9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE

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APRIL. 1948

Cover Picture:

Pan American Union Building. Washington. D. C. Courtesy Pan American Union.

Foreign Service Changes 3

The Future Development of the Inter-American System.... 7 By George H. Butler

Bratislava 11 By Martin F. Herz Building Peace through Trade Marriages 11 Diligently serving the cause of peace, Grace The IIAA, Instrument of Solidarity 12 Line’s modern fleet of twenty-five Santa By John A. Kiev ships is helping build the world trade upon

Envoys to Academia 14 which prosperity and good international re¬ By W illiam P. Maddox lations depend . . . transporting people and commodities between the Americas with Letters to the Editors 16 speed and efficiency.

Editors' Column—The Bogota Conference 18 Regular Direct American Flag Passenger and Freight Services between the Americas The Journal's Guest Editor—Wallace R. Deuel 19 Between New York. Atlantic Ports and N.W.I..

News from the Department 20 Venezuela. Colombia. Panama. Canal Zone, By Jane Wilson Ecuador, Peru (Bolivia), Chile. • Foreign Service Association Luncheon—Photos 21 Between U. S. Pacific Ports and Guatemala. El Salvador. Honduras. Nicaragua. Costa Rica, News from the Field 22 Panama and West Coast of South America. The Bookshelf 25 Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor For detailed information address Our Retired Officers 26 GRACE LINE Service Glimpses 27 10 Hanover Square, New York Agents and offices in all principal cities Births 48

In Memoriam 48

IMPORTANT NOTICE The annual meeting of the American Foreign Asso¬ ciation will be held in the auditorium of the New State y Department Building on Wednesday April 21, at 5 p.m., for the transaction of general business. A full attendance of members of the Association is earnestly desired.

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. CO f**1***' HSVtttf* *

Copyright 1948, LIGGETT & MYE&S TOBACCO CO.

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES February 1948

NAME POST FROM POST TO TITLE Alt after, JLeland C. Lourenco Marques Jerusalem Vice Consul Amory, John J. Canberra Melbourne Asst. Supt. Constr. Anderson, James W. Department Hong Kong Vice Consul Anderson, Vera M. Department Calcutta FSS Atkinson, George M. Accra Cairo Vice Consul the Comfort way to travel Baker, A. Elizabeth Department Habana FSS Barnett, Glen F. Cairo Paris Courier Bentley, John J. Paris Southampton Vice Consul Bentz, Harriet M. Department Nanking FSS to Scotland, Scandinavia, Bergeron, Albert P. Shanghai Paris Courier Berry, Burton Y. Department Athens FSO Betts, John MacE. Department Cairo Asst. Attache all Europe Blair, Walter S. Department Casablanca Vice Consul Blake, Ralph J. T"ipei Barcelona Consul Bloodhardt, Cleo I. C. Department Athens FSS Blue, William L. Naples Kuala Lumpur Vice Consul Poucher, Hiram A. Canton Department FSO Bowles, M. Louise Department Tripoli FSS Brennan, Jean D. Ankara Bern Eco. Asst. Brist, George L. St. Stephen, N. B. St. John, N. B. Consul Brown, Lewis D. Leopoldville St. John, N. B. Vice Consul Burdett, William C. Department Jerusalem Vice Consul Burrows, Florence A. Zagreb Buenos Aires FSS Burt, Joseph F. Department Bilbao Consul General Butoff, Louise F. Tientsin Shanghai FSS Caballero, Jose J. Ciudad Juarez Matamoros FSS Carey, Robert V. Department Nassau FSS Carter, Charles H. Department Tokyo FSS Chalut, Lillian S. Geneva Brussels FSS Codina, Madeline T. Department Lisbon FSS Collon, John F. Cairo Hanoi Vice Consul Compton, Arthur A. Department Paris FSR Cornelius, Helen L. Bern London FSS Luxurious accommodations Cottell, Philip G. Jerusalem Lourenco Marques Vice Consul Coughlin, Francis A. Nanking Shanghai FSS Cox, Austin B. Department Zurich Consul in new 4-engine airliners that get you there faster. Cupp, Daniel D. Helsinki Department FSS Daughtrey, James R. Curacao Brussels Vice Consul Davis, Dorothy E. Department Managua FSS Overnight direct to Glasgow, Oslo, Stockholm, Di Pietro, Angelina H. Department Venice FSS Donaldson, Harry M. St. John, N. B. Antwerp Consul Duggan, William R. Durban Vancouver Vice Consul Copenhagen, Helsinki. Dunn, L. Milner Oslo Hamburg Vice Consul Dur, Philip F. Department Lyon Consul Follmer, Cyrus B. Paris Ottawa Consul Cosmopolitan service, excellent cuisine with smorgasbord. Frank, Lawrence C. Vienna Department Inspector Frazier, Alfred D. Paris Cairo Courier Connections from Glasgow to London, Pans, Amsterdam Freeman, Fulton Peiping Department FSO Fritzlan, A David Tangier Department FSO Funk, M. Millicent Tokyo Wellington FSS and from Copenhagen, Oslo and Goguen, Alvida Department Ankara FSS Guerne, Helene M. Department Brussels FSS Hadary, Gideon Department Tehran Attache Stockholm to all Europe and principal Hagan, John Logan San Jose Lisbon Vice Consul Hart, Anne Athens Reykjavik FSS Henry, William Department Bangkok FSS cities in Asia and Africa. Holland, Kenneth G. Department Paris FSR Hope, Ashley G. Department Brussels 2nd Sec’v., Consul Horsey, Outerbridge Department Rome 2nd Sec’y., Consul Consult your travel agent— Hoylen, Paul J. Department Tokyo Asst. Attache Hunsaker, Lee M. Concepcion La Paz Vice Consul Hutcheson, Eleanor G. Department New Delhi FSS he represents us locally. Isenberg, Walter C. Istanbul Bombay Vice Consul Isola, Angelo S. Department Naples FSS Johnson, Ann E. Department Helsinki FSS Johnson, Hartwell Nice Cairo Consul Johnson, Leslie W. Lima Department FSO Johnson, Richard A. Department La Paz 2nd Sec’v., Consul Jones, Margaret L. Port-au-Prince Ciudad Trujillo FSS Jordan, Ethel B. Bern Cairo FSS Kazanjian, Reginald S. Warsaw Department FSO Keough, William T. Department New' Delhi FSS King, Bayard Leroy Baghdad Adelaide Vice Consul Kreis, Foster H. Dar es Salaam Calcutta Consul Lager, Albert F. Department Bogota Attache Larame, Mary Louise Lisbon Tehran Adm. Assist. Lanigan, Elizabeth E. New Delhi Nanking FSS Lapka, Anthony Paris New Delhi Comm. Tech. Lawson, Denny A. Department Tangier FSS Little, Charles J. Paris Brussels 1st Sec’v., Consul Long, Dale Rio Bogota FSS Lutkins, Larue Peiping Tientsin Vice Consul McManus, Alma Jeanne Santiago Cairo FSS Mantell, Richard Ankara Tehran FSS Marroquin, Ricardo J. Matamoros Chihuahua FSS Marvin, David K. Tientsin Peiping Vice Consul Mason, Waldo R. Addis Ababa Bombay FSS Massengill, Hobart R. Department Panama FSS Mersman, Scudder Tahiti Accra Vice Consul Mewhirter, Martha J. Madrid Bogota FSS Miller, Ralph Cairo St. John, N. B. Consul Minneman, Paul G. Habana Department FSO Morrison, John B. Buenos Aires La Ceiba Vice Consul Murphy, William V'. Montevideo Buenos Aires FSS Norton, Overton P. Paris Department Courier O’Brien, James D. Department Calcutta FSS Scandinavian Airlines System O’Donoghue, Sidney K. Department Sofia Counselor Park, Nelson R. Barcelona Kingston Consul General Payne, Maxine Shanghai Tientsin FSS New York: 30 Rockefeller Plaza Picard, Hugo C. Department Nanking FSS Pierron, Elanor M. Cairo Rio de Janeiro FSS Pierrot, Albert 0. Department Paris Attache Chicago: 105 West Monroe Street Pitkin, Emily J. Managua Casablanca FSS Porter, William J. Jerusalem Nicosia Consul Powers, John J. Department Cairo Courier Minneapolis: 1110 Rand Tower Prebanic, Walter Department Bangkok FSS Raine, Philip Department Mexico City Attache Raley, Joe Mack Department Addis Ababa FSS Read, Della M. Peiping Dakar FSS Rendall, Edwin C. Hanoi Haifa Vice Consul

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4 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Rhoades, Otis W. Kobe Manila Vice Consul Roche, Jeanne London Rome FSS Sanders, John T. Department Turin Vice Consul Schott, Robert R. Basra Tehran Vice Consul Shields, Robert L. Mexico San Luis Potosi Vice Consul Shippee, Elizabeth T. Department Alexandria FSS Shirley, Mary F. Department Tripoli FSS Shrouf, Don H. Alexandria Cairo FSS Siebens, Allen C. Changchun Mukden Vice Consul Slavens, Stanley G. Torreon Monterrey Consul Smith, Mary E. Brussels London FSS Smith, Mary J. Department Paris FSS Smith, Walter Paris Department FSO Snidow, William B. Santiago Noumea Vice Consul Southern, Beulah B. Shanghai Rotterdam FSS Spalding, Francis L. Stockholm Hamilton Coil9Ul Stephens, Richard H. Paris Porto Alegre Vice Consul Straight, John H. Shanghai Department Courier Streeper, Robert B. Chungking Madras Consul General Stryker, Gerald Peiping Canton Vice Consul Supple, William J. Department Shanghai Consular Attache Swedenburg, Wayne A. Department Jerusalem FSS Taft, Or ray Jr. Vancouver Tripoli Consul Thomas, Sheldon Quito Sao Paulo Consul Touchette, Joseph I. Nairobi Peiping Consul Van Buren, Henry T. Department Tripoli Vice Consul Van Oss, Hendrik Department Shanghai Vice Consul Walker, Joseph F. Cebu Manila Consul Wallace, Ella U. Department Tehran FSS Waller, Athlyn B. Manila Shanghai Asst. Supt. Constr. Weedfall, Elizabeth M. London San Jose FSS Wells, Harold W. Copenhagen Merida Consular Asst. Young, Richard E. Department New Delhi FSS

STATF. DEPARTMENT NOMINATIONS CONFIRMED BY THE SENATE DECEMBER 8, 1947. To be Foreign Service Officers of the class of career Minister: Nathaniel P. Davis Joseph E. Jacobs INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Allis Chalmers 46 American Eastern Corp. 33 American Express Co. 47 American Security & Trust Co. 29 Arabian American Oil Co 51 Association of Pacific Fisheries 51 Bacardi 34 Barr Shipping Company 31 Bowling Green Storage & Van Co. ; 37 Calvert School 48 Campbell, W. D. 51 Chase National Bank 48 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. 6 Frankfort—Four Roses 42 General American Transportation Corp. 36 Goodyear ... 30 Grace Line 1 Hanigan, Winifred 47 Heublein’s 39 International Harvester 52 I. T. & T...... 41 Leggett, Francis H __ 4 Liggett & Myers 2 Mayflower Hotel 44 National City Bank 43 National Distillers Corp. 50 Packard 49 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 35 R. C. A. 32 Scandinavian Airlines . Schenley Products ... II and III COVERS

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Seagram's V. 0. 45

Security Storage Company of Washington 29

Sinclair 5

Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 38

Texas Company, The 40

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6 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE

FOREIGN E JOURNAL rtf PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m VOL. 25, NO. 4 WASHINGTON, D. C. APRIL 1948

The Future Development of the Inter-American System

By GEORGE H. BUTLER, Department of State

The Ninth International Conference of American States the Inter-American System toward increased strength and should be in session at Bogota when Pan American Day is a continuation in its great tradition as a force working for celebrated this year. It will be the first of these periodical security, peace and the general welfare.® The challenge is conferences to he held since the Eighth Conference in Lima formidable and inspiring. Success will come only as a during December 1938. History has recorded many signi¬ result of sincere and long sustained effort. ficant and tragic events, as well as some more hopeful ones, A first essential in every great task is to ascertain the during the intervening nine years. facts and then to present them as truthfully and objectively Close association of the American Republics continued as possible. It is not easy to establish facts, but it is pos¬ throughout the past critical decade. They planned and sible to do so with sufficient accuracy as concerns a great worked together, and sought to improve their cooperation many of our current problems. For example, we should through such important conferences as the three consulta¬ be able to determine how many people in the world today tive meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Ameri¬ do not have enough to eat, and how many people could be can Republics at Panama in 1939, Havana in 1940, and supplied with an adequate diet from the world’s available Rio de Janeiro in 1942, the Inter-American Conference on food stocks. Those, are ascertainable facts. The problem Problems of War and Peace at Mexico in 1945, the United is how to assure enough food for all human beings. Nations Conference on International Organization at San There will be differences of opinion about the inter¬ Francisco in 1945, pretation of the and the Inter-Ameri¬ facts, and even can Conference for greater differences the Maintenance of about means to solve Continental Peace the problem. Wis¬ and Security at Rio dom and tolerance de Janeiro in 1947. are essential if solu¬ Now7 at Bogota, tions are to he found the representatives that give promise of of the independent yielding the greatest republics of the new good to the largest world meet again to number. There must take stock of their be full and frank assets and liabilities, discussion. Justice to assess their com¬ Cardozo of the Su¬ mon problems, to preme Court of the plan mutually bene¬ United States wrote: ficial programs, and “Experimentation to try to chart a there may be in course in the post¬ many things of deep war world to guide concern, but not in setting boundaries to *Note: An excellent thought, for thought description and appraisal of the Lnter-Amevican freely communicated System are given in an is the indispensable article entitled “.Sover¬ eignty and Interdepen¬ condition of intelli¬ dence in the New World” by William Sanders, pub¬ gent experimenta¬ lished in the Department Courtesy of the Pan American Union tion, the one test of of State Bulletin of Feb¬ ruary 8, 1948. Exterior of the Foreign Ministry at Bogota. its validity.”

APRIL. 1948 7 One of the principal streets of Bogota, Avenida Jimenez de Quesada.

There is little doubt about the desire of the American 5. It has demonstrated that it is possible, in spite of Republics to make the Inter-American System work so that differences in race, language, and culture, for peoples it will serve the cause of security, peace and the general to work together for their common good when there welfare of their peoples. That, in turn, would be a sub¬ is a will to do so; one example being cooperation stantial contribution to the world security, peace and wel¬ during World War II; and another being the great fare upon which we are ultimately dependent. success of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau in im¬ Are there ascertainable facts regarding the Inter- proving public health over a long period of years; American System? Can we, starting from those facts, work 6. It has served to strengthen friendly relations among out a successful plan of action for it through “intelligent peoples as well as among their governments; experimentation,” without “setting boundaries to thought,” 7. While the Inter-American System, according to the and in a spirit of “thought freely communicated?” documentation of its proceedings, is based upon prin¬ II ciples of democracy, freedom, equal sovereignty, civil The following are submitted as a partial list of facts liberties, human rights, and the dignity of man, its about the Inter-Arnerican System that may stand the test members are prone to adopt unanimous resolutions of accuracy: about these essentials and then to be lax in backing 1. The Inter-American System is the oldest and most up their words by deeds; successful international organization of a regional 8. The American Republics approach the problem of the type that has existed during modern times; relationship between the Inter-American System and 2. It has functioned to the common benefit of the the United Nations in a spirit of desire to cooperate twenty-one American Republics for more than half with the world organization, and the relationship a century; between the two international organizations can be 3. It has given evidence of the ability to change and of great value to both. develop in response to new conditions and demands: The agenda of the Bogota Conference is divided into witness, (a) the fact that its reorganization, con¬ five major Chapters: solidation and strengthening are to receive first atten¬ tion at the Bogota Conference, and (b) the fact that I. Organic Pact of the Inter-American System. after having adhered to the system of unanimity— II. Regulation of the Dependent Organs and Specialized one nation veto—for many years the decision was Inter-American Organization. taken in the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal III. Economic matters. Assistance, signed at Rio de Janeiro on September IV. Juridico-Political Matters. 2, 1947, and already ratified by the United States V. Social Matters. Senate, to adopt the system of a simple and two- An examination of some of these topics may serve to thirds majority voting; confirm the accuracy of some of the points advanced as 4. It has made encouraging progress in developing and facts about the Inter-American System, and to give an in¬ applying procedures for the pacific settlement of in¬ dication of the trend of its future development. ternational disputes; although a complex and con¬ One important related fact should be kept in mind: the fusing system is to be simplified and made more population of the twenty-one American Republics is ap¬ effective through proposals that will come before the proximately 300,000,000, or only about 15% of the world Bogota Conference; and although only a very few of population, and they occupy some 11,100,000 square miles the significant treaties and agreements regarding pa¬ of territory, which is roughly 19% of the world’s land area. cific settlement, mediation, conciliation and arbitra¬ It does not seem justifiable to assume that the American tion have been ratified by all of the American Re¬ Republics can live as a self-sufficient unit in the modern publics ; world except, perhaps, during short periods of emergency.

