images. The Daily Express animated features, the first of newspaper rushed a suitable which was “” [Nov 22]. receiver to the observatory, and Feb. 3rd Even as late as 1994, Jobs was Luna 9’s pictures were decoded thinking of selling the company, and published worldwide. and it was only after Disney Luna 9 Lands Luna 9 was one of 24 probes in agreed to distribute “Toy Story” Feb. 3, 1966; the programme. The earlier during the 1995 holiday season Luna 2 was the first to ‘land’ on that he decided to give the 21:45:30 Moscow Time the Moon on Sept. 13, 1959, business another chance. Just as The Soviet Union’s Luna 9 when it crashed just east of Mare well: the enormous success of became the first spacecraft to Imbrium. the movie changed into an make a soft landing on the animation powerhouse. Moon. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 The lander had a spherical body Pixar Founded for $7.4 billion, which resulted with a diameter of 58 in Jobs becoming Disney’s centimeters, weighed 99 kg, and Feb. 3, 1986 largest single shareholder. used a landing bag to survive the [Oct 5] paid impact speed of 22 km/hour. It [Sept 12] $10 million for its bounced several times before Graphics Group, which he coming to rest in the Ocean of Open Source renamed Pixar Animation Storms. Studios. The group had been Software The fact that it didn’t just sink formed in 1979, and was headed into a thick layer of lunar dust by [March 31] Feb. 3, 1998 surprised many people, and it and . The phrase “Open Source operated successfully for three On Aug. 17, Pixar released “Luxo Software” (OSS) was coined by days before its batteries ran Jr.” by , the first 3D Christine Peterson, the executive down. The spacecraft’s design computer-animated film to be director of the Foresight team was led by Sergei Korolev, nominated for the animated Institute, a nonprofit think tank the father of the Soviet Space short film Oscar. The title concerned with nanotechnology Program. character, a small desk lamp, and AI. soon became part of the He recalled the moment like so: company’s logo. “While not ideal, it struck me as Initially, Pixar positioned itself good enough. I ran it by at least as a high-end computer four others: Eric Drexler, Mark hardware company with its Miller, and Todd Anderson liked , a system it, while a friend in marketing primarily aimed at government and public relations felt the term agencies and the medical 'open' had been overused and community. The device sold for abused and believed we could $135,000, and required an add- do better." on $35,000 workstation. Later that week, on Feb. 5, a Strangely, it was never a best- group was assembled to seller, and threatened to put the brainstorm strategy. The Brains company out of business. In Trust featured Eric Raymond April 1990, Jobs sold Pixar’s [Dec 4], Anderson, Peterson, hardware division to Vicom Larry Augustin, Sam Ockman, Systems. and Jon “maddog” Hall [Aug 7] A mockup of the Lunar 9 present via speakerphone. The satellite. Photo by Pline. CC On the software side, Pixar question of terminology was BY-SA 3.0. released RenderMan in 1989 for manipulating 3D images, and it brought up, and “open source became the first software to win software” was adopted. Approximately five minutes an Oscar in 2001. Pixar also after touchdown, it began Many people mark OSS’s first worked closely with Disney on transmitting data back to Earth, public appearance as the ‘Open their CAPS project, developing and a few hours later began Source Summit’ held on April 7, ways to automate the long- sending images of the Moon’s 1998 in Palo Alto, which winded inking and painting surface. The pictures weren’t promoted Netscape’s release of steps in 2D animation. released by the Soviets, but its browser’s source code [Feb scientists at the UK’s Jodrell By 1991, Pixar was down to just 23]. Bank observatory noticed that 42 employees when it signed a the signal format was identical $26 million deal with Disney to to the Radiofax system used by produce three 3D computer- newspapers for transmitting

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IPv4 Runs Dry Wikipedia Flowers Feb. 3, 2011 Feb. 3, 2021 Internet Protocol version 4's Sysadmins at the Wikimedia (IPv4 [Sept 1]) utilization of 32- data server in Singapore [June bit numbers provides 20] noticed that a single image approximately 4.3 billion unique of the innocuous Michaelmas addresses, which seemed daisy had been accounting for eminently reasonable back in 20% of its traffic for the last six the 1970's. But concerns about months, averaging 90 million the supply running out starting hits per day from various ISPs in appearing in the early 1990's, India. and grew more strident as the Web [Dec 25] impacted usage. IPv6 [Dec 00] employs 128-bit numbers, and so offers around 8×1028 times more addresses than IPv4, which is probably adequate even when factoring in the Internet of Things [Sept 21]. IP address allocation is managed by the Internet Assigned The New York aster (a Numbers Authority (IANA [Aug Michaelmas daisy). Photo by 6]) and five Regional Internet TeunSpaans. CC BY-SA 3.0 Registries (RIRs), and on this day, the IPv4 address pool was Further investigation showed officially exhausted when the that before June 8, 2020, the last five blocks were passed to flower had only been requested the RIRs. On April 15, APNIC a few hundred times per day. (the Asia Pacific Network That had started changing on Information Centre) became the June 9, and a huge upsurge first RIR to exhaust its supply. coincided with India banning The other RIRs followed, with TikTok and several other AFRINIC (Africa) being the last Chinese apps on June 29. in April 2017. By the end of Feb. 2021, the flow However, the obvious fact that of requests had dropped the Internet is still functioning significantly after a social media isn't because IPv6 rode in to app in India had been updated. save the day. Indeed, at the start of 2021, IPv6 still only accounted for around 32% of all addresses. A much more important and insidious factor is how the Internet is being structured. Originally it was a network of peers, with everyone possessing a unique address. Increasingly, it’s turned into a much smaller network of mega commercial servers, with a multitude of clients (i.e. the rest of us) who have to share temporary addresses. This has had the nasty effect of turning most people into purely Internet consumers rather than producers of content.

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