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Surveying & Built Environment Vol. 27 Information All rights reserved. No part of this Journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors. Contents of the Journal do not necessarily reflect the views or opinion of the Institute and no liability is accepted in relation thereto. Copyright © 2018 The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors ISSN 1816-9554 總辦事處 Head Office 香港上環干諾道中111號永安中心12樓1205室 Room 1205, 12/F Wing On Centre, 111 Connaught Road Central, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong Telephone 電話: 2526 3679 Fax 傳真: 2868 4612 E-mail 電郵: [email protected] Website 網址: www.hkis.org.hk 北京辦事處 Beijing Office 中國北京市海淀區高樑橋斜街59號院1號樓 中坤大廈6層616室 (郵編：100044) Room 616, 6/F, Zhongkun Plaza, No.59 Gaoliangqiaoxiejie, No.1 Yard , Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100044 Telephone 電話: 86 (10) 8219 1069 Fax 傳真: 86 (10) 8219 1050 E-mail 電郵: [email protected] Website 網址: www.hkis.org.hk Editorial Board ■■Honorary Editor Emeritus Professor Andrew Y.T. Leung Sr K L Wong Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China ■■Chairman and Editor-in-Chief Sr Professor S.M. Lo Sr Professor K.W. Chau Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Department of Real Estate and Construction City University of Hong Kong The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Sr Professor Esmond C.M. Mok ■■Editor Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics Sr Professor Lawrence W.C. Lai The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Real Estate and Construction Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Professor Graeme Newell School of Business ■■Editorial Assistants University of Western Sydney Dr Mark Hansley Chua Australia Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong Professor L.Y. Shen Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China School of Construction Management and Real Estate The Chongqing University Mr Nixon T.H. Leung People’s Republic of China Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong Sr Dr. Conrad H.W. Tang Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University ■■Members Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Sr Dr. M.W. Chan Professor Chris Webster Department of Building and Real Estate Department of Urban Planning and Design The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Sr Professor S.O. Cheung Professor Cecilia Y.L. Wong Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering School of Environment, Education and Development City University of Hong Kong The University of Manchester Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China The United Kingdom Dr. Cecilia Chu Dr. Simon Y. Yau Department of Urban Planning and Design Department of Public Policy The University of Hong Kong City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Sr Professor Daniel C.W. Ho Faculty of Design and Environment ■■English editing Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong Hon Professor Stephen N.G. Davies Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong Dr. John P. Lea Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China Faculty of Architecture, Design & Planning The University of Sydney Australia Contents Editorial Stock & flow of land: Freeing land from rigidities 5-9 for urban development in Hong Kong By Lawrence WC Lai, KW Chau and Lennon HT Choy Policy & Research papers Two Dialogues on Land Readjustment in Hong Kong 10-20 By Lawrence WC Lai, KW Chau, Alwin Chan and Lennon HT Choy Finding a Sustainable Solution to 21-39 Chinese Street Shops Development By Virginia K Go Fieldwork, Archives, Photographs, Architectural Software 40-57 and Recovering Lost Heritage By Stephen Davies, Anthony KH Leung and Steve H Ching How Will the New Land Sale Rule Affect Developers’ 58-65 Bidding Strategy? A Game Theoretic Approach By Char Leung Field Trip Notes Hong Kong Border Security Facilities 1950 – 1997 66-76 By YK Tan, Lawrence WC Lai and Nixon TH Leung Editorial Stock & flow of land: Freeing land from rigidities for urban development in Hong Kong Lawrence WC Lai, KW Chau & Lennon HT Choy Land is a stock and housing a flow regulation of the property market, is concept. the decisive step for efficiently and equitably tackling the problem of Hong Mixing up stocks and flows cannot Kong’s housing shortage. properly help address the problem of unaffordable housing prices for It is well-understood that there is Hong Kongers who wish to become indeed a huge stock of unallocated homeowners. government and private land resources in Hong Kong that can be formed and Legitimate public expectations that utilized for long term housing and other the government should increase developments. developable land supply as quickly as possible are, in the final analysis, However, a given plot of land at any a result of a past strategic planning time, however big and simple it is in failures. The age-old government terms of ownership, can only modestly town planning practice of the timely increase the supply of new housing conversion of land stocks into a supply units in the absence of determined and or “flow” of building units to feed the sound forward planning or supportive process has not been sustained. development controls. Housing supply can increase when Worse still, much privately-owned the government dynamically expands land in the New Territories that has land stock over a period of time long been ripe for urban development through forward strategic planning and/ has amazingly remained unplanned or speeding the conversion of stock for non-rural uses and is, in any case, into a flow of housing using suitable constrained for major housing by institutional mechanisms. fragmented and communal ownership, as well as a preference of some New land acquisitions (notably through landowners for hoarding land. reclamation and buying up/leasing land stocks from Hong Kong’s neighbours) All these are forms of rigidity in the and greater efficiency in converting development market. land stocks into a flow of land resources, rather than tighter Pigovian In economics jargon, this is a situation SBE 5 in which, under current institutional These bonds entitle their holders practices, the transaction costs of to exchange their holdings for a planning and land assembly are comparable plot of new land formed by prohibitively high. the government through reclamation or hillside terracing, for example. Therefore, much “idle” land stock, whose owners take the longer view of Unlike the defunct Letter A/B, this new waiting until prices go up, is prevented land bond would be openly traded in from being used by the public for a public exchange so that transactions housing. would be perfectly competitive and transparent. Fortunately, a mechanism exists that does not necessitate a major departure Furthermore, whereas any Letter A/ from the existing administrative B was issued when land was resumed prerogative over land of the government within a government layout, the as the landlord. proposed bond could be obtained by any landowner who surrendered his/her It can, to borrow a Chinese strategic land even if there is no layout. planning concept, “use distant water to put out a near fire” in order to hasten Besides, the bond’s value would not the flow of land stock into the hands of be calculated at the time of the land’s homebuyers without compromising the surrender, but by the number of years economic freedom of those landowners until 2047. who prefer to “stick to their holdings.” Such a bond can give homebuyers The “water” is the land (which might a new purchasing option. Instead of well be in presently remote and hence scrambling for limited housing units “distant” areas) freely released by the now, they could purchase a bond or landowner, and the “near fire” is the bonds. current and valid public demand for a rapid increase in well-planned housing The bonds’ fluctuating exchange prices in the absence of any committed major would provide the government with land production programme. information on the amount of land to be produced (or “borrowed” from China), The idea is for the government to which is not limited to reclamation commandeer private land plots beyond Victoria Harbour. anywhere in Hong Kong fit for planned housing development, but especially Predicated on the concept of land in the New Territories, and pay their exchange, the proposed scheme avoids owners internationally tradable land the ill effects of land resumption (as bonds. invoked in government-led urban renewal). For land resumption violates SBE 6 the private property rights expressly resources to be utilized by the highest protected by the Basic Law and can value users, thus attaining greater result in costly litigation. economic efficiency. The issue of land bonds could assure A complex city with a complicated the general public that the government property rights structure for land is fearlessly determined to tackle Hong requires a transaction cost-reducing, Kong’s land supply problem. institutional innovation in the development market for achieving This could produce an instant sustainable economic development. stabilizing effect on property prices and should be conducive to the stable long- The land bond proposed here can be a term development of the SAR.
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