8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Flag Circle outside Techo Airport, Bogota on the; first occasion of the flying of the flags of the 21 American Republics, par¬ ticipants in the Ninth International Conference of American States. Photo by Jeff Flanagan

If that be true, the Inter-American System must develop within the broader framework of a world organization. i .. Ill At a meeting of the American Society of International Law last year, Sir Carl Berendsen, Minister of New Zea¬ land to the United States, spoke on the subject “The United Nations and International Law.” Many of his observations are pertinent with respect to the Inter-American System. He said: “But it is profitable to enter into a canvas of the cen¬ iff1' i1 tral proposal, which is simply whether in the interest of all—and the highest interest of all is surely peace—the nations of the world are prepared to take this funda¬ mental step forward, to accord to their own ‘town meet¬ ing of the world’ the right to lay down within such limits as may be prescribed, definite and enforceable rules of law for the conduct of nations. That is the hurdle, and l no amount of discussion or evasion will enable us to i* escape a decision whether we are going to take that hurdle or not. ... I suggest to you in all simplicity, that we will not permanently solve the question of peace, order, and justice throughout the world unless and until our international system possesses in full authority and ■nfr operation a law-making system, a law-construing system, and a law-enforcing system, and of these the most im¬ Jj* portant and the most urgent is the last. ... 1 believe that if the right-thinking peoples of the world—and let us thank God that they are in an enormous majority— such a manner that international peace and security, and will but determine that unlawful force will always be justice, are not endangered. met and defeated by lawful force whenever, wherever, There is a sound basis for inter-American solidarity if in whatever circumstances, with whatever justification, the Inter-American System is developed in accord with one group of people attempts to apply force against an¬ these and similar views. It is dangerous, however, to take other, then indeed we can exercise this demon of war. inter-American solidarity for granted merely because the . . . Let no one imagine that international morality twenty-one American Republics are associated in an inter¬ differs in any way from national morality or individual national organization of their own. Solidarity doubtless morality, that the principles of right and wrong, the does exist as concerns the joint defense of liberty, indepen¬ eternal verities upon which, in my judgment, every de¬ dence, territorial integrity, and the freedom of each people cision—individual, national, and international—must be to choose its own form of government and institutions. made if that decision is to endure, have changed their There certainly is nothing like unanimity of opinion or essential qualities when one moves from the activity of solidarity about many of the political, economic and social the individual to the activity of the group or the activity problems which are the subject of inter-American concern. of the nation. . . . We who live today are in very truth This is entirely natural and need not prejudice the evolu¬ the trustees for our children and our children’s children tion of a sound and ever broader solidarity. Efforts to and their children as far ahead as the mind can reach, achieve the semblance of solidarity by means of unanimous to save them from the insensate agonies of war. It is a resolutions are dangerous in that they induce a false sense grave, an onerous, a crushing responsibility. Let us take of security. It is much better to openly acknowledge dif¬ heed, each right-thinking man and each right-thinking ferences of opinion, while constantly working toward the woman the world over, lest, for lack of faith, for lack solution of those differences. of conscience, for lack of courage, for lack of sense— There are three large language groups and one minor let us take heed lest once again we betray that sacred language group represented in the American Republics, trust!” even without counting many indigenous Indian groups. These thoughts go to the heart of the problem of build¬ There is great disparity among the twenty-one countries in ing an effective Inter-American System. Dr. Alberto Lleras, political, economic and social development, in natural re¬ Director General of the Pan American Union, in his report sources, and in the degree of participation in world affairs. on the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Many and diverse influences stemming from race, nation¬ Continental Peace and Security, also expressed many pro¬ ality and cultural background are at work. Differences found and statesmanlike views that merit the most careful among the American Republics do not necessarily fall in study by all who are working in the development of the linguistic or racial lines. History gives plenty of examples Inter-American System. He emphasizes that international of close friendships and common interests in the Americas obligations assumed should be fulfilled in good faith, and among peoples of differing origin and language, and many that States shall settle their disputes by peaceful means in other examples of hitter friction among the peoples with

APRIL, 194B the same origin and language. It is against this background rectly and dispassionately, can lay the foundations for that solidarity should be measured. The degree of soli¬ economic cooperation. . . . There is no reason for the darity achieved is substantial. Inter-American solidarity Latin American countries to start in now to raise arma¬ in an all-inclusive sense probably never will exist. That ments to previously unknown levels, under the pretext does not lessen the good prospect for and value of an ever that they will need them for the defense of the hemi¬ broadening base of solidarity. sphere. If we were going to build up in each Latin The dependent organs and specialized inter-American American country armies and armaments capable of in¬ organizations play an important role in the task of develop¬ dividual defense against any aggressor that might dare ing this solidarity. Plans to centralize the system to a to challenge the hemisphere, united by the Treaty of Rio greater extent and to avoid duplication are, however, sound de Janeiro, we would have condemned our peoples to and desirable. The overproduction of international organi¬ poverty; we would have sacrificed them to the prospect zations in recent years is placing too heavy a burden upon of having to defend themselves when their domestic many countries which must find personnel and financial economy had been weakened by huge expenses that the means to participate in their activities. majority of them are not capable of meeting, and ought not to meet if they have any real conception of the rela¬ Economic matters will be of primary interest at the tive importance of their respective fundamental prob¬ Bogota Conference. Again, a few facts are helpful. United lems. The Conference did not hesitate to condemn any States investments in the other American Republics amount armament policy that goes beyond what is necessary and to about 314 billion dollars. The United States exported to indispensable for the common defense.' those twenty countries during 1946 products valued at $1,970,000,000 and imported from them products valued Economic cooperation must be inter-American coopera¬ at $1,850,000,000. The dollar deficit of the twenty re¬ tion. It is not a case of the United States on one side and publics in this trade balance was small. The total exports the other twenty republics on the other side. The record of the twenty countries during 1946 were valued at about probably will show that the treatment accorded by the 4% billion dollars and their total imports at about United States to the twenty other American Republics in $3,350,000,000 giving a substantial trade balance in their economic and financial matters compares favorably with favor. However, in this total foreign trade of close to 9 the treatment that those countries have accorded each other. billion dollars, only about $580,000,000 was accounted for Finally, there is the problem of the European Recovery by trade among those twenty American nations. Since Program. Heavy demands are being made upon the re¬ 1940, the total of United States cash disbursements, loans, sources and production of the United States. It is essential credits, advances, grants, and surplus property and lend that the national economy of the United States be strong lease sales in the twenty American Republics certainly and healthy during this critical period in world affairs. amounts to several billions of dollars. The American Republics working together must try to find Let there be no mistake. It is the desire and in the in¬ satisfactory adjustments in programs for their joint eco¬ terest of the United States to cooperate in the economic nomic development during the next few years. It does seem development and industrialization of the other American clear that the sooner the great productive capacity and the Republics. The standard must be that of sound and mutu¬ essential markets in the western European countries can be ally advantageous business arrangements. The program rehabilitated the easier will be solutions for our problems will be a long range one and will require foreign capital. in the Americas. Conditions must be such that capital will be attracted on a basis of fair treatment. The national economies of the IV countries concerned must be benefited, but capital also The twenty-one American Republics, not only the United must be permitted a reasonable profit. Self help should States, properly may be called a melting pot. Their popu¬ precede requests for outside aid. The goal, both for do¬ lations include native Indians, and large segments which mestic and foreign capital, should be sound risks and had their origins in practically all of the countries of moderate returns over a long period rather than quick and Europe, in Africa, and in Asiatic countries. The population large returns on a short term gamble. of Latin America is growing faster than that of any other Dr. Lleras, Director General of the Pan American Union, major region in the world. It increased during the period has observed: 1920-1941 by 40 millions, a gain of 41%. The increase in “It is a mistake to suppose that Latin America is ex¬ the United States during the same period was about 26 pecting from the United States assistance of the kind millions, or 25%. Latin America, with an estimated popu¬ that Europe, devastated by the war and with its sources lation of 150,000,000 has about 8 million more people than of production destroyed as they are, has been forced to the United States. Some estimates place Latin American seek and expect. Latin America seeks coopeartion, not population between 200 and 225 million by 1970 and be¬ rehabilitation or help. It wants a sincere and thorough tween 300 and 375 million by the year 2000; while figures study to be made of the reasons behind a certain paraly¬ for the United States are 150 to 175 million by 1970, and sis in the process of cooperation, which up to now has between 180 and 200 million by the year 2000. contributed to the slow development of many of the These figures and estimates have significance as con¬ countries south of the Rio Grande; it also wants a cerns the probable future of our human resources in the thoroughgoing revision of private and official systems of Americas. They indicate that the basic stock of our peoples credit, trade, and production, which periodically bring now is fixed; that large-scale immigration into our coun¬ depressions as these systems increasingly complicate con¬ tries is not likely or necessary in the foreseeable future; ditions in the national economy. For its part, the United that natural growth, with rural areas sending population States sometimes through authorized spokesmen, at other to the cities, is the probable trend. times through official agencies, has made serious criti¬ The task ahead is to give the greatest possible measure cisms of certain Latin American economic procedures, of opportunity and well being to all of the hundreds of which it considers disturbing factors in continental coop¬ millions of human beings in these American Republics. We eration. But only a sincere, unbiased, and intensive have an effective tool in the Inter-American System. If study, which reveals the needs of each sector of the hemi¬ we use it wisely and well, man may yet be freed from fear sphere and permits the treatment of our problems di¬ and want.

10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Bratislava

By MARTIN F. HERZ, Third Secretary and Vice Consul, Vienna

On a sunny day in the end of September, 1947, an old, Another physical hardship involved in the conduct of decrepit Ford Sedan belonging to the American Embassy business in Bratislava is “the world’s coldest sport,” as Pell in Prague chugged out of the city, headed eastward for calls it: boar hunting, an activity which is sponsored for the fair shores of the Danube River. On the back seat were social purposes, from time to time, by the Ministry of a typewriter and a box containing stationery and office Agriculture of Slovakia. The guests are taken into the forms. At the wheel was Vice Consul Claiborne Pell, FSO-6, wintry landscape and must remain immovable, guns at the whose mission it was to prepare the opening of an Ameri¬ ready, until the boars are driven by by beaters. Hunting can Consulate General in Bratislava, the capital of the semi- is a great sport in Slovakia, and in addition to boars there autonomous nation of Slovakia, in the Republic of Czecho¬ are pheasant and deer not very far from Bratislava. On slovakia. official functions of this sort, Pell considers it only proper Pell set up his office in the Hotel Carlton in Bratislava, that he should use a carbine with which he was provided which already housed the British, Polish, Italian and Aus¬ for his Consulate, for the protection of United States trian consulates—in an atmosphere reminiscent of Vichy, government property. Without the carbine, but also in the where during the war the diplomatic representatives of cold, another highly honorific function which Pell must friendly and less friendly powers all worked alongside in fulfill occasionally is the reviewing of parades. But then, one hotel, under rather primitive conditions. The American perhaps there is no need to pity him too much. It isn’t Consulate initially consisted only of Pell’s bedroom and often that an FSO-6 reviews parades as the representative adjoining sitting room, where during the initial stages all of the United States Government. official business was transacted. Later, after Mrs. Pell For several months, the American office staff in Bratis¬ arrived, another room was added to the suite, but until lava consisted of Vice Consul Pell and Miss Joan Mc¬ recently the safe and the telephone of the Consulate were Clellan, who is a Lieutenant in the US Naval Reserve and still located in the bedroom, requiring Mrs. Pell occasion¬ gets along fine with Pell, who happens to be a Lieutenant ally to slip discreetly under the covers when official calls Commander in the US Coast Guard Reserve. When Miss had to be made or classified papers were consulted. McClellan was away, Mrs. Pell would act as file clerk, also Security, until the arrival of the safe, consisted in Vice occasionally meeting the courier at the railroad station if Consul Pell carrying around all classified papers in his Claiborne himself was unable to do so. In addition, there wallet. “After a while, the wallet wasn’t big enough,” he were one local interpreter and two local clerks, all working reports. “There came a time when my pockets—inside in the same room. The USIS operation in Bratislava, dur¬ pockets, of course—all bulged suspiciously until the safe ing those initial months, consisted of an impressive display arrived and I was able to lock the papers away.” of magazines to which the Pells subscribe, laid out on a table also in the sitting-room-office of the Carlton suite. As the capital of a onetime country—Slovakia was a In addition, behind a screen, there was a sofa which was semi-sovereign state during the Nazi period, with its full used for any stranded Americans who, due to the housing quota of regular diplomatic missions—and as the center of shortage, could not be put up elsewhere on short notice. a region to which some 600,000 Americans can trace their To complete the idyllic scene of home life mixed with con¬ origin, the city does deserve a consular office. Aside from sular work, there is the two-year old Pell child who adores our own new Consulate General, fourteen other nations the consulate and enjoys playing with papers when he isn’t maintain representation there, most of them larger than downstairs changing keys on the board in the hotel office, that of the United States, probably due to the fact that at which is his favorite sport. this time Bratislava is a place of considerable political in¬ terest. At this time, there is a certain atmosphere of tension As these observations go to print, complete dignity and in the Slovak capital and sometimes odd things are happen¬ propritey will have come to the American Consulate Gen¬ ing in Pell’s suite. He has repeatedly remarked that non- eral in Bratislava. The building purchased from the Czecho¬ confidential papers on his desk had the mysterious habit slovak government will have been vacated by its present of arranging their pages back-to-front during his absence— occupants, cleaned, furnished and occupied, in preparation “which” as he dryly observes, “is rather more inconven¬ for the arrival of Consul General Winthrop Greene. Addi¬ ient than insecure.” tional supplies and equipment (and another safe) will have been brought from Prague, and additional personnel will Prior to the formal opening of the Consulate General have taken up their duties. An information library, com¬ (which was preceded by Pell’s exodus from the Carlton), plete with pretty librarian, will have started operating, and our official communications to the Slovakian government the Pells will have moved to other quarters. A pioneering involved new wrinkles of protocol: Pell would send notes job in the American Foreign Service will Have been which had to start: “The American Vice Consul presents finished. his compliments to the Russian Consulate General. . .”— in other words, an individual vice consul was addressing a governmental institution. Relations with the local authori¬ ties, incidentally, are altogether cordial—perhaps, in fact, occasionally too cordial for the physical well-being of the MARRIAGES American representative. While calling on most of the local HOOPER—HANANEA-MOON. Mrs. Melvina Caroline officials during the first weeks of his tenure as Vice Consul Hananea-Moon and Foreign Service Officer Malcolm P. in Bratislava, Pell had to drink a glass of Slivovitz (prune Hooper were married on February 16 in Kingston, Jamaica liqueur ) at the office of each of the dignitaries. “One needs where Mr. Hooper is Consul. a strong stomach for that sort of thing,” Pell says. “They’ve all been awfully kind to me, but Slivovitz is pretty strong WOODS—BUSCH. Miss Wilhelmina Busch and Foreign stuff. It isn’t exactly advisable to make more than a certain Service Officer Sam E. Woods, were married on February number of officials calls on any one day in Bratislava.” 22 near Munich where Mr. Woods is Consul General.

APRIL. 1948 11 The II,AAS I nst rumen * of Solidaritvw

JOHN A. KLEY*

The Institute of Inter-American Affairs, illustrating “the ment, the IIAA is organized to perform three basic func¬ Good Neighbor policy at work,” is one of the outstanding tions: education, health and sanitation, and food supply. factors in the promotion of unity and solidarity in the These describe its three functional divisions; a fourth is ap¬ Americas. pended for administration. A Board of Directors, responsible IIAA had its origin in the Office of the Coordinator of to the Secretary of State, makes major policy decisions. Inter-American Affairs, created in 1940 to meet threats of Chief Executive is the Institute’s President, Mr. Dillon P. totalitarian infiltration. The low living standards prevalent Myer. in many parts of South America were a potentially fertile Each of IIAA’s projects is carried out under a separate field for the alluring promises with which the totalitarian cooperative agreement, negotiated between one of the In¬ states always began their invasion tactics. stitute’s Divisions and the concerned Latin Republic. The In 1942 the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Mr. method of effecting a typical agreement goes something like Nelson A. Rockefeller, advanced the compelling argument this: upon evidence that IIAA cooperation with one of the that our South American neighbors would be better allies other American Republics would result in eventual benefits if they were aided in attaining greater internal strength. to the United States and the other American Republic, and Mr. Rockefeller, an authority on South American social and upon a reasonable assurance that a technical mission would economic problems, had tried to interest President Roose¬ be welcomed, the Institute submits an agreement proposal to velt as early as 1937 in such a proposal. In the Spring of the Department of State. If this proposal is satisfactory, the 1942 the Institute of Inter-American Affairs was organized US Ambassador and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the as a subsidiary of the Office of the Coordinator to “aid and other country exchange formal notes. After this exchange, improve the health and general welfare of the people of the the Minister of Agriculture (or some other recognized Western Hemisphere in collaboration with their govern¬ authority in the field concerned, representing the host coun¬ ments.” try) and an Institute representative hold discussions and In the shift to a peace-time economy, the President abol¬ eventually sign agreements for their respective countries. ished CIAA in an Executive Order of May 10, 1946. But Each of these agreements must meet the approval of the its subsidiary corporations, and among them the Institute United States Ambassador. of Inter-American Affairs, were transferred to the Depart¬ Each agreement describes the manner in which a group ment of State. Another such corporation was the Inter- of IIAA specialists will cooperate with certain agencies of American Educational Foundation; its mission was to foster the other Government. Time limits are stated, types of development of “Educational programs in Latin America in technical aid are specified, and the extent of financing to be the fields of primary, secondary, and teacher training.” contributed by each government is specifically defined. Upon Secretary of State Marshall’s recommendation, the After the basic agreement has been signed, the technical 80th Congress merged the Foundation and Institute under specialists who form the field staff are chosen. The Institute the title of Institute of Inter-American Affairs. This consti¬ tries to maintain a small but well-integrated mission in each tutes the Institute as Latin American Republics know it country capable of developing a balanced program of action. today. A typical field party for a small country consists of a chief To accomplish its aims of social and economic improve- of party, an administrative officer, and a minimum of three *The author served in the Air Transport Command during the war and or four technicians. These technicians are usually agricul¬ now, concurrent with his work in the Division of Communications and Rec¬ tural specialists, sanitation engineers, or scientists. ords, is attending evening classes at American University. The accompany¬ ing article was originally written for his Feature Article Writing Class. A basic principle common to all IIAA projects has been

Harold Montamat, Charge d’Affaires, Tegucigalpa; inauguration speech dedicating the National Tuberculosis Sanitarium of Honduras.

12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Dedication of the Comatagua water system, Venezuela.

