh rd lqxaf/kr gSaA13 ,d jax dh jaxrks esa [kkdh ls feyrh&tqyrh ,d jaxr ^veksok* dk mYys[k Hkh vko';d gSSA bldk iz;ksx f'kdkjh yksx djrs FksA jktLFkku esa vk[ksV dk cM+k izpyu Fkk vkSj blls tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k bl jax dk Hkh vc ;g jaxr izk;% yqIr gks xbZ gS vkSj blesa jaxs diM+s dgha&dgha laxzgky;ksa esa gh ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA jaxkbZ dk dke jaxjst vkSj uhyxj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA jaxjst iqjkuk vkSj vf/kd foLr`r 'kCn gS] ckn esa uhy jaxus okys jaxjst uhyxj dgyk,A uhy cukus dh fof/k v'kq) gksus ds dkj.k lHkh jaxjst uhy ugha jaxrs Fks] vr,o tks bl dke dks djus yxs os uhyxj gq,A e/;dkyhu ugjksa esa budh cLrh&cktkjksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA vkesj ds ,d uD'ks esa ¼bZ-1711½ ^jlrs cktkj uhyxj* crk;k gSA t;iqj esa Hkh ^uhyxjksa dk ukyk* gSA jaxjst dk dke fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa gh djrs Fks ij vf/kdka'k jaxjst eqlyeku Fks ftuds oa'kt vHkh Hkh ;g dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ;s yksx fookg] 'kknh ds voljksa ij fo'ks"k 198 ATISHAY KALIT izdkj dh Hkkars Hkh cukrs Fks] vkSj vius ttekuksa ls bu yksxksa ds cM+s e/kqj lEcU/k FksA ,d yksdxhr esa uo&fookfgr vius ifr ls iwNrh gS fd vkidksa ;g :eky D;ksa bruk yksdfiz; gSA dgk¡ jaxok;k vkius blsA ifr mŸkj nsrk gS fd ^^ikyh blks uxj esa jaxjstk jh csVh lk oBs gh jaxok;ks lk tkyh dks :ekyAÞ ikyh ¼ekjokM+½ vkt Hkh jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk cgqr cM+k dsUnz gSA jaxjst vkSj uhyxj dPps vkSj iDds nksuksa gh izdkj ds jaxksa esa jaxkbZ djrs gSaA dPpk jax&yky] ihyk ,oa xqykch dh fofHké jaxrsa lqvkia[kh gjk vkSj oklarh vkfn jax rks yM+fd;k¡ o lqgkfxu fL=;k¡ igurh gSaA tcfd Hkwjk] LysVh vkSj xgjs gjs] uhys jax esa jaxs oL= fo/kok fL=;k¡] igurh gSa tks 'kksd lwpd ekus tkrs gSaA14 19oha 'krkCnh esa oL=ksa ds jaxksa dk fVdkÅiu vkSj oL=ksa dh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq, pqujh] ygfj;k rFkk vU; Hkk¡rksa dk Hkh vkS|ksxhdj.k gks x;k gSA vc diM+s dh feyksa esa gh ygfj;k Nirk gSA pqujh dh fofHké Hkkarksa ij vk/kkfjr lkfM+;ksa ds Nkis cu x, gSaA vc ^vekSok* dh vko';drk gh ugha jgh] D;ksafd yksx f'kdkj ugha [ksyrs] ^eykfxjh* dh txg fofHké izdkj ds if'peh b=ksa us ys yhA jaxjst Hkh cktkj ls rS;kj jax [kjhn dj diM+k jax nsrs gSaA mUgsa Hkh fo'ks"k voljksa ij vius ttekuksa ls fo'ks"k iqjLdkj vkSj 'kkck'kh dh vk'kk u jgh] bu lc dkj.kksa ls og HkkoukRed lEcU/k foyqIr gksrk utj vkus yxkA15 t;iqj esa Nis oL=ksa ds izkphure mnkgj.k gesa feJ ns'k ds vy QksLrkr uked LFkku ls feys gSaA vy QksLrkr feJ dh iqjkuh jkt/kkuh gS] vkSj 969 bZ- esa Qkfrfenksa }kjk dSjks dh LFkkiuk ds ckn gh bldk egRo de gqvkA Jh bfoZu vkSj dq- ekxZjsV gkWy dk ;g ekuuk gS fd buesa ls dqN oL= t;iqj lfgr jktLFkku ds Hkh gSaA uewuksa dks ns[krs gq, fo}kuksa dk er ;qfälaxr tku iM+rk gSA vkt Hkh cx:] dkykMsjk vkSj tkgksrk dh Nih NhaVksa esa vy QksLrkr ds uewuksa ds fu'kku feyrs gSaA dsfydksa laxzgky;] vgenkckn rFkk okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- ds VSDlVkby laxzgky; esa QksLrkr lewg ds oL=ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA le; ds izHkko ls dqN jax Qhds vo'; gq, gSa] ij bUgsa cnjax ugha dgk tk ldrkA yky ls gYds xqykch rd vkSj xgjs uhys ls vklekuh rd dbZ jaxrs ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA vc iz'u mBrk gS fd budh frfFk D;k gksxh\ iqjkrkfRod n`f"V ls ;s VqdM+s tgk¡ feys gSa] og LFkku 13&15oha 'krh dk gksuk pkfg,A blfy, ;s VqdM+s Hkh mlh ;qx ds ekus tkrs gSaA16 e[kkfu;k i`"BHkwfe esa cus >kM+&cwVksa dk la;kstu ns[kdj bldh frfFk fu/kkZj.k djus esa dfBukbZ gks ldrh Fkh] ij blds ihNs vafdr ukxjh ys[kksa ls lkjh lwpuk lgt gh fey tkrh gS fd bldh yEckbZ 6 xt 12 fxjg vkSj pkSM+kbZ 3 xt 5 fxjg FkhA fgtjh lu~ 1101 ¼bZ-1687&88½ blds mi;ksx djh frfFk crkrk gS vkSj ,d vU; ys[k bldh dher 29@: 12 vkus crkrk gSA egkjktk ekuflag f}rh; laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr] 1929 dk Nik ,d lkQk tks lEHkor% t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz 199 vc rd Kkr lkaxkusjh NikbZ dk lcls iqjkuk ,oa izkekf.kd mnkgj.k gSA NksVh&NksVh ifŸk;ksa ds Hkjko esa gh bl diM+s dk lkSUn;Z gS] ek= uhe dh ifŸk;k¡] ij buds ?kqeko dks brus vkd"kZd s gq, dslfj;k tehu ij pesyh ds Qwyksa dk Hkjko] bu Qwyksa dh ia[kqfM+;ksa dk ?kqeko ns[kdj BIik cukus okyksa dh iz'kalk fd, fcuk ugha jgk tk ldrkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds jsdkMZ ls irk pyrk gS fd 16&17oha 'krh esa fljkst NikbZ dk cgqr cM+k dsUnz Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ ds Nis diM+s lkjs ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd, tkrs FksA vkt fljkst mtM+ x;k gSA ogk¡ u rks og cLrh jgh vkSj u gh clus okys Nhis] ij budh dkjhxjh vHkh Hkh ns'k&fons'k ds laxzgky;ksa esa lqjf{kr gSA yanu ds foDVksfj;k vycVZ laxzgky; okf'kaxVu ds VsDlVkby E;wft;e Hkkjr dyk Hkou dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] jk"Vªh; laxzgky;] ubZ fnYyh dsfydks laxzgky;] vgenkckn esa ;gk¡ ds Nis gq, mŸke oL= lqjf{kr gSaA17 HkwriwoZ t;iqj jkT; esa dbZ dLcs vkSj xk¡o diM+s dh cqukbZ] jaxkbZ] ca/kkbZ vkSj NikbZ dh dkjhxjh ds fy, izfl) FksA jktLFkku dh vU; fj;klrksa ds ukeh diM+s Hkh ;gk¡ ij vk;k djrs FksA cSjkB] vejlj] pkSewa vkSj vtesj dh cuh jsth izfl) Fkh] lokbZ ek/kksiqj esa cuh iDds jax ds nqiÍksa ij Nkis dh ^lwaB dh lkfM+;ka* cgqr ilUn dh tkrh Fkha] blh izdkj tkscusj dh ^Qwy dh lkM+h* Hkh ukeh Fkh] nkarkjkex<+] cM+kxk¡o Mgjk vkSj uka.k vejlj esa cus etcwr jsth ds xgjs jax esa Nis ?kk?kjs ds Fkku cM+s vPNs ekus tkrs Fks] cx: vkSj lkaxkusj dh vf}rh; NikbZ ds oL= dke dk vkt Hkh izfl) gSaA dky[k dh tktesa] tkscusj dh nqLlwrh vkSj insZ] nkSlk ds [kseksa vkSj Msjs vkfn izfl) FksA blh rjg vyoj vkSj >wa>uw ds isps rFkk x.Mknkj ygfj;s cgqr fo[;kr FksA ?kk?kjksa ds fy, nk[kcsy dh Qjnksa dk Hkh cgqr izpyu FkkA mn;iqj] ukxkSj] tSlyesj vkSj vkessj esa vPNs oL=ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk dke gksrk Fkk vkSj vc Hkh gksrk gSA18 t;iqj esa ca/kst dk dke [kwc gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dk iksepk vkSj ygfj;k cgqr izfl) gSA ikepk tPpk fL=;k¡ igurh gSaA ;g ihys jax dk gksrk gSA gkf'k;s vkSj e/; Hkkx yky jax ds gksrs gSaA ygfj;k&vks<+uh rFkk ixM+h ds dke vkrk gSA cU/kst dh NikbZ djus ds fy;s diM+s ij bfPNr fMtkbfuax dh tkrh gSA vaxqyh ij yksgs dk [kksy igudj diM+s ds fMtkbu okys Hkkx dks uksd ij mHkkj fy;k tkrk gSA ml Hkkx ij jax rFkk feÍh esa fHkxks;s Mksjs yisVs tkrs gSa ;g dk;Z vR;Ur ckjhdh ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mÌs'; ;g gksrk gS fd tc diM+s dks jax ds ?kksy esa Mkyk tk;s rks Mksjs ds Hkhrj lqjf{kr diM+s rd jax ugha igq¡p ik;sA vyx& vyx jaxksa dh NikbZ ds fy;s diM+s ds fofHké fgLlksa ij jky fefJr feÍh yxkbZ tkrh gSA t;iqj [kqM+h dh NikbZ vc cgqr de gksrh gSA fdlh le; bldk izpyu tksjksa ij FkkA yky jax dh vks<+fu;ksas ij xksan fefJr feÍh dh NikbZ 200 ATISHAY KALIT gksrh gSA mlds ckn ydM+h dh Nkiksa }kjk lksus pkanh dh rcd dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS ftlesa lqanj csy cwVs cus gksrs gSaA19 t;iqj ls 12 fdyksehVj nwj lkaxkusj diM+ksa ij iz-frd jaxksa ls gksus okyh NikbZ ds fy;s izfl) gSA ;gk¡ ds Nhis ^ukensoh* Nhis dgykrs gSaA ;s yksx Lo;a dks lar ukenso dk oa'kt crkrs gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd ukenso us vkSjaxtsc ls vius oa'ktksa dh j{kk ds fy;s vius oa'ktksa dks ;gk¡ ykdj clk;k vkSj mUgsa diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds dk;Z esa yxk;kA vkt rks lkaxkusj esa cM+s&cM+s 'kks:e [kqy x;s gSaA ;gk¡ dk diM+k ,e-vkbZ-jksM ij fLFkr HkO; 'kks :eksa esa Hkh fcdrk gSA ns'k&fons'k esa lkaxkusj fiz.V dk ,d uewuk j[kk gSA ijEijk ls pyus okys lkaxkusj fiz.V ds dke esa pwuM+h] nqiÍk] lQsn lkQk] esaM dh QM+n] /kfu;k pdjh dh QM+n] dkyh pqujh] jkrh pqujh rFkk ukfxu lisjk dh fcNkouh dh NikbZ Hkh ijEijk ls gksrh vkbZ gSA nk[kcsy rFkk pkScqUnh dh Qjn eh.kksa] tkVksa rFkk xwtjksa esa csgn yksdfiz; FkhA v'kQhZ csy dh /kksrh eupys vkfnoklh ;qodksa esa yksdfiz; FkhA vkSjrsa 20 xt ?ksj dk ?kk?kjk igurh FkhaA vktdy pÌjsa] rfd;s ds [kksy] lyokj lwV] nqiÍs lkfM+;k¡] insZ] jtkbZ ds doj] vks<+fu;k¡ vkfn dh NikbZ gksrh gSA byk;ph dk cwaVk] gtkjk dk cwaVk] MksMs dk cwaVk] / kfu;s dk cwaVk] xqykc dk cwaVk rFkk yVd cwaVk dh NikbZ bu fnuksa vf/kd izpyu esa gSA lkaxkusjh NikbZ yÍk rFkk eyey ij dh tkrh gSA ;g diM+k vgenkckn] ikyh] fd'kux<+ rFkk tks/kiqj ls eaxk;k tkrk gSA Nkik vkSj jax lkaxkusjh fiz.V dks vU; LFkkuksa dh NikbZ ls vyx djrs gSaA Nkik yxkus ls igys diM+s dks jaxk tkrk gSA lQsn diM+s dks 24 ?kaVs rd xkscj ;k ehx.kh ds ?kksy esa 24 ?kUVs rd Mqcks;k tkrk gSA blds ckn bls lkQ ikuh ls /kksdj lq[kk fy;k tkrk gSA lw[ks diM+s dks gjM+ ds ?kksy es Mqcksdj iqu% lq[kk;k tkrk gS blds ckn fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj izk-frd jaxksa dsk ydM+h ds Nkis ¼CykWd½ dh lgk;rk ls diM+s ij Nkik tkrk gSA20 yky jax cukus ds fy;s xs:] fQVdjh] frYyh dk rsy rFkk xksan dke esa ysrs gSA dkyk jax cukus ds fy;s yksgs ds cjru esa xqM+ lM+k;k tkrk gSA js[kk;sa cukus ds fy;s dkyk jax rFkk Hkjrh djus ds fy;s yky jax dke esa vkrk gSA jax cukus esa pwuk] dkyh feÍh] ohtu] gjflaxkj ds Qwy] L;kgh] csxj] ?kkoM+;k ds Qwy] gYnh] phM+] ekse] [kqjrky] v.Mksyh dk rsy] uhy] 'kDdj] vukj] ukliku] dqlqek ds Qwy] vy rFkk eksgZ Hkh dke esa yh tkrh gSA NikbZ djus ds ckn mUgsa lq[kk fy;k tkrk gS fQj cM+h nsx ;k rkeM+h esa ikuh Hkjdj ean vkap ij p<+k fn;k tkrk gSA /khjs &/khjs vkap rc rd rst fd;k tkrk gS tc rd fd ikuh mcy dj ckgj vkus yxsA blds ckn vky dk jax yxk;k tkrk gSA blls yky vkSj dkys jax iDds gks tkrs gSA vc bUgsa iqu% xkscj ds ?kksy esa jkr Hkj ds fy;s fHkxks;k tkrk gSA blds ckn /kqykbZ dh izfØ;k izkjaHk gksrh gSA /kqykbZ esa vekuh'kkg ukys dk ikuh dke esa vkrk gSA ;g ukyk oLrqr% qdus yxkA e/;e vkSj fuEuoxZ ds fy, tks diM+k Nirk Fkk mldh NikbZ gksrh jghA ogk¡ dqN u;k djus dh xq¡tkb'k ugha FkhA ,sls diM+ksa dh [kir ds nwljs dsUnz efUnj vkSj /kkfeZd&lkekftd ioZ R;kSgkj FksA bu {ks=ksa esa 19oha 'knh esa dqN u;kiu ns[kus esa vkrk gSA dkj.k oL= fuekZrk vkSj Nhik vkfn e'khuh ;qx dh ubZ&ubZ phts ns[k jgs Fks] mnkgj.k ds fy, mUgksaus jsyxkM+h ns[kh] ;wjksih; vfHkizFkk ns[ks] rks mls Hkh vius vyadj.kksa esa 'kkfey dj fy;kA /keZ dh vksj vf/kd >qdko gksus ds dkj.k /kkfeZd voljksa ij cuus okys nqiÍksa vkSj ijnksa esa gh bl ;qx ds u, vyadj.k ns[kus esa vkrs gSaA flVh iSysl t;iqj esa uxj ds lar&egarksa }kjk iznŸk ,sls nqiÍksa dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj gS] ftuesa :nzk{k] /krwjs ds Qwy ,oa Qy] dusj ds Qwyksa] oS".ko Nki] fo".kq in] dey Qwy] csy&i=ksa ij vk/kkfjr chfl;ksa vfHkizk; gSaA bUgha esa jpukRed izfrHkk O;Dr gqbZA24 oL=ksa dh jaxkbZ djus okys jaxjst dgykrs FksA jaxjst fgUnw o eqlyeku nksuksa gh tkfr ds FksA ;s yksx fofHké jaxksa esa oL=ksa dks jaxus dk dke djrs FksA dPph o iDdh nksuksa gh izdkj dh jaxkbZ gksrh FkhA ca/kkbZ dk dke djus okyh p<+ok tkfr dh eqfLye efgyk,¡ FkhaA ;s lkQksa] vks<+.kksa vkfn ij ca/kst dk dke lqUnj dykdkjh ds lkFk djrha FkhaA oL=ksa ij t+jh dk dke lqukj tkfr ds yksx djrs FksA lksus dh tjh dk dke jktlh ik?kksa] lkQksa nqiêksa] ygaxksa dqjfr;ksa] pwanfM+;ksa] dk¡pfy;ksa vkfn ij gksrk FkkA blh izdkj oL=ksa ij dksj&xksVs yxkus dk dke eqfLye o fgUnw eksph tkfr dh efgyk,¡ djrh FkhaA ;g dke lk/kkj.k oL=ksa ij gksrk FkkA oL=ksa ij NikbZ dk dke eqlyeku Nhais djrs FksA budk izeq[k dk;Z diM+ksa ij NikbZ dk fofHké izdkj dh NhaVs rS;kj djuk FkkA mi;qZä lHkh izdkj dk dke djus okys dkjhxjksa dks ;Fkk dke mfpr etnwjh feyrh FkhA bl etnwjh ls os yksx vius thou fuokZg ds vfrfjä lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd dk;Z Hkyh Hkafr lEié djrs FksA 18oha 'knh ds mÙkjk)Z esa ,d lkQs dh ca/kkbZ djus okyh efgyk dks ikap vkus feyrs FksA iksFkh [kkus esa miyC/k lkexzh cgh ds vuqlkj ,d vks<+.ks dh jaxkbZ ,d vkus esa dh tkrh FkhA ckykcanh lkQk nks vkus esa yky jax esa jaxk tkrk FkkA ik?kksa dh jaxkbZ cgqr lLrh FkhA ,d ik?k dsoy nks iSls esa jax nh tkrh FkhA dqN jaxjst jkt?kjkus ds ukSdj Hkh FksA bUgsa jkstkuk jaxkbZ dk dke djus ds cnys pkj vkus dh etnwjh feyrh FkhA jktlh oL=ksa ij t+jh dk dke djus okys Hkh jktlh ukSdjksa ds :i esa fu;qä FksA budh izfrfnu dh et+nwjh N% vkuk FkhA vkt ds ;qx esa ml og le; nh tkus okyh t;iqj fj;klr ds le`) oL= dsUnz 203 et+nwjh de yxrh gS] ij og vkt dh vis{kk dkQh FkhA25 fu"d"kZr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vaxsztksa ds vkus ls iwoZ t;iqj ds oL= m|ksx dk dkQh izpyu Fkk] u dsoy jkt?kjkus ds yksxksa }kjk vfirq e/;&oxhZ; ifjokjksa }kjk Hkh bl m|ksx dks i;kZIr izksRlkgu feyrk FkkA jkt?kjkus ds fy, oL= cukus o jaxkbZ] NikbZ] ca/kkbZ] tjh vkfn dk dke djus okys yksxksa dks fofHké R;kSgkjksa vkSj fookg vkfn voljksa ij ikfjrksf"kd nsdj larq"V fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk blls os vius vkidks lEekfur ,oa xkSjokfUor le>rs FksA bl izdkj iq'rSuh rkSj ij oL= m|ksx vkSj jaxkbZ] NikbZ&ca/ kkbZ ,oa t+jh ds dk;Z dks vkyksP; dky esa dkQh vPNk izksRlkgu feyrk jgkA ;g ml dky ds iksFkh[kkuk fjdkMZ ls Li"V gksrk gSA lanHkZ lwph 1- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] rsth cgh] fo- la- 1855] i`- 55 2- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] caMy ua- 71] Qkby ua- ch- 1865&68 3- ogh 4- ogh 5- ogh 6- feJ jruyky] Hkkjrh; ifj/kku vkSj nthZ tkfr dk bfrgkl] dqVhj izdk'ku] eaMkok ¼>qa>quwa½] 2010] i`- 99 7- ogh] i`- 99 8- ogh] i`- 100&101 9- ogh] i`- 101 10- ogh] i`- 101&102 11- 'kkg] c[krjke % cqf) foykl ¼vuqoknd½ i|ek/kj ikBd] tks/kiqj] 1964] i`- 35 12- uhjt] t;flag vkSj 'kekZ Hkxorh yky] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj 2008] i`- 226 13- ogh] i`- 231 14- ogh] i`- 232 15- ogh] i`- 233 16- feJ jruyky] iwoksZDR] i`- 107 204 ATISHAY KALIT

