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Cutting Patterns in DW Griffith's Biographs
Cutting patterns in D.W. Griffith’s Biographs: An experimental statistical study Mike Baxter, 16 Lady Bay Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham, NG2 5BJ, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]) 1 Introduction A number of recent studies have examined statistical methods for investigating cutting patterns within films, for the purposes of comparing patterns across films and/or for summarising ‘average’ patterns in a body of films. The present paper investigates how different ideas that have been proposed might be combined to identify subsets of similarly constructed films (i.e. exhibiting comparable cutting structures) within a larger body. The ideas explored are illustrated using a sample of 62 D.W Griffith Biograph one-reelers from the years 1909–1913. Yuri Tsivian has suggested that ‘all films are different as far as their SL struc- tures; yet some are less different than others’. Barry Salt, with specific reference to the question of whether or not Griffith’s Biographs ‘have the same large scale variations in their shot lengths along the length of the film’ says the ‘answer to this is quite clearly, no’. This judgment is based on smooths of the data using seventh degree trendlines and the observation that these ‘are nearly all quite different one from another, and too varied to allow any grouping that could be matched against, say, genre’1. While the basis for Salt’s view is clear Tsivian’s apparently oppos- ing position that some films are ‘less different than others’ seems to me to be a reasonably incontestable sentiment. It depends on how much you are prepared to simplify structure by smoothing in order to effect comparisons. -
Mabel's Blunder
Mabel’s Blunder By Brent E. Walker Mabel Normand was the first major female comedy star in American motion pictures. She was also one of the first female directors in Hollywood, and one of the original principals in Mack Sennett’s pioneering Keystone Comedies. “Mabel’s Blunder” (1914), made two years after the formation of the Keystone Film Company, captures Normand’s talents both in front of and behind the camera. Born in Staten Island, New York in 1892, a teenage Normand modeled for “Gibson Girl” creator Charles Dana Gibson before entering motion pictures with Vitagraph in 1910. In the summer of 1911, she moved over to the Biograph company, where D.W. Griffith was making his mark as a pioneering film director. Griffith had already turned actresses such as Florence Lawrence and Mary Pickford into major dramatic stars. Normand, however, was not as- signed to the dramas made by Griffith. Instead, she went to work in Biograph’s comedy unit, directed by an actor-turned-director named Mack Sennett. Normand’s first major film “The Diving Girl” (1911) brought her notice with nickelodeon audiences. A 1914 portrait of Mabel Normand looking Mabel quickly differentiated herself from the other uncharacteristically somber. Courtesy Library of Congress Biograph actresses of the period by her willingness Prints & Photographs Online Collection. to engage in slapstick antics and take pratfalls in the name of comedy. She also began a personal ro- to assign directorial control to each of his stars on mantic relationship with Mack Sennett that would their comedies, including Normand. Mabel directed have its ups and downs, and would eventually in- a number of her own films through the early months spire a Broadway musical titled “Mack and Mabel.” of 1914. -
9781474451062 - Chapter 1.Pdf
Produced by Irving Thalberg 66311_Salzberg.indd311_Salzberg.indd i 221/04/201/04/20 66:34:34 PPMM 66311_Salzberg.indd311_Salzberg.indd iiii 221/04/201/04/20 66:34:34 PPMM Produced by Irving Thalberg Theory of Studio-Era Filmmaking Ana Salzberg 66311_Salzberg.indd311_Salzberg.indd iiiiii 221/04/201/04/20 66:34:34 PPMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Ana Salzberg, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13 Monotype Ehrhardt by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 5104 8 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 5106 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 5107 9 (epub) The right of Ana Salzberg to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 66311_Salzberg.indd311_Salzberg.indd iivv 221/04/201/04/20 66:34:34 PPMM Contents Acknowledgments vi 1 Opening Credits 1 2 Oblique Casting and Early MGM 25 3 One Great Scene: Thalberg’s Silent Spectacles 48 4 Entertainment Value and Sound Cinema -
Bibliography Filmography