Ambassador Beaulac making address at ACUEDUCTO DE CAMATAGUA Asuncion at the inaugural of an IIAA proj¬ OBRA OB COLABOR AC !ON £>fi MJNiSTERIO ect in Paraguay. DE SANIDAO V ASISTENCtA SOCIAL SI SJECUTiVO £>EL ESTAOO AftAGUAY LA OFICINA COCPERAIIV& iNTERAMERICANA 0£ SALUD PUBLIC A ORGANISMO DE LOS £-£. U.U. 06 VENEZUELA Y OS LOS E.S U.U. 06 AMERICA to help the people of the Americas help themselves. Programs are planned and ex¬ ecuted with a view to turning over admin¬ istration and control to local personnel— personnel trained not only on the job in their country, but also with practical ex¬ perience and study in the United States. Operation of the Food Supply Division can best be explained in terms of a Ser- vicio, which in South America is a name given to a special IIAA cooperative service established with contributions from both governments and staffed by nationals of both countries. It is an integral part of the host government, functioning as a sep¬ arate entity within that government and to all practical appearances very little differ¬ ent from one of our administrative agencies in Washington. Its director is a citizen of the United States chosen by the host gov¬ ernment. One of the chief advantages of the Ser- vicio type of organization is that, having the complexion of a local government func¬ tion, it obtains full cooperation of local personnel; besides this, government leaders in host countries are thus given a full share of the responsibility for the Servicio’s suc- In Peru, one such organization is known as the Servicio Cooperative Inter-America¬ no de Production de Alimentos, or SCIPA, and functions as a part of the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture. Through SCIPA the Peruvian farmer has obtained better seed and breeds of poultry, hogs, and cattle which are Another such project is in the town of Chimbote, Peru. better adapted to the widely varied climatic conditions of Its deep, land-locked harbor and astonishing quantity of the country. In response to the bumper food crops and high quality coal made it potentially the best heavy-tonnage to the resulting heavy increases in total food supply, the coaling station in the Pacific; yet the little town was so Peruvian Government’s cash contribution to the enterprise heavily infested with malaria that heavy capital could not steadilv increased. In 1943 Peru’s contribution equalled be induced to exploit these facilities. Acting for the United that of the Institute; in 1947 it was six times as large. States, the Institute of Inter-American Affairs entered into Typical of IIAA’s Health and Sanitation projects is the an agreement with Peru for cooperation in general improve¬ Rio Doce Valley program. Rio Doce has some of the largest ment of health conditions. The Servicio Cooperative Inter- deposits of high-grade iron ore in the world; but health Americano de Salud Publica (SCISP) was formed to carry hazards of the area formerly made mining and transporta¬ out a program to drain stagnant lagoons nearby, install a tion virtually impossible. Under a joint organization set up sewage and sanitary drinking water system, and carry out with doctors and engineers from the United States provid¬ an education program in the use of DDT and other insecti¬ ing technical leadership, control methods were applied cidal measures. In June 1943, construction work began on against malaria and tropical diseases; approved water sup¬ a modern 43-bed hospital. Chimbote is now ready for in¬ ply and sewage systems were provided in the larger towns; dustrial expansion. and medical centers were established. The Brazilian Govern¬ In Venezuela the Cooperative Health Service is known as ment can now develop the rich mineral deposits to the even¬ Oficina Cooperativa Interamericana de Salud Publica and tual benefit of a whole metal-hungry world. (Continued on page 28)

APRIL, 1948 13 Envoys to Academia

By WILLIAM P. MADDOX, Director, Foreign Service Institute

It was 6 A. M. on Friday, February 13, at a small rail¬ could not identify it correctly. As if to prove that this wide¬ way junction on the road to Moscow. Wilson Clark Flake, spread lack of information was not due to public apathy, FSO, stomped his feet on the platform to keep warm, and at least so far as the university world is concerned, hundreds watched the red glow of the sleeper express from which he of college officials had for months been urging the Depart¬ had alighted fade into the darkness. There was a trace of ment to furnish their students with speakers on the Foreign snow in the air—and he was very hungry. He glanced at Service. Director General Christian M. Ravndal decided the connecting train pulling in on the further track, and the time had come to act. As a start in establishing a re¬ grunted. An engine, puffing and snorting, and two dingy, newed and more active program of providing information dimly-lighted day-coaches, scheduled to depart in five min¬ about the Service, some 170 letters were despatched to the utes! No dining car obviously! And Moscow was still presidents of leading universities and colleges which had several hours away. He felt his way to the end of the plat¬ indicated a lively interest. Would they still like a Foreign form and scowled at the shadowy outlines of a row of un¬ Service officer to give authentic information about the Ser¬ lighted shacks. The crunch of footsteps behind him made vice to their students? The response was ninety percent him turn to face a swinging lantern. In the flickering glow affirmative and enthusiastic. Thus was born Operation he was able to discern a grizzled face topped by a uniform “Academia”—a comprehensive speaking-tour plan to make cap. known to the college generation of the land the story of the “Had any breakfast, Mister?” Foreign Service. At this writing in mid-March it is about Flake shrugged his shoulders in a gesture of despondency. half-completed, with six weeks of intensive schedules ahead. “Come along, then, and get a bite to eat.” The voice was That it is proving valuable, and is fully appreciated, is gruff but warm and kindly. “We ll hold the train and make testified to by a few excerpts from letters received from up time later.” The conductor’s words trailed behind him presidents and professors at institutions already visited: as he strode off swinging his lantern. Flake followed . . . “It was in every way a helpful service extended by the Forty minutes later Flake drained the last of a second Department of State and I hope that you will convey to cup of strong coffee, pushed aside a plate now emptied of the Secretary of State or the appropriate official con¬ bacon and eggs, and joined the conductor on the porch of cerned our gratitude for this service.” the country inn. The old man was sitting with his feet on “He was given close attention and his presentation was the top step, his back resting against a pillar, and the lantern highly praised by all with whom I spoke. I can say per¬ flickering by his side. He was humming a tune but stopped sonally it was one of the best presentations of such a as Flake approached. subject that I have heard. We appreciate very much your “Hope you didn’t hurry too much. Don’t like my passen¬ having made possible his visit to our campus.” gers to start off hungry. We ain’t very late and there’s a “I am sure from student comments that Mr. good down-grade ahead anyway.” created a great deal of good will for the Department and In the gray half-light that precedes the break of day the Foreign Service in particular.” they made their return route to the train-side. From his “You did a grand job and really ‘sold’ the Foreign cab-window, the engineer hailed a cheery greeting. Flake Service where it should have been sold.” swung up the coach-steps. The conductor clambered up To the tens of thousands of college students who are behind him, gave a final flourish of his lantern, and, with an listening to these classroom talks about the Foreign Service, answering blast of the whistle, the train chugged off into an effort is being made to sketch a simple, straightforward the gathering glow of dawn on the road to Moscow. picture of a Service alert and responsive to the heavy de¬ * * * * mands imposed upon it as a result of America’s new and This is not the remarkable glimpse into life behind the unprecedented position in the world of today. The impact iron curtain that it seems. It is rather a fresh gem of of great events which have thrust America into an ineluct¬ Americana. For the Moscow was Moscow, Idaho. able role of leadership in world affairs has not escaped the Wilson Clark Flake is only one of 25 or 30 Foreign Ser¬ present college generation, but many students reveal by vice Officers who have incidentally experienced such bits of their questions a lack of awareness of the extent to which Americana this winter and spring in the course of visiting the Foreign Service has been affected by these changes. 150 universities and colleges to deliver talks about the For¬ Here and there crops up evidence of the popular stereotypes eign Service. Flake had just spoken on successive days at about the Service which stem from pre-Rogers years when the University of Washington, Oregon State College, the the Service was regarded as a rich-man’s club, or from an University of Oregon, and Reed College at Portland. He even earlier era when it was the playground of political was on his way to the University of Idaho located near the spoilsmen. Aside from students taking courses in political state border in the little town of Moscow. Nearby was science and international relations, a vast number are un¬ Washington State College at Pullman, where he would also aware of the facts that the Service has long been founded on speak. Six colleges in three states, two or three lectures at a career principle, that it is a consolidated “foreign” Service each, individual conferences with hundreds of professors of all the principal civil agencies of government, and that, and students—all in five days, sandwiched in between two with the further post-war expansion of the range of govern¬ week-ends of travel from and to Washington! With a bit mental responsibilities, it performs functions requiring many of fun not excluded, it was still a hard and strenuous grind. and varied technical skills, and an increasingly high level And yet, beyond any doubt, it was paying off in terms of of professional competence. Only the truly sophisticated bringing to our educational institutions a first-hand fund of have heard of the changes authorized or wrought by the knowledge about the Foreign Service, what it is, what it Foreign Service Act of 1946, and of the new purpose which means, what it does, and what a career in the Service is like. it symbolized to mould the Service into an ever more effec¬ Last fall one of the national public opinion surveys dis¬ tive and resourceful instrument. closed that fifty-two percent of the people of the country The Foreign Service Officer on the college lecture run had never heard of the Foreign Service, or, if they had, must also explain the recent changes in the competitive

14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL examinations for the to California, spent a Service. With the week at the Univer¬ elimination o f the sity of Iowa, and fol¬ specialized law sub¬ lowed up with Pomo¬ jects, students are in¬ na College. Wilson formed that a broad Flake included the liberal arts education University of North should qualify them Carolina in a few to enter the competi¬ days’ leave, and tive test. The princi¬ stopped off at the pal educational objec¬ University of Nevada tive should be the en route to his inspec¬ stimulation of the tion duties in the imagination and the South Pacific. sharpening o f the To meet other en¬ tools of thinking; and gagements in various the course should in¬ parts of the country, clude a solid ground¬ other officers have ing in history and been despatched from government, econom¬ Washington on back- ics, and a foreign breaking sched¬ language. They are ules varying fro m also advised that, in several days to Loy addition to education¬ Dr. William P. Maddox, Director of the Foreign Service Institute (right), W. Henderson’s fort¬ al attainments and in¬ discussing with FSO Wilson Flake the latter’s speaking tour throughout the night plan in April tellectual capabilities, western states. The map is dotted with pins showing colleges and universities which will carry him they must measure up which have requested speakers on the Foreign Service. through Missouri, in integrity of charac¬ Kansas, New Mexico, ter, effectiveness of personality, stability and resilience of Colorado, and Wyoming. In February, Carl W. Strom emotional structure, and soundness of physical health. hopped a train to Minneapolis and spoke at the University Returning officers testify to the large number of students of Minnesota, Carleton College, and Northwestern on succes¬ who are seriously considering taking the examinations with sive days. On an even tighter schedule, Robert F. Wood¬ the hope of making the Foreign Service a career. They run ward talked at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and the into the thousands. Keen disappointment is manifested University of Dayton on the same day; and reached Colum¬ when they are reminded that, short of appropriations pro¬ bus at 1:30 A.M. to start again at 9 o’clock on a full day of viding for expansion, the number of officers required an¬ arrangements at Ohio State, which left him exhausted when nually for replacement will hardly exceed 75. Considerable he was able to escape to his return train at 5 P.M. The fol¬ interest is also indicated in obtaining appointments as For¬ lowing week, Theodore C. Achilles traveled by train, bus and eign Service clerks, and several have actually been offered private auto to carry out a three-day tour of Indiana Uni¬ positions as a result of interviews on these trips. Several versity, Purdue, and the University of Illinois. youngsters have frankly stated that, uncertain whether they Faced with a storm of good-natured complaints about the would like a Foreign Service career, they preferred a trial rigor of schedules, the writer, who has been saddled tem¬ run as a clerk before engaging in the competition for a porarily with the duty of making arrangements, felt called career appointment. Inevitably, in coeducational institu¬ upon to crowd in a series of engagements on two successive tions, there are questions as to the opportunities for women days at Pennsylvania, Haverford, Temple, and Princeton. in the Service. In addition to the orthodox replies about True, he didn’t have to travel much but he experienced the clerical and other staff positions, and the citing of the fact hard, grueling work involved in giving repeated talks on that some 15 women are presently career officers, they are the same day, with other available time devoted to con¬ reminded that one of the most important roles of women in ferences with eager and interested students. the Foreign Service is that of an officer’s wife. No speaker But the pace kept on in March. From New York, where has yet been willing to volunteer advice as to how that status he had gone on other duties, Walter C. Dowling sped up to may be achieved. Williams College, the University of Maine, and back to Many of the officers participating in these peripatetic Boston University and Massachusetts Tech. Andrew B. Fos¬ operations have taken on college speaking engagements in ter had a special invitation to his own college, Dartmouth, conjunction with other official travel arrangements, or with and followed up with Trinity, Connecticut, and Yale. A home leave. John M. Allison stopped off at the University full week took James K. Penfield across New York State of California, Stanford, the University of Utah and the to visit six institutions. Donald W. Smith, Herbert P. Fales, University of Nebraska on his way home from Japan. Robert E. Wilson, Frank S. Hopkins, and Fred W. Jandrey Sheldon T. Mills included the University of Miami, Florida, contributed from a few days to a week each in various in a return trip from South America. Officers on tour of the sections. regional offices of the Department of Commerce were booked Coming up in April, Joseph C. Satterthwaite has under¬ to speak at Institutions in the cities they visited. Robert M. taken a three-day schedule in Michigan, to be followed by Brandin, Albert E. Pappano and Thomas A. Hickok, on de¬ Elbert G. Mathews, Ray L. Thurston, and Walter Dowling tail at Columbia, Harvard and the Naval War College, re¬ again, on visits through the entire southland. Every section spectively, have spoken, or accepted engagements to speak, of the country will have been covered by the first of May, at several institutions in their areas. Byron E. Blankinship and very possibly, every state. Within the limits available— took time off from his home leave in Portland, Oregon, to and with the cooperation of all Foreign Service officers ap¬ visit Gonzaga University, University of Montana, and Mon¬ proached—everything possible will have been done this tana State College. Ralph A. Schweitzer on leave en route (Continued on page 26)

APRIL, 1948 15 Letters to the Lditor

Specialized Language Training Spanish language. On a purely dollars and cents basis the January 21, 1948 Latin American field or even the general service is a better bet than either of the Oriental language services. To the Editors, THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: Personally, I have no regret for having chosen the Orien¬ I enclose a copy of an actual letter written by me to a tal language service, in spite of the drawbacks that I have young FSO who is contemplating volunteering for the Japan¬ mentioned. However much I might personally enjoy being ese language service. I believe the letter would be of general Ambassador, let us say to some small nation, there is little interest to the service. FSO question in my mind of the relative importance of that job and that of say the Counselor or even the First Secretary of American Embassy, the Embassy in China. January 19, 1948. Whatever you decide to do my blessings go with you, and Dear Colleague: I have the utmost confidence that you will always make a I have your letter of January 6 telling me that you are good record wherever you go. interested in taking up specialized language training either Sincerely yours. in China or Japan and asking my advice about the matter. F. S. 0. I must confess that 1 am somewhat divided in mind with The following comments on this letter have been furnished respect to the answer I should make to your request for the Journal by Dr. William P. Maddox, Director of the advice. On the one hand, I would like to see a promising Foreign Service Institute. young officer like yourself become a specialist in one or the March 5, 1948 other of the countries. We urgently need able young blood Whatever may have been the disadvantages of Oriental in both countries. On the other hand I think it is only fair language specialization in the past, some of the best oppor¬ to tell you that in a sense the Oriental language services are tunities in the Service in years to come will be in the various blind alleys. This would be indignantly denied in the De¬ Asiatic areas stretching from Japan to Turkey. Some of the partment, where the Regulations would be cited as evidence reasons are as follows: that language officers get as good treatment as any. The (1) The whole of Asia is becoming of increasing import¬ fact remains, however, that the Oriental language services ance to the United States, and is an expanding area for the have always had a certain amount of discrimination prac¬ Foreign Service. An officer who acquires language skill and ticed against them. other specialized competence in an Asiatic area is definitely In the first place, once an officer has completed his lan¬ on the inside track in regard to future assignments in his guage course, his career will be confined almost exclusively area. to one country. There is only one country where Japanese is used, and only one country where Chinese is used, where¬ (2) The Foreign Service Institute has a very high priority as there are many countries where Spanish is used and many program of training additional Asiatic specialists. For ex¬ countries where French is used. Assurances by the Depart¬ ample, we have at the moment 12 Chinese language officers ment that language officers will be given opportunities to in various stages of training and are expecting to start serve in other countries have not been implemented, except several more during the coming year. We have four Japan¬ during the war years when, of course, everything was differ¬ ese language officers now in training and are about to start ent. I cite my own case as an example: This is my first at least four more. We have eight Arabic language officers foreign job out from under the Japanese flag in nearly in various stages of training. Our full program calls for twenty-four years of service. I got as far as China only between 25 and 30 officers a year to be trained in Asiatic after a struggle and for the past two years I have been re¬ languages for the next several years, the eventual goal being sisting attempts to send me back to Japan. Practically the to have two language officers for every post assignment at only way a language officer ever gets out of the Far East is which a language officer is felt to be essential. We would to get an assignment to the Department and while there to then have half of our fully trained area specialists serving pull enough wires to make the break. One cannot blame the in their areas at any given time, the other half being on leave Department too much for the natural tendency to use an or assigned to other duties. officer in the field where his talents are most useful. How¬ (3) An officer’s chances of serving in the Department or ever, from the point of view of the individual officer, only in one of the large European capitals, such as London, Paris the naive or the eccentric would knowingly choose to spend and Moscow, are increased by Asiatic specialization, since all of his career in a limited area. in these places we should always have officers thoroughly There is one other unfavorable aspect to the matter, and competent at Asiatic affairs, who usually can be developed perhaps a more serious one, which has to do with promo¬ only through specialized in-service training. tions. Officers of the Oriental language service have always (4) Language officers of the future, even in China and contended that their specialized training has served as an Japan, will not have to be one-language men, able to oper¬ obstacle rather than an aid to promotion in the higher ate only in one country. Already some of our younger offi¬ grades. It is certainly true that the few Chinese-Japanese cers have competence in two or more Asiatic languages. language officers who have done exceptionally well in the The objective of the Institute is to equip area specialists Foreign Service have done so only after getting out of their with one major language, in which the officer is completely chosen field. Let me point out one obvious fact: in both proficient, and one or more related languages, in which he China and Japan there is only one mission through which has a good working ability, in speech if not in reading and all promotions in the higher rank must tend to funnel. In writing. For example, the four principal languages of North¬ these two posts there are places for not more than two or east Asia are Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Russian. We three officers in the higher brackets. Consider how different hope that every Far Eastern language officer will command this is from say Latin America, where there are perhaps a at least two of these languages. Some five young officers score of missions each offering jobs as counselors or ambas¬ already do so. In fact, languages can be so much more sadors to senior Foreign Service officers qualified in the swiftly and skillfully taught under modern scientific methods