MkW- dqlqe fcUnokj ATISHAY KALIT funsZ'kd Vol. 1, Pt. B 'kkldh; yfyr dyk la- Sr. 2, 2012 LFkku ISSN : 2277-419X

rkaf=d pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ¼tcyiqj½

ra= 'kCn laLd`r dh ^ru* /kkrq ls fodflr gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS foLrkjA ^=* lk/ku dks dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ra= dk vFkZ ^^Kku ds lk/ku dk foLrkj** dgk tk ldrk gSA bl n`f"V ls ra= u dsoy /keZ gS vkSj u thou dh jgL;e; i)fr ek= gSA ;g thou dk vuqHko ,oa ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr lk/ku gS ftlds ek/;e ls euq"; Lo;a esa fufgr vk/;kfRed 'kfDr dk fodkl dj ldrk gSA ra= dk iz;ksx cgqr izkphu le; ls gh gksrk vk;k gSA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk esa tks ;ksxh dh izfrek ,oa ekr`Ro&O;atd vkd`fr;k¡ feyrh gSa muds vk/kkj ij dqN fo} kuksa us n`<+rk ls ;g er O;Dr fd;k gS fd gM+Iikoklh rkaf=d fof/k;ksa ds Kkrk FksA ra= dh ekU;rk okLro esa b.Mks vk;Zu ewy dh gSA xqIr fØ;kvksa ,oa jgL;kRed lk/ ku i)fr;ksa dk izpyu okekpj.k ds lkFk&lkFk izkphu feJ eSlksiksVkfe;k] ;wuku rFkk Hkkjr vkfn esa O;kid :i esa jgk gSA vU; fn'kk esa tgk¡ bZlkbZ ,oa bLyke /keZ us mUgsa vLohdkj djds mudk fodkl dk ekxZ vo:) dj fn;k ogha Hkkjr esa vk;Z /keZ us mls vkRelkr~ dj fy;kA bl izdkj rkaf=d lk/kuk&i)fr izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lEiw.kZrk dk ,d vfuok;Z vax gSA Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds leLr /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa dh mikluk i)fr esa ra=ksa dk izHkko gSA oLrqr% ra= Hkkjr ds izk;% lHkh izeq[k /keksZa& fgUnq] ckS)] tSu vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd bLyke esa Hkh izfo"V gks x;k gSA vdcj }kjk lefFkZr **nhu&,&bykgh** esa Hkh bldk iqV feyrk gSA cqMjksd] Lusy xzkso] Vwlh] nkl xqIrk] pØorhZ rFkk vftr eqdthZ vkfn us ra= i)fr;ksa dk lko/kkuhiwoZd foospu izLrqr djus dh ps"Vk dh gSA ra= ds er esa ;g l`f"V iq:"k ,oa izd`fr& bu nks rRoksa ls fufeZr gSA uj rFkk ukjh ;s nksuksa euq"; ds nks viw.kZ Hkkx gSa] budks feykdj gh iw.kZrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA tc vusdRo esa ,dRo dk vkSj izd`fr rFkk iq:"k esa vHksn dk ;g Hkko Li"V gks tkrk gS] inkFkksZa dh vk/kkjHkwr ,drk dk Kku gks tkrk gS rks ijekuan dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ;g vkuan eks{k ds vkuan ds gh leku gSA lkroha vkBoha 'krh esa rkaf=d fl)ks us lathouh lqjk ,oa jlk;u&fo|k ls lacaf/kr vusd iz;ksx fd;sA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa Hkh ;ksxfu;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gS tks euq"; dh thou ppkZ dks izHkkfor djrh gSA T;ksfr"k dh bu ;ksxfu;ksa rkaf=d pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ¼tcyiqj½ 205 dk laca/k uoxzgksa vkSj HkweaMyh; u{k=ksa ds lkFk gS vkSj budh O;k[;k vkB crk;h xbZ gS] ftuds uke bl izdkj gSa& eaxyk] fiaxyk] /kkU;k] Hkzkejh] Hknzk] mYdk] flf)dk vkSj ladVA euq"; ds thoudky esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa dks izHkkfor djus okyh ;ksfxuh n'kk dk ladyu xf.kr ds }kjk lk/; gS] fdUrq ;ksfxuh n'kk fu/kkZj.k dh xf.krh; fof/k vR;ar nq:g vkSj Je lk/; gSA 'kfDr iwtk dk vkjaHk ^^JhpØ** ls gksrk gS] tks lc pØksa dk vf/kifr vkSj Jho|k dk ewyk/kkj vkSj blh ds ek/;e ls bl fo|k dk lapkyu Hkh gksrk gSA JhpØ dh jpuk esa ,d ds Hkhrj ,d ukS pØ gSaA izR;sd pØ dh vf/k"Bk=h ,d ;ksfxuh gksrh gSA pØ ds dsUnz esa ^^f=iqj&lqanjh** fLFkr gS] tks bldh vf/kukf;dk Hkh gSA JhpØ esa lk/kd ckg~; } kjk ;k lcls ckgjh pØ esa izfo"V gksrk gS vkSj lk/kuk djrs gq, ,d ds ckn nwljs pØ esa izos'k djrs gq, dsUnz esa igq¡p tkrk gSA izR;sd pØ dh vf/k"Bk=h ;ksfxuh fof'k"V 'kfDr dh Lokfeuh gksrh gS] tks lk/kd dh lk/kuk ds le; lgk;d gksrh gSA lk/kuk iw.kZ gksus ij ;s lk/kd dks LokLF;] o`fRr] /ku] lEink] ,s'o;Z] lkSan;Z vkfn ds vfrfjDr 'kjhj dh lHkh fØ;kvksa ij fu;a=.k dh {kerk iznku djrh gSA ra=ksa esa lkr ;ksxfu;ksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;s gSa& Mkfduh] 'kkafduh] jkfduh] ykfduh] dkfduh] gkfduh vkSj ;kfduhA ekuo 'kjhj ra= esa& lgL=kj pØ] ewyk/kkj pØ vkfn lkr pØ fLFkr gSaA bu lkrksa pØksa dk fu;a=.k ;ksx lk/kuk ds varxZr vkrk gSA izR;sd pØ dks fu;af=r djus okyh mldh ,d vf/k"Bk=h ;ksfxuh gSA eafnjksa esa LFkkfir ;ksxfu;k¡ fHkUu gh Js.kh esa vkrh gSa vkSj budk laca/k dsoy ^^dkSy ekxZ** ls gSA bu ;ksxfu;ksa dh ^^dkSy ekxZ** ds lk/kd ij fo'ks"k vuqdeik jgrh gSA dkSy lk/kuk dks tulkekU; esa ^^iapHkdkj** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA dkSy ekxZ ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj Hkksx ds ek/;e ls gh ;ksx dh miyfC/k gksrh gSA nwljs vFkZ esa ;ksx vkSj Hkksx dk vafre y{; ijekuan dh izkfIr gh gSA ;ksx ekxZ dk lk/kd /;ku ;ksx ls czEgkuan dh izkfIr djrk gSA dkSy ekxZ lk/kd dks tks ^^vkuankfrjsd** izkIr gksrk gS] mls dqy dgrs gSaA dqy 'kfDr gS vkSj ^^vdqy** f'ko dk Lo:i gSA nksuksa ds feyu ls ijekuan dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ^dkSy ekxz* ds xzaFkksa esa ;ksxfu;ksa ds lkFk gh ;{kf.k;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ gSA ;f{k.kh Hkh lk/kd dks 'kfDr lEiUu cukrh gSA ;f{k.kh Hkh o`{kksa vkSj iztuu fØ;k ls lacaf/kr gSA Hkjgwr ds Lrwiksa esa ;{kf.k;ksa dks ou izns'k esa ;{kksa ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA muds Li'kZ ls ikni dqlqfer gks tkrs Fks vkSj ukjh Hkh iq=orh gks tkrh FkhA ;f{kkh ijEijk tSu /keZ esa Hkh igq¡ph] tgk¡ in~ekorh dh lk/kuk ls dbZ peRdkfjd flf);k¡ izkIr gksrh gSaaA blh ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij v"V egkflf);ksa esa ;f{keh iz;ksx dk izpyu izkjaHk gqvkA ;ksxfu;ksa dh 64 la[;k dk Hkh viuk fo'ks"k egRo gSA vHkh rd ftrus izkphu 206 ATISHAY KALIT

