Notes

Preface

1. and the British Connection, 1936-1941. 2. British Policy towards Greece during the Second World War. 3. The Prelude to the . 4. British Intervention in Greece. 5. Revolt in . 6. '"Whig" History Revisited: Reflections on the Origins of U.S. Involve- ment in Greece'. 7. American Intervention in Greece. 8. Britain, the United States, and Greece, 1942-1945. 9. The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War. Chapter 1: Initial British and American Policies, April1941- August 1943

1. The only detailed study of George II is that of A. S. G. Lee, The Royal House of Greece, which is uncritical at best. An incisive appreciation is that of Lincoln MacVeagh in his repon, 19 July 1941, United States National Archives and Record Service, State Department Decimal Files (hereafter NARS) 868.00/1124, summarised in J. 0. Iatrides (ed.), Ambassador MacVeagh Reports (hereafter Iatrides, MacVeagh), 376-8. This work contains many more insights into George II's char• acter and personality. 2. Foreign Office summary of the 'Constitutional Question', 26 February 1942, Public Record Office Class F0371, Foreign Office Political Correspondence (hereafter F0371), 33167 /Rl362. 3. Foy Kohler (1908- ), Legation Secretary, Athens, 1936-41; Staff Officer, Division of Near East Affairs, State Department, 1941-45. 4. Report, 28 January, NARS 868.00/1144, probably influenced by tele• gram A-7, 22 January, from US Legation, Cairo, NARS 868.00/1139. 5. Pierson Dixon (1904-1965), Southern Department, Foreign Office, 1940-43; Principal Private Secretary to Eden, 1943-45, and to Bevin, 1945-47. 6. Orme Sargent (1884-1962), Deputy Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1939-46; Permanent Under Secretary, 1945-49. 7, Minutes, 24-25, 29 October, 21 November 1941, F0371/29909/ R9277, R9467, R9987. 8. Minister of State telegram 90, 7 January 1942, F0371 /33160/Rl74. 9. Sargent's minute and Eden's approval, 30-31 January, reply to Gonatas, 2 February, F0371/33167 /R792, R1362.

182 Notes to pp. 6-10 183

10. Speech and letter to SOE, F0371/33202/R5438. 11. Minister of State telegram 1429, 29 August; letters, 23, 25 August, F0371 /33162/R5729, R5766. 12. Memorandum, 6 March 1943, Public Record Office, Class PREM, Office of the Prime Minister (hereafter PREM), 3 211/15. 13. Draft message, F0371/33162/R5706. The State Department believed that Palariet had been unduly influenced by the Greek Government• in-Exile, and were careful to parry efforts by the Greek Embassy in Washington to have Roosevelt make compromising remarks when accepting the credentials of a new Greek Ambassador (Memorandum, 30 September 1942, NARS 868.001 G 291/158). 14. Statement, 12 October, F0371 /37222/R2301. 15. Memorandum, 28 December, and comments thereto, NARS 868.01 I 333-1/4. 16. Wallace Murray (1887-1965), Assistant Chief and Chief, Division of Near East Affairs, 1925-42, and Advisor on Political Relations, 1944-45, State Department. 17. William Strang (1893-1978), Assistant Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 1939-43. 18. Memorandum, 16 March, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1943, V, 126-7 and n. 9; memorandum, 7 April, F0371 /37195 /R3210. 19. Reginald (Rex) Leeper (1888-1968), Australian, British Department of Information during , Foreign Service from 1918, Ambassador to Greek Government, 1943-46. 20. Alexander Kirk (1888-1979), Charge d'Affaires, Moscow, June 1938-August 1939; Minister to Egypt, 1941-44; Ambassador to Greek Government, 1943; Political Advisor to Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theatre, 1944-46. 21. See Papistratis, British Policy, pp. 74-85; and H. Fleischer, 'The "Anomalies" in the Greek Middle Eastern Forces, 1941-1944'. 22. Harling and the Liaison Mission are described in detail by the first commander, Brigadier E. C. W. Myers, in The Greek Entanglement; and by his second-in-command and ultimate sucessor, Colonel C. M. Woodhouse, in The Apple of Discord. 23. F0371/37201/R2050. 24. Cadogan, the Permanent Under Secretary, knew of the operation in advance, but may have understood it to be only a military sabotage action, which was its initial task. SeeR. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', citing the documents in F0371/33177 /R2657. 25. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', shows that the Foreign Office were aware in September 1942 of many details of the resistance movements, citing F0371 /33175/Rl793, 33187 /R5354; 33163/R6961. The relative lack of knowledge of the Foreign Offi~e is shown by the memoranda, 8 and 15 March 1943, F0371/37222/R2301. 26. F0371/37201/R2050, R2636, R3348. 184 Notes to pp. 10-18