16 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL than they could by the older methods that there is no need Home for Retired FSOs in the future to be content with one-language officers. This 608 Northbrook Courts is not to say that a language can ever be learned without 3426 Sixteenth Street, N.W. concentrated and diligent effort, but rather that the results Washington 10, D. C. from such effort can now be greatly increased and improved. February 4, 1948. All things considered, the Institute feels that it could con¬ To The Editor, scientiously advise young officers to undertake Asiatic THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: language-and-area specialization if they are genuinely moti¬ I was formerly a member of the Foreign Service and for vated by a desire to serve in that part of the world. some time I have been working on a scheme to provide William P. Maddox, homes at cost of construction for retired and ex-members Director, Foreign Service Institute of the Foreign Service, the Armed Services and other Fed¬ eral Government people who would like, perhaps for reasons of health, to live in a salubrious climate of almost constant Book: “The American Foreign Service” sunshine. At last I believe I have developed something tangible American Legation and I refer you to the enclosures* which need no further Jidda, Saudi Arabia explanation. January 28, 1948 I should like to point out particularly that the proposed To the Editor, Colony of “Buenavida” will only provide accommodations THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: for 50 members (and their immediate families) and it May I seek the hospitality of your columns with reference would, therefore, be well for those who like the idea to make to the hook, “American Foreign Service” published under preliminary applications as soon as possible. my name recently? Personally I expect to gain nothing from the enterprise The manuscript as submitted by me contained an intro¬ and my main thought in sponsoring it is to be helpful to duction in which I made acknowledgment to the assistance ex-colleagues and others who may appreciate the many I had received and also explained the origin of the work. advantages offered, such as being able to own a home of For some reason unknown to me, the publishers excised this their own where they can reside permanently, during the introduction so that it appears on the surface that this hook winters only, or just for vacations. And all this by paying was written on my own initiative, and that I had an entirely only very reasonable rent for a period of ten years, after free hand in the final text. Neither of these assumptions is which they would pay only $1 per month for the rent of correct. their own acre of land. Trusting that you will be good enough to give this scheme The latter part of 1945 the publishers communicated with appropriate publicity through the columns of the JOURNAL an officer of the Department and suggested a book on the Foreign Service. This officer, who was not a Foreign Ser¬ for the benefit of retired members of the Foreign Service, I am, Sir, vice Officer, turned the letter over to the Office of the For¬ Wallace E. Moessner. eign Service. I happened to be in the Department at the * Editors’ Note: This letter is published merely to ac¬ time and for some unknown reason it was suggested to me quaint Journal readers with the fact that Mr. Moessner is that I undertake the task. I was reluctant for two reasons: sponsoring such a project. Any further information about one, my qualms that I might not obtain the assistance which would be needed, and the other, doubts that I might have “Buenavida,” near Demitig, New Mexico, must be obtained untrammelled freedom in its writing. I felt then and I feel from Mr. Moessner. now that any Foreign Service Officer tempted to believe he could write unaided an adequate account of the Foreign “Une Constatation” Service belongs in St. Elizabeth’s rather than in our Service. Damascus, Syria, Some twenty odd years in the Foreign Service should March 6, 1948. have warned me that there was no one in the Department To the Editors, who was in a position to give me positive assurances of this THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: particular character on either the score of assistance to be On April 1, 1936 (was it a trick of fate?) I was com¬ rendered to me or freedom of choice in the material to be missioned a Foreign Service Commerce Officer at $3,000 included. However I was foolish enough to accept verbal plus allowances and, like the schoolmaster in the Deserted assurances in respect of both. Village, felt that “I was passing rich.” As the fateful day of 1948 approaches, I am suddenly Unfortunately work on my manuscript coincided with brought up by the realization that in 12 years of faithful work which the Department was undertaking on legislation slogging, I have actually retrograded financially. Although which later became the Foreign Service Act of 1946. The Department understandably was not able to give me the my present salary and allowances are more than twice those assistance 1 had been promised when the book was under¬ of 1936, they possess less purchasing power, since price levels in the posts where I have served the past five years taken. I was therefore obliged to pursue the work in the have quadrupled and even quintupled. wilderness of my own ignorance. Surveys recently published back home indicate that the Once the manuscript was completed it was exposed to purchasing power of average take-home pay in 1947 was those wolves in sheep’s clothing who determine what a 30% higher than prewar. Foreign Service Officer may or may not publish, as well as Dear Foreign Service Journal, this is not a gripe but to the no less rapacious wolves to be found in editors’ offices. simply, as the French say, “une constatation,” which gives What emerged was a child I had difficulty in recognizing. one furiously to think. I am anxious that my friends and colleagues in the For¬ Whatever the salary received, I still consider, and always eign Service, if no others, should be acquainted with these did, the American Foreign Service the best damned Foreign facts in order to relieve them of any false impressions they Service in the world. may have gained of my premature senility. F. A. M. Alfsen J. Rives Childs (Continued on page 28)

APRIL, 1948 17 THE First on the agenda is the question of strengthening and reorganizing the Inter-American System and agreeing to a basic charter somewhat comparable to the charter of the United Nations. Such a task in itself is obviously an under¬ taking of considerable proportions entailing such problems as the degree of centralization of authority and concentra¬ tion of responsibility within the Pan American Union, the relation of the organs and agencies (of which there are PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE 32 ) of the Inter-American System with those of the United ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Nations, the nature of membership and participation in the Copyright, 1948, by the American Foreign Service Association System, and the method of financing the Pan American The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this pub* lication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. Union. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $3.00 a year, or 30 cents a copy. The second major task which this Conference faces is This publication is not official and material appearing herein represents the question of economic cooperation. This is a question only personal opinions. which is causing the other American Republics much con¬ cern. It is no secret, moreover, that certain of our southern JOURNAL STAFF neighbors consider that in our attempts to help fill the desperate needs in Europe, Asia and other parts of the HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman globe we are neglecting members of our own family in the EDMUND A. GULLION ROBERT M. MCCLINTOCK Editorial Western Hemisphere. With logic they claim that the United JAMES K. PENFIELD Board States is their only source for equipment, know-how and CECIL B. LYON capital. They remind us that family responsibilities should JANE WILSON, Managing Editor come first. It is, we feel certain, the earnest desire of our FRANK P. LOCKHART Business Manager Government to help them in their problems, in their long range planning, and in the temporary economic difficulties in which so many of them find themselves. It is essential that at Bogota constructive steps be taken to establish this THE BOGOTA CONFERENCE fact beyond a doubt and that we help the American Re¬ publics to continue the great economic strides they have The importance to the world in general, and the Western made in the past decade. Hemisphere in particular, of the Ninth International Con¬ The third major problem confronting the Conference is ference of American States now in session at Bogota, Co¬ to conclude a consolidated treaty on procedures for pacific lombia, far transcends any attention which it may have as settlement of disputes among the twenty-one American Re¬ yet been accorded. Our own stake—cultural, economic and publics. At present there exists a conglomeration of time- defensive—in this meeting of New World statesmen is con¬ honored principles embodied in a series of bilateral and siderable. Throughout the length and breadth of our land multilateral treaties, uncoordinated and in many instances there are countless educational, professional, industrial and overlapping. civic groups which have a close working relationship with Other problems there will be aplenty but space prevents our southern neighbors. Moreover, we in the United States touching upon all of them here. Fortunately, the prepara¬ have economic interests to the extent of some three and tions for the Bogota Conference have been sound. A draft one-half billions of dollars of investment throughout the charter for the Inter-American System has been prepared Good Neighborhood. And finally, the signing of the Inter- by the Pan American Union. The Inter-American Economic American Treaty for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Social Council has evolved a basic agreement for Inter- and Security at Rio de Janeiro last August established, if American economic cooperation, and the Inter-American proof were needed, the vital importance with which each of the American Republics regards the Other from the point Juridical Committee has developed two drafts of a treaty- on pacific settlement. It seems highly unlikely that any one of view of security. This pact, a vertiable continental alli¬ of these drafts would be totally acceptable to all concerned, ance, was the logical culmination of a defense policy which but in any event each document should serve as a most has been evolving since President Monroe issued his clarion useful basis for discussion. warning 125 years ago. At Petropolis and at previous Inter-American confer¬ Although we have progressed far along the road of Inter- ences, excellent precedents have been established for work¬ American understanding and cooperation since the first ing out our inter-American problems around a table. Given conference of Latin American states was held in 1826, there the Pan American spirit it will be done again at Bogota. is still much to be done towards placing the New World In the last thirty years our Good Neighbors to the south house in order. In his excellent article “The Future Devel¬ have made enormous physical progress. Buenos Aires opment of the Inter-American System” which appears on which was but a small town in Colonial times is today the page 7 of this issue of THE JOURNAL, Ambassador Butler third largest city in America. Brazil now boasts thirteen states: times as many miles of railroads and highways as it had “Now, at Botoga, the representatives of the independ¬ three decades ago. In 1943 Colombia transported twice as ent republics of the new world meet again to take stock much freight by airplane as we did here in the United of their assets and liabilities, to assess their common States. Moreover, the progress of the American Republics problems, to plan mutually beneficial programs, and to has not been on the physical side alone. At the United try to chart a course in the post-war world to guide the Nations the representatives of the other Americas have Inter-American System toward increased strength and a exerted a worldwide political influence. In our new world continuation in its great tradition as a force working for which German Arciniegas terms “The Green Continent” we security, peace and the general welfare. The challenge have established a Good Neighborly mode of life and a is formidable and inspiring. Success will come only as Good Neighborly manner of settling our problems. Let us a result of sincere and long sustained effort.” trust that Bogota may be another milestone on our path In attempting to accomplish this task the Conference towards peace in this hemisphere, this continent of growth, faces many major problems. of progress, and of freedom.

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The .Journal'* Guest Editor

WALLACE R. DEUEL of the Chicago Daily News

The American press is making the shocking and humili¬ itself—and the public—but it is even worse from the point ating discovery these days that most of its readers can’t of view of American diplomacy. For it seems probable understand most of the news it prints about national and that public opinion will either make or mar foreign policy foreign affairs. I don’t mean that readers fail to distinguish even more in the months and years ahead than it has done among the finer nuances of world politics. 1 mean that in the past, and it seems certain that there is no longer the most readers can’t understand the words and sentences the comfortable margin of national safety there used to be, newspapers use in reporting just the ordinary, everyday, that allowed so much room for error. An uninformed garden varieties of tidings from Washington, Lake Success public opinion can easily wreck the Republic, and public and abroad. In a quite literal sense, a majority of readers opinion is not now being informed about foreign or even don’t know what the newspapers are talking about. about national affairs—at least not by the newspapers. Several scholars are contributing to this painful revela¬ “Walter Winchell is the country’s No. 1 opinion maker,” tion. They are doing it by applying new techniques to the the Sunday editor of a much-respected New York news¬ study of intelligibility. They are discovering who can un¬ paper has said. It is no wonder if this is true. People can derstand what. Among other things, they have worked out understand Winchell—lots of people can. methods for determining how many years of education a The diplomat has a certain responsibility in all this: he reader must have in order to understand any given piece has helped bring about the present state of affairs, and he of writing. In the process of doing this, the scholars have can help improve it. found that it takes several more years of schooling to un¬ Clearly it is mostly the newspapers’ own fault that so derstand most national and foreign news than most Ameri¬ many people can’t understand so much of their news. Yet cans ever get. even if the newspapers did their part perfectly there would The Ohio State University School of Journalism has pub¬ still be much that the diplomat and only the diplomat could lished some of the most harrowing of these discoveries. do to help matters. And the very fact that the newspapers The School has found, among other things, that 13 years of do their part so badly makes it all the more urgent that the schooling are necessary to understand most Washington diplomat do everything he can. news tested, 14 years of schooling to understand most for¬ The diplomat must speak more plainly. He must talk eign dispatches and 15 years of schooling to understand language that more pepole can understand. most articles about the United Nations. To understand the The newspapers will print that kind of talk. They will dispatches of one leading New York newspaper’s foreign print more of it, and print it more prominently, than they correspondents, a reader needs 17 years of schooling, the now print the current style of official utterances on foreign equivalent of a college education—or, if you leave kinder¬ affairs, which can sometimes be slightly occult. Reporters garten out of account, the equivalent of a master’s degree. will write more clearly, too. They will hardly be able to Other studies confirm, in a general way, the findings help doing so. published at Ohio State. More people will read all this plain talk, and will under¬ What makes these disclosures so shocking and humiliat¬ stand more of what they read. They will, accordingly, ing is that the average adult American has had only 8.4 acquire a better grasp of facts and will form their own years of schooling. The American press, in other words, conclusions to a greater extent than they now do. They will is failing abjectly to live up to one of its proudest boasts, rely less on the lucubrations of the keyhole-peepers and the the boast that it informs the people, and doesn’t just titillate other soothsayers, clairvoyants and swamis of all kinds them. If the newspapers are informing anybody about na¬ who now thrive so mightly in the land—“pharmacopolae, tional and foreign affairs, they are only informing high balatrones, hoc genus omne”—a consummation most de¬ school and college graduates—and M. A’s., of course, and, voutly to be hoped for. presumably, Ph. D’s. Everybody with any sense knows that the diplomat can’t This is bad enough from the point of view of the press (Continued on page 28)

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH: I am a student of the psychopathology of politics and of political prose. I sat at the mouth of the cave of the winds as a Rome correspondent from 1932 to 1934 and at the even bigger mouth of even bigger winds as a Berlin correspondent from 1934 to 1941. There were side trips from both places, but these seldom took me to realms of the sane or the pellucid. Both Mussolini and Hitler corrupted everything else, of course. The best two ways 1 know to learn how to speak and write simply are to teach a complicated! subject in English to students whose mother tongue is Arabic, and to cover the formulation and conduct from Washington of American foreign policy for a daily newspaper which is determined to make itself understood to its readers. / tried the former by teaching political science and (God forgive me) international law at the American University of Beirut from 1926 to 1929 and I have been trying the latter since September 1, 1945, for The Chicago Daily News, the paper which I also represented overseas. From 1941 to 1945 I served in OSS, the last year on loan to the Department as Special Assistant to Ambassador Robert Murphy, U. S. Political Adviser to SCAEF. 1 was born June 14, 1905 in Chicago, attended public schools there and was graduated from the University of Illinois in 1926.

WALLACE R. DEUEL. Wallace R. Deuel

APRIL, 1948 19 Xews From the Department

By JANE WILSON

Personals Saigon. They were the first American civilians killed in Indochina fighting since VJ-Day. The HONORABLE HENRY F. GRADY, Ambassador to India, was appointed by President Truman to be his Personal It was believed that the women were returning from a Representative with the rank of Special Ambassador to pleasure drive just at dusk when attacked. The jeep, which attend the ceremonies incident to the independence of was flying an American flag, was found twisted and burned. Ceylon which were held in February. Ceylon attained Miss James’ body had several bullet wounds in the head fully responsible status within the British Commonwealth and was thrown clear of the jeep. French police officials of Nations on February 4 when it took its place as a self- said they did not know whether the machine-gunning set governing nation. the jeep afire, or whether the attackers realized they had Upon the retirement in January of HARRY C. HAWKINS killed women neutrals and sought to destroy the evidence. from the Foreign Service, Secretary Marshall felicitated An official report from Consul General John Hamlin gave him upon his record of outstanding distinction and stated no indication of who did the shooting but he said an inves¬ that his retirement from the Service was a significant loss tigation was underway. to the Government. Foreign Service Examinations Those who raised an eyebrow at the Peter Arno New Yorker cartoon in the March issue entitled . . and now The Department of State announced today that the Board he claims diplomatic immunity” might be interested to of Examiners for the Foreign Service had determined to hear that a recent London news item reports, “A vice con¬ hold on September 27-30, 1948, a Written Examination for sul at the American Embassy has claimed diplomatic im¬ appointment as Foreign Service officer. munity in a breach of promise suit brought against him by The examination will be held at American diplomatic the widow of a Royal Air Force officer.” posts and consulates and at the following 18 Civil Service Secretary Marshall in February sent GEORGE F. KENNAN, Examination Centers: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, top policy planning officer, to confer with General MacAr- Dallas, Denver, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New thur in Japan. The Secretary said that Mr. Kennan would York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, St. Paul, San Francisco, San familiarize himself with the situation in Japan and planned Juan, P. R., Seattle, Washington and Winston-Salem. to come back via the Philippines. He said that this mission Application blanks may be obtained from the Board of was related to American policy, to the problem of writing a Examiners for the Foreign Service, Department of State, Japanese peace treaty, and to Japanese reconstruction. Washington 25, D. C. All applications must be received Retired FSO LUCIEN MEMMINGER and Mrs. Memminger by the Board of Examiners on or before July 1, 1948. recently visited Washington for a week en route from St. Applicants must be at least 21 and under 31 years of age Petersburg, where they spent the winter, to their home in as of July 1, 1948 and must have been citizens of the Asheville, N. C. United States for at least ten years before July 1, 1948. Former Assistant Secretary of State SPRUILLE BRADEN was If married, they must be married to American citizens. on December 18, presented by Brazilian Ambassador Car¬ Luncheon for Ambassador MacVeagh los Martins with the Grand Cross of the Cruzeiro do Sul. An American Consul General recently assigned to a hot The Honorable Lincoln MacVeagh, newly appointed Am¬ post in the Near East, was presented upon his departure bassador to Portugal, was honored at a “dutch-treat” lunch¬ from the U. S. with a bullet proof vest by a well meaning eon at the New Athens Restaurant in Washington on March colleague. 16 by a group of officers associated with him during his long career as Minister and Ambassador to Greece, Iceland, Hard Taskmaster Yugoslavia and South Africa. Those attending were: GEORGE V. ALLEN, Assistant Secretary of State; NORBERT Two brass plaques were recently made and sent out by ANSCHUETZ; WILLIAM 0. BAXTER; WALWORTH BARBOUR; the Department to the Embassy at Bangkok bearing the MAYNARD BARNES; LEONARD J. CROMIE; BARTLEY P. GOR¬ following inscription: DON; H. LAWRENCE GROVES; JAMES HUGH KEELEY, JR.; LT. OFFICE HOURS COL. STERLING LARRABEE; HARRY MAURICIDES; WALLACE MURRAY and THOMAS C. WASSON. Mark Ethridge, American Monday-Friday 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. member of a recent UN Commission in Greece, sent a tele¬ 1:30 A.M. to 4:30 p.m. gram of greetings. Saturday 8:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. An all-Greek menu was washed down with the Greek Deferment of Filing of 1941-47 Income Tax Returns national beverages, ouzo and retsina. All present made a brave pretense of enjoying the retsine, which, according to The information conveyed in the Department’s Circular one wit, tastes like chablis that has been decanted by mistake Airgram dated November 25, 1947, 8:30 A.M. (See “News into a turpentine bottle. They were deeply sincere, however, from the Department” for December 1947.) has been in the good wishes they extended to Ambassador MacVeagh amended to conform with a later Treasury Department for success in his new and important mission. Publication “Your Federal Income Tax” which states in part: “Civilian serving outside the Americas for 91 days All for a Penny? prior to January 1, 1948 and who remains outside the A penny post-card recently addressed to the JOURNAL Americas may defer filing income tax returns and paying requested:: “Friends—Rush all advertising and subscription the taxes for years 1941 through 1947 until June 15, 1948. rates and rates to salesmen and catalogue of books and keep us on your mailing list and 6 copies of different issues Staff Corps Employees Killed in Saigon for our library, reference and use. P.S. Also Girls—If MRS JEANNE R. SKEWES, Public Affairs Assistant, and single, please write and send your picture for my desk I’m Miss LYDIA RUTH JAMES of the staff corps, were both killed young, single, and matrimonially inclined.” on March 7 while riding in a jeep about three miles from (Continued on page 37)

20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION LUNCHEON

February 25, 1948

Secretary Marshall attended this luncheon, one of a monthly series for members of the Association, held at the National Press Club, Washington, D. C.