;ksfxuh eafnjksa dk irk pyk gS muesa pkSlB ;ksxfu;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA egkHkkjr dh dFkk esa 64 dk vad fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ls izr;{k :i ls tqM+k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& :De. kh ds gj.k ds le; ;q) esa Jhd`".k dks 64 ck.k yxs FksA vtqZu us Hkh"e ds dop dks 64 ck.kksa ls Hksnk FkkA okRL;k;u us Hkh vius dkelw= esa 64 dykvksa dks LFkku fn;k gSA yfyr dykvksa esa Hkh 64 dyk ekU; dh xbZ gSaA okjkgfefgj ds vuqlkj ^^eafnj esa tc Q'kZ Mkyk tk;s rks mlds {ks=Qy dks Hkh 64 oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;ksfxuh mikluk esa pkSlB dh rjg bD;klh dh la[;k Hkh vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA vkB dh la[;k dks vkB ls xq.kk djus ij pkSlB vkSj ukS dh la[;k dks ukS ls xq.kk djus ij bD;klh dh la[;k curh gSA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa Hkh xzgksa dh la[;k ukS gS] ftUgsa uoxzgksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ekuo thou ds ?kVuk pØ dks ;s uoxzg fdruk vkSj fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSa] ;g loZfofnr gSA nsoh nqxkZ ds Hkh ukS :i gSa] ftUgsa uo nqxkZ uke ls lEcksf/kr djrs gSaA jkf=;ksa esa ukS jkf=;k¡ iz/kku ekuh x;h gSaA uoekr`dk ra= esa of.kZr ekr`dkvksa dh la[;k Hkh ukS gSA ;s gSa& czkgeh] ekgs'ojh] oS".koh] dkSekjh] okjkgh] ,sUnzh] pkeq.Mk] pafnzdk vkSj egky{ehA jkt njckjksa esa vkJ; izkIr vlk/kkj.k izfrHkk ds /kuh dfo] lkfgR;dkj] dykdkj ;k vU; izfrHkkvksa ds Loekh Hkh uojRu dgykrs gSaA ^LVsyk Øsefj'k* us vius egRoiw.kZ xzaFk esa fgUnq eaafnj fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa ^^bZ'kl xq:nso** i)fr dks eq[; LFkku fn;k gS tks X;kjgoha 'krkCnh dk gSA blesa Li"V mYys[k gS fd pkSlB la[;kk okys eaMykdkj ;ksfxuh eafnj tu lk/kkj.k ds fy, rFkk bD;klh dh la[;k okys ;ksfxuh eafnj jktdqy dh izfr"Bk vkSj mRd"kZ ds fy, cuk;s tkrs FksA ^erksRrj iqjk.k* esa bD;klh ;ksxfu;ksa dk eaMy] ftls ewy pØ dgk tkrk gS fo'kn foospuk dh xbZ gSA ewy pØ uoekr`dk ds pkjksa vksj Hkze.k djrk gSA izR;sd ekr`dk ,d ;ksfxuh gS] ftlds lkFk vkB ;ksxfu;k¡ vkSj izfrf"Br gSa] bl izdkj ukS&ukS ;ksxfu;ksa ds ukS lewg curs gSa tks jktra= ls lacaf/kr gSaA ukS iz/kku ;ksxfu;k¡ bl izdkj gSa & 1- czkgeh %& iwokZfHkeq[khA bldh vkjk/kuk ifjokj esa iq= dh vkdka{kk ds fy, dh tkrh gSA 2- ekgs'ojh %& nf{k.kkfHkeq[khA bldh fo'ks"k vkjk/kuk lEeksgu 'kfDr vkSj vU; flf);ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, tkrh gSA 3- dkSekjh %& if'pekfHkeq[khA 'k=q lagkj ds fy, bldh vkjk/kuk dh tkrh gSA 4- oS".koh %& mRrjkfHkeq[khA jkT; lq[k ds fy, iwftrA 5- okjkgh %& vXus; dh vksj fLFkrA lsuk dks 'k=q lagkjd iznku djrh gSA 6- ,sUnzh %& us=JR;q dh vksj fLFkrA jkT; dh lhekvksa esa o`f) dh vkdka{kk ls bldh vkjk/kuk dh tkrh gSA rkaf=d pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ¼tcyiqj½ 207

7- pkeq.Mk %& pkpO; esa fLFkrA 'k=q ds vkØe.k ds le; Hk; dk foekspu djrh gSA 8- jkSnzh %& bZ'kku esa fLFkrA bldh fo'ks"k vuqdEiuk ls 'k=q ds eu esa Hk; O;kIr jgrk gSA 9- y{eh %& dsunzkfHkeq[khA mu jkt ifjokjksa }kjk iwftr gksrh gS] ftUgksaus viuk jkT; vkSj lEifRr nksuksa gh [kks fn;s gksa vkSj mUgsa iqu% izkIr djus dh ps"Vk dj jgs gksaA ra= 'kkL= esa Hkwrfyih dh ppkZ ra= lk/kuk ds varxZr dh xbZ gSA laLd`r Hkk"kk esa ipkl v{kj gSa vkSj c;kyhl v{kjksa dk o.kZ foU;kl gSA ^^Hkwr** dk vFkZ gS izk.kh dk ^thorRo* vkSj fyfi dk vFkZ gS ^v{kj*A bl izdkj ^^Hkwrfyfi** dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^^thou&v{k; foU;kl**A blh v{kj foU;kl dks dkxt ;k diM+s ij ,d fof'k"V fof/k ls mrkjdj ^ekr`dk ;a=** dh jpuk dh tkrh gSA erksRrj iqjk.k esa bls ^^ekfyuh&pØ** dh laKk nh x;h gSA ^^Hkwrfyih** dk o.kZu ^^'kkjnkfryd** ;a= uked iqLrd esa feyrk gSA ^^v"V egkflf);k¡** vFkok ^^vykSfdd 'kfDr;ksa** dks izkIr djuk gh thou dk ,d ek= y{; gksrk gSA ;s v"V egkflf);k¡ bl izdkj gSa %& 1- vf.kek & bruh 'kkjhfjd lw{erk izkIr dj ysuk fd ijek.kq esa izos'k fd;k tk lds vkSj lk/kd czEgk.M ds laiw.kZ fØ;kdykiksa dk Kku izkIr dj ldsA 2- efgek & lk/kd bruk fojkV Lo:i /kkj.k djus esa l{ke gksrkk gS fd og lkSje. My esa izos'k djds lalkj dh okLrfodrk dk izR;{k n'kZu dj ldsa 3- yf?kek & bruh Hkkjghurk izkIr dj ysuk fd LFkwy 'kjhj dks ;gha NksM+dj u{k=ksa esa Hkze.k dj ldsa 4- xfjek & vrqyuh; Hkkj izkIr dj ysus esa l{ke gksukA 5- izkdkEck & ,slh lEeksgu 'kfDr izkIr dj ysuk fd fdlh ls Hkh viuh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djk ysukA 6- bZf'kRo & Lo;a dh ,oa lalkj ds vU; lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k izkIr dj ysukA 7- of'kRo & izd`fr ds leLr uSlfxZd dk;Z&dykiksa esa gLr{ksi dj ldus dh 'kfDr izkIr dj ysukA lk/kd ikuh cjlkus] lw[ks dh fLFkfr iSnk djus] lqIr Tokykeq[kh dks tkx`r djus ;k HkwdEi ds >Vds iSnk djuk vkfnA 8- dkeko'kkf;rk & leLr euks bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ysus dh 'kfDr izkIr dj ysukA 208 ATISHAY KALIT

dqyk.kZora= esa ;ksfxuh mikluk ds laHkksx i{k dk fo'kn~ o.kZu gS] ftlesa pkSlB ;ksxfu;ksa dks pkSlB HkSjoksa ds lkFk vkfyaxu dh eqnzk esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ekr`dkvksa vkSj HkSjoksa ds bl ;qXe dh ifjdYiuk dk o.kZu ^^Kku.kZora=** esa fo'ks"k :i ls feyrk gSA HkSjoh pØ esa lHkh iq:"k f'ko vkSj lHkh ukfj;k¡ nsoh gSaA dkek[;k esa ;ksfxuh pØ iwtk vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA ;g iwtk clar _rq esa tc lw;Z mRrjk;.k gksrs gSa] dh tkrh gSA iwtk LFky ds fy, dksbZ ohjku txg ;k 'e'kku dks pquk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds e/; esa fufeZr 64 ;ksfxuh ds dfri; eafnjksa esa ,d [ktqjkgks esa] nwljk Xokfy;j ds ikl ferkoyh esa ,oa rhljk tcyiqj ds HksM+k?kkV esa fLFkr gSA ;g eafnj ohjku txgksa ij gh cuk;s tkrs FksA 19oha 'krkCnh esa Qzsap vUos"kd ^tkW; Mqczkby* us cgqr lh ewfrZ;k¡ ,df=r dh Fkha] ftUgsa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk ds laxzgky;ksa esa Hkst fn;k x;kA buesa vf/kdka'k ewfrZ;k¡ lIrekr`dkvksa dh FkhA ;s lksyg ekr`dk,sa gSa& xkSjh] in~ek] 'kph] es?kk] lkfo=h] fot;k] t;k] nsolsu] Lo/kk] Lokgk] ekrk] yksdekrk] /k`fr] iqf"V] rqf"V vkSj dqynsorkA HksM+k?kkV dk xkSjh'kadj eafnj ;ksxfu;ksa ds eaMy ds chp esa cuk gSA blesa LFkkfir dY;k.k f'ko dh izfrek f'ko fookg dk n`'; iznf'kZr djrh gSA f'ko ikoZrh uUnh ij fojkteku gS vkSj ikn ihB ij 11oha 'krkCnh dh ukxjh fyfi esa ^ojs'oj* vafdr gSA eafnj ds Hkhrj fo".kq vkSj y{eh] lw;Z] u`R; dh eqnzk esa v"VHkqth x.ks'k dh izfrek,sa Hkh LFkkfir gSaA rkaf=d esa ukjh ds izeq[k rhu :i gSa % dU;k] ekrk vkSj iRuhA ;ksfxuh ewfrZ;ksa dh ukekoyh& jk[kkynkl cuthZ ds vuqlkj ¼1½ Jh Fkfduh] ¼2½ Jh ohjsUnzh] ¼3½ Jh Q.ksUnzh] ¼4½ Jh prqHkZth nsoh] ¼5½ Jh N=&/kkfeZdh] ¼12½ Jh fBduh] ¼13½ Jhtgk] ¼14½ Jhjafx.kh] ¼15½ Jh pkeq.Mk] ¼16½ JhnoZgkjh ¼17½ Jhoke/kkjh] ¼18½ JhMkfduh] ¼19½ JhtkgUoh] ¼20½ Jhxka/kkjh] ¼21½ JhHkzgrlEcnk] ¼22½ JhMM~Mjh] ¼23½ Jh lEink] ¼24½ Jh ufyuh] ¼25½ JhmRrkyk] ¼26½ Jh >kax.kh] ¼27½ vfHkys[k izkIr] ¼28½ ewfrZfofgu] ¼29½ Jhxkfguh] ¼30½ Jh bUnz.kkyh] ¼31½ Jh/kk.kh] ¼32½ JhbZ'ojh] ¼33½ in~e ds Åij] ¼34½ ukjh vkd`fr e;qj lfgr] ¼35½ Jh gafluh] ¼36½ Jh in~egalk] ¼37½ Jh rfiuh] ¼38½ Jh Vdkjh] ¼39½ Jh ekgs'ojh] ¼40½ Jh czEgk.kh] ¼41½ Jh fMxh] ¼42½ dey ij vklhu ukjh ewfrZ] ¼43½ Jh pafMdk] ¼44½ Jh vftrk] ¼45½ Jh N=lEcjk] ¼46½ Jh x.ks'k] ¼47½ f'kox.k] ¼48½ Jh fjnkyh nsoh] ¼49½ ik"kk.k ihB ?kqVuksa ds cy cSBk gqvk o`"kHk] ¼50½ Jheklof/kZuh] ¼51½ Jh x.ks'k] ¼52½ u`R;kaxuk] ¼53½ vgdyk fiaxyk] ¼54½ fiaxyk] ¼55½ Jh [kafMuh] ¼56½ JhrsjEck] ¼57½ Jh f'korkaMo eqnzk] ¼58½ Jh fuyhnEcjk] ¼59½ Jh ik.Moh] ¼60½ vfHkys[k izkIr] ¼61½ u`R;kaxuk] ¼62½ Jh ;equk] ¼63½ oh.kk ds lkFk 'kh'kjfgr ukjh] ¼64½ Jh vkSnkjk] ¼65½ cSBh gqbZ ukjh ewfrZ] ¼66½ Jh tkEgoha] ¼67½ Jh [kseq[kh] ¼68½ Jh fLFkjfpRrk] ¼69½ Jh loZrkseq[kh] ¼70½ Jh eanksnjh] ¼71½ Jh okjkgh] ¼72½ Jh ohHkRlk] ¼73½ Jh uafnuh] ¼74½ Jh rkaf=d pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ¼tcyiqj½ 209 b:nh] ¼75½ nsoh dh [kf.Mr izfrek] ¼76½ Jh vardkjh] ¼77½ Jh jaftjk] ¼78½ Jh dkenk] ¼79½ Jh :fiuh] ¼80½ Jh flag flagk] ¼81½ dq"kk.k dkyhu ewfrZ vkfnA lanHkZ xzUFk 1- *v'kksd* MkW-fxjh"k fd'kksj vxzoky( dyk fuca/k] yfyr dyk izdk'ku] vyhx<+ ¼;w-ih½] i`- 241 2- MkW- cztHkw"k.k JhokLro( izkphu Hkkjrh; izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo-fo- izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 3- MkW- banqerh feJk( izfrek foKku] e-iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh 4- MkW- uhyd.B iq:iksÙke tks'kh] izkphu Hkkjrh; ewfrZ foKku] fcgkjh jk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn] iVuk 5- jkeJ; voLFkh( [ktqjkgks dh nso izfrek,¡] vksfj,.V ifCyf'kax gkÅl] vkxjk 6- egs'kpanz pkScs( tcyiqj vrhr n'kZu] dfe'oj tcyiqj] bUVsd tcyiqj 210 ATISHAY KALIT