27. J. L. Hondros, Occupation and Resistance, c. 4, provides a clear account of the resistance movements; see also N. Clive, A Greek Experience; N. Hammond, Venture into Greece; and the works by Myers and Woodhouse cited above. 28. EAM (Ethniko Apeleutherotiko Metopo) (National Liberation Front) was the overall political movment; ELAS (Ellenikos Laikos Apeleutherotikos Stratos) (Popular Greek Liberation Army) was its guerrilla arm. There was in practice so little distinction between the two that the term EAM will be used for both organisations except in direct quotations. 29. Kommounistikou Komma Ellados. 30. Ethnikos Demokratilos Ellenikos Synthesmos (National Republican Greek League). 31. Minute, 7 March, F0371 /37201 /R2050; Myers's message 3407/8, 24 January, Woodhouse Papers I/5, Liddell Hart Archive. 32. SOE letter, 16 March, F0371/37195/R2432. 33. Memorandum, 15 March, F0371/37222/R2363. 34. Minute, 15 March, and Ismay's letter, 17 March, F0371/37195/R2431, R2434. 35. Churchill's telegram 871 to Cairo, 18 March, not located, but repeated to Washington as telegram 2070,30 March, Public Record Office, Class CAB, Cabinet Papers (hereafter CAB) 1221742. 36. Text of message with accuracy of translation vouched for by Myers, F0371/37194/R2266. Woodhouse, Struggle for Greece, 35-6 and n. 54, and Apple of Discord, 74-5, provides background and evidence that Zervas did not consult other EDES leaders. 37. Letter, 21 March, FRUS, 1943, IV, 131. 38. Minute, 14 March, F0371/37194/R2266. 39. Perhaps first recorded in minute, 4 June, F0371 /37202/R4717. 40. Telegram 1590, 4 April, and London telegram 2300, 8 April, F0371 /37195/R3093. 41. Aide-Memoire, 27 April, and memorandum, 2 July, FRUS, 1943, IV, 131-4 and n. 21. The State Department, apparently impatient for a reply to Murray's questions, instructed the London Embassy to raise the matter with the Foreign Office, but Sargent's comments were not obtained until after the Aide-Memoire had been delivered (London telegram 365, 14 May, NARS 868.01 /349). 42. Letters, 12, 24 May, F0371/37231/R34505 and 37202/R4717. 43. Minutes, 26 May and 10 June, and London telegrams 81 and 82, 15 June, F0371/37202/R4666, R4717. 44. Extract, A. T. B. (43) 4th Mtg, ibid., underlining in original. 45. Eden's comments on Cairo telegrams 101 and 102, both 22 May, ibid., R4594 and R4595. 46. Minutes, 23 and 28 May, and Minister of State telegram 1287, 26 May, ibid., R4666. 47. Minutes, 12, 15,21 June, PREM3 211/15. Notes to pp. 18-23 185

48. When Greek Meets Greek (1950), 30. 49. F0371/37202/R4717. Kirk's letter, 13 July, NARS 868.01/769, con• tains much detail on Leeper's role in the preparation of the statement and the disagreements within the Greek cabinet. 50. Memorandum, 30 June, and Cairo telegram 156, 2 July, F0371/ 37222/R5684,R5764. 51. Text, ibid., R5764. 52. Minute, 7 July, F0371/37197 /R5865, underlining in original. 53. London telegram 807, 17 July, loc. cit.; text of aide-memoire, FRUS, 1943, IV, 137-41.