Right: General view of the luncheon.

Head table: L. to r. Director General Christian M. Ravndal, Random shot: including, The Honorable William Dawson, Aaron S. Brown, Chairman of the Entertainment Committee Sidney H. Browne, Donald Smith, Haywood P. Martin, Thomas of the Assn., The Hon. Monnett Davis, Vice President of the M. Wilson, Ware Adams, etc. Assn.; Secretary Marshall; William E. Decourcy, Chairman of the Executive Committee; General Marshall Carter; Herve J. L’Heureux, Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee; Frank P. Lockhart, Director of the Association; and Joseph Palmer 2nd, Secretary-Treasurer.

FSOs Eric Wendelin, assigned to the National War College; Secretary Marshall addressing the group. Fred Jandrey of the Division of Foreign Service Personnel; and Clare II. Timberlake, assigned to the National War College.

APRIL. 1948 iVews From The Field

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Australia (Canberra)—Donald Lamm Greece—William Witman, 2d Austria—Martin F. Herz Hongkong—Betty Ann Middleton Belgium—A. Guy Hope London—W. Stratton Anderson, Jr. Bolivia—Park F. Wollam New Zealand—John S. Service British Guiana—George W. Skora Panama—Oscar H. Guerra Canada (Eastern)—Terry B. Sanders, Jr. Paraguay—Henry Hoyt Ceylon—Perry N. Jester Peru—Maurice J. Broderick Chile—Dixon Donnelley Poland—Findley Burns, Jr. Colombia—John M. Vebber Portugal—William Barnes Costa Rica—Albert E. Carter Rumania—Donald Dunham Dutch West Indies—Lynn W. Franklin Shanghai—Emory C. Swank Ecuador—George P. Shaw Southampton—William H. Beck El Salvador—Murat Williams Switzerland—Ruth Madsen France (Northern)—Alfred H. Lovell, Jr. Trinidad—Benjamin L. Sowell France (Southern)—William H. Christensen Union of South Africa—John C. Fuess French Indo-China—Dallas M. Coors Uruguay—Sidney Lafoon French West Africa—William S. Krason U.S.S.R.—Foy D. Kohler

BOGOTA will be scheduled to “Hot Country” fincas closer to sea level than Bogota s 8,700 feet. The American society of Colombia February 18, 1948. is also planning a reception for the delegates and staff per¬ sonnel. Two recent weddings reduced the ranks of the single clerks in the Bogota Embassy but increased those of the JOHN M. VEBBER. married ones. Betty Hand became the bride of Warren MELBOURNE Allison on Thanksgiving Day but returned to her job as January 19, 1948 On January 4, 1948, at the termination of over twenty- secretary to First Secretary Carlos J. Warner after a brief seven years in the Foreign Service, Consul General Richard honeymoon in Cartagena. Fanny Petruso resigned from the F. Boyce departed from Melbourne to return to the United Service to marry Gabriel Hernandez, Panamanian First Sec¬ States via the Suez and Mediterranean, for retirement. Con¬ retary in Bogota, on December 20. The Allison-Hand cere¬ sul Ralph H. Hunt has assumed charge pending the arrival mony was performed by Father Daniel Carroll, an American of Consul General Samuel B. Fletcher from Calcutta some priest, in the Chapinero home of Mr. and Mrs. Warner. time in February. Ambassador Beaulac gave the bride away. Miss Petruso and Mr. Boyce’s departure was the occasion for an innumer¬ Senor Hernandez were married in a 17th century Bogota able round of parties, receptions, and presentations tendered church. A reception followed in the Panamanian Embassy. by both Americans and Australians in this district. He is They spent their honeymoon in Panama. taking with him, in addition to the intangible expressions of With the arrival of Dave Clark from Buenos Aires at the affection and goodwill of the local community, three reek end of the year to succeed Dick Connell as Commercial At¬ of excellent motion pictures of Australian life as well as tache, the Commercial Section of the Embassy was once gifts such as original paintings by local artists and other more at full strength. During the period from Dick’s de¬ mementoes of his pleasant stay here. parture for Havana Vice Consul Ar- and Dave’s arrival. mistead M. Lee is Third Secretary Joe leaving with his Silberstein did a family on January 9 nice job of pinch- for Wellington. He hitting as Acting has been succeeded Commercial A11 a- by Vice Consul Da¬ che. vid I. Ferber, who Plans are under¬ arrived in Novem¬ way in the Embassy ber. A r m i e and to arrange recrea¬ Eleanore will be tion for the staff of greatly missed here, employees that will where they have accompany the U. S. made numerous delegation to the In¬ friends; everyone’s ter-American Con¬ best wishes go with ference which opens them, together with in Bogota on March a sympathetic desire 30. An entertain¬ that they be able to ment committee has find a house in New been formed and in Zealand without un¬ addition to several Ambassador Nathaniel P. Davis (left) with President Picado of Costa Rica due difficulty. house parties, visits just after presentation of credentials by Ambassador Davis on January 31, 1948. DAVID I. FERBER

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WARSAW

Upper: The Ambassador’s Residence, Warsaw.

Center: Staff apartments situated to the rear of the pre-war Embassy building at Vjasdowska 29.

Lower: View from the rooms on the front of the Hotel Polonia where the entire staff lived for more than two years and where a considerable number still live.

WARSAW February 1, 1948 Those readers who saw Warsaw back in the days of 1945 and 1946 would hardly recognize the southern half of the city today. Tremendous progress has been made in clearing away the rubble and in reconstructing damaged buildings. Driving along Aleja Ujazdowska one can almost forget he is in one of the world’s worst destroyed cities. This does not mean, however, that Warsaw does not still bear the major scars of the frightful destruction visited on her by the Nazis. The northern part of the city remains in utter ruins, too devastated to be worth the trouble of reconstruc¬ tion. The Embassy has more than done its share of the re¬ pasteurization plant for the purification of locally produced building of Warsaw. After concluding an agreement with fresh milk, and the operation of a mess, where thanks to the the Polish Government for the use of Surplus Property personal interest of Third Secretary Bob Wilson, Ollie Ed- Funds for building purposes, the Embassy has since last mundson and Jack Reilly, the staff can obtain first-class July reconstructed two office buildings, a large warehouse, meals at reasonable prices which pass muster even with a combination theater-mess-USIS exhibition hall, an Ambas¬ such discriminating customers as Charge d’Affaires Ned sador’s residence, a Counselor’s residence, a senior officer’s Crocker. residence, fourteen staff apartments, and is in the process of On the purely social side the biggest event in recent building a small staff hospital and four more staff apart¬ memory was Ambassador Griffis’ Christmas party at which, ments. The inadequate and over-crowded Hotel Polonia unfortunately, the Ambassador was unable to be present which housed the staff for more than two years is now for because of absence in Washington on consultation. Ned most of us just a bad dream. Those who knew Warsaw Crocker was in charge of refreshments and applied his re¬ before the war will be interested to learn that the combina¬ nowned talents to the concoction of a very superior egg nog. tion theater-mess-USIS exhibition hall has been constructed Public Affairs Officer Walter Schwinn was inveigled into on a part of what used to be the ground floor of the pre¬ dressing up in a Santa Claus costume complete with whiskers war Embassy building at Aleja Ujazdowska 29. The re¬ to distribute the presents which the Ambassador had ordered mainder of the building is still in ruins and is inhabited by from the United States for each and every member of the twenty-five squatters. The famous building at Piusa 3 which staff. Not only was the Ambassador munificent, but he had the Polish Government gave to Ambassador Lane as a resi¬ taken the pains to select personally distinctive and appro¬ dence without, however, making any effort to dislodge the priate presents for each individual. five families who were found to be occupying the building It was our pleasure to welcome back Joyce Cavanah who has been finally cleared of squatters and now houses the formerly served here as a clerk and who is now the wife of USIS offices and reading room. Third Secretary Jan Nadelman. Vice Consul Everett Buck¬ The commissary, which is located in the basement of the ingham was married last October in Warsaw to Elizabeth chancery building, has recently extended its activities to Howard of Durham, North Carolina. Mrs. Buckingham is include a coffee shop complete with Coca-Cola fountain, a (Continued on the next page)

APRIL, 1948 23 STAFF OF THE AMERICAN LEGATION IN VIENNA

In the center, the American Minister, the Hon. John G. Erhardt, flanked by ranking officers of the Mission, left to right: William F. Busser (2nd Sec.), Eleanor L. Dulles (Attache), Frank S. Curtis (At¬ tache), Charles W. Yost (Counselor), James O. Denby (Counselor), William C. Ockev (Attache), Sydney L. W. Mellen (Special Assistant), Robert L. James (3rd Sec.), Kneeling in front, are the follow¬ ing: Edward C. Lynch, Andrew: E. Olson (3rd Sec.), Michael R. Gannett (2nd Sec.), Martin F. Herz (3rd Sec.), Richard A. O. Schwartz, Hugh G. Appling (3rd Sec.), Missing from picture are Carlisle C. Mclvor (Attache-), Paul E. Geier (2nd Sec.) and Ben D. Kimpel (3rd Sec.), the acting Consul General. Between Syd¬ ney Mellen and Bob James is Mary Jane Porter.

a most charming addition to the staff and has revealed one Deignan of the Smithsonian Institute, who came briefly to of Everett’s most closely guarded secrets—that he has a Canberra with other members of the joint American-Aus- tattoo on his left leg. tralian expedition which is shortly departing for Arnhem Those who have served in Warsaw since the war will be Land in the northern part of Australia. saddened to learn that the most distinctive feature of post¬ The Embassy has been glad to welcome to Canberra Miss war Warsaw social life—school sessions—is slowly passing Thelma Cox and Miss Margaret Lybeck, although with the away. The new generation plays such namby-pamby games housing situation as it is, the local inn-keepers are not over¬ as bridge. joyed with the persistent attentions of yours truly. FINDLEY BURNS, JR. JAMES M. GILCHRIST, JR. CANBERRA March 2, 1948 VIENNA Former members of the Embassy’s staff at Canberra will February 27, 1948 be interested to note that following the visit of Mr. Larkin of FBO and the arrival of Mr. Osburn of that office, work on Doc Motz has gone home. We were sorry to lose him— the new Chancery has noticeably speeded up. The roof tim¬ he used to tell such interesting stories about fertilizer, pesti¬ bers have been raised, and the slaters arrived today to begin cides and artificial insemination. We have also changed preparing the roof for the slates which are due to arrive counselors: Mr. Karl L. Rankin went off to Athens, which from Sydney in the coming week. It is hoped that the move is his old stamping ground. His experience here in Vienna, to new quarters of the new Chancery will not be long where a day without a crisis makes us wonder why things delayed. are so quiet, will undoubtedly stand him in good stead in Since their return from the United States just before that other hot spot, but imperturbable Mr. Rankin will, we Christmas, the Ambassador and Mrs. Butler have been are sure, take it all in his stride. In his place, we now have maintaining a very busy schedule. In early February they young Mr. Charles W. Yost, who came down here from were hosts on several occasions to Admiral H. M. Martin Prague and was charge during Mr. Erhardt’s absences at and his staff during a five-day visit which Task Force 38 the conferences in London. And then we also lost our Con¬ paid to Australia. Over the weekend of February 22, the sul General, Laurence C. Frank. We all knew he was popu¬ Ambassador flew to Brisbane accompanied by the Naval lar, but even so some of us were surprised at the number Attache, Commander Jurika, and the Military Attache for (150) who assembled at the station on the bitter-cold morn¬ Air, Lt. Colonel Michaelis, to greet the new Minister to ing of his departure to see him off. So far, no new Consul New Zealand and Mrs. Scotten upon their arrival aboard General has been announced. Ben Kimpel, hitherto the visa the S. S. Port Pirie. On Monday Minister and Mrs. Scotten specialist (“the man with 2,000 fiancees”) has taken over accompanied the Ambassador by air to Canberra, where the Consulate and carries on valiantly. Larry Frank, how¬ they were entertained at a small dinner party on Monday ever, is assured immortality in Vienna if only because of night by Ambassador and Mrs. Butler before departing for his conduct when the Legation was going to be blown up. New Zealand on the following day. One evening last August, the Vienna police received a Other members of the Embassy staff continue well in curt telephone message to the effect that at midnight that spite of the rather spasmodically inclement weather, which night, along with some other buildings, our Legation would has prevailed during this summer season. For the informa¬ be blown to smithereens. A formidable apparatus swung tion of his friends, Don Lamm is still avidly searching the into action: Armored cars blocked the side-street on which woods for a view of rara avis and recently had occasion to our building is situated, military police and counterintelli- have his appetite whetted in conversation with Mr. H. G. (Continued on page 33)

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

The Rise of The Spanish American Empire. By Salva¬ Ralph Hancock the Assistant Editor. Nine volumes cover¬ dor de Madariaga. The Macmillan Co., 1947. Illustrated. ing most of the land in the Western Hemisphere, except the 400 pages. $5.00. U. S., have already been commissioned. This is an ambitious project, intended to satisfy the needs of people who will take This is an intensely interesting book, both because of the information it contains and because of the author’s vivid part in the anticipated increase in travel to countries which style of writing. It is well documented with 45 pages of did not suffer physically from the war. As the publisher notes and 12 pages of bibliography. notes, these works are not to be merely revised duplicates Dr. de Madariaga has tried to be unbiased in his pre¬ of standard guides. sentation. However, there is a suspicion that some of the Betty de Sherbinin’s contribution on Argentina, Uruguay sources he quotes may not have been equally unbiased. For and Paraguay is indeed not a duplicate of the standard example, in comparing the Puerto Rico of 1822 with the guides. The three sections of the book might better be called Puerto Rico of 1940, he quotes John Gunther’s description essays on the life, manners and history of the three republics of the filth and squalor he observed. I visited Puerto Rico with miscellaneous, but none the less valuable, factual travel information thrown in for good measure. The author quite and although not in any way concerned with the economic or social conditions of the island, was immediately em- obviously knows Argentina and Uruguay and Argentines pressed by the volume of work delivered by the day laborers and Uruguayans. She is less acquainted with Paraguay and and by the cleanliness of their persons and homes. The au¬ the Paraguayans and the section on that country is conse¬ thor considers that Spain was no more cruel and bigoted quently less than adequate. Not only is her account of the than other countries in her time. Though the matter is aca¬ country and its people superficial but there is a paucity of demic at this late date, he devotes considerable space to the information which a traveler would want. A visitor to the thesis that the attitude of the Inquisitors was usually firm but country would have to go to some other source such as the on the whole wise, moderate and open-minded in all matters “New World Guides to the Latin American Republics” if of the mind which did not touch on dogma. he wanted details of travel and living conditions. While acknowledging there are many instances and many The author writes well with a sprightly, smooth-flowing localities in Spanish America where the natives were ex¬ prose. One must regret, however, that she confines herself ploited, abused and even tortured he emphasizes that those largely to the doings of the upper classes — almost never practices were contrary to the laws of the home government. concerns herself with the art, music or other than the obvi¬ The policy of the Crown with respect to the Indian popula¬ ously surface life of the people of the River Plate Republics. tion is epitomized in a quotation from Don Francisco de Philip Raine Folido who stated a great truth applicable to all times and all peoples, namely, “for these Indians to learn to be Chris¬ Industrialization of Latin America, edited by Lloyd tians they must first learn to be men.” J. Hughlett. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1946. Dr. de Madariaga’s analysis of the causes of Spanish 508 pps., $5.00. downfall as a world power and the factors which brought More than twenty specialists in their respective fields have about the disintegration of its colonial empire is of immedi¬ written sections of this volume treating the most numerous ate importance because of its pertinence to present-day and significant industries that exist in Latin America: food world problems. processing, chemicals, cement, leather, metal-working, min¬ Spanish troubles had their beginning in the inflation erals, petroleum, publishing, pharmaceuticals, power and which resulted from the flood of wealth which poured into textiles. The last named is the fastest growing. Although Spain from her colonies. A corresponding expansion in leading and competent business men authored specific chap¬ Spanish production might have offset the inflation. Instead ters, coherence and unity are lacking as a whole. There are of trying to maintain some sort of balance between supply many useful photographs and charts, but no bibliography. and demand many stop-gap expedients were attempted, all The editor’s summary and conclusions appear in the first based on three fundamental delusions, namely, that prices forty pages. should be kept low at all costs, that prohibition of exports A short chapter by then Assistant Secretary Spruille Bra¬ was a remedy for it all and that wealth was inherent in den, entitled “Latin American Industrialization and Foreign gold and silver. Trade,” lists some dilemmas faced in that particular prob¬ Salvador de Madariaga is well known both as a writer lem: distress due to the cancellation of war contracts; dan¬ and a diplomat. He is the author of numerous books and, gers of inflation; short supply of machinery in high priority before the rise of the Franco regime put a stop to his poli¬ for European rehabilitation; and the treatment of the rights tical career, was Spanish Ambassador to the United States of foreign investors. He also points out the evils of economic and to France and was Spain’s permanent Delegate to the nationalism and autarchy. He makes clear that the estab¬ League of Nations. lished policy of Washington gave approval to sound indus¬ A. G. SIMSON. trial development, higher productivity, and greater diversity, within the Latin American economies. (These views have been repeated officially by Messrs. Clayton, Thorpe, and Armour.) The River Plate Republics—Argentina, Uruguay, A frequent suggestion to advance industrialization is the Paraguay. By Betty de Sherbinin. Coward McCann, Inc. formation of joint enterprises, using both foreign and local New York. 1948. 266 pp. $4.00. capital. Yet some governments forbid the employment of The volumes here reviewed are among three recently pub¬ alien technicians, attorneys, accountants, or managers. An¬ lished in “The Invitation to Travel Series” planned by Cow¬ other problem endemic with the j oint enterprise is the eager- ard McCann under the direction of Lowell Brentano, with (Continued on page 40)