ÚUèÙæ ÁñÙ ATISHAY KALIT àææðŠææÍèü Vol. 1, Pt. B Âýæ·ë¤Ì ÖæÚUÌè ¥·¤æÎ×è Sr. 2, 2012 ISSN : 2277-419X ÁØÂéÚU

âæ¢S·ë¤çÌ·¤ ÌÍæ °ðçÌãUæçâ·¤ ÎëçCïU âð ÁñÙ ÌèÍü SÍÜæð´ ·¤æ ×ãUˆß (ÚUæÁSÍæÙ ·ð¤ ÂçÚUÂýðÿØ ×ð´)

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ooo 214 ATISHAY KALIT jf'e pkSgku ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/k Nk=k Vol. 1, Pt. B 5@221] ekyoh; uxj] Sr. 2, 2012 t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa fu;kedh; laLFkk,¡ ,d lS)kfUrd foospu izLrkouk lu~ 1991 dh uohu vkfFkZd uhfr us Hkkjr dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa xgu ifjorZu dh laHkkoukvksa dks tUe fn;k vkSj bl uhfr ds fØ;kUo; dh fn'kk esa Hkkjr ljdkj us vusd iz'kklfud lq/kkj ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu fd;sA ljdkj }kjk f}rh; iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dks izFke ih

Ng lnL; fu;qDr fd;s x;s rFkk budh lsok laca/kh lqj{kk osru&HkRrs] dk;Z iz.kkyh] iz'kklfud fof/k;ka bR;kfn laln }kjk ikfjr fof/k ds vUrxZr lqjf{kr dh xbZ gSA ;g laLFkk laln }kjk xkj.Vh izkIr gSA laLFkk ds vf/kdkj ,oa 'kfDr;k¡ fof/k }kjk Li"V :Ik ls fyf[kr gSA dqy feykdj ;g laLFkk Hkkjr dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa Lora= fu;ked vk;ksx ds :Ik esa LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA bu lcds ckotwn] bl laLFkk dh Hkwfedk] dk;Ziz.kkyh ,oa blds fu.kZ; u dsoy fof/k cfYd vdknfed {ks=ksa esa Hkh fookfnr jgs rFkk ljdkj dks bl laLFkk ds lEcU/k esa vusd ckj lQkbZ nsuh iM+rh gSA bl laLFkk ds Hkkjr ljdkj ds nwjlapkj ea=ky; ls laca/k Hkh le;≤ ij fooknksa esa jgs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g mfpr tku iM+rk gS fd bl laLFkk ij xgu 'kks/k dh tk;s D;ksafd ;g 'kks/k loZizFke gksxk rFkk bu laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u u dsoy yksd iz'kklu ds lkfgR; dks le`) cuk;sxk cfYd bl fo"k; esa 'kks/k] v/;;u& v/;kiu ,oa :fp dks mUur djsxkA blh n`f"V ls bl laLFkk dks lajpkRed dk;kZRed mikxe ds ek/;e ls 'kks/k gsrq fy;k x;k gSA lkfgR; leh{kk Hkkjr ds yksd iz'kklu fo"k; ij Hkjiwj miyC/k gS rFkk vusd iqLrdsa rFkk lkexzh miyC/k gSa] ijUrq ;g leLr lkfgR; Hkkjr dh fczfV'k dkyhu iz'kklfud laxBuksa] laLFk- kvksa ,oa m|eksa ij dsfUnzr jgk gS rFkk tks ubZ laLFkk,a] uohu vkfFkZd uhfr ds ifjizs{; esa LFkkfir ,oa fodflr dh tk jgh gS] mu ij bl lkfgR; esa miyC/krk ux.; gS vFkok fc[kjkc fy;s gq, gSaA lu~ 1991 ds Ik'pkr~ ls Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fofHkUu iz'kklfud laxBuksa dk iquZxBu fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj uohu laLFkk,sa Hkh LFk- kfir dh tk jgh gSA bu laLFkkvksa ij 'kks/k vFkok ys[ku dk;Z vYi ,oa fc[kjk gqvk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa] tks lkfgR; gesa fofHkUu iqLrdksa] ys[kksa ,oa 'kks/k ls Kkr gqvk gS mldk fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk gSA nwj lapkj ds {ks= esa ^VªkbZ* 1997 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Lok;r'kklh laxBu gS rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ds nwjlapkj {ks= esa v)Z U;kf;d ,ao iz'kklfud izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z dj jgk gS rFkk eq[; :Ik ls nwjlapkj ds {ks= esa fu;kedh; laLFkk gSA bl laLFkk ij lokZf/kd izdk'k vaxzsth nSfud lekpkj i= fgUnqLrku VkbEl }kjk Mkyk x;k rFkk ,l-,e- vxzoky dk ys[k 1997 esa izdkf'kr gqvk ftlesa lg ekuk x;k fd nwj lapkj ds {ks= esa ;g laLFkk uotkr f'k'kq dh Hkkafr gS ftldks fd Hkkjrh; iz'kklu dh ikjEifjd i)fr;k¡ iky jgh gS rFkk bl laLFkk ls dksbZ uohu fu;kedh; O;oLFkk dh vis{kk djuk mfpr ugha gksxkA blds Ik'pkr~ fgUnqLrku VkbEl esa bl laLFkk ,oa nwjlapkj {ks= dh fLFkfr ij vusd ys[k lEikndh; esa lu~ 1997 ds vizsy vadksa esa izdkf'kr gq, ftuesa nwj lapkj {ks= esa fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk ,ao fLFkfr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k rFkk ;g lUnsg Hkh O;Dr fd;k x;k gS fd bu laLFkkvksa dks ljdkj dgk¡ rd lQy cuk ik;sxhA blds vfrfjDr blh izdkj ds ys[k vaxzsth nSfud ßbdksukWfed VkbElÞ us Hkh ebZ] 216 ATISHAY KALIT

1997 ds vadksa esa izdkf'kr fd;s rFkk ;g laHkkouk,sa crkbZ fd nwjlapkj dk {ks= vR;Ur foLr`r gS rFkk blesa ;g fu;kedh; laLFkk dgk¡ rd lQy fl) gks ik;sxh] ;g lafnX/k gSA blh izdkj ls fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa fLFkfr ij futh {ks= dh laLFkk ßiz;klÞ us lu~ 2003 esa ys[k ,oa vk/kqfud 'kks/k vk/kkfjr ys[k izdkf'kr fd;s] tks ;|fi fo|qr {ks= esa fu;kedh; laLFkk dh Hkwfedk ij vk/kkfjr Fks ijUrq mUgsa nwjlapkj ds {ks= ds lanHkZ esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd fLFkfr nksuksa gh {ks= esa ,d tSlh FkhA ^iz;kl* ds ys[kksa esa ;g n'kkZ;k x;k fd bu laLFkkvksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa ikjnf'kZrk dh deh gSA ftlls fd U;kf;d gLr{ksi dh laHkkouk,sa c<+rh gSA blh izdkj ls lat; uxsjjs ¼2005½ ds ys[k esa ;g Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ fd fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ds dk;Z {ks= dk fu/kkZj.k Li"V ugha gSA fo'o cSad ¼2004&2005½ ftldh flQkfj'kksa ij Hkkjr ds okf. kfT;d {ks=ksa esa fu;kedh; laLFkk,sa LFkkfir dh xbZ] ds ys[kksa esa Hkh bl ckr dks dgk x;k fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fu;kedh; laLFkk,sa vk/kh&v/kwjh gS rFkk iz'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa ds Hkkj ls nch gqbZ gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fu;kedh; laLFkk,sa bu ns'kksa eas lQy ugha jgh gSA tkstQ fjVfXyV~t] fo'o cSad v/;{k us Hkh vius ys[kksa] ftu ij fd mUgsaa ukscsy iqjLdkj Hkh feyk] eSa ;g laHkkouk,a O;Dr dh fd oS'ohdj.k ,oa futhdj.k us vk/kkjHkwr {ks=ksa ;Fkk nwjlapkj] fo|qr] lM+d {ks=ksa esa vusd fooknksa dks tUe fn;k gS tksfd fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ds fy, leL;k cudj mHkjs gSaA Hkkjr esa fu;ked laLFkkvksa ij lokZf/kd v/;;u fo|qr {ks= ij ns[kus esa vkrs gSa ftuesa fd nhid 'kekZ ftlus fd vkfl;kus ns'kksa esa fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ij vius v/;;u esa ;g n'kkZ;k fd bu ns'kksa esa fo|qr lq/kkj fLFkfr dks lq/ kkj ldrs gSa ;fn fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk mnkjoknh ,oa oSf'od gks rFkk ljdkjsa mUgsa dk;Z djus dh iw.kZ Lok;Ùkrk iznku djsaA blh izdkj foRrh; {ks= esa lsch (SEBI) ij Hkh vusd v/;;u gq, ftuesa fd ;g bafxr fd;k x;k fd fu;kedh; laLFkk,sa Hkkjr esa izkjfEHkd dfBukb;ksa ls xqtj jgh gS rFkk mUgsa ,d yEcs la?k"kZ ls xqtjuk gksxkA dqy feykdj] fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ij tks v/;;u gq, gSa os nwj lapkj {ks= dks NksM+dj vU; {ks=ksa ij gq, gS rFkk nwjlapkj dk {ks= vNwrk gSA vr% bl v/;;u dks nwjlapkj {ks= ij gh dsfUnzr fd;k x;k gSA Bibliography m Stiglitz, Joseph, (2002) "Globalisation and its Dis Contents", Allen Lane, London World Bank (2001), "Global Development Finance", Washington D.C. m Sharma, P.D., & Sharma, B.M. (2009) "Indian Administration". Jaipur: Rawat Publications. m Bakovie, Jose & Jaime Mill an, (1998), "Successful Distribution Capitalisation: Political will Supported by a Comprehensive Regulatory Framework", World Bank, Washington D.C. m Arizu, Beatriz et. al. (2001) "Regulating Transmission Public Policy for the Private sector" World Bank, Washington D.C. m Jackson P. & Price C. (ed.) (1994), "Privatisation and Regulation: A Review of the Issues", London: Longman. m Singh, Daljit (2005), "Open Access: Methods for Calculation of Gross Subsidy Surcharge and Assessment of the Financial Impacts on Utilities", EPW, Sept. 10-16. egkHkkjrdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr 217

;'kek;k jktksjk ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/k Nk=k Vol. 1, Pt. B jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] Sr. 2, 2012 jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

egkHkkjrdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkek- ftd fLFkfr

egkHkkjr ewyr% ,d lkaLd`frd egkdkO; gSA egkHkkjr esa fpf=r ,d fo'kky dFk- kud eas ?kVukvksa o fpf=r leL;kvksa dk Lo:i eq[;r% jktuhfrd gSA egkdkO; dk dsUnzh; dFkkud dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa ds e/; la?k"kZ dks fpf=r djrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa ds e/; erHksn vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ds Vdjko ds lUnHkZ esa ewY;ksa ds izfr fu"Bk rFkk /keZ ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ls lEcfU/kr gSA dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa ds e/; gq;s fu.kkZ;d ;q) dks xzUFk esa /keZ vkSj v/keZ ds chp gq, laxzke dks :i nsus dk lQy iz;kl djds vUrr% /keZ dh fot; dks lqfuf'pr rF; dh izfr"Bk dh x;h gS] dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa ds e/; gq, la?k"kZ rFkk bl eq[; dFkkud ls tqM+s vU; vkuq"kafxd dFkkudksa vkSj izlaxksa esa Hkh jktuhfrd lÙkk ds fy, izfr}U}h nkoksa ds e/; la?k"kZ dk izpqjrk ls fp=.k gqvk gSA1 izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kklu i)fr vkSj jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds v/;;u ds fy, egkHkkjr ,d egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSA egkHkkjr esa vusd 'kklu&i)fr;ksa dk mYys[k vkrk gS] ftuesa le; ds lkFk ifjorZu gks jgk gSA egkHkkjr dh ewy lkexzh vfr izkphu ekuh x;h gSA orZeku esa egkHkkjr esa yxHkx ,d yk[k 'yksd gSA vkfn ioZ] lHkk ioZ] 'kkfUr ioZ] Hkh"e ioZ vkSj vuq'kklu ioZ vkfn esa fofHkUu LFkyksa ij jkt/keZ] jktuhfr] jkT; O;oLFkk] lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dk O;kid o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA egkHkkjr ,d izdkj dk Kku&dks'k gSA ftlesa /keZ] uSfrdrk] jktuhfr vkfn ij fofHkUu vkSj fojks/kh fopkjksa dk fp=.k feyrk gSA2 egkHkkjr esa vjktd vFkkZr~ jkt foghu voLFkk dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ckn esa jktlÙkk dk mn; gqvkA egkHkkjr esa vf/kdka'k jktrU= dk gh o.kZu feyrk gSA 'kkfUr ioZ rFkk vU; ioksZa esa jkt/keZ vFkkZr~ jktk ds dÙkZO;ksa dk fo'kn mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA3 egkHkkjr esa fpf=r ;FkkZFk o izfrikfnr vkn'kZ ds e/; xEHkhj vUrj izeq[krk ls fpf=r gqvk gSA jktk ds }kjk iztk ds vkpj.k dk fu;eu fuf'pr :i ls fof/k ds ek/;e ls gh gks ldrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa jktk fujadq'k o ve;kZfnr ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd jktdh; fof/k ds vkSfpR; dk ekin.M /keZ ds :i esa iw.kZr% gh LFkkfir gSA4 /keZ ds ikyu ds dkj.k iztk dh 'kkfUr] lqO;oLFkk vkSj lqj{kk dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk ds yksd ds dqN fuf'pr Hk;kog nq"ifj.kke gq, Fks] ftUgsa vR;kpkj] vU;k;] 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u vkfn ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s leLr cqjkbZ;k¡ /keZ ds yksd dk ifj.kke gS] vr% /keZ 218 ATISHAY KALIT dh iquLFkkZiuk bu leLr cqjkbZ;ksa ds izfrdkj dks lqfuf'pr djsaxhA vr% fuf'pr :i ls jktdh; fof/k /keZ ds izkd`frd fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy gh gks ldrh gSA /keZ og vkLFkk gS ftldh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro bZ'oj us jktk dks lkSaik gSA iztk ds d"V] /keZ dh uSfrd lÙkk dks dfri; LokfFkZ;ksa }kjk nh xbZ pqukSfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i izkjEHk gq,A bu pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k /keZ dh lÙkk Lor% izofrZr ugha jg ldh rFkk mls izorZu ds fy, jkT; ds :i esa ,d voyEc dh vko';drk gqbZA jkT; vius vfLrRo ds lkFk gh iztk ds izfr bl n`f"V ls opuc) gS fd og bl /keZ dks lqjf{kr o lqfuf'pr djsxk rFkk bl /keZ ds ek/;e ls iztk ds dY;k.k] lqj{kk vkSj ykSfdd thou ds lqO;ofLFkr gksus dh izR;kHkwfr djsxkA5 'kkldh; 'kfDr ds e;kZfnr lEO;ogkj dh vko';drk dk izfriknu djrs gq, 'kkld ij fu;U=.k ds uSfrd] lS)kfUrd o laLFkkxr mikxeksa dks leku egÙo ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA6 ;q) dks vfuok;Z ugha ekuk x;k] lHkh uhfr;ksa vkSj mik;ksa ds foQy gksus ij ;q) dh uhfr viukus dk ijke'kZ fn;k x;k gSA miyC/k izlaxksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;q) ds fu;e ;q) izkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; ikjLifjd lgefr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs FksA fQj Hkh dqN fu;e ,sls Fks ftUgsa lkekU; ekU;rk izkIr FkhA nzks.k] d.kZ] lkSfIrd rFkk 'kkfUrioZ esa ;q) ds ,sls fu;eksa dk o.kZu fofHkUu izlaxksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA vfHkeU;q dk o/k dkSjoksa egkjfFk;ksa }kjk mldh vlgk; voLFkk esa fd;k x;k Fkk] tc mlds jFk] v'o vkSj 'kL= lHkh u"V gks pqds FksA Lo;a lat; us bls /keZ fo:) crk;k gSA vkpk;Z nzks.k dk o/k Hkh fu;e fo:) FkkA mudk o/k rc fd;k x;k tc os iq= ds 'kksd esa foQy gks vkej.k ozr ysdj ;q) Hkwfe esa cSB x, FksA vtqZu }kjk d.kZ&o/k Hkh vuqfpr jhfr ls fd;k x;k] vkfn Hkh fu;e dks mYya?ku dk mYys[k feyrk gSA7 xzUFk esa Jhd`".k dk lexz O;ogkj o mudh Nfo fo|eku lkekftd ijEijkvksa ds fouez vuq;k;h ds :i esa ugha] vfirq fod`r ijEijkvksa ds fo:) O;fDrxr o laxfBr :i ls fonzksg djus okys ,d lq/kkjd ds :i esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA tgk¡ d`".k uk;d ds :i esa lkekftd fod`fr;ksa ds fo:) la?k"kZ djrs gS rFkk lkekftd vkpj.k dks iqu% vkn'kksZa dh vksj izo`r djus ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gksrs gSaA egkHkkjr ds ;q) esa ik.Moksa ds fy, leFkZu tqVkus ds vius vfHk;ku ds i{k esa Hkh d`".k dk izeq[k rdZ ;gh gS fd bl la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls mu 'kfDr;ksa dks izcy cuk;k tk ldsxk tks lkekftd O;oLFkk dks iqu% vkn'kksZUeq[k ewY;ksa ds vuq:i lapkfyr djus ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gksxhA8 nzkSinh dks nq%'kklu ds'k idM+dj lHkk lnL;ksa ds chp esa ykrk gSA ml ds bl d`R; dks jksdus dk lkgl fdlh Hkh iq#"k us ugha fd;kA Lo;a nzkSinh ds ik¡p ifr gksus ds mijkUr Hkh mldh j{kk ugha dh xbZA ,d efgyk ds ds'kksa dks cyiwoZd idM+dj vcyk dks vukFk dh Hkk¡fr ?klhVrk gqvk yk;k x;k] ysfdu fdlh Hkh egkiq#"k ds }kjk fojks/k ugha fd;k x;kA ;gk¡ efgyk dh detksj fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkdj mls viekfur fd;k x;kA ukjh dks nklh tSls 'kCnksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;kA blls Li"V gS fd ukjh ,d izn'kZu dh oLrq gS ftl ij vR;kpkj djus dk vf/kdkj iq#"kksa dks gh feyk gqvk gSA nq%'kklu ds [khapus egkHkkjrdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr 219 ls nzkSinh dk 'kjhj >qd x;kA nzkSinh us /khjs ls dgk & eUncqf) nq"VkRek nq%'kklu! eSa jtLoyk gw¡ rFkk esjs 'kjhj ij ,d gh oL= gSA bl n'kk esa eq>s lHkk esa ys tkuk vuqfpr gSA9 nzkSinh! rw jtLoyk] ,d oL=k vFkok uaxh gh D;ksa u gks] geus rq>s tq, esa thrk gS] vr% rw gekjh nklh gks pqdh gS] blfy;s vc rq>s gekjh bPNk ds vuqlkj nkfl;ksa esa jguk iM+sxkA10 nzkSinh ds ds'k fc[kj x;s FksA jktuhfrd o vU; vf/kdkj egkHkkjr egkdkO; esa efgykvksa dk jktuhfr esa gLr{ksi ds rF; ns[kus dks feyrk gSA 'kdquh dh nquhZfr ds pyrs |wrØhM+k dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ,oa mlesa ik.Moksa } kjk viuh leLr jkt ds lkFk viuh iRuh nzkSinh dks Hkh nk¡o ij yxk nsuk o nzkSinh dks nq;ksZ/ku thrh gqbZ oLrq le>dj jkt lHkk esa nq%'kklu ds }kjk nzkSinh dk ?kksj vieku djukA bl er ds lkFk gh nzkSinh ds lUnHkZ esa nq;ksZ/ku ds }kjk Hkhelsu dk frjLdkj djrs gq;s viuh tk¡?k dk oL= gVkdj nzkSinh dh vksj eqLdqjkrs gq, ns[kkA mlus viuh ck¡;h tk¡?k nzkSinh dh n`f"V ds lkeus djds fn[kk;hA11 mls ns[kdj Hkhelsu Øksf/kr gksdj viuh vk¡[ksa QkM+&QkM+dj ns[krs gq;s Hkjh lHkk ds jktkvksa ds chp mn~?kks"k djrs gq;s vfHkO;Dr fd;k fd nq;ksZ/ku eSa ;fn egklej esa rsjh bl tk¡?k dks viuh xnk ls u rksM+ Mkyw¡ rks eq> Hkhelsu dks vius iwoZtksa ds leku iq.;yksd dh izkfIr ugha gksxhA12 nzkSinh ds }kjk ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk ds vUrxZr og Hkhelsu dks dgrh gS fd nq%'kklu ds jDr ls gh vius ds'kksa dks /kksus ds i'pkr~ gh eSa vius ds'kksa dks cka/kwxhA /k`rjk"Vª ds iq=ksa rqe yksxksa us e;kZnk dk mYya?ku djds ;g tq, dk [ksy fd;k gSA rHkh rks rqe Hkjh lHkk esa L=h dks ykdj mlds fy;s fookn dj jgs gks rqEgkjs ;ksx vkSj {kse nksuksa iw.kZr;k u"V gks jgs gSaA vkt lc yksxksa dks ekywe gks x;k gS fd dkSjo ikiiw.kZ eU=.kk gh djrs gSaA bl rF; ls Li"V gksrk gS fd efgyk;sa jktuhfrd nko&ispksa o dwVuhfr tkurh Fkh] rHkh rks nzkSinh us vius vieku dk cnyk ysus ds fy, egkHkkjr dk ;q) djok;kA egkHkkjr esa jktifjokj esa dyg dk dkj.k nzkSinh dh izfrKk ds dkj.k gh gqvkA nzkSinh Hkhe dks f/kDdkjrs gq, ckj&ckj ml izfrKk dh ;kn fnykrh gS tks efgyk dh jktuhfrd ncko ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl ncko ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkhe ds }kjk j.kHkwfe esa nq%'kklu dh Nkrh QkM+dj nzkSinh ds ckyksa dks mlds jDr ls /kksus dh 'kiFk ysuk nzkSinh ds jktuhfrd dkS'ky dk mnkgj.k gSA blds lkFk gh dkSjoksa ,oa ik.Moksa ds e/; Jhd`".k ds }kjk laf/k dk izLrko vkus ij nzkSinh dk fojks/k bl rF; dks cy nsrk gS fd egkHkkjr esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd lw>&cw> ,oa Hkkxhnkjh Li"V gksrh gSA jktuhfrd :i esa xka/kkjh dh lgHkkfxrk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blh lUnHkZ esa xka/kkjh us Hkkoh vfu"V dh vk'kadk dks tkudj /keZ ijk;.kk xka/kkjh iq= Lusgo'k 'kksd ls dkrj gks mBh14 vkSj jktk /k`rjk"Vª ls cksyh nq;ksZ/ku ds tUe yssus ij ije cqf)eku fonqj th us dgk Fkk ;g ckyd vius dqy dk uk'k djus okyk gksxk] vr% bls R;kx 220 ATISHAY KALIT nsuk pkfg,A15 efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds lUnHkZ esa xka/kkjh dk nwljk mnkgj.k egÙoiw. kZ fl) gksrk gSA xka/kkjh us ik.Moksa ls dgk csVk rqe vijkftr ohj gks rqeus bu cw<+s egkjkt ds lkS iq=ksa dks ekjrs le; fdlh ,d dks Hkh] ftlus cgqr FkksM+k vijk/k fd;k Fkk] mudks rqeus thfor D;ksa ugha NksM+ fn;kA16 ge nksuksa cw<+s gq,] gekjk jkT; Hkh rqeus Nhu fy;kA ,slh n'kk esa gekjh ,d lUrku dks ge nks vU/kksa ds fy;s ,d ykBh ds lgkjs dks rqeus D;ksa ugha thfor NksM+kA17 bldk tokc nsrs gq, ik.Mo cksys nzkSinh dks tks ,d oL= /kkj.k fd;s gq;s jtLoyk voLFkk esa Fkh] vkids iq= us tks dqN dgk Fkk] mu lHkh ls vki fHkK gSA18 bl rF; ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xka/kkjh jktuSfrd uhfr;ksa ,oa fo/kkvksa dh vPNh tkudkjh j[kus okyh efgyk Fkh] tks viuh foo'krk vkSj uhfr&fu;eksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dqUrh iq=ksa ls vuqjks/k djrs gq, dgrh gS fd n.M dk izko/kku vijkf/k;ksa ds fy, gS ij esjs lHkh iq= n.M ds Hkkxhnkj ugha Fks] dksbZ ,d rks ,slk gksxk ftlus de vijk/k fd;k gksxkA n.M ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj n.M dh izd`fr }kjk n.M dk fo/kku fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g er vfHkO;Dr gksrk gS fd efgyk ges'kk vius iq=ksa ds fgr esa lksprh gS D;ksafd og Hkkoukvksa vkSj eerk ds o'khHkwr gksrh gS fQj Hkh xka/kkjh }kjk vijk/k dh izd`fr o fu;eksa dh ckr djrs gq, viuh foo'krk ds lkFk jktuSfrd o n.M fu;eksa ij foe'kZ djrh gS vkSj dgrh gS fd ftUgksaus de vijk/k fd;k gks ;k vijk/k 'kwU; gks] os e`R;q n.M fn;s tkus ds Hkkxhnkj ugha gksrs gSa] lHkh vijk/kh gks ;g t:jh ugha gksrk gSA blls O;Dr gksrk gS fd xka/kkjh Hkkoukvksa vkSj jktuSfrd fo"k;ksa dks lek;ksftr dj mRd`"V fopkjksa dks izdV dj jgh gS] tks mldh jktuSfrd] lkekftd o fo"k;ksa dks le>us dh n`f"V dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkoukvksa o foyki dks n'kkZrs gq;s jkT; dks izkIr djuk gh xka/kkjh dk er gks ldrk gSA tgk¡ xka/kkjh ;qf/kf"Bj ds fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djrh gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd xka/kkjh jktuhfr esa iz[kj cqf) j[krh Fkh o vius vf/kdkjksa dks mi;ksx djus esa l{ke FkhA lkekftd thou esa lgHkkfxrk bl lUnHkZ esa izeq[krk ds lkFk xka/kkjh ds }kjk vius oa'k dks cpkus gsrq nq;ksZ/ku ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs vuSfrd dk;Z ij /k`rjk"Vª ds }kjk fu;a=.k yxkus dh lykg dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA egkHkkjr esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk Li"V :i ls ns[kus dks feyrh gSA vfu"V dh vk'kadk ls /keZijk;.k xka/kkjh vius iq= Lusgo'k 'kksd ls foo'k gks mBh vkSj jktk /k`rjk"Vª ls dgk19 fd nq;ksZ/ku ds tUe ysus ij ije cqf)eku fonqj us dgk fd ;g ckyd vius dqy dk uk'k djus okyk gksxk] vr% bls R;kx nsuk pkfg,A20 /k`rjk"Vª dk xka/kkjh ds lkFk fookg ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh"e us dgk czkã.kksa ls xkU/kkj jkt lqcy dh iq=h 'kqHky{k.kk xka/kkjh ds fo"k; esa lquk fd og Hkxnsork ds us=ksa dk uk'k djus okys ojnk;d Hkxoku 'kadj dh vjk/kuk djds vius fy;s lkS iq= gksus dk egkHkkjrdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr 221 ojnku izkIr dj pqdh gSA tc bl ckr dk Bhd&Bhd irk yx x;k] rc dq: firkeg Hkh"e us xka/kkj jkt ds ikl viuk nwr HkstkA /k`rjk"Vª vU/ks gS] bl ckr dks ysdj lqcy ds eu esa cM+k fopkj gqvkA21 ijUrq muds dqy] izflf) vkSj vkpkj vkfn ds fo"k; esa cqf)iwoZd fopkj djds mlus /keZijk;.k xka/kkjh dk /k`rjk"Vª ls fookg gsrq lgefr iznku dhA22 xka/kkjh us tc lquk fd /k`rjk"Vª va/ks gSa vkSj ekrk&firk esjk fookg mUgha ds lkFk djuk pkgrs gSA rc mUgksaus js'keh oL= ysdj mldh dbZ rg djds mlh ls viuh vk¡[ksa cka/k yhA xka/kkjh cM+h ifrozrk FkhA mUgksaus fu'p; dj fy;k Fkk fd eSa lnk ifr ds vuqdwy jgw¡xhA muesa nks"k ugha ns[kw¡xhA xka/kkj jktdqekj 'kdqfu viuh cgu ds lkFk dkSjoksa ds ;gk¡ x;s rFkk ogk¡ Hkh"e dh lEefr ds vuqlkj fookg&dk;Z lEiUu fd;kA23 mDr rF; ls Li"V gksrk gS fd efgykvksa ls ges'kk lqUnj crkZo dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA tcfd ,d iq#"k ls fdlh Hkh lUnHkZ esa dksbZ vis{kk ugha djrsA bl rF; ls Li"V gksrk gS fd dqUrh ,d efgyk gksdj Hkh lekt o jkT; ds fgr dh j{kk ds fy, vius iq= dks jk{kl ds [kkus dh lkexzh esa Hkstuk vkSj mldk o/k djokus lEcU/kh n`"VkUr ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt o jkT; ds ladV dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d efgyk vius iq= dks Hkh nko ij yxk nsrh gSA lekt vkSj jkT; ds fgr dh j{kk dks loksZifj ekurs gq;s vius fiz; iq= rd ds thou dks nko ij yxkdj mudh j{kk dj vius ;ksxnku dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph 1- prqosZnh] Å"kk] izkphu lkfgR; esa jkT; o jktuhfr] i`"B 56 2- vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] fo"k; izos'k] i`"B 10 3- vxzoky] deys'k] dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= ,oa 'kqØuhfr dh jkT; O;oLFkk,¡] fo"k; izos'k] i`"B 11 4- prqosZnh] e/kqdj ';ke] oSfnd jktuhfrd fpUru Hkwfedk 5- mi;qZDr] izkphu Hkkjr esa jkT; O;oLFkk] i`"B 37&38 6- prqosZnh] Å"kk] izkphu lkfgR; esa jkT; o jktuhfr] i`"B 59 7- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 65 % 7&11 8- prqosZnh] Å"kk] izkphu lkfgR; esa jkT; o jktuhfr] i`"B 60 9- prqosZnh] e/kqdj ';ke] izkphu Hkkjr esa jkT; O;oLFkk] i`"B 37&38 10- prqosZnh] Å"kk] izkphu lkfgR; esa jkT; o jktuhfr] i`"B 63 11- egf"kZ osnO;kliz.khr] egkHkkjr] v/;k;&vkfnioZ] 'yksd 18] i`"B 221] izdk'kd & eksrhyky tkyku] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] laLdj.k & fo-la- 2025 12- osnO;kl] egkHkkjr] v/;k;&vkfnioZ] 'yksd 17] i`"B 221 13- osnO;kl] egkHkkjr] v/;k;&vkfnioZ] 'yksd 19] i`"B 221 14- osnO;kl] egkHkkjr] v/;k;&vkfnioZ] 'yksd 20] i`"B 221 15- osnO;kl] egkHkkjr] v/;k;&vkfnioZ] 'yksd 71] i`"B 225 222 ATISHAY KALIT fd'kksj dqekj eh.kk ATISHAY KALIT 'kks/k Nk= Vol. 1, Pt. B yfyr dyk ladk; Sr. 2, 2012 jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