Blanche Sewell Lived: October 27, 1898 - February 2, 1949 Worked as: editor, film cutter Worked In: United States by Kristen Hatch Blanche Sewell entered the ranks of negative cutters shortly after graduating from Inglewood High School in 1918. She assisted cutter Viola Lawrence on Man, Woman, Marriage (1921) and became a cutter in her own right at MGM in the early 1920s. She remained an editor there until her death in 1949. See also: Hettie Grey Baker, Anne Bauchens, Margaret Booth, Winifred Dunn, Katherine Hilliker, Viola Lawrence, Jane Loring, Irene Morra, Rose Smith Bibliography The bibliography for this essay is included in the “Cutting Women: Margaret Booth and Hollywood’s Pioneering Female Film Editors” overview essay. Filmography A. Archival Filmography: Extant Film Titles: 1. Blanche Sewell as Editor After Midnight. Dir. Monta Bell, sc.: Lorna Moon, ed.: Blanche Sewell (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp. US 1927) cas.: Norma Shearer, Gwen Lee, si., b&w. Archive: Cinémathèque Française [FRC]. Man, Woman, and Sin. Dir. Monta Bell, sc.: Alice D. G. Miller, Monta Bell, ed.: Blanche Sewell (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp. US 1927) cas.: John Gilbert, Jeanne Eagels, Gladys Brockwell, si., b&w. Archive: George Eastman Museum [USR]. Tell It to the Marines. Dir.: George Hill, sc.: E. Richard Schayer, ed.: Blanche Sewell (Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer Corp. US 1927) cas.: Lon Chaney, William Haines, si, b&w, 35mm. Archive: George Eastman Museum [USR], UCLA Film and Television Archive [USL]. The Cossacks. Dir.: George Hill, adp.: Frances Marion, ed.: Blanche Sewell (Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer Corp. US 1928) cas.: John Gilbert, Renée Adorée, si, b&w. -
Cissy Fitzgerald
Cissy Fitzgerald Also Known As: Marie Kathleen Cecilia Fitzgerald, Mrs. Oliver Mark Tucker, "The Girl with the Wink" Lived: February 1, 1873 - May 10, 1941 Worked as: dancer, film actress, film company owner, producer, theatre actress Worked In: United States by Maggie Hennefeld With a film career spanning over four decades—from a vaudeville dancer in an early Edison actuality and a silent comic film actress to an independent producer in the 1920s and a character actor in talkies in the 1930s— Cissy Fitzgerald experienced the vicissitudes of early film history. Born on February 1, 1873, christened Marie Kathleen Cecilia Fitzgerald, and educated in a British convent, Fitzgerald was already famous for her stage dancing and coquettish wink when she made her first screen appearance in 1896. Best known as “The Girl With the Wink,” Fitzgerald primarily worked in theater until her transition to comedic film acting in 1914. She appeared in multiple, trans-Atlantic runs of “The Gaiety Girl,” “The Foundling,” and “The Family.” Although she only appeared in one film role prior to 1914, an Edison Vitascope recording of her dance act in a Boston Keith-Albee show, her stage personality radiated cinematic qualities. From her saucy lingerie dancing to her gleefully incessant winking, Fitzgerald integrated bodily displays with the act of looking while most films were still shot in static, long-framed, proscenium views. When “she kicked herself” up from $50 to a $350 per week salary in her first American engagement, an unlabeled scrapbook clipping found in the Robinson Locke collection at the New York Public Library advertised Fitzgerald’s exciting range of allures: “Her dancing is distinguished for its seductiveness, its lingerie display, and its celebrated wink accompaniment.” Her first film appearance, as Charles Musser explains, was viewed as a supplement to her live stage performance (170). -
CARPET CLEANING SPECIAL K N O W ? Throughout History, I Dogs Have Been the on OU> 211 Most Obvious Agents in 5 MILES SO
remain young and beautiful only by bathing in and in the story of Lauren Elder’s grueling 36-hour or S a t u r d a y drinking the blood of young innocent girls — includ deal following the crash of a light aiplane that killed ing her daughter’s. 12:30 a.m. on WQAD. her two companions. The two-hour drama is based "Tarzan’s New Adventure” —- Bruce Bennett and "Sweet, Sweet Rachel” — An ESP expert is pit on the book by Lauren Elder and Shirley Ula Holt star in the 1936 release. 1 p.m. on WMT. ted against an unseen presence that is trying to drive Streshinsky. 8 p.m. on NBC. "Harlow” — The sultry screen star of the 1930s is a beautiful woman crazy. The 1971 TV movie stars "Walk, Don’t Run” — A young woman (Saman the subject of the 1965 film biography with- Carroll Alex Dreier, Stefanie Powers, Pat Hingle and Steve tha Eggar) unwittingly agrees to share her apart Baker, Peter Lawford, Red Buttons, Michael Con Ihnat. 12:30 a.m. on KCRG. ment with a businessman (Cary Grant) and an athe- nors and Raf Vallone 1 p.m. on WOC lete (Jim Hutton) during the Tokyo Olympics (1966). "The Left-Handed Gun” — Paul Newman, Lita 11 p.m. on WMT Milan and Hurd Hatfield are the stars of the 1958 S u n d a y western detailing Billy the Kid’s career 1 p.m. on "The Flying Deuces” — Stan Laurel and Oliver KWWL. Hardy join the Foreign Legion so Ollie can forget an T u e s d a y "The Swimmer” — John Cheever’s story about unhappy romance (1939). -
HOLLYWOOD – the Big Five Production Distribution Exhibition