APRIL, 1948 25 Our Retired Officers

The Editors of the JOURNAL believe that our readers are keenly interested in the whereabouts and activities of former members of the Service. Retired Foreign Service officers are being invited by letter (several each month) to send in for publication a brief description of their present dwelling place and occupation, with whatever details as to hobbies and future plans they may care to furnish. It is hoped in this way the widely separated members of the American Foreign Service Association may keep in touch with one another and preserve the common ties which unite them.

From Robert P. Skinner fogs and williwaws of Alaska. When he came home I went Charlottesville, Virginia, back to Alabama, bought a 600-acre peanut farm near March 8, 1948. Greenville and prepared to settle down. Homer, Jr. came When I retired in 1936 we came almost at once to Maine home from Caracas and teased the Navy into taking him to spend the summer, attracted by the fact that members of out of the attache’s office and sending him to Fort Pierce my wife’s family had been there for years. A pleasant and for training in amphibious warfare and, strangely enough, roomy old fashioned brick house in Belfast seemed to be my son-in-law at the same time was sent to Melbourne for awaiting us, and within a few weeks it was ours. We were a fighter plane refresher. I rented my farm and went to already in possession of a small residence in Paris, a part Florida to be with them. They left for the Pacific Coast of what is now the Swiss Legation in the rue de Grenelle, and I went back to my farm. But Long Distance called and as there were things I wanted to do in Paris, we from Seattle and my daughter, Julia, said, “Daddy, I need thought that for a few years we could pass the winters in you. George has got to go to San Diego and I want you France and the summers in Maine. Thus the year 1939 to take care of the children.” Amazingly enough my share found us in Maine expecting to leave for Paris in the cropper offered me twice what I had paid for the farm. I autumn, an expectation that could not be realized as the foolishly sold it and soon found myself in Seattle where war burst upon the world, so we settled down in Belfast George was training his fighter-bomber squadron. and have been there, with occasional absences, ever since. Homer, Jr., having been a beach master on Iwo Jima, We live in the town just above the Postoffice, to be exact, Okinawa, etc., volunteered for dangerous duty and was as¬ surrounded by the kindest and best neighbors in the world. signed to Fort Pierce for training in underwater demoli¬ Penobscot Bay lies half a mile in the distance but huge tion. I started for Florida to be with him but at El Paso maple trees which abound in Belfast obstruct our view of 1 found the town wildly celebrating the surrender of Japan. the sea until the leaves fall. In other directions we look The war over I could and did go back to Washington to out upon a ring of hills which hide as many lakes. It is a look at my automobile business which had done very well lovely, peaceful country. In summer, as may be supposed, in my absence. Homer, Jr. went to Quito for the Navy and few days pass when old friends fail to turn up from some¬ George was sent to Lima as Naval Attache for air. where, but generally, strangers to Maine leave with the first In May 1946 I went to Quito to the wedding of my son, frost and miss the best month in the year—October—when Homer, and Miss Jeanne Hess. On my return to the U. S. the air is still soft and refreshing and the forests are in had to take charge of the automobile business in Wash¬ their autumnal glory. It is a different story when Decem¬ ington because the doctor had ordered my brother-in-law ber arrives and the therometer descends. We deem it pru¬ to take absolute rest in Florida. dent, then, to seek a milder climate but return invariably As soon as I can get a car for myself I expect to go to if possible before May 30th, that day in the calendar when Meridian and really retire, but Homer, Jr’s, wife says I the frost being out of the ground all Belfast begins to must come to Venezuela, where Homer is with an oil com¬ garden. pany, and the Meridian Rotary Club wants a delegate to My wife and I are both Ohioans and we love Ohio Rio. Perhaps there really is no rest for the weary. dearly, but, after an absence of forty years, the many HOMER BRETT changes that have taken place in once familiar scenes, give us the conviction that we have made no mistake in settling ENVOYS TO ACADEMIA down among people of the old American stock who make (Continued from, page 15) us feel that we are at home. The days are too few and year to establish a basis of understanding of the work of not long enough for us to accomplish all there is to do in the Service on the part of the present-day college genera¬ carrying on the obligations of every day life, in keeping tion. It is firmly believed that Operation “Academia” will in touch with widely scattered friends and former asso¬ pay future dividends, not only in the crop of coming Officer ciates, and in taking, I hope, a healthy interest in the affairs candidates who should have a more thorough knowledge of this great country of ours. ROBERT p SKINNER of the kind of responsibility they are undertaking when they take the examinations, hut also in the more generally From Homer Brett widespread understanding of what the Service is and does. 8000 Georgia Ave., Only upon a solid foundation of public understanding and Silver Spring, Maryland. support can the Service perform the tasks which it is being 1940—Retirement, rest, quiet, contemplation, conversa¬ assigned, or may be assigned in the future. tion and a comfortable rocking chair on a shaded front Officers returning from these university assignments, porch. As a farewell to activity I took a month’s leave and which have included a lot of travel in all sections of the made a final swing around in Peru. country, universally agree that they have received fresh and In March I was back in New York. My phone rang and invaluable insights into the web of American life. Despite my brother-in-law said, “If you really want to buy an auto¬ the hard work and the hours spent on bumpy train-rides, mobile business now’s the time to do it.” So I found myself waiting at country railway junctions, crowding into buses, back in Washington selling automobiles and with surpris¬ jostling in autos over wintry roads, they have met people in ing success. all walks of life and they will carry willi them abroad more December 7th upset all America including me. Then I vivid and meaningful impressions of these United States in went to California to help my daughter, Julia, while her the year 1948. husband, George, was flying for a year and a half in the (Continued on page 31)

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FSO George G. Fuller with his son Gregory and daughter Therese Consular residence recently acquired at Aruba, Netherlands West in the garden oj their home at Mr. Fullers last post, Tunis. The Indies gardens of the Villa Persanne contain 38 acres of formal gardens There is a clear view of the sea from the front of the house. It has with the capitals and columns from Carthage and other Roman and three bedrooms, one oj which has air-conditioning, two baths, ser¬ Punic centers. vant’s quarters, laundry room, adjoining garage and a large, walled in patio with a cement floor. The house is completely furnished which means that an officer upon arrival can take up his residence immediately.

Following the wedding of Miss Frances Blair to Vice Consul Edward Ambassador and Mrs. Butler with Minister and Mrs. Scotten, taken in Mark Ingle in Hong Kong, February 27. Mr. Ingle is assigned to front of the Embassy at Canberra on the Scottens9 recent visit there Peiping where Mrs. Ingle has been working with the External Survey en route to New Zealand. L. to r. Ambassador Butler, Mrs. Scotten, Detachment. Consul General George D. Hooper gave the bride away. Mrs. Butler, Minister Scotten. The duties of best man were discharged by Mr. Dennis McAvoy and those of bridesmaid by Vice Consul Nathalie D. Boyd. L. to r., Consul General George D. Hooper; Mrs. Ingle; Vice Consul Ingle; Vice Consul Nathalie D. Boyd; Mr. Dennis McAvoy.

APRIL, 1948 27 The IIAA “I believe the cooperative-action technique has demon¬ (Continued from page 13) strated its value as a pattern for intergovernment col¬ laboration. I foresee that our Government will adopt it usually spoken of as OCISP. Originally this program was in the Near East and other places where poverty and directed toward malaria, hook-worm, and schistosomiasis ignorance are a menace to our institutions and security. control work. Somewhat later, however, it was found that Extremists who have no love for our system of Govern¬ water-borne diseases caused about 20% of the deaths in ment are capitalizing on the poverty and ignorance of that country; so IIAA embarked on small local programs millions, of backward peoples throughout the world in toward improvement of Venezuela’s potable water supply. order to advance their own techniques and designs. Unless These water supply projects were so successful that Vene¬ the democracies show an equivalent interest in the under¬ zuelan approval grew by leaps and bounds—so much so that privileged peoples, they can expect the extremists to win her contribution for 1947 was $665,000 as against $25,000 them over and set them at odds with the democracies. In contributed by IIAA. OCISP has drilled wells, laid pipe my opinion, the cooperative and helpful technique is an lines, and installed complete city water systems. Ministry of excellent device for influencing these millions of under¬ Health Officials state that the current drop in water-disease privileged to their advantage and to ours.” deaths is ample justification for the $15,000,000 they expect to spend in continuation of OCISP’s water-supply improve¬ ment. The Journal’s Guest Editor The work of the Division of Education is somewhat less (Continued from page 19) standardized. In general, its mission is to help the Latin always speak with complete candor. (Who can?) He must Republics improve their education systems in whatever always speak with care, almost if not quite always with maimer such Republics deem expedient. All projects oper¬ dignity and not infrequently with much ceremony and cir¬ ate under cooperative agreements with a Minister of Educa¬ cumlocution. He must often say it with flowers and he must tion or equivalent. These agreements call for four main sometimes deliberately stir up a positively prodigious cloud types of aid from the United States: of dust in order to conceal, at least temporarily, what he 1. Technical assistance, funds, and scholarships for is driving at. It is, moreover, damnably difficult to speak teacher training for the purpose of raising rural elementary or write simply and clearly about anything, to say nothing school standards. of the problems of diplomacy, which are hardly the least 2. Technical specialists and funds for establishment of complicated imaginable. trade, technical, and industrial schools. Yet the diplomat speaks much more plainly now than he used to do, and surely he can safely speak even more 3. Technical specialists for initiation of a unique type of plainly, if he will. It isn’t fancy filigree prose that’s called institution known as Community Schools. These operate for. That would only make matters worse. It’s plain talk throughout the year and have as their general purpose the that’s wanted. teaching of young Latino villagers methods of wresting from “Tous les genres sont bons hors les genres ennuyeux,” their immediate environs a happier and more prosperous said Voltaire, but there is only one style that won’t bore existence. most people, and that is the plainest, simplest, homeliest and 4. Expert guidance in the modernization of high schools clearest of styles. and college curricula. In Chile, for instance, the system of “I see but one rule: to be clear,” Stendhal wrote Balzac. education was closely modeled after the French system “If I am not clear my world crumbles to nothing.” about 1830, and has made little progress since. There were The reporter’s and the diplomat’s world will crumble to no sports or other extracurricular activities; science classes nothing, too, if they are not clear—really crumble. had few laboratories; and few if any of the new industrial and agricultural subjects were taught. Letters to the Editors With the exception of Chile’s modernization program, all (Continued from page 17) Education Division projects are executed under Servicio agreements similar to those of the other Divisions. Staff Corps Yearnings The initial impetus for these projects comes from the March 15, 1948 Latin Governments, which have in all cases increased their To the Editors, national budget education items from two to ten-fold. THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: The net result of all this is that the pulse of education in Let me say at the beginning that I like my work very South America now throbs to a tempo of expansion, much. I have spent most of my life in it and hope to con¬ modernization, and adjustment to existing circumstances. tinue for several years more. Probably the most obvious benefits resulting from IIAA’s Being thankful out loud for the new Foreign Service Act activities in South America are the broad and lasting gains which stirred up a small revolution to our benefit, may I in hemispheric relations made through people-to-people co¬ utter these yearnings in a voice sufficiently high that I hope operation. Solidarity has now reached a point never before some one will hear and make note for future thought and achieved in Inter-American Affairs. action. More tangible, however, are the commercial advantages Sec. 572 of the Act says: “Every Foreign Service officer accruing to the United States. Exports from the United shall, during his first fifteen years of service in such ca¬ States to Latin America have doubled and tripled many pacity, be assigned for duty in the continental United States times during the period of IIAA’s activities; the rising de¬ * * * * for periods totaling not less than three years.” mand for many items, such as medicinal and sanitation sup¬ How about some definite provision for the Staff Em¬ plies, can be traced directly to IIAA stimulation. IIAA ployees abroad who spend fifteen or more years abroad? expenditures represent only a fraction of the net increase in The personal home problems of female Staff Employees exports to South America. abroad are probably more acute than those of FSO’s or But the deep and timely significance of IIAA lies in a male Staff Employees, because rarely does the female Staff statement made by Willard L. Beaulac, Ambassador to Employee take her dependents abroad. However, this does Colombia, to the House of Representatives’ Committee of not lessen her family responsibilities when she leaves de¬ Foreign Affairs . . . pendents at home. Until my last arrival in the United States,

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APRIL, 1948 29 First new t^pe of tire in 15 years!

New Super-Cushion by Goodyear runs on only 24 pounds of air; gives incredibly softer ride, better car handling, more mileage and car economy!

After testing Goodyear’s new Super- “It’s the biggest tire advance in 15 Cushion, car makers said; “This tire years!” They quickly adopted it for brings a tremendous improvement in their new cars. the operation and performance of the And here’s why you'll want this re¬ modern motor car. markable new tire for your car .. . 1 Softer ride—safer, easier car han- * dling! The Super-Cushion is a bigger, softer tire. It runs on only 24 pounds of air instead of 28 to 32. So you get a noticeably smoother, softer ride. And you get a remarkable new ease and security in car handling. Your car hugs the road, seems to float through traffic, to flow around curves.

O Actually lengthens the life of your A'car! Till Goodyear produced the Super-Cushion, lateral or crosswise shock (right) had never been con¬ quered in motor cars! Pillowy Super- Cushions absorb crosswise jolts, ab¬ sorb vibration. Result: less driving fatigue, less wear and tear on your car, fewer rattles, fewer repair bills!

S More mileage—extra blowout re- *^*sistance! Super-Cushions run cooler. Because they’re softer, they are harder to cut or bruise. So they consistently average more mileage than the best standard tires. If you want the smoothest ride you’ve ever had, more economy and greater Super-Cushions make all cars ride safety, switch to Super-Cushions today—whether your car is old or brand- like big ones, dress up any car’s ap¬ new! They’ll make a big difference in its road performance. pearance.

m ■

by GOOD/VEAR

MORE PEOPLE THE WORLD OVER RIDE ON GOODYEAR TIRES THAN ON ANY OTHER MAKE

30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL during the preceding twenty-one years (eighteen of them in Government service) I had spent a total of eight months in the United States. It is easy to see how one’s home family- affairs can become entangled by such long separations. I enjoyed my first trip home at Government expense when I returned recently at the end of a four-and-a-half year tour abroad. BARR SERVICE The Foreign Service Act provides for the granting of Thirty Years of Continuous Service to sixty days annual leave, with cumulative leave up to one Exporters and Importers hundred and eighty days. For those persons who have been out of touch with the American way of life for prolonged periods, or who have home family problems requiring • longer lime to resolve, or for any other reason, why could not this accumulated leave be used to spend a longer period in the United States? This would particularly be valuable International to Staff Employees who are rarely assigned for duty in the Department. And if not feasible to permit at least a part of SHIPPING AGENTS the accumulated leave to be spent at the home base, why not assignment to the Department now and then to recover FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS the American atmosphere and get acquainted with friends and renew kinship ties? Are our relatives entitled to assurance that we will be FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE with or near them for awhile, or do we leave so abruptly that we have not the heart to tell them? We wait until we BROKERS get back to our post and write them to bear up bravely until we return again in another four or five years. Could INSURANCE decisions be made more promptly on leave status, so we may know how to proportion our time? Has any thought been given to the problems of living and adjustment in residence-scare Washington for personnel returning from the field for an indefinite period of consul¬ BARK SHIPPING COMPANY tation and training? One cannot take a long-term view, buy a house, or wait for an apartment to become available. is able to help its clients achieve that most Hotels, where permanent residence is permitted, are beyond important factor in international trade— our means. It would be another story to recount the days mutual understanding and confidence be¬ spent, shoeleather worn, tracing newspaper ads, consulting tween seller and buyer. agencies, in search of shelter for our temporary sojourn. The way the Department has grown these recent years gives For thirty years BARR SHIPPING COM¬ us a sense of dizziness. The maze is not very clear. Could PANY has dealt with exporters and import¬ the arrows in the corridors be painted a little brighter? ers in a score of foreign countries, and And have a HEART when you handle us—not that we are experience is a good teacher. delicate pieces of porcelain likely to crash around your feet In the export business, perhaps more than at a slight shock. We are much tougher than that or we in any other, it is fundamentally true that: would have crumpled along the way a long time ago. We GOODWILL is an asset want to cooperate for the good of all and for the good of the government. Give us the signal clearly and we will Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates follow through. On the way back to the post we leave our best thanks to those who have assisted us, especially to the faithful, con¬ scientious, sympathetic, immensely helpful staff of the For¬ eign Service Institute, who have contributed so much and On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet so well to our “reorientation,” retraining, and readjustment containing American Foreign Trade Definitions. to the American way of life. Anon ENVOYS TO ACADEMIA (Continued from page 26) Fade-out picture: With the thermometer near zero on a February night, and BARR SHIPPING the snows piled high on either side of the road, Carl Strom COMPANY alone in a borrowed car speeding from Minneapolis to keep an 8 o’clock engagement at Carleton College in Northfield! HARRY K. BARR. President “Bang!” Strom, anxious eyes on his wrist-watch, struggling with unaccustomed tools on the snow-bordered roadside at night in zero weather! What’s the line about Uncle Sam’s post¬ 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. man? Baffled by strange appliances, his hands numb with cold, and the minutes ticking by, resourceful Strom hailed CABLE: —All Codes — BARRSHIPCO a ride into town five miles away, and brought the AAA back into the freezing night. The engagement? Of course he made it.