Tk;iqj dh tudyk ds fHkfÙkfp= Lo:iksa dh lkSan;Ziw.kZ dgkuh

jktLFkku fHkfÙk fp=.k fodkl ;k=k esa t;iqj fp=.k 'kSyh dh fof'k"V Hkwfedk gSA jktLFkkuh Hkwfe dk lEcU/k dykRed lkSan;Z ls le`) ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ds fHkfÙkfp=ksa dh ljyrk vkSj ljlrk ;gk¡ ds dykRed oSHko dk lgt gh vkHkkl djkrh gSA1 jktLFkku ds t;iqj laHkkx ds lfn;ks iwoZ ds lftZr fHkfÙkfp= ;gk¡ dh le`) laLd`fr vkSj fofo/k :iks ds izrhd gSa vkSj dyk dh n`f"V esa fo'ks"k ewY; j[krs gSaA ;gk¡ dk dyk oSHko vn~Hkqr vkSj lkSan;Z ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA2 lIr[kMh bZljykV dk f'k[kj] pUnzegy ds fijkfeMuqek okLrq lewg ds pedrs Lo.kZ dy'k] laxejej dh 'osr Nrfj;k¡ lgL=ksa f[kMfd;ksa ls >k¡drk gqvk gokegy t;iqj ds 'kkldksa ds ,s'o;Z ,oa le`f} dk ifjpk;d gSA t;iqj uxj vkt Hkh vius tudyk Lo:i esa fHkfÙkfp=] ewfrZdyk rFkk LFkkIkR; dyk dh f=os.kh fNik;s gq, gSA tks tudyk ds vuqie mnkgj.k gaSA ;gk¡ dh izR;ssd xyh&tkyh] >jks[ksa] eafnj] nqxZ] Hkou] ewfrZ;ksa rFkk fHkfÙkfp=ksa ls lqlfTtr ns[ks tk ldrs gSA tks vketu ds lkSan;Zcks/k ds lkFk mudh lkSan;Z vfHk:fp esa viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSaA3 t;iqj esa fHkfÙkfp=.k dh bl le`) ijEijk dk fodkl 16oha 'krkCnh ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA vdcj vkSj tgkaxhj dh Hkh fHkfÙkfp= dyk esa :fp FkhA nksuksa ckn'kkg bZlkbZ /keZ izpkjdkssa ls izHkkfor FksA blfy, mUgksusa lar tkWu cSifVLV] ,UFkuh] cusZjMkbu] Hkkxh] lariky] fxzxjh] ,Eczksal vkSj egkRek bZlk ds fp= vkxjk ds fdys esa xksok ds iqrZxkyh dykdkjkssa ls cuok;saA mUgh ds le; ;s ^vkykxhyk* i)fr bVyh ls Hkkjr ykbZ xbZA4 jktLFkku dh ^vkykxhyk* i)fr esa ftyg ;k ikWfy'k dh tkrh gS vkSj bVyh i}fr esa ugha dh tkrh gSA t;iqj ds lezkVksa ds eqxy lezkVksa ls izxk< lEcU/kksa ds dkj.k t;iqj esa bl i)fr dk izkjEHk gqvkA bl i)fr dks ^vkykxhyk* ds vykok ^vkjkb'k* rFkk ^eksjkdlh* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl i)fr esa pwus ds rS;kj iykLrj dks ?kksV dj fpduk dj fn;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k jaxksa dks iz;qDr djus gsrq fp=dkj dks cgqr Je djuk iMrk gSA blesa os gh jax dke esa fy, tkrs gS tks pwus ds lkFk feydj jlk;fud fØ;k ugha djrsA fHkfÙk ij Ikz;qDr jaxkssa dh uSyk }kjk BqdkbZ djds vnhd iRFkj }kjk ?kqVkbZ dh tkrh gSA Je lk/; jaxksa BqdkbZ&?kqVkbZ }kjk vkjkb'k i)fr ds fHkfÙkfp= 'kh'ks dh Hkkafr Tk;iqj dh tudyk ds fHkfÙkfp= Lo:iksa dh lkSan;Ziw.kZ dgkuh 223 pednkj o LFkk;h gks tkrs gSA blh dkj.k ;g i)fr u dsoy jktLFkku esa oju~ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa izfLk) gks xbZ gSA ftldk t;iqj fHkfÙkfp=.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA5 t;iqj laHkkx ds fHkfÙk fp=ksa esa fo"k;kssa dh fofo/krk QyLo:Ik /kkfeZd ,oa ikSjkf. kd fo"k;&oLrq ckjgeklk ,oa izd`fr fp=.k] jkxekyk] jkt&njckj] tu&thou dk fp=.k] O;fDr&fp=.k vkSj vkys[ku vkfn ds fp= cuk;s x;s gSaA ftudksa QzSLdks cwuks] QzsLdks lsdks rFkk VsEijk rhuksa rduhdksa esa fufeZÙk fd;s x;s gSaA bu tudyk fHkfÙkfp= Lo:iksa dks 'kSyhxr xq.kksa ds fodkl rFkk ,sfrgkfld fodkl Øe ds vuqlkj rhu pj.kksa esa ckVk¡ tk ldrk gSA6 izFke pj.k ¼17oha 'krkCnh½ bl dky esa izkphu t;iqj dh jkt/kkuh vkesj ds egyksa esa cus fgUnw rhFkZ LFkkuksa ds /kkfeZd fp= eku flag egy vkesj] x.ks'kikWy vkesj esa vafdr gSA blds vykok Hkkoiqjk dh Nrjh] cSjkB ds fHkfÙkfp= rFkk ekStekckn ds fHkfÙk fp= lfEefyr gSaA txr&f'kjkse. kh th ds eafnj esa fufeZÙk] vkesj ds ikl fnYyh jksM+ ij jktk Hkkjey dh Nrjh esa iRFkj dh fnokj ij cus vdcjdkyhu fHkfÙkfp= bl 'kSyh dk dykRed oSHko ds ifjpk;d gSaA7 jktLFkkuh lezkVksa us bu fHkfÙk fp=ksa dks vketu dks lkSUn;Zcks/k iznku djus ds mn~ns'; ls gh fufeZÙk djok;s FksA tks vkt Hkh tudyk ds vn~Hkqr uewus gSA t;iqj ls yxHkx iSarkyhl fd-eh- nwj ekuiqjk jksM+ fLFkr jsuoky ds ekuiqjk xzke esa egkjktk t;flag izFke }kjk ^/kke dh Nrjh* ij jktLFkkuh yksd dyk ds izHkko okys yxHkx rsjg fp=ksa dk fuek.kZ fd;k x;k gSA os fofo/k fo"k;ksa dh Nfo;k¡ izLrqr djrh gS tSls& eqxydkyhu lkQk igus iq:"k RkFkk mlds ihNs fn[kk;s x;s Å¡V vkSj gkFkh ds fp=] ngh fcyksrh efgyk fp= vR;Ur vkd"kZd gSA8 t;iqj&vkesj ekxZ ij nwnw ls vkB fd-eh- dh nwjh ij ekstekckn esas egkjktk ekuflag dh gosyh essa Hkh fHkfÙk fp= Fks] tks nqHkkZZX; ls gosyh ds [k.Mgj gksus ds lkFk u"V gks pqds gSaA t;iqj&fnYyh jktekxZ ij cSjkB ¼fojkVuxj½ esa eqxy xsV ds eq[; }kj rFkk mldh Nrfj;ksa esa Hkh vkykxhyk i}fr esa xs: jax ls fHkfÙk fp= fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA NTtksa ds uhps VksM+ks ds e/; NksVs&NksVs fp= cus gSaA Åij dh Nrjh esa f'kdkj] lokjh] njckj] d`".k yhyk vkfn dh fofo/k n`'; fpf=r gSaA9 vafre eafty ij Nrjh Hkh xksykbZ esa yxHkx 50 QhV yEck tqywl dk ,d n`'; vkt Hkh lqjf{kr gSA ;g tudyk Lo:Ik vketu dks jlkLoknu iznku djkus ds fy, fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA 17oha 'krkCnh ds bu fp+=ksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk yksd&dyk izHkko gSaA tks vkHkw"k.k] oL=] vkd`fr] js[kkadu] vyadj.k] la;kstu vkfn essa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jax ;kstuk lhfer gSa] ftlesa fgjfep] xs:] gjkHkkVk rFkk jkejt izeq[k gSaA jax likV Hkj dj dkys jax ds ckg~; js[kkadu dj fn;k x;k gSA izd`fr dk Lora= fp=.k ugha gSa] dqN fp=ksa esa yksd&dyk ls gh izHkkfor gksdj isM+ cuk;s gSaA ;g tudyk ds dykRed 224 ATISHAY KALIT mnkgj.k vewY;&vrqY; Lo:Ik gSaA