HOLLYWOOD – The Big Five Production Distribution Exhibition Paramount MGM 20th Century – Fox Warner Bros RKO Hollywood Oligopoly • Big 5 control first run theaters • Theater chains regional • Theaters required 100+ films/year • Big 5 share films to fill screens • Little 3 supply “B” films Hollywood Major • Producer Distributor Exhibitor • Distribution & Exhibition New York based • New York HQ determines budget, type & quantity of films Hollywood Studio • Hollywood production lots, backlots & ranches • Studio Boss • Head of Production • Story Dept Hollywood Star • Star System • Long Term Option Contract • Publicity Dept Paramount • Adolph Zukor • 1912- Famous Players • 1914- Hodkinson & Paramount • 1916– FP & Paramount merge • Producer Jesse Lasky • Director Cecil B. DeMille • Pickford, Fairbanks, Valentino • 1933- Receivership • 1936-1964 Pres.Barney Balaban • Studio Boss Y. Frank Freeman • 1966- Gulf & Western Paramount Theaters • Chicago, mid West • South • New England • Canada • Paramount Studios: Hollywood Paramount Directors Ernst Lubitsch 1892-1947 • 1926 So This Is Paris (WB) • 1929 The Love Parade • 1932 One Hour With You • 1932 Trouble in Paradise • 1933 Design for Living • 1939 Ninotchka (MGM) • 1940 The Shop Around the Corner (MGM Cecil B. DeMille 1881-1959 • 1914 THE SQUAW MAN • 1915 THE CHEAT • 1920 WHY CHANGE YOUR WIFE • 1923 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS • 1927 KING OF KINGS • 1934 CLEOPATRA • 1949 SAMSON & DELILAH • 1952 THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH • 1955 THE 10 COMMANDMENTS Paramount Directors Josef von Sternberg 1894-1969 • 1927 -
The Rocky Road to OZ Wicked Witch’S Fiery Exit
Saturday, April 9, 2011; 2 & 8 pm only E.Y Harburg tune “Over the Rainbow” (which was almost cut from the picture) became Garland’s theme and a song that has attained cult status. Casting was not the only problem. The script was labored over by 16 writers, 13 of whom went uncredited including cast members Jack Haley and Bert Lahr, poet Ogden Nash, and screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who authored Citizen Kane (1941). The picture went through five directors (Norman Taurog, Mervyn LeRoy, George Cukor, Richard Thorpe and Victor Fleming), a ton of extras and they almost fried Margaret Hamilton in the effects created for the The Rocky Road to OZ Wicked Witch’s fiery exit. the time The Wizard of Oz premiered at Sid Grauman’s Chinese Theater on a summer night Yet despite the difficulties, and the initial lackluster box By in 1939, it had been staged successfully as a office,The Wizard of Oz was Oscar®-nominated for Best Broadway musical and three silent film versions had already Picture, Color Cinematography, Interior Decoration, and been released. L. Frank Baum, creator of the Oz franchise did Special Effects and won awards for Best Song (“Over the his own production in 1914 and the 1925 version directed Rainbow”) and Original Score. It also placed tenth on the by silent film comedian Larry Semon featured Oliver ‘Babe’ list of the Greatest American Films of All Time. “There’s no Hardy as the Tin Woodman. Samuel Goldwyn, who had question that Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Peter Jackson, acquired the film rights in 1933, sold them to M-G-M for almost any influential contemporary filmmaker you could $75,000 and the adventure began. -
Bwronsjtibileeukit SUNDAY and MONDAY Jutnjfanmam Double Feature Bill "^Ftoirc N JOOL$ "^Ssjtams HERE THEY ARE! COUNT ’EM! LOOK for YOUR FAVORITES
s to do w^h the making or this pic- Gala BiU for ture services worth millions were donated. ‘‘The Stolen Jodis" with Its 56 famous stars la the big feature of Jubilee Week Players' and Patrons’ Jubilee Week In 2,600 theaters In the United States and Canada during Easter Strand Offers Special Com- week. edy and High Gass SLEPT WITH DOG Vaudeville Chicago.—Claude Erickson could put up with sleeping with his wife*4 dog, when she brought the animal off the new season with Starting to bed with her, but kissing his week a mammoth Easter program mother-ln-Iaw was too much, he of de luxe stage and screen enter- told the court In a suit for divorce. Warner Brothers’ Strand tainment, The latter caused him great men- bid for makes a strong capacity pat- tal anguish and brought upon him ronage during the new week. a nervous breakdown, he stated. This Is "Players’ and Patrons’ Ju- bilee week" In 2600 theaters A SWEET TIP. the nation and the throughout Porter: I carried his bag up three Strand joins In making It a gala flights of stairs, and at the top ho event. As an extra added “some- slipped something into my hand and thin” they present the special com- said, "That’s for a cup of tea." made for this en- edy celebration; Bootblack: And what was it, a titled “The Stolen Jools" In which dime? CONRAD NAGEL. BETTE DAVIS CHARLES SWINNINGER, 56 EMMA screendom’s brightest start par- Porter: No. It was a lump of DUNN#/,45LIM SUrtM£RVILie^'8A0 SISTER." ticipate. -
In 1925, Eight Actors Were Dedicated to a Dream. Expatriated from Their Broadway Haunts by Constant Film Commitments, They Wante