Chapter 2: The Andarte Delegation's Visit to Egypt and Its Effect, August-November 1943

1. Useful accounts in English by participants are limited to Myers, Greek Entanglement, and 'The Andarte Delegation to Cairo', and Leeper, Greek Entanglement. Neither the Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, Wilson, in Eight Years Overseas, nor Richard Casey, Minister of State in the Middle East, in Personal Experiences 1939-1946, provide useful information. Casey's diary does include comments on the visit, the more significant of which are cited. Richard Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine,' and C. M. Woodhouse, 'Summer 1943', use material from Greek sources along with detailed examination of the events. 2, 'Andarte Delegation', 149. 3. Leeper, When Greek Meets Greek, 31. 4. Leeper's letters, 21 July and 13 August, F0371/37204/R7217, R7884. Bickham Sweet-Escott, senior SOE official, reported that Leeper was delighted at the prospect of meeting the delegation (Baker Street Irregular, 174). Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, III, 392-3, accepts Leeper's claim that he had no warning, but cites no evidence. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', 182, discusses the point in detail. 5. Cairo telegram 35, 13 August, NARS 868.01/769. 6. Report of Homer D. Davis, 8 July, NARS 868.01/365. 7. Leeper's letters, 12 May (F0371/37202/R4504) and 19 June (37197 /R5717), show his earlier disapproval of Myers. 8. Cairo telegrams 199 (F0371/37198/R7516) and 201 (37204/R7548), and Leeper's letter (ibid., R7884), with comments, all 13 August. Myers's accounts (Greek Entanglement, 248-9, and 'Andarte Del• egation', 150-2) are entirely consonant with these reports of Leeper. Leeper's memoir, When Greek Meets Greek, gives no hint of his attitude towards Myers when they first met. 9. London telegram 128, 15 August, F0371/37204/R7548, which did not arrive in Cairo until next day. 10. Cairo telegram 204, 16 August, F0371/37198/R7742, and London telegram 131, 17 August, ibid., R7648. 186 Notes to pp. 23-27

11. Cairo telegram 210, 18 August, ibid., R7742. Cairo telegram 212, 19 August, ibid., R7798, confinns that Leeper did not fully understand Sargent's message. 12. Cairo telegrams 205 and 225, 16 and 25 August, and Leeper's letters, 21 and 25 August, F0371/37204/R7754, R8047, R8216, 37199/R8314. Woodhouse, 'Summer 1943', 141-2, makes a strong case for believing that the delay was not deliberate, but it is difficult to understand why SOE was able to send some of the reports to London by 10 August, although Leeper did not receive them until 22 August (his letter, 23 August, 37204/R8088). 13. Leeper's letter, 21 August, F0371 /37204/R8216. 14. Kirk's letter, 23 September, NARS 868.01/395. 15. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', 186, citing the EDES delegate, Komninos Pyromaglou, 0 Doureios /ppos (Athens, 1958), 154-5. Casey's diary, 19 August, states the demand was made on the 18th. 16. Woodhouse, Apple of Discord, 153-5; telegram CONCRETE 419, 20 August, F0371/37198/R7742. 17. Letter, 13 August, F0371/37204/R7884. 18. When Greek Meets Greek, 32-3. 19. Henry Maitland Wilson (1881-1964), Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 1943; Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theatre, 1944. 20. Casey diary, 21 August; Myers, 'Andarte Delegation', 152-3; Cairo telegram 222, 23 Aguust, F0371/37198/R7950. 21. Minister of State telegram 1938, 24 August, F0371/37198/R7993; Casey's diary, 21 August. 22. 0 Doureios /ppos, 158 (translation kindly supplied by Dr Lars Brerentzen). 23. Casey's diary, 16-22 August; Myers, 'Andarte Delegation', 153-4; Cairo telegram 222, 23 August, and Churchill's telegram WELFARE 473, 30 August, F0371/37198/R7950; Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', 186-92; and memorandum of conversation of Greek Ambassador with Adolf Berle, 31 August, NARS 868.01/769. Exindaris felt Casey was responsible for the harsh treatment of the delegation and their forced return to Greece (Anthony Drexel Biddle's report of interview with Exindaris in London, 4 November, NARS 868.00/1308). Despite Leeper's statement in his 23 August telegram that he had told Casey that the delegates must be returned, it could be inferred from Myers's account that Casey was not aware of the decision. Since Casey returned to Cairo only on 16 August and did not discuss Greece with Leeper until the 18th, Myers's implication may be accurate. 24. Kirk's letter, 23 September, NARS 868.01/395. 25. Text to Churchill, telegram CONCRETE 374, 19 August; to Roosevelt, FRUS, The Conferences at Washington and Quebec (hereafter FRUS, Quebec), 1943, 915. 26. The memorandum was prepared by the Foreign Office in response Notes to pp. 27-32 187