fp= 1- iqjksfgrth dh gosyh ds fHkfÙk&fp= fp= 2- lkeksn gosyh ds fHkfÙk&fp= f}rh; pj.k ¼18oha 'krkCnh½ 18oha 'krkCnh esa t;iqj fo'kq) fp= 'kSyh dk tUe gqvkA tgkaxhj o 'kkgtgk¡ ds ckn vkSjaxtsc dh dyk esa :fp ughas gksus ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik vusd fp=dkj eqxy njckj NksM+dj t;iqj vk x;sA mUgh dykdjksa us LFkkuh; okrkoj.k ds izHkko esa vkdj fo'kq) t;iqj 'kSyh dks tUe fn;kA bl ;qx dks t;iqj Lo.kZ ;qx dgk x;kA bl dky esa fHkfÙk&fp= Hkkstu'kkyk vkesj] xyrk essa fufeZÙk gSaA10 xyrk esa vkpk;Zth dh gosyh esa jkxekyk fo"k; ij cus lqizfl) fHkfÙk&fp= gSaA bu fp=ksa esa eqxy ,oa t;iqj 'kSyh ds y?kq fp=ksa dk leUo; >ydrk gSA ;s vkdkj dh n`f"V essa NksVs gSa ijUrq la;kstu dF;kRed fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA d{k dh Nr ij vyadj.k gSa] ftlesa dgha Hkh fjDr LFkku fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSaA bu jkxekyk fp=ksa ds vfrfjDr blh d{k esa e/; dh Nrjh ds vUnj dh rjQ pkj fp= ikWyks dk [ksy] xksfi;ksa ,oa xk;ksa ds lkFk ck¡lqjh ctkrs Jh d`".k] 'ks"k'kk;h fo". kq rFkk jkx njckj ds fo"k; fpf=r gSa] tks tudyk ds :iksa esa lfEefyr gSaA jkedqoajth] fuR;xksikyth] j?kqukFkth vkSj lharkjketh bu eafnjksa ds eq[; } kj ds Åij ds xfy;kjs esa fHkfÙk&fp=] vyadj.k lftZr gSaA ;gk¡ ds pkj fo'kky fp= d`".k&yhyk o jke&njckj ds gSaA bu fp=ksa esa Hkh f'ko] 'kqd&lkfjdk] pkSiM+ [kSyrs jk/ kk&d`".k] vaxM+kbZ ysrh ukf;dk] dkVk¡ fudkyrh ukf;dk vkfn NksVs vkdkj ds fp= gSaA vUnj NTtksa ds uhps VksM+ksa ds e/; jkek;.k fpf=r gSaA ;g tudyk Lo:Ik 17oha 'krkCnh ds yksd&dyk ls izHkkfor fp=ksa dh ;kn fnykrs gSaA11 bl izdkj Kku&xksikyth eafnj esa pkj fo'kky fp= f'kdkj] tqywl] jke&jko.k ;q} vkSj gksyh ds gSaA blds Åij Hkh fofo/k fo"k;ksa ds NksVs fp= gSaA ;s fHkfÙk fp= 'kq) QzsLdks u gksdj VsEijk i)fr ess cus gSaA eafnj dh van:uh fHkfÙk ij xHkZ&x`g jke jktfryd fo'kky fp= fpf=r fd;k x;k gSaA bu eafnjksa ls dqN vkxs tukuk ?kkV xksikydq.M ds lkeus fpf=r Nrjh gSaA lokbZ t;flag f}rh; us 17oha 'krkCnh ds vUr esa Hkkstu'kkyk] vkesj d{k dk fuek.kZ djok;k tks x.ks'k ikWy ds nka;h vksj gSA ;gk¡ 27 fp= gSaA tks Lokg dye ls vkykxhyk rduhdh ls cus gSaA12 ;gk¡ fpf=r fo".kq ds vorkj] jk/kk&d`".k] ;q) n`';] ;ksxh] ;equk d"kZ.k] Tk;iqj dh tudyk ds fHkfÙkfp= Lo:iksa dh lkSan;Ziw.kZ dgkuh 225 d`".k }kjk nqX/k&nksgu vkfn fo"k; ds fp= gSaA tks vc n;uh; fLFkfr esa gksrs gq, Hkh tudyk ds dykRed Lo:Ik gSaA 18oha 'krkCnh esa fp=ksa esa Lo.kZ dk iz;ksx gksus yxk FkkA fp= fpdus o pednkj gSaA vkdkj dh n`f"V esa fo'kky la;kstu gS vkSj yky] xqykch] ihyk] cSaxuh] flanwjh] gjk rFkk jaxksa ds vkilh feJ.k ls uohu jax rS;kj fd;s tkrs FksA ekuokd`fr;k¡ lqMkSy] 'kkjhfjd ,oa vkarfjd lkSan;Z ls ifjiw.kZ cukus yxs FksA js[kk y;kRed pje mRd"kZ ij igq¡phA Nk;k&izdk'k rFkk ifjizs{; dk fHkfÙk&fp=ksa esa iz;ksx gksus yxkA fp= fo"k; o.kZukRed cuus yxs ftuesa vkd`fr;ksa dh HkhM+ ls la;ksftr :Ik utj vkus yxs FksA 18oha 'krkCnh ds fHkfÙk&fp= t;iqj ds 'kkldksa esa lokbZa t;flag f}rh;] egkjktk bZ'ojh flag rFkk egkjktk izrki flag ds laj{k.k esa pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡psA bu t;iqj lezkVksa us tudyk dh vfHkO;fDr vke vkneh ds lkSan;Zcks/k ds fy, ;k fQj viuh 'kkuks&'kkSdr ds fy, fnyokbZ] tks Hkh lR; gks ijUrq vkt Hkh vke vkneh ds fy, ;s izLrqfr vkUunkuqHkwfr iznku djus dk l'kDr ek/;e cuk gqvk gSA r`rh; pj.k ¼19oha 'krkCnh½ t;iqj fp= 'kSyh 17oha 'krkCnh ls izkjEHk gksrh gqbZ] 18oha 'krkCnh esas vius pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡ph rFkk 19oha 'krkCnh esa viuk izHkqRo [kksus yxhA bl le; tks fHkfÙk fp= fufeZr gq, os iqjksfgrth dh gosyh] txr&f'kjkse.kh eafnj] pwjflagth dh gosyh] xqlkbZth dh Nrfj;ksa] Hkkstu'kkyk vkesj] fllksfn;k egy] iqjkuk ?kkV Hkokuh jke cksgjk dk eafnj] ufl;k¡] 'e'kku vkn'kZ uxj vkfn LFkkuksa ij n'kZuh; gSA13 x.kxkSjh cktkj esa fLFkr iqjksfgrth dh gosyh esa izos'k djrs gh fo'kky d{k gS ftlesa VsEijk i}fr ds fHkfÙk&fp= gSaA lEiw.kZ d{k essa lqugjs jax dk izHkko gSA nks NksVs d{k Hkh fpf=r gSA fp=ksa ds fo"k; egkjktk jkeflagth dk O;fDRk fp=] izd`fr fp=.k] fg.MkSyk] f'ko&ifjokj ] nsoh ljLorh] nsoh xaxk vkfn gSA Nr ij Hkh nsoh&nsorkvksa o ukf;dkvkssa dk fp=.k gSA bl gosyh ds uhps dh vksj czãiqjh esa fo}ku jRukdj HkV~V iq.Mjhdth dh gosyh gSA14 blds Åij ds d{k esa 10 vkyksa ds e/; egkjktk tlflag ,oa izrki flag iwoZorhZ jktkvksa ds lkFk x.kXkkSj dh lokjha] txrflag&jldiwj jkf=dkyhu iz.k; vkfn fo"k; fpf=r gSaA bl izdkj lEiw.kZ xqykch uxj esa tudyk dk ifjiw.kZ ifjp; feyrk gSA ;gk¡ ds lezkVksa us vius egy] gosfy;k¡] nqxZ] LolkSan;kZuqHkwfr ds fy, ,oa viuh 'kkuks&'kkSdr iznf'kZr djus ds mn~ns'; ls ;s dyk fufeZfr;k¡ djokbZ Fkh ijUrq vkt blus vius izkphu dykRed oSHko ls vketu ds fy, tudyk dk :Ik /kkj.k dj fy;k gSa tks turk dks lkSan;Zcks/k ,oa jlkLoknu iznku djus ds vykok mUgsa ckSf)d :Ik ls ltx cukus dk iz;kl Hkh djrh gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk 1- Wall Painting of Rajasthan : Published Director General Jawahar kala Kendra, Jaipur, 1998, 226 ATISHAY KALIT

p. 21 2- Rosa Maria Cimino : Wall Painting of Rajasthan (Amer and Jaipur), Page No. 130, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 2001. 3- MkW- eerk prqosZnh % fHkfÙk&fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr xqykch uxj] i`-la- 18] lqtl ¼twu&tqykbZ&1995½ lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ funs'kky;] jktLFkkuA 4- eksgu yky xqIrk % jktLFkku dh fHkfÙk fp=dyk esa yksd&n'kZu] i`-la- 6] vkd`fr] vizsy&twu 1995] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 5- MkW- izsepUn xksLokeh " jktLFkku ds dykRed fHkfÙk&fp= % ijEijk ,oa ,sfrgkfld vonku] i`- la- 34] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 6- MkW- ukFkqyky oekZ % jktLFkkuh fp='kSyh dh fofHkUu fp=.k fof/k;k¡] i`-la- 18&62] jkt- ifCyflax gkÅl] t;iqj ¼2009½A 7- MkW- egsUnz dqekj 'kekZ ^lqegsUnz* % jktLFkkuh jkxekyk fp=&ijEijk] i`-la- 9] ifCyds'ku fLde] t;iqj ¼1990½A 8- MkW- lqegsUnz % jktLFkku esa chloha 'knh iwokZ}Z dh dyk dk laØe.k dky] i`-la- 8] vkd`fr ¼2001½] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 9- MkW- eerk prqosZnh % t;iqj 'kSyh ds fHkfÙk&fp= ,oa mudh fo"k;&oLrq] i`-la- 10] vkd`fr ¼vizsy&twu 1995½] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 10- MkW- ukFkqyky oekZ % jktLFkkuh fHkfÙk&fp=.k dh rduhd] i`-la- 4] vkd`fr ¼vizsy&twu 1995½] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 11- egsUnz 'kekZ % vkesj ds fHkfÙk&fp=] i`-la- 28] vkd`fr] jk-y-d-v- t;iqjA 12- dUgS;kyky vtesjk ,oa tokgj tSu % n t;iqj ,yce] v/;k;&14] i`-la- 32- 13- izrkifnR; iky % nh Dykfldy VªsfM'ku vkWQ jktiwr isfUVXal] ] i`-la- 51- 14- flVh iSysl] t;iqj fp= ua- ,-th- 1206] vkesj] yxHkx 1660&75 bZaA orZeku jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh nqfo/kk,¡ % jktuhfrd izfrc)rk 227 iwue frokM+h ATISHAY KALIT iksLV MkDVksjy QSyks] Vol. 1, Pt. B yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] Sr. 2, 2012 jkt-fo-fo- t;iqj ISSN : 2277-419X

orZeku jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh nqfo/kk,¡ % jk- tuhfrd izfrc)rk

Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd ,oe iz'kklfud O;oLFkk eqxy ,oe fczfV'k dky esa leUo; dh fodflr gqbZ gS rFkk mlesa ewyHkwr ifjorZu ugha gq, gSa ftlds dkj.k fd jktuh- frKksa o yksdlsodksa dh ekufldrk] uSfrdrk rFkk mudk vkpj.k fczfV'k rkSj rjhdksa o O;ogkj ls izHkkfor jgk gS vkSj ;g pht xr lkB o"kksZa esa ih

Hkkjr dh yksdlsok ds fczfV'k dkyhu vkn'kZ ,oe ewY; yEcs le; rd cuk;s ugha j[ks tk ldrs gS cfYd mUgsa ifjorZu dh cMh vko';drk gS rFkk blesa rVLFkrk dk fl) kUr lokZf/kd izHkkfor gqvk gS blh ds lkFk lkFk ukSdj'kkgh dh uSfrdrk esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ gS ftldk fd ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd yksdlsok,a fujUrj fxjkoV dh vksj vxzlj gSa ;g fLFkfr jkT;ksa esa vR;Ur Hk;kog gS dsUnz ljdkj esa Hkh fLFkfr visf{kr Lrj rd ugha gS mPp yksd lsokvksa esa bl fLFkfr ds vusd mnkgj.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSa ;gka ;g Hkh /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd jktuhfr lcls T;knk iznwf"kr gks jgh gS ftlesa u dsoy O;oLFkkfidkvksa u dosy fxjkoV cfYd jktuhfr esa ch tk ldrh gS Hkkjr ds izR;sd jkT; esa bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;ka fo|eku gSa fo'ks"kdj fcgkj] mMhlk] mRrj izns'k] gfj.kk;k] iatkc] jktLFkku tgka ij fd jktuhfrKksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa esa vkilh feyhHkxr ls tufgr dh mis{kk dh gS rFkk lkoZtfud leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus orZeku jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh nqfo/kk,¡ % jktuhfrd izfrc)rk 229 dh ctk; ckus dh ctk; my>k;h x;h gSa D;ksafd blls jktuhfrKksa dk oksV cSad curk gS vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa dh tc Hkjrh gS rFkk turk ds Lrj esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS] bu lcdk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dh vkn'kZ jktuhfrd vkn'kksZa dh rqyuk esa rsth ls fxjs gSa tks /;ku nsus dh ckr gS oks ;g gS fd ukSdj'kkgh fczfV'k 'kklu }kjk ,d laLFkk ds :i esa LFkkfir dh x;h Fkh tc fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk Lora=rk laxzke ds nkSjku fodflr gqbZ vkSj ,d laLFkk ds :i esa LFKkfir ugha gks ldhA bl izdkj ls Hkkjr esa tks iz'kklu O;oLFkk LFkkfir gqbZ gS og vlarqfyr gS rFkk 'kklu o iz'kklu ds e/; lajpukRed] O;ogkjkRed izfrfØ;kRed :i ls vlarqfyr gS ;g vlarqyu 'kklu Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS bl vlarqyu dk izHkko ukSdj'kkgh dh rVLFkrk vkSj lafo/kku ds izfrc)rk ij eq[; :i ls iMk gSA ^^Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds }kjk tks laLFkk,a LFkkfir dh x;h gSa os dqN fl)kUrksa vkSj vkn'kksZa ij cuk;h x;h rFkk mu laLFkkvksa ds vkn'kksZa ds e/;e laLFkkxr larqyu Hkh cuk;s x;s Fks ijUrq Lora=rk ds i'pkr ls ;g ns[kk tk jgk gS fd bu laLFkkxr lUrqyuksa dks u dsoy rksMk eksMk x;k gS cfYd iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa viuh egRo dks cdj detksj cuk;k tk jgk gSA ukSdj'kkgh dh uSfrdrk dh ckr tc dh tkrh gS rc ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gS fd uSfrdrk ds ekun.Mksa dks le; ds vuqlkj j[kk tk;s ;k vkn'kksZa ds :i esa le>k tk;s ;k rqyukRed :i ls 1970 ls igys dh vkSj 1970 ds ckn dh uSfrdrk dk v/;;u fd;k tk;s Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk tks thofu;ka ;k vkRedFkk;sa fy[kh x;h muesa bu lHkh ckrksa dks mBk;k x;k rFkk uSfrdrk dk iz'u mudh vkRedFkkvksa esa c< p< cksyrk gS pkgs mUgksaus ;g vkjksi jktuhfrKksa ij eak tk;s vkSj dSls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk;s D;ksafd lkekftd ekun.M+ cgqr rsth ls cny jgs gSa vkSj yksdlsok dh uSfrdrk dks iqu%Hkkf"kr djus dh t:jr gS rFkk yksdlsok esa uSfrdrk dks u;s lhjs ls le>uk gksxkA yksdlsok esa uSfrdrk ij vusd 'kks/k dk;Z fd;s x;s gSa vkSj ckj&ckj ;g iz'u mBk;k x;k fd yksdlsokvksa esa gh uSfrdrk dh ckr D;ksa dh tkrh gSaA futh {ks= dh lsokvksa esa D;ksa ugha vf/kdka'k 'kks/kdrkZvksa] ys[kdksa ,oa fofHkUu vk;ksxksa esa gj ckj ;g ckr dgh gS fd yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk blfy, vko';d gS fd jkT; ,d vkn'kZ fu;ksDrk gS vkSj turk jkT; dks u dsoy loksZijh le>rh gSa cfYd nsork ds :i esa le>rh gSa vkSj vis{kk djrh gSa fd ljdkjh lsok,as ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa izLrqr gS rFkk turk mudk vuqlj.k djsaA blfy, yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk ds mPp ekun.M+ gksus pkfg,A blesa izeq[k :i ls ^LVkWy*] gjeu Qkbuj] ^ykLdh* izkphu ys[kdksa vfjLVksVy bR;kfn izeq[k gS ftUgksaus yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk dh ckr dgh gS ;k blh izdkj ls QqYVu lfefr iz'kklfud lq/ kkj vk;ksx rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vusd fu.kZ;ksa esa Hkh yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk dh ckr dgh x;h gSaA ;g ckr /;ku nsus dh gS fd yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk dks fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa vkn'kZ ds :i esa vko';d le>k x;k gS ijUrq ;g vkn'kZ ewY; ds :i ekus x;s gSa O;ogkfjdrk esa ugha gSA yxHkx fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esa yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk vko';d le>h x;h gSa ijUrq ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS uSfrdrk lkekftd o lkaLd`frd ifjos'k ls izHkkfor jgrh gSa vkSj O;fDr ifjfLFkfr;kso'k dk;Z djrk gS vkn'kksZ ds fy;s ughaA fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa uSfrdrk ,d pqukSfr ds :i esa mHkjh gS vkSj fo'o dh vf/kdka'k yksdlsok,sa uSfrdrk dh n`f"V ls fiNM+h gqbZ gSaA vUrj dsoy ek=k dk gS pkgs flaxkiqj dh yksdlsok gks ;k tkiku dh ;k Hkkjr dh] lHkh uSfrdrk ds iB?kjs esa orZeku jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh nqfo/kk,¡ % jktuhfrd izfrc)rk 231