APRIL, 1948 31 TODAY... wise management is RADIO-EQUIPPED

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32 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Field (Continued from page 24) gence searched the building and on the scene arrived Laur¬ ence C. Frank. To those of us who remember his behavior that evening, there seems no doubt it was his finest hour. A hapless junior officer blundered into the fray that evening AMERICAN EASTERN and found Larry, squat and immovable, with his hat pushed hack on his head, sitting at the information desk, flanked IN by numerous officers, agents and miscellaneous guards. There he sat as the arms of the clock moved on, relentlessly, toward midnight. There he sat, chatting nonchalantly with the others as the arms of the clock came together, at zero hour. Well, nothing more happened, but we all thought Larry a mighty brave man. Never did find out who tele¬ phoned that ugly threat that evening. Whoever it was, we never heard of him again. Among other new arrivals, there are Mr. William C. Ockey, the new agricultural attache; and Bob James and Hugh Appling, both young FS0-6’s, completely equipped with charming young wives. The arrival of Mr. William F. OWNS and OPERATES SPECIALIZED CARRIERS Busser from Mexico City seems so long ago that we hardly consider him a newcomer. He is doing the economic work which Bill Boswell used to do. (For quite a while, he would IN still say: ‘‘Here in Mexico City,” but he is thoroughly ac¬ climated by now.) Mr. Peter K. Constan has arrived and now heads our office in Salzburg. During last summer, we had the Austrian Treaty Commission here, including Mr. Williamson who heads our area desk in Washington: It was a very good thing, and highly profitable to all of us, to have the Department’s Austrian specialist with the Legation so long. In December and again in February, Mr. Erhardt was in London, attending the treaty negotiations with Gen¬ eral Keyes. (In addition to American Minister, he is also Political Adviser to the United States High Commissioner in Austria.) Mike Gannett who already assisted the Treaty Commission in Vienna, was also in attendance at both of REPRESENTS LEADING AMERICAN MANUFACTUR¬ the London Conferences. Dick Schwartz has been promoted ERS in 24 COUNTRIES of the NEAR to the position of Assistant Agricultural Attache. and MIDDLE EAST Life in Vienna is still fairly pleasant, with plenty of con¬ certs, theatres, and operas, but now that the Army is on a pay-as-you-go basis, expenses have increased sharply, par¬ ticularly since the Austrian price level has also gone up quite a bit during the last year. During the last summer and fall, we had the pleasure of welcoming a number of groups of legislators, publishers and journalists whom we all tried to turn into Austrian experts in less than 48 hours. We have worked out our system of briefings to a fine point: Condensed reports and statistics are ready, everyone knows how to highlight his particular field in a brief five-minute summary, and those occasional visitors who are willing to MAINTAINS a TECHNICAL DIVISION to NEGOTI¬ go into things a bit deeper usually leave well rewarded; ATE and DEVELOP PROJECTS of ALL KINDS in the Mr. Erhardt has a special, prolonged and intensive briefing NEAR and MIDDLE EAST for them. Mr. Christian M. Ravndal was here with one of the congressional parties. And incidentally, his sister-in- law, Baroness Rassler, an accomplished concert pianist, re¬ cently gave a recital at Mrs. Erhardt’s home, with all the Legation wives and bachelorettes in attendance. As one AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. special correspondent of the Foreign Service Journal over¬ 30 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Trinity Place heard someone saying: “She plays like an angel.” This is New York 20, N. Y. New York 6, N. Y. hardly flattering, of course, for everybody knows that angels Circle 6-0333 HAnover 2-4704 play the piano rather poorly. The Baroness, on the other hand, is charming, plays good music, and plays it very, very beautifully. BRANCHES or AGENTS in all We liave discovered Bratislava. It’s right on our door¬ NEAR EASTERN COUNTRIES step, only about 50 miles from Vienna, but in deepest Czechoslovakia. We had the American Vice Consul, Clai¬ borne Pell, up here several times. One young Legation couple had their honeymoon down there. When Claiborne and

APRIL. 1948 33 Perfect Conformation

Re gardless of your entertain¬ ment problem you may be sure you are appealing to uni¬ versally good taste when you include Bacardi in your plans. Bacardi, you see, is enjoyed the world over — has. in fact, won a preference of three to one over other brands.

Itaeartli Cuba Libre Juice of half a lime, one jigger of BACARDI, in tall highball glass with ice; fill with cola. BACARDI Rum, 89 Proof . . . Compania Ron Bacardi, S. A. Santiago de Cuba, Cuba his pretty young wife are here, we provide them with PX some of the charm of this country. With the recent estab¬ rations and such marvels of American civilization as milk lishment of a weekly shuttle courier service between Rio shakes and Coca Cola. On the other hand, the Pells have and Asuncion, we’ve had the opportunity of entertaining been of the greatest assistance to us. Only recently, when many persons from our Embassy in Rio, including Randy Eleanor Dulles drove down to Budapest with her astound¬ Kidder, our old friend and former Asuncionite, Dave de ing son David and Ben Kimpel, they got caught in a blizzard Lima, Andy Weismann, Raul d’Eca, Roy Tasco Davis, Jr., and after a snowbound night in their car were finally taken Dwight Bishop and most recently, John Amott. In addition. to Bratislava where Pell put them up in the Hotel Carlton, Military Attache General George H. Beverley and all of his which contains his residence and consular office. We got staff were through here en route to Panama and were enter¬ news of the snowbound party through a kindly Russian tained by the Ambassador. There is a rumor around town truckdriver, and both Vienna and Bratislava had sent out that the price of figurines, gold puzzle rings and nanduti lace trucks to haul the Dulles party to safety, but both expedi¬ has gone up with this influx of buyers. tions failed to get through. A local team of horses finally Then during the Christmas holidays we had as a visitor rescued them. from our Embassy in Chile, June Bond, sister of Ambassa¬ Those who served in Vienna prior to the war may be in¬ dor Warren’s secretary, Elinor Bond. terested to hear that we still have seven Austrian employees Earlier, Livingston “Pete” Watrous and his lovely wife, who have been with the Consulate General since 25 years Barbara, spent three weeks with us on a special labor assign¬ ago or even earlier. They are Anton Goetzl (employed ment and won the hearts of our whole hunch. Lee Cotter- 1913), Martha Junkermann (1920), Carl M. Sucherstein man, also from Buenos Aires, gets up here regularly and (1920), Dr. Felix Rodakowski (1922), Annamaria Meangya tells us that others from Buenos Aires, including Ken Oak¬ (1923), Adolph J. Griendl (1923) and Annie Scapinelli ley and Chad Braggiotti, are expecting to pay us a visit. Regele (1923, but interrupted in 1928.) Miss Junkermann Captain Ranson Fullinwider, Naval Attache in Buenos Aires, was presented with the Medal of Freedom by Mr. Erhardt has now also been accredited to Paraguay and we expect on October 9, 1947, on behalf of the United States Govern¬ his visit soon. ment, in recognition of her outstanding performance of The atmosphere was livened up by a short visit last duties during the recent war years when she acted as custo¬ week from the Charles Whitakers and Weldon Litseys from dian of Legation property. MARTIN F. HERZ Montevideo who came up with Colonel Paul, the Military Attache. ASUNCION To offset the happy arrival of these old and new friends March 8, 1948 has been the departure of Administrative Officer Jim Quick The past few months have seen a considerable number of and his wife who are headed for Sofia, Clerk Delia Ferg- very welcome visitors to our little inland country. We be¬ nani who is going to check on the snow in Oslo, Second lieve that this “contact with the outside world” has helped Secretary Dave Gamon who has been assigned to the Arabic to put Paraguay on the map so far as a number of our col¬ language course in Washington, and Assistant Attache and leagues are concerned and to give them an inside view on Mrs. Harmon who are headed for Bogota. HENRY A. HOYT 34 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OVER 17,000 CLIPPER FLIGHTS ACROSS THE ATLAHTIC ...2,200 IH 1947 ALOHE!

170 Persons a Day. Do you think of trans-ocean ounces. Now you can ship in bulk, between any of the flying in terms of a few people occasionally making 6 continents and the U. S: at surprisingly low rates. emergency trips? So rapid is the expansion of Clipper Cargo service, that During 1947, Pan American carried an average of in 1948 Pan American anticipates carrying more than 170 people across the Atlantic every day throughout 60 million pounds of cargo to all parts of the world. the year. A total of 62,000—more than double the 20 Years’ Overseas Experience. When you travel number carried the year before! or ship by Flying Clipper, you are using the world’s Over the Atlantic and the Pacific, Pan American has most experienced airline . . . the only airline to link all made 33,000 crossings—a record unequalled by any 6 continents . . . the first around the world. other airline. For passenger fares and reservations, call your Travel Air Shipments in Bulk. Gone are the days, too, when Agent (for cargo shipments, your Shipping Agent), or you had to think of air shipments only in terms of the nearest office of Pan American World Airways.

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APRIL, 1948 35 EXPORT DIVISION GEflERRL

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’Round the World—wherever men are work¬ ess equipment for the various process indus¬ ing and planning for the new and better tries—you will find General American equip¬ things to come—General American’s Export ment doing its part. Division emblem stands for the best available. Whether it be tank, box or bulk lading cars To better acquaint yourself with the diver¬ —motor-coaches for comfortable and safe sity of equipment manufactured by this or¬ passenger service—storage tanks or unit proc- ganization, write today for Bulletin "EB.” EQUIPMENT FOR EQUIPMENT FOR RAILROADS AND SHIPPERS PROCESS INDUSTRIES Tank cars — Aluminum cars Dryers Bins alcohol, chlorine, Gondola cars Evaporators Pressure Vessels fuel oil, gas¬ Refrigerator cars Filters Storage Tanks oline, propane, Stock cars Hydroseparators Towers acetic acid, sul¬ Hopper cars Turbo-Mixers Wiggins Roofs phuric acid, tar. Box cars GENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION CORPORATION Export Division 10 East 49th St., Dept. 750, New York 17, N. Y., U.S.A. CABLE ADDRESS: Genamint, New York

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Directory with a Flourish Although wars may come and go and civil disturbance threatens to ruin the economy of the entire country, the busi¬ ness of distributing new telephone books in the city of Peiping is nevertheless an occasion for exercising literary abilities in a truly oriental manner, as can be seen from the enclosed translation of a letter received from the Director of the Peiping Tele-Communications Administration. There may be those who would not share the optimism expressed therein, but certainly none who received such a letter could fail to experience at least a temporary rise in morale and a momentary heightening of the ego. Fulton Freeman, American Consul, Peiping

(TRANSLATION) Letter from the Peiping Tele-Communications Adminis¬ tration. Ministry of Communications. February 7, 1948. American Embassy, Peiping. Sirs: Spring has returned and things are going well. I am respectfully aware of your fine administrative efficiency and your ability to dispose of your official duties as easily as FOREIGN and DOMESTIC cooling yourself with a fan. REMOVALS in safe steel lift Under your command, the situation becomes settled and the military atmosphere is changed to auspiciousness. 1 look vans, wooden vans or cases. high upon your great brightness and offer you my hearty congratulations for it. I, Nieh Chuan-ju, am in charge of tele-communications and feel ashamed of my low ability. Owing to the beginning of the change of the year, a new edition has been prepared. I am, accordingly, sending you with this short letter a copy of the 1948 telephone directory for your inspection and keeping. With greetings and kindest regards, I am Very truly yours, Nieh Chuan-ju (Seal) Enclosure: Copy of telephone directory.

News from the Department (Continued from page 20) Service Family Trees “Noting that the ‘News from the Department’ column STORAGE of household effects, of the ‘FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL’ would like records of Works of Art, furniture, office repeat foreign service, 1 offer the record of the MacVeaghs. Wayne MacVeagh was Minister to Italy (before our mis¬ records and private automobiles Washington Representative: sion there was raised to an embassy). His son, Charles FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY MacVeagh, was Ambassador to Japan; and his son, Lincoln 1701 FLORIDA AVE.—ADim* 5R0r MacVeagh, recently Ambassador to Greece, has been named Ambassador to Portugal. “I remember all this because a company in which I am interested—and whose name I shall modestly omit to men¬ tion—moved all three of these chiefs of mission to their posts of duty. C. A. ASPINWALL”

APRIL. 1948 37 EMBLEMS OF QUALITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

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CHANGE OF ADDRESS

All subscribers to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are requested to note any change of address, or transfer, on this form and mail to THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, c/o Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.

Mr., Mrs., Miss

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Date change becomes valid

Subscribers who are members of the Service must furnish an address other than c/o Mail Room, Department of State, as the JOURNALS do not go through that mail room, but must be addressed to the specific post abroad. Upon notification, the JOURNAL will be held at the JOURNAL office, Room 202, 1809 G St., N. W., for those subscribers who plan to pass through Washington.

38 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (Jotfc $44

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APRIL. 1948 The Bookshelf (Continued from page 25) ness of local capital to realize large immediate returns. Partners from Great Britain or the United States would pre¬ fer to strive for sound operations, plowing back initial pro¬ fits into expanded or improved production capacity, and long range planning. Several countries, notably Bolivia, Chile, Haiti, Colombia and Venezuela, created Fomento (De¬ velopment) Corporations to underwrite new industries. These corporations, combining local capital, either private or governmental, with foreign capital or management, have sometimes obtained loans from the Export-Import Bank of Washington. The cooperative role of the United States has been varied. Capital has been supplied. Trained managers, instructors and specialists have been exported in significant quantities. Through bi-lateral arrangements, illustrated by the Mexican- American Industrial Commission set up in 1943, surveys were conducted to determine the engineering and commer¬ cial soundness of proposals, and equipment needed to get plants into operation was obtained. Projects for steel, tex¬ tiles, cement, pulp and paper, power, irrigation dams and chemical industries formed the bulk of the work of that Commission, with which this reviewer was engaged within the State Department. The United States has helped other governments in various ways, either directly or through the Inter-American Development Commission, the Pan Ameri¬ can Union or its auxiliary organizations. George Wythe’s “Industry in Latin America,” reviewed in the July 1946 issue of this Journal, covered this subject in its broader phases. Hughlett’s volume has no sections on hanking, credit, prices, tariffs, labor unions or cartels: crammed with facts, it is written essentially from the busi¬ ness man’s point of view. Wythe’s book demonstrates the approach of the economist. Hughlett reports on individual industries: Wythe does the same and adds general trends and analyses as well. Hughlett concludes that “industrial development may not be economically feasible in many of the smaller Latin American countries.” But as industrializa¬ tion proceeds apace in the larger nations, he doubts not that the results will all be happy ones. Willard F.Barber

THE TEXAS COMPANY through Eagle of Guatemala—Justo Rufino Barrios by Alice Raine, Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1947, 229 close supervision of all pages, $2.50. phases of its operations such This story of Guatemala’s struggle for recognition is most forcefully told through the medium of the biography of its as drilling, pipe lines, refining, Champion, and one of its foremost statesmen, Justo Rufino Barrios. Mrs. Raine surrounds his early life with the mys¬ etc. assures users of uniformly tery or legendary fact that as Barrios was born, his mother high quality Texaco fuels and saw an eagle arise out of the mouth of Tajumulco, the twin- peaked volcano of Guatemala within whose shadow most of lubricants. its people live. The eagle was said to be his “Nahual,” to live while he lived and die with him as a protective guardian and symbol of greatness. The eagle is seen during the vari¬ ous crucial times of his life when survival is questionable serving to strengthen the simple Indian faith and add color to the title theme. The beginnings of this great liberal were comparatively THE TEXAS COMPANY simple. Born a landowner’s son, Justo was banished at the Texaco Petroleum Products age of nine to live with his father’s muleteers as punish¬ ment for his restlessness and misconduct. Four years of this life gave him an unquenchable thirst for further knowledge and the ability to read and write became a neces¬ sity. From there he pursued his studies at the University of Guatemala for his law degree. The political conditions existing in Guatemala City at the time, however, made the

40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL These are the steps to Peace

Slowly the peoples of the world climb toward a / : ' \ goal which has only been an ideal since man ap¬ "There is clearly no desire on the peared on earth—world-wide peace.. .The IT & T part of our responsible leaders sees as an all-important step toward peace the expansion of the earth’s existing communication or our people to interfere or networks. These highways of truth can destroy to assume the lead in the in¬ misunderstanding and promote international dustrial and economic lives of confidence ... When men can talk together they can get together. any other country, much less in their politics or ideologies.”