to a request from Hull to Eden, and sent to Quebec in telegram CONCRETE 419, 20 August, PREM3 211/4 (not CONCRETE 374 as FRUS, Quebec, 1943, 1045, n. 4, suggests). 27. Smuts's telegram 715, 20 August, and Churchill's reply, telegram WELFARE 461,28 August, PREM3 211/4. 28. FRUS, Quebec, 1943, 933 and n. 26. 29. Telegram WELFARE 349, 23 August, F0371/37198/R7950, and FRUS, Quebec, 1943, 1046. 30. The Times, 1 September. 31. Telegram WELFARE 490, 31 August, PREM3 211/4. 32. Kirk's letter, 23 September, NARS 868.01/395. 33. Cairo telegrams 57 and 58, 4 and 7 September, FRUS, 1943, IV, 150-1. 34. Memorandum, 19 August, NARS 868.00/1274-1/5. 35. Cairo telegrams 40, 44, 45, and 47, 17, 19, 20, and 22 August, FRUS, 1943, IV, 141-7. 36. Memorandum, 25 August, NARS 868.01/379. 37. Memorandum, 31 August, FRUS, 1943, IV, 149. 38. Cairo telegrams 52 and 57, 31 August and 6 September, and reply to King, ibid., 149-51. 39. Cairo telegram 63, 10 September, FRUS, 1943, IV, 152, and Kirk's letter, 23 September, NARS 868.01/395. Casey, diary entry for 5 September, makes the same point, but credits only Churchill's two messages. 40. 'Andarte Delegation', 152. 41. Statement, accompanied by Sargent's letter of 8 October which makes Myers's and Wallace's influence evident, F0371/37222/R8993. See also Sargent's letter, 21 October, 37206/R10177. 42. NARS 868.01/369. 43. FRUS, 1943, IV, 152-4. 44. Letter, 26 October, and Foreign Office minutes, 9 and 15 November, F0371 /37222/R11214. 45. Paragraph 17, CCS 319/5 Final, 24 August, FRUS, Quebec, 1943, 1124. 46. It was assumed in Greece, and apparently in the Foreign Office, that a full-scale invasion was probable, but no such action was ever planned. See David Hunt, 'British Military Planning and Aims in 1944'. 47. COS(43)595(0), 30 September, Foreign Office letter, 10 October, and COS(43)248th, 14 October, all CAB 122/742; minute, 18 October, F0371 /37206/Rl0177; Cairo telegram 295 (on which Churchill minuted to Eden, 'This is a sudden change.') 37231 /R9703. 48. Damaskinos's letters, F0371/37206/R10450; Cairo telegram 298, 6 October, with Foreign Office comments, 37205/R9785. Damaskinos did not propose the return of Plastiras; this probably originated in Cairo, perhaps from SOE who had long had the idea, generally objected to by the Foreign Office. 188 Notes to pp. 33-37