[kM+h gSaA Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa ;g leL;k vkSj Hkh fodjky gS D;ksafd uSfrdrk vkSj xjhch esa lh/kk lEcU/k gS xjhc ns'k Hkz"Vkpkj ls lcls T;knk ihfM+r gS fo'ks"k :i ls fj'or vkSj ljdkjh lsokvksa esa ?kiys ds fy;s pkgs dkWeuosy [ksyksa esa fd;s x;s ?kiys gks ;k yksdlsokvksa ds gj Lrj ij fj'or ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z gksrk gS ;k blh izdkj ls yksdlsok esa dkepksjh gks] ;g lHkh n'kkZrs gSa fd yksdlsok,sa uSfrdrk ds ekun.M+ksa esa fiNM+h gqbZ gS blfy, yksdlsokvksa esa uSfrdrk dh vis{kk djuk mfpr ugha gSaA yksdlsok esa uSfrdrk dk iz'u mudh jktuhfrd rVLFkrk o izfrc)rk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA yksdlsokvksa dh jktuhfrdj.k esa uSfrdrk dks xgjkbZ rd izHkkfor fd;k gS rFkk yksdlsokvksa dh uSfrdrk dh ifo=rk dks yxHkx u"V dj fn;k gSA yksdlsokvksa esa ftl izdkj ls Hkz"V jktuhfr esa jktuhfrdj.k dks cy iznku fd;k gS mlls yxrk gS fd Hk- kjr esa yksdlsokvksa dk jktuhfrdj.k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ywV&[klksV iz.kkyh ls Hkh T;knk gks x;k gS rFkk yksdlsod lÙkk/kkjh ny ds izfr pkgh o vupkgh izfrc)rk n'kkZ jgs gSa vkSj 'kuS% 'kuS% yksdlsokvksa dks uSfrdrk ds nyny esa Qalk,a tk jgs gSa bl ckr dks Hkh vusd ys[kdksa us vius v/;;uksa esa bafxr fd;k gSA tSls fd ^jtuh dksBkjh*] ^lh-ih- Hkkejh*] ,l-vkj-ekgs'ojh bR;kfn us vius ys[kksa esa Li"V :i ls ;g dgk gS fd jktuhfrd izfrc)rk yksdlsokvksa dks fujUrj vuSfrd vkpj.k dh vksj izsfjr djrh jgrh gSaA dsUnz ljdkj dh lsokvksa us mPp inksa dk yxHkx jktuhfrdj.k gks pqdk gS rFkk vizR;{k :i ls mPp inksa ij os gh yksdlsod fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa tks fd jktuhfrd lÙkk ds xfy;kjksa esa viuh izfrc)rk nksgjkrs gSaA ifj.kker% os laLFkk,a Hkh nksf"kr gksrh tk jgh gSa tks fd fu"i{k fu;ked ekuh tkrh FkhA tSls fd pquko vk;ksx] lsch ¼,l-bZ-ch- vkbZ-½] VªkbZ ¼Vh-vkj-,-vkbZ-½] fjtoZ cSad bR;kfnA bl izfrc) ukSdj'kkgh dk foLrkj jkT;ksa ds mPp inksa ij jkT; dh yksdlsokvksa esa vkSj rduhdh rFkk f'k{kk ds dsUnzksa esa Hkh gqvk gS ftldk fd ifj.kke xyr uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k] vO;ogkfjd dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u o vuqfpr ykHk ysu&nsu dh izo`fr dk fodkl gksuk blls turk dks u dsoy fgrksa dks jksdk tk jgk gS cfYd /ku] le; o lalk/kuksa dh cckZnh gks jgh gSa rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk fujUrj fcxM+rh tk jgh gSa vusd jkT; fgalk vkSj vjktdrk ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSa tSlsfd Hkkjr ds mÙkj iwohZ jkT; mM+hlk] tEew d'ehj] e/;izns'k] fcgkj] if'peh caxky uDlyokn ds fujUrj f'kdkj gksrs tk jgs gSa rFkk cps dqps jkT;ksa esa lkekftd vjktdrk gSA dqy feykdj jktuhfrd izfrc)rk esa tgkWa u dsoy uSfrdrk dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k gS ogha jktuhfrd izfrc)rk us ns'k dks fodV vkfFkZd lkekftd leL;kvksa esa tdM+ fn;k gS rFkk ns'k dks ,d ,slh fLFkfr esa yk fn;k gS ns'k dk izcU/k ,oa iz'kklu djuk vR;Ur dfBu gks x;k gSA ;s lkjh fLFkfr;kWa ;g n'kkZrh gS fd yksdlsok,sa viuh mÙkjnkf;Roksa ls cp ugha ldrh gSa fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgkWa ij fd yksd iz'kklu izeq[k :i ls viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS rFkk futh {ks= nl izfr'kr ls de gSA ,sls esa lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh Hkh ugh ds cjkcj gS ftlls ljdkj dh leL;k vkSj fodV gks x;h gSaA blds 232 ATISHAY KALIT vfrfjDr fujUrj c<+rh gqbZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd eanh rFkk ?kVrk gqvk fons'kh eqnzkdks"k vkSj vkfFkZd mRiknuksa esa c<+rh deh us ljdkj dks vusd my{kuksa esa Qalk fn;k gSA blh ds lkFk&lkFk izkd`frd vkink,a ,oa {ks=h; vkfFkZd vlUrqyu Hkh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;kWa iSnk dj jgk gS ftlls fd yksdlsokvksa ij vusd ncko c<+ jgs gSaA ,slh fodV ifjfLFkfr esa yksdlsokvksa dh uSfrdrk ij vusd iz'u&fpUg yx jgs gSa vkSj ,slk eglwl gks jgk gS fd vkus okys le; esa yksdlsokvksa dh uSfrdrk dks lEHkky ikuk cM+k eqf'dy gSA lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ls Hkh bl fn'kk esa dksbZ ifjorZu utj ugha vkrk gSA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks vPNk osru nsus ds ckotwn Hkh fj'or esa dksbZ deh utj ugha vkrhA yksdlsodksa ds ikl vusd lqfo/kk,a gksrs gq, Hkh ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa dk nq:i;ksx fujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gS vkSj vke turk bu lc esa vlgk; gSA fu"d"kZ fo'o dh lHkh yksdlsokvksa esa rVLFkrk cuke~ izfrc)rk rFkk mlls izHkkfor gksus okyh uSfrdrk jktuhfr foKku vkSj yksd iz'kklu ds lkfgR; esa ,d fooknkLin vkoZfrd fo"k; jgk gS D;ksafd yksdlsok,sa jktuhfr vkSj lkekftd lajpukvksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor jgh gSaA bl rqyuk esa fd os rVLFk :i ls uSfrd cuh jgs yksdlsokvksa dh izfrc)rk mRiUu gksus okyh uSfrdrk lHkh n`f"V ls vkykspukRed jgh gSaA [kkl rkSj ls mu ns'kksa esa ftuesa fd jktuhfrd lqn`<+rk ugha vk ikbZ gSa vFkok fodkl esa fiNM+s jgs gSaA ,sls ns'kksa esa yksdlsok,sa ewY;ksa ds Hkzetky esa Qal x;h gSa vFkok iwath ds rkRdkfyd ykHkksa esa Qal dj jg x;s vkSj ifj.kke Lo:i vkykspukvksa dk dkj.k curh pyh x;hA geus bl ys[k esa mu lHkh fooknkLin fo"k;ksa dks mBkus dk iz;Ru fd;k tks fd Hkkjr tSls ns'k ds lUnHkZ esa vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ jgsA bl ys[k esa fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds ek/;e ls ;g fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd yksdlsok dh uSfrdrk rkRdkfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor jgh rFkk nwjxkeh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fØ;k'khy ugha jgsA fofHkUu v/;;u vkSj ys[k n'kkZrs gSa fd uSfrdrk ,oa vR;Ur gh tfVy fLFkfr gS ftldks fd iz'kklfud in ij fuHkkuk dfBu iM+rk gSA bl ys[k dk eq[; mn~ns'; ;g n'kkZuk Fkk fd fodkl'khy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrdrk cuk;s j[kuk vR;kf/kd gh dfBu dk;Z gSA Hkkjr esa ftl rjhds dh jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;kWa jgh gSa mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh Hkh yksdlsod ds fy;s rVLFk jguk vkSj uSfrdrk cuk;s j[kuk ,d vR;Ur dfBu dk;Z FkkA yksdlsokvksa dks vkn'kZ cukus dk vuko';d iz;Ru fd;k tkrk jgk gS rFkk mlds lkFk uSfrdrk ds vkn'kZ Hkh tksM+ fn;s x;s rFkk ,slh yksdlsok dks cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k tSls fd og lrh lkfo=h gksA orZeku esa iwathokn ds lewg esa bl izdkj dh vO;ogkfjd lksp us yksdlsokvksa dks fookn dh fLFkfr esa [kM+k dj fn;k rFkk blesa jgh lgh dlj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us iwjh dj nhA Hkkjr dh Hkz"V jktuhfr o yksdlsokvksa dh in yksywirkvksa us yksdlsok dh u dsoy rVLFkrk dks lekIr fd;k cfYd mUgsa vuSfrd vkpj.k ds fy;s etcwj fd;kA okLro esa yksdlsokvksa dh uSfrdrk fczfVª'k dky ds 'kklu esa gh iw.kZr;k orZeku jktuhfrd ifjizs{; esa izkf/kdkfj;ksa dh nqfo/kk,¡ % jktuhfrd izfrc)rk 233 fcxkM+ fn;k rFkk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh iwfrZ ds fy;s yksdlsokvksa dk euekuk iz;ksx fd;kA blfy;s yksdlsok,sa ,frgkfld :i ls gh vuSfrdrk ds tky esa Qalh jghaA blds i'pkr~ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dksbZ ewyHkwr ifjorZu 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ugha fd;s blls yksdlsok esa lq/kkj dh vis{kk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA dqy feykdj ,slh fLFkfr;ka gS fd yksdlsokvksa dh uSfrdrk dks vkn'kksZ ds lUnHkZ esa ugha ij[kk tk ldrk cfYd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa tkWapk tk ldrk gSA bl ys[k esa bl ckr dks Hkh bafxr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd yksdlsokvksa esa ,slh ijEijk,a fodflr ugha dh tks fd uSfrdrk o rVLFkrk dks cuk;s j[ksA xr lkB o"kksZ dk ;fn bfrgkl ns[ks rks ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd dkuwu rks vusd cus ijUrq yksdlsokvksa esa ijEijk,a vkSj ekun.M+ de fodflr gq, ftlds fd ifj.kke Lo:i yksdlsokvksa esa u rks ijEijk,a LFkkfir gks ikbZ vkSj u gh muesa jktuhfrd izfrc)rk,a cu ikbZA mPp vf/kdkjh u rks vius vkpj.k ls vkSj u gh O;ogkj ls fdlh izdkj dk ,sls O;ogkj LFkkfir dj ik;s tks fd mudks ikjn'khZ ,oa Li"V dj lds vkSj u gh mUgsa turk ds izfr tokcnsg cuk ik;s lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds dkuwu us Hkh yksdlsokvksa dks tokcnsgh o ikjn'khZ ugha cuk ik;sA D;ksafd blesa iz'kklfud dkuwu gS lwpuk dk vf/kdkj muesa nc dj jg tkrk gSA ^^dqy feykdj Hkkjr esa yksdlsokvksa dh fLFkfr ,slh gS muds uSfrdrk ij iz'u mBkuk vlaxr tku iM+rk gSA nwljk yksdlsokvksa dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ,slh ugha jgh fd ge muls uSfrdrk dh vis{kk dj ldsA rhljs orZeku jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;kWa ,slh gS ftlesa mudh rVLFkrk ds ckjs esa vis{kk djuk vO;ogkfjd gksxk vkSj vfUre :i ls yksdlsokvksa dh cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uSfrdrk dh vo/kkj.kk /khjs&/khjs viuk egRo Hkh [kksrh tk jgh gSaA D;ksafd oS'ohdj.k vkSj futhdj.k esa yksdlsok dh uSfrdrk dks Hkh lekIr iz;k; dj fn;k gS ijUrq vc orZeku esa ;g ekuk tkus yxk gS fd ikjnf'kZrk ds ek/;e ls gh uSfrdrk lEHko gSA^^ blfy, lwpuk dk vf/kdkj egRoiw.kZ gksrk tk jgk gS rFkk ,sls gh vU; vkSj Hkh fodYi gS ftuds ek/;e ls yksdlsok dks tokcnsg cuk;k tk ldsA ijUrq ;g lc dqN jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djsxkA Biliography 1. Charles, Good sell “The case for bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic (3rd edotion), Chattham, NJ: Chatham House, 1994 2. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler “Reinventing Government : How the Entrepreneurial Sprit Is Transforming the Public Sector Reading, M.A. Addison Wesley 1992 3. David Osborne and Peter Plastrik, “Banisbing Bureaucracy Reading MA: Addison Wesley, 1992 4. Tames Mc David and Brain Marson, eds “ The Well-Performing Government Organization Toronto : Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 1991 234 ATISHAY KALIT

5. CAPAM “Current Good Practices and New Development in Public Service management, Common Wealth Secretariat, 1996 6. Christopher Pollitt “Management Techniques for the Public Sector Pulpit and Practice” In peters and Savoie, Governance in a Changing Environment, p. 234 7. James Collins and Jerry Porras, Bulittolast, Successful Habits of visionary Companies, New York, Harper Business, 1994 8. John Tait “ Discussion paper on Values Ethics in the Public Service, Ottawa : CCMD, December, 1996 9. O/e Ingstrup, Public Service Renewal, From Meansto Ends, Ottawa : Canadain Centre for Management Development, 1995 10. Henry Mintzberg, Managing Government, Foverning Management, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1996 11. Stephen Cavey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1989 12. James Collins and terry Porras, Built to last, Successful habits of Visiionary Companies, New York, Harper Business, 1994 13. Bowman.J., Ethics in Government, A National Surry of Public Administrations, Public Administration Review, May/June, 1990, 50(3), 45-353 14. Brumback, G., Institutionalizing Ethics in Government, Public Personnel Management, Fall 1991, 20(3) 353-363 15. Dobel, J.P., Integrity in the Public Service, Public Administration Review, May/June, 1990, 50(3) 16. Hodg Kinson, C., Organizational Influence on Value System, Educational Administration Quarterly, 1971, 7 45/55 17. Sims R.R., The Challenge of Ethical Behavior in Organization, Journal of Business Ethics, 1992, 11, 505-513 18. Sims, R.R., The Institutionalization of Organization Ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 1991, 10, 493-505