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I T & T COMMUNICATIONS IT&T RESEARCH AND MANUFACTURING I T & T is the largest American system Associates of I T & T maintain electronic of international communications. It in¬ research laboratories in the United States, cludes telephone networks in many coun¬ England and France, and operate 35 manu¬ tries, 47,000 miles of submarine cable. facturing plants in 25 countries which are 6,600 miles of land-line connections, over contributing immeasurably to the rehabil¬ 60 international radiotelegraph circuits itation and expansion of communications and more than 50 international radiotele¬ in a war-torn world phone circuits.

WORLD UNDERSTANDING WORLD COMMUNICATIONS

APRIL, 1948 41 Foreign service extraordinary

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42 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL study of his field most confining and it was here that Bar¬ rios’ rebellion first took active form. Barrios’ life was dedicated entirely to the progress of Guatemala—first in freeing the country of the existing tyrannical dictatorship of Rafael Carrera, an outlaw; second in providing for Guatemala the advantages of all democra¬ cies. But foremost among his desires was a Union of Cen¬ tral America. To this end he worked, planned and died fighting. The “Eagle of Guatemala” was a simple man with an intense feeling for justice and peace and a sure con¬ viction that in unification only lay the hope of Central America. In true soldier and statesman fashion his own life was subordinated always to his cause and his periods of abuse, imprisonment and despair followed a similar pattern with the struggles of all champions of their country. But his reign as President saw the beginnings of a fine Republic and all but his aim of Centralization realized. He instituted a workable constitution, long-range agricultural develop¬ (J ments which would in time develop world markets and set i*t fyhj 't/f/ )(rWe ffiff/tX'f/tif the country beyond destruction by mere political unrest. There are numerous lapses from real literary genius throughout the book but it is not the purpose of this review7 to point them out. Suffice it to say that the author serves less in presenting a literary epic but far more in revealing the contributions of a lover of the Democratic way and the dedication of his life to furthering it. Overseas Branches Learning a country through its people is an old approach, but Mrs. Raine cleverly mixes it with the legend of the ARGENTINA CUBA PERU Buenos Aires Havana Lima natives, and the colorful descriptions of the volcano country Flores Cuatro Cam inns (Itnenos A ires) {Havana) PHILIPPINES thereby making the book most vivid, and the emergence of Plii/.ii Once Caliano (Buenos Aires) (Havana) Manila Guatemala through the fearlessness of Justo Rufino Barrios Rosario La Lonja Cebu a story told with real understanding and color. (Havana) Clark Field BRAZIL Caiharien Rio tie Janeiro Cardenas PUERTO RICO Carol Pray Ryan Manzanillo Recife San Juan (Pernambuco) Matanzas Santiago Arccibo Santos Bay anion Sao Paulo ENGLAND Caguas CANAL ZONK London M a vague/. Balboa 117, Old Broad St. Ponce I he Roosevelt Era. Edited by Milton Crane. With a for- Cristobal 11, W a terlooPlace word by Jonathan Daniels. Boni and Gaer, 1947, 626 REPUBLIC OF CHILE IIONG KONG PANAMA pages. $4.75. Santiago Valparaiso INDIA Panama Bombay It is less than three years since that day in April when CHINA Calcutta SINGAPORE .Shanghai the founder of the New Deal passed on to meet the inevit¬ Tientsin JAPAN URUGUAY Tokyo able destiny' that sooner or later accosts every individual. COLOMBIA Osaka Montevideo But already that period has assumed the finite lines, the Bogota Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA rigid forms of an era that is circumscribed in time. The Medellin Mexico City Caracas New Deal has receded into the past to join the ever- lengthening roster of significant periods in American his¬ tory. Once the period of 1932-1945 has become such a link BRANCHES THROUGHOUT GREATER NEW YORK in the concatenation of the story of this country, it will become—and it has indeed become already—the subject of numerous retrospective studies, both favorable and unfavor¬ able. For it was a dynamic period, the impact of which was felt not only throughout the fabric of the nation’s Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially political and economic life but in the lives of millions of Importan t City of the World individuals high and low. “The Roosevelt Era” is not a treatise on the achievements or failures of the years 1932-1945. Nor is it a book about Franklin D. Roosevelt himself. It is an anthology of writ¬ ings, fiction and non-fiction, contemporaneous with the New Deal. Every selection is intended to portray some facet W hen traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit of the era. The contributors to the mosaic include journal¬ or Travelers Checks. They safeguard your ists, poets, dramatists, novelists, politicians. They include John Dos Passos and Walter Lippmann, Haywood Broun funds against the hazards of loss or theft. and Archibald MacLeish, David Lilienthal and Sinclair Lewis, Carl Sandburg and Thurman Arnold, H. L. Mencken and James T. Farrell, Frank Sullivan and James Thurber, Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation John Steinbeck and Reinhold Niebuhr, and many other litterateurs. The only contribution of F. D. R. himself is

APRIL, 1948 43 the text of his Speech before the International Teamsters’ Union in the Spring of 1944. The picture one obtains of the period is not so much of the interplay of political forces as of the contest of ideas which continued during the whole of the New Deal period, from its brilliant beginning in the depth of the depression, through the New Deal reforms, the second depression, the pre-war tension, the War itself, down to the Thursday after¬ noon of Roosevelt’s death. Primarily, the editor, Dr. Milton Crane, has attempted to assemble between two covers, on an eclectic basis, such materials as would reflect the social history of an era that was overshadowed by one man— F. D. R.: for, though invisible, he is there all the time. The extracts, selective in nature, are organized into an inte¬ grated whole. They express the spirit of the period and reproduce the pattern of literary reaction to the political, social, and economic developments of the time. One aspect of the period which emerges in clear outline from many of the writings is that of leftism. The ferment among the intellectuals, their incipient negation of ivory towerism comes to the fore in MacLeish’s “The Irrespon- sibles” (1940)—a sharp castigation of the intellectuals who, avers the author, have failed to oppose the anti-culture forces of the day. The social ferment of the day finds expression in union activities on the one hand and in fascist and Nazi rumblings on the other. The poetry and the drama of the period are sampled in “The Roosevelt Era,” just as the NRA, the AAA, and the TVA are presented through the eyes of contemporaries. The social history of the age is carried forward in several con¬ tributions on the journalism of the era, the movies, the public opinion polls—Gallup and others— federal relief, the Negro problem, antisemitism, soil conservation, Wash¬ ington in wartime. ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ A number of the outstanding personalities are profiled: Henry Wallace and Maj. George Fielding Eliot, Willkie and eign Service men in the Nation’s Harry Hopkins, Joseph Curran and Gen. Hugh S. Johnson. Each of these men is presented in the milieu of his job, Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ and in the process of making his contribution to the work of the New Deal. partment of State. Convenient to On the whole, the book is successful in bringing forth all points of interest in Washing¬ a picture of an era which, though recent, has already been pushed into history. An anti-Rooseveltian or an anti-New ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous Dealer, however, will regard the picture as too one-sided. The misgivings of such a reader have justification. Roose¬ food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail velt towers over the scene—which is proper enough—but his figure is bathed in a luminous light that permits of no Lounge. Air Conditioned in the cranny-lurking shadows. But then, as Dr. Crane says in summer. his Editor’s Note: “Mr. Roosevelt is the hero, rather than the subject of this book, for its components are the thoughts, writings, and actions which his personality helped to shape . . .” CARL GINSBERG

Germany's Underground. By Allan Welsh Dulles. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1947, 207 pages. $3.00. A HILTON HOTEL The wartime chief of the Office of Strategic Serv¬ ices in Switzeriand—and later in Germany—pieces WASHINGTON, D. C. together the story of the men who worked to over¬ throw Hitler, an effort which culminated in the C. J. MACK unsuccessful attempt at assassination on July 20, GENERAL MANAGER 1944. The story is soberly and factually told, but careful phrasing and occasional understatement only heighten its essential drama. The resistance against Hitler was diffuse; it had to move with maddening caution; it had no broad

44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL / nr n Cjfine feathers do not make Once there was a Jay who wished to mingle with Peacocks, so he tied to his tail many Peacock feathers which had fallen to the ground. When he approached the Peacocks fine birds they recognized the deceit, and chased him away. The Jays, watching his behavior, were equally scornful, say¬ ing: "Fine feathers do not make fine birds.” AESOP’S FABLES

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APRIL, 1948 45 : ■

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• Safer than cash. Good till used. • FURS • HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT • Promptly refunded if lost. • WOMEN’S CLOTHING • FURNITURE • Spendable everywhere —backed by American • MEN’S WEAR • FOOD Express, headquarters for World-Wide Travel. • CHILDREN’S CLOTHES • PAPER PRODUCTS • COSMETICS • SPORT’S EQUIPMENT • No identification needed except your signature. Please send detailed description of merchandise desired stating • Cost only 75^ per $100. size, color and approximate price. Check, including 10°fo of order for service, should accompany order. If letter authorizing • SOLD AT BANKS, principal Railway Express and use of existing charge account ts sent, a bill for 10% service fee Western Union Offices. will be mailed to purchaser. A-.EX.CAN ENJEES* WINIFRED HANIGAN frevelers * . J Bonded Tune in 1832 JEFFERSON PLACE, N. W. VOX POP know Wed. 8:30 P.M. «•■-•» " WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. EST Phone District 0987

popular support (by its very nature it was a mortal conspiracy) ; and that it should have succeeded even in carrying out several attempts upon Hitler's life was due chiefly to the daring and ability of a hand¬ ful of unusual men—chief among them General von Beck, Count von Stauffenberg, and Goerdeler. While representatives of various social strata, of different professions and classes, of differing religious beliefs all took part, the essential unity of the resistance seems to have derived from the conviction that with Hitler Germany’s case was hopeless, whereas with¬ out him something might be done. Mr. Dulles is careful to point out the conflicting views of the per¬ CARL M. J. von ZIELINSKI sons and groups who entered into the conspiracy. former American Foreign Service Officer He reduces these views, however, to a basic pro¬ with service in Europe and West Indies gram, a kind of common denominator. It is a legitimate question whether such a common denomi¬ former Captain, Field Artillery, U.S.A., World War I nator actually existed and played a really significant served with troops role or whether it is derived retrospectively from Lt. Comdr., USNR, World War II the masterful organic synthesis which is Mr. Dulles’ served at sea own special contribution. Whatever be the answer to this question, the book Foreign Trade and Financial Adviser Specialist in realization of American assets abroad and is one of the most revealing accounts to date f debt claims against vested properties. what went on inside Nazi Germany. Aside from its documentary value it has something of the excite¬ ment of a good adventure story. Although the 99 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. reader knows that the plot failed, the suspense mounts to a crescendo as events unfold in Berlin 1507 M ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. on July 20. History is seldom such absorbing read¬ ing. REUBEN PEISS.

APRIL, 1948 47 BIRTHS CLARK. A daughter, Susan Jennifer, was born on De¬ cember 4, 1947, to FSO and Mrs. Harlan B. Clark in Beirut where Mr. Clark is Second Secretary and Consul. BEAL. A son, Peter Williams, was born on December 21, 1947 to FSO and Mrs. Williams Beal in Montevideo where Mr. Beal is Third Secretary and Vice Consul. EITREIM. A son, Anthony Carl, was born on January 25 to FSO and Mrs. Irvin M. Eitreim in London where Mr. Eitreim is Second Secretary and Consul. Envoys of DEMBO. A son, Jonathan, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Morris Dembo on February 9 in Bombay where Mr. Dembo Mutual Enterprise is Vice Consul. BRITISH 24 American Flag Vessels spearhead DAVENPORT. A daughter, Alice Anne, was born on HONDURAS February 25, 1948 to FSO and Mrs. Philip M. Davenport in COLOMBIA the Great White Fleet in the Middle American Trade . . . envoys of Havana where Mr. Davenport is Second Secretary and Con¬ COSTA RICA sul. CUBA mutual enterprise, all — one com¬ DOMINICAN pany’s interpretation of the Good SHARP. A daughter, Beverley, was born on March 1, REPUBLIC Neighbor Policy. 1948 to FSO and Mrs. Frederick D. Sharp in Mexico City EL SALVADOR 18 are fast, new, fully refrigerated where Mr. Sharp is Third Secretary and Vice Consul. GUATEMALA cargo vessels. 6 are handsomely re¬ HONDURAS conditioned cargo-passenger liners of JAMAICA, B. W. I. pre-war fame.These and other vessels NICARAGUA are serving the Americas under the IN MEMORIAM PANAMA direction of a Company with nearly CANAL ZONE 50 years of Caribbean experience. AYER. William F. Ayer, Vice Consul at Belfast, died on September 9, 1947. GREAT WHITE FLEET DWYRE. Retired Foreign Service Officer Dudley G. UNITED FRUIT COMPANY Dwyre died on March 1, 1948 in Long Beach, California. Pier 3, North River, New York 6, N. Y. WHitehail 4-1700 His son, Jack Dwyre, is Consular Agent at Arequipa, Peru. New Orleans: 321 St. Charles St., New Orleans 4 Chicago: 111 W. Washington St., Chicago 2 San Francisco: 1001 Fourth St., San Francisco 7

Kindergarten through9th Gr ada

WHEREVER you may be stationed, Calvert “School-at-Home” can provide, by mail, a sound, mod¬ LONG active in promoting commerct ern education for your child. among the peoples of the Americas, Lessons are complete, easy to follow. No teaching experience is needed. Expert the Chase National Bank today is in the guidance by Calvert staff available. vanguard of those institutions which are All bosks and supplies provided. Calvert lessons are widely fostering Pan-American relations by the used by State Department families. Courses empha¬ promotion of trade and travel. size fundamentals to assure thorough elementary education. More than 74.000 children all over the world have been educated by Calvert methods. THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK Start any time. Calvert-taught pupils often receive ad¬ OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK vanced standing on entering other schools. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Write for catalog today. CALVERT SCHOOL 130 W. Tuseany Road, Baltimore, Md.

48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL IN ALL THE WORLD NO MOTOR CAR LIKE THIS!

The Packard Eight—130 H. P.

THE NEW 1948 PACKARD is truly a motor car you will be proud to own. If you have

not already done so, we suggest that you visit your Packard dealer to learn when

you can obtain delivery. No matter when that day may be, one thing is certain:

you’ll always be glad you waited!

THE EIGHT—130 H. P. THE SUPER EIGHT—145 H. P. THE CUSTOM EIGHT—160 H. P.

PACKARD ASK THE MAN WHO OWNS ONE

APRIL. 1948 49 from a

Famous old brands from a dis¬ tinguished family facilitate your selecting of the best for those mo¬ ments of traditional friendliness. . These are liquors of smooth, rare quality and mellow flavor. All maintain thehighstandardsofexcel- lence that warrant your patronage.

NATIONAL DISTILLERS PRODUCTS CORPORATION EXPORT DIVISION 120 Broadway, New York 5, New Torn, U.S.A.

BELLOWS PARTNERS CHOICE bourbon-a blend OLD CROW—bonded bourbon or rye OLD SUNNY BROOK bourbon-a blend BON MERITO-White or Gold Label OLD GRAND-DAD—bonded bourbon GILBEV'S GIK-The International Gin

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

is building up its file of

PHOTOGRAPHS

☆

$2.00 each will be paid for any clear prints (prefer¬

ably glossy finish) accepted for its geographical files.

Any size is acceptable and scenes from any country

will be considered.

$5.00 will be paid for prints accepted as possible

COVER PICTURES. These must be of nearly square

dimensions and may cover scenes or outstanding For¬

eign Service events.

ARABIAN AMERICAN OIL CO.

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND REFINING

Canned Salmon

An Appetizing, Nu¬ tritious, Easily Kept and Transported Sea Food

200 Bush Street ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC San Francisco Dhahran FISHERIES California Saudi Arabia SKINNER BLD©., SEATTLE

APRIL, 1948 51 ASIA

NORTH AMERICA AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA m AND NEWN ZEALAND

HARVESTER BUILDING Ml fllf On]

International Harvester is a world-wide organization always ready to serve YOU

Since the dawn of this century Interna¬ We suggest you remember this when tional Harvester has built an organization you are in need of products such as Inter¬ with world-wide facilities for production national Harvester builds. And remember and distribution of McCormick-Deering also that the stamina, performance, de¬ International Farm Machines and Equip¬ pendability and economy that Interna¬ ment, International Industrial Power, and tional Harvester products deliver to you International Trucks. Today there is either the customer, are the final factors in the an affiliated company, a company branch, growth of this organization. or a distributor and resident representative INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER EXPORT COMPANY ready to serve you no matter where you are. Harvester Building Chicago 1, E. U. A.

The men and women of International Harvester devote their lives to the manufacture and distribution of machinery which increases food production and provides for economical transportation. This Company upholds a 115-year reputation for quality and service.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER

McCORMlCK-DEERING INTERNATIONAL TRACTORS AND FARM EQUIPMENT 131 INTERNATIONAL TRUCKS • INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POWER

52 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ^braver fifty yemv the finest 'Afirt/icsinieriam usin&J

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V^oN'feT*** N' !teisr! sfev %«-*«£dL

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There’s something about Cresta Blanca when Franciscan Fathers founded the that sets it apart from any other wine Mission of San Gabriel Archangel on you have ever tasted. Perhaps it’s the the slopes at the foothills of the Sierra subtle bouquet. Perhaps it’s the deli¬ Nevada range in California. cacy of flavor or the mild smoothness. Or maybe it’s the fineness that grows Today, as for more than 50 years, naturally out of a tradition that’s older Cresta Blanca is adding new luster to than the United States. its heritage. Introduce a new note of For Cresta Blanca is not a newcomer. festivity and pleasure by serving Cresta Its inheritance reaches back to 1771 Blanca wines when you entertain.

CRESTA BLANCA WINE COMPANY, INC. • Livermore and Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. 111 Wllllfpl I ijikjj

Utin Americ." Depa«"'"L Foreign ^Partm*n‘; MRS. LAZO STEINMAN MR. WALTER O.SCHNYDERvnF R

Park Avenue • 49th to

• „,v air-conditioned hotel in the wort The most extensively