49. London telegrams 1942 and 1943, 15, 16 October, F0371/37206/ R10294, R10295; Leeper's telegram to Eden (then in Moscow), 20 October, ibid., R10499; Wilson's telegram CIC/129, 9 October, ibid., R10555. 50. Leeper's letter, 31 October, F0371/37222/Rll431, and Wallace's confirming letter, 31 October, F0954/11A. 51. Churchill's minutes, 16 October and3 November; Cairo telegram 335,2 November; and Foreign Office minutes, 4 November, PREM3 211/6. 52. Telegram GRAND 102, 19 November, F0800/410; MEDC minutes, 7 November, and WP(43)472, 17 November, F0371/43680/R3107; J. Harvey (ed.), The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 320. 53. Leeper's letter, 9 November, and Sargent's reply, 1 December, F0371 /37208/R12219. 54. WP(43)518, F0371 /37222/R11828. The proposal to bring Plastiras out of France was not included, although SOE had already begun operations to bring this about. 55. WM(43)155, CAB65/35; and Eden's telegram GRAND 102, 19 November, FOS00/410. 56. Cairo telegram 634, 18 November, F0371/37208/R11908, and C-in-C telegram CC/46, 19 November, and Howard's minute, 20 November, both 37209 /R12642. 57. Cairo telegram 354, 14 November, F0371/37231/Rll714; telegram GRAND 102, 19 November, F0800/410; Cairo telegram, 23 Novem• ber, FRUS, 1943, IV, 155-6. 58. PREM3 136/6. The paper was amended by the Chiefs of Staff to avoid giving offence to the Americans and in the softer form was the basis for Churchill's opening remarks at the first meeting of the American and British Chiefs of Staff at Cairo (FRUS, Cairo and Tehran, 1943 (hereafter FRUS, Tehran), 1943, 330-4). For details of the contradictory American and British views, see M. Matloff, 'Allied Strategy in ', and J. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, V, 105-22. 59. Telegram FROZEN 67, 22 November, FOS00/411. 60. WM(43)160, CAB65/40. 61. Minute, 22 November, F0371/37208/Rll908. 62. WM(43)160, CAB65/40. 63. London telegrams 268 and 269,23 November, F0371/37208/Rl1908. 64. 'Summer 1943', 144.

Chapter 3: Roosevelt's Intervention at Cairo, December 1943

1. Charles Bohlen and Frederick Reinhardt of the Soviet Section of the State Department accompanied Roosevelt as interpreters and advisors, but neither had been involved in Greek affairs. 2. Harry Hopkins (1890-1946), social worker and Roosevelt's adminis• trator of major relief programmes during the depression, special advisor to the President on foreign affairs, 1939-45. Notes to pp. 37-41 189

3. John Gilbert Winant (1889-1947), Ambassador to Great Britain, 1941-46. 4. W. Averell Harriman (1891-1986), special representative of Roosevelt in London, 1941-42; Ambassador to Russia, 1943-46; Ambassador to Great Britain, 1946. 5. Cairo telegram 1079, 5 June, NARS 868.00/1238. 6. Letter, 15 July, NARS 868.00/1301. 7. Lincoln MacVeagh (1890-1972), member of an old New England family which included an Ambassador to Japan, a Minister to and , a Secretary of the Treasury, and an Attorney-General; after an early career as publisher, Minister to Greece, 1933-41; Minister to Iceland, 1941-42; Minister to South Africa, 1942-43; Ambassador to the Greek Government, 1943-48. MacVeagh's appointment was the result of a recommendation by Wallace Murray (Murray's memoran• dum, 15 May 1943, in response to Adolf Eerie's enquiry, 11 May, NARS 868.01/350-1/2). 8. State Department memorandum, 30 October, FRUS, Tehran, 129. 9. Murray's letter, 15 November, NARS 868.00/1304A. MacVeagh had apparently not had time to examine the Embassy files which contained copies of the State Department memoranda of 2 July and 8 October in reply to the British Aides-Memoire of 24 April and 4 August (NARS 868.01/364C and 380-1/4). 9. latrides, MacVeagh, 410. 10. Ibid., 388-94; Leeper's letter, 4 December, F0800/276. 11. 'Roosevelt Conversations', FRUS, Tehran, 297, 345. 12. Leeper's letter, 27 November, with Sargent's comment, F0800/276. 13. Morton to Churchill, 2 December, and Eden to Churchill, 7 December, PREM3 211/15; Hopkins' copy of brief, FRUS, Tehran, 850-2. 14. Leeper's letter, 4 December, F0800/276, and Eden's minute, 5 Decem- ber, F0371/37231/R12837. 15. Leeper's letter, 4 Dec~mber, F0800/276. 16. Leeper's minute to Eden, 7 December, F0371/37231/R12837. 17. Leeper's minute to Eden, 7 December, PREM3 211/15 (there are two Leeper minutes to Eden dated 7 December). 18. Leeper's letter to Eden, 24 January 1944, F0371/43677 /Rl860. 19. A. Eden, The Reckoning, 498-9. 20. B. Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 686; Sir David Hunt provided the Cairo story, which is supposed to have originated with Col. Levidis, Master of the Greek Household, who claimed to have been present. The official records do not show that either Hopkins or Levidis had actual knowledge of the conversation. 21. latrides, MacVeagh, 444-5. 22. Eden's minute, 7 December, PREM3 211/15. 23. Eden, The Reckoning, 499; to an extent confirmed by Eden's telegram, 17 August 1944, PREM3 212/1. 24. FRUS, 1943, IV, 160. 190 Notes to pp. 41-49