In 1925, eight actors were dedicated to a dream. Expatriated from their Broadway haunts by constant film commitments, they wanted to form a club here in Hollywood; a private place of rendezvous, where they could fraternize at any time. Their first organizational powwow was held at the home of Robert Edeson on April 19th. ”This shall be a theatrical club of love, loy- alty, and laughter!” finalized Edeson. Then, proposing a toast, he declared, “To the Masquers! We Laugh to Win!” Table of Contents Masquers Creed and Oath Our Mission Statement Fast Facts About Our History and Culture Our Presidents Throughout History The Masquers “Who’s Who” 1925: The Year Of Our Birth Contact Details T he Masquers Creed T he Masquers Oath I swear by Thespis; by WELCOME! THRICE WELCOME, ALL- Dionysus and the triumph of life over death; Behind these curtains, tightly drawn, By Aeschylus and the Trilogy of the Drama; Are Brother Masquers, tried and true, By the poetic power of Sophocles; by the romance of Who have labored diligently, to bring to you Euripedes; A Night of Mirth-and Mirth ‘twill be, By all the Gods and Goddesses of the Theatre, that I will But, mark you well, although no text we preach, keep this oath and stipulation: A little lesson, well defined, respectfully, we’d teach. The lesson is this: Throughout this Life, To reckon those who taught me my art equally dear to me as No matter what befall- my parents; to share with them my substance and to comfort The best thing in this troubled world them in adversity. -
The Survival of American Silent Feature Films: 1912–1929 by David Pierce September 2013
The Survival of American Silent Feature Films: 1912–1929 by David Pierce September 2013 COUNCIL ON LIBRARY AND INFORMATION RESOURCES AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The Survival of American Silent Feature Films: 1912–1929 by David Pierce September 2013 Mr. Pierce has also created a da tabase of location information on the archival film holdings identified in the course of his research. See www.loc.gov/film. Commissioned for and sponsored by the National Film Preservation Board Council on Library and Information Resources and The Library of Congress Washington, D.C. The National Film Preservation Board The National Film Preservation Board was established at the Library of Congress by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, and most recently reauthorized by the U.S. Congress in 2008. Among the provisions of the law is a mandate to “undertake studies and investigations of film preservation activities as needed, including the efficacy of new technologies, and recommend solutions to- im prove these practices.” More information about the National Film Preservation Board can be found at http://www.loc.gov/film/. ISBN 978-1-932326-39-0 CLIR Publication No. 158 Copublished by: Council on Library and Information Resources The Library of Congress 1707 L Street NW, Suite 650 and 101 Independence Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20036 Washington, DC 20540 Web site at http://www.clir.org Web site at http://www.loc.gov Additional copies are available for $30 each. Orders may be placed through CLIR’s Web site. This publication is also available online at no charge at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub158. -
1,000 Films to See Before You Die Published in the Guardian, June 2007
1,000 Films to See Before You Die Published in The Guardian, June 2007 http://film.guardian.co.uk/1000films/0,,2108487,00.html Ace in the Hole (Billy Wilder, 1951) Prescient satire on news manipulation, with Kirk Douglas as a washed-up hack making the most of a story that falls into his lap. One of Wilder's nastiest, most cynical efforts, who can say he wasn't actually soft-pedalling? He certainly thought it was the best film he'd ever made. Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (Tom Shadyac, 1994) A goofy detective turns town upside-down in search of a missing dolphin - any old plot would have done for oven-ready megastar Jim Carrey. A ski-jump hairdo, a zillion impersonations, making his bum "talk" - Ace Ventura showcases Jim Carrey's near-rapturous gifts for physical comedy long before he became encumbered by notions of serious acting. An Actor's Revenge (Kon Ichikawa, 1963) Prolific Japanese director Ichikawa scored a bulls-eye with this beautifully stylized potboiler that took its cues from traditional Kabuki theatre. It's all ballasted by a terrific double performance from Kazuo Hasegawa both as the female-impersonator who has sworn vengeance for the death of his parents, and the raucous thief who helps him. The Addiction (Abel Ferrara, 1995) Ferrara's comic-horror vision of modern urban vampires is an underrated masterpiece, full- throatedly bizarre and offensive. The vampire takes blood from the innocent mortal and creates another vampire, condemned to an eternity of addiction and despair. Ferrara's mob movie The Funeral, released at the same time, had a similar vision of violence and humiliation.