25. The Reckoning, 498. 26. Telegram, 17 August 1944, PREM3 212/1. 27. Note, 3 January 1944, F0371/37231/R12837. 28. D. Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, 585. 29. 'Performing Fleas', Times Literary Supplement, 11 February 1983. 30. Minute, 8 December 1943, F0371/37231/R12837. 31. When Greek Meets Greek, 35. 32. Diaries, 324-5. 33. Churchill and Eden at War (1976), 189. 34. Memorandum, 13 October, NARS 868.01/412. 35. Carbon copy headed 'MEMORANDUM (Left by Mr McVeagh [sic] with the President)', 3 December 1943, F0371/37231/Rl3507. No copy has been found in American archives. 36. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, III, 401, n. 1, states that, 'The Presi• dent himself had seen the British proposals before they were submitted to the King' and therefore suggests that Roosevelt's complaint that he had not been consulted was contrary to the facts. Woodward provides no source for the implication that the President had actually read and understood the British plan. 37. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 396-7, 399-400, 406-8. 38. MacVeagh's letter, 13 December, and Roosevelt's reply, 15 January 1944, ibid., 406-8, 444-5. 39. Ibid., 409. 40. Note, 5 December 1943, F0371/37231/R12837; and Eden to Churchill, 5 December, PREM3 211/15. 41. MacVeagh's reports of the Cairo events puzzled the State Department, who obviously had not been informed of the British plan or of the President's intervention (State Department telegram, 18 December, and MacVeagh's reply, 22 December, FRUS, 1943, IV, 157-60; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 413-4). 42. FRUS, 1943, IV, 159; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 413.

Chapter 4: The British Dilemma before Liberation, December 1943-0ctober 1944

1. Cairo telegrams 382-386, 11-12 December 1943, F0371/37231/ Rl3070, R13091, R13092, R13093; Cairo telegram 130, NARS 868.01/417. 2. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 414. 3. Summary of piecemeal proposals from Cairo as modified by the Foreign Office, F0371/37209/R13126, R13128, R13188. 4. F0371/43677 /R1860; FRUS, 1943, IV, 160-6. 5. Harriman's telegrams, 26 December, 3 and 5 January 1944, FRUS, 1943, IV, 164-6, and n. 2; State Department memoran• dum, 30 December, NARS 868.00/341; London telegram 2321, Notes to pp. 49-54 191

F0371/37210/R13709; Washington Embassy letter, 31 December, F0371 /43675/R602. 6. Struggle for Greece, 65. 7. Woodhouse, Apple of Discord, 104-6. 175-8. R. Clogg, in his as yet unpublished paper, 'Distant Cousins', provides a preliminary study of the work and effects of OSS in Greece; Wines's draft account, 'A Lesson in Greek', is uncritical. 8. Cairo telegrams 52, 53, 63, 27 and 29 January 1944, and Leeper's letter, 15 January, F0371/43676/R1440, R1441, R1485; his letters, 4 and 25 February, 43678/R2276 and 43680/R3104; Cairo telegram 36, 28 January, NARS 868.00/1352. 9. Cairo telegrams 96 and 146, 11 February and 7 March, F0371/43678/R2263 and 43681/R3700; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 464, 472-5. 10. latrides, MacVeagh, 464; Leeper's letter, 4 February, and his telegram 96, 11 February, F0371/43678, R2263, R2276. 11. Cairo telegrams 146-149, 7-9 March, Eden's minute, 10 March, Churchill's note, 11 March and Eden's comments, F0371/43681/ R3700, R3770, R3810. 12. Cairo telegram 154, 13 March, PREM3 211/11; latrides, MacVeagh, 464,466,468-9,472-5: MacVeagh's telegrams, 13, 16 and 31 March, FRUS, 1944, V, 87-89. 13. Churchill's minute, 10 March, Cairo telegram 154, 13 March, and Eden's memorandum, 17 March, PREM3 211 /11. 14. F0371/43684/R5084, R5402. 15. London telegram 121, 1 April, PREM3 211 /11; Cairo telegram 198, F0371 /43728/R5316. 16. Minute, 2 April, F0371/43684/R5592. 17. Cairo telegram 215, 6 April, PREM3 211/11; Eden's minute, 5 April, F0371 I 43684 /R5592; Woodhouse, Apple of Discord, 189. 18. Cairo telegrams 198-200, 3-4 April, F0371/43728/R5316, R5317. 19. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 496; Cairo telegram, 14 April, FRUS, 1944, V, 95. 20. Churchill-Roosevelt messages, 16-18 April, and State Department memorandum, 2 May, FRUS, 1944, V, 97-9, 106. 21. Churchill's telegram 7808/4, 14 April, PREM3 211/11, MacVeagh• Leeper conversation, 19 April, Iatrides, MacVeagh, 502-3, and FRUS, 1944, V, 101. 22. latrides, MacVeagh, 535-8; Cairo telegrams, 6, 13 and 16 June, FRUS, 1944, V, 115-16, 122-4; Cairo telegram 405, 13 June, F0371 /43732/R9261. 23. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 542, 544. 24. Cairo telegrams 415 and 417, 14-15 June, F0371/43742/R9450. 25. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 562. 26. Cairo telegram 634, 31 August, PREM3 212/1. 27. WP(44)433, 8 August, CAB66/53. 192 Notes to pp. 54-59

28. WM(44)103, 9 August, CAB65/47; telegrams CLASP 74 and 127, 16 and 19 August, PREM3 210. 29. Telegrams CLASP 56, 74, 89, 127, and CHAIN 51, 78, 113, 114, 143, 15-21 August, PREM3 212/11, and CHAIN 56, 16 August, PREM3 210. 30. Telegram, 7 September, F0954/11B. 31. Eden, 2 and 4 October, and Churchill, 6 October, PREM3 212/9; Churchill, 4 October, F0371/43717 /Rl6400. 32. Eden, 27 September and 4 October, and Churchill, 29 September and 10 October, PREM3 212/9; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 592; H. Macmillan, War Diaries, 538, and The Blast of War, 579; and S. Hounnouzios, No Ordinary Crown, 161-4. 33. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 604, 614. 34. Harold Macmillan (1894-1987), Minister of State at Allied Head• quarters, 1942-45, took over responsibility for Greek matters from the Minister of State, Middle East, in October 1944, although he had had considerable involvement for the previous two months. 35. Macmillan, War Diaries, 548; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 647. 36. Exact details of the percentage agreements are in Woodward, British Foreign Policy, III, 115-23, 140-1; the most useful analysis is K. G. M. Ross, 'The Moscow Conference of 1944 (Tolstoy)'. Discussions with emphasis on Greece include Barker, Churchill and Eden, 176-85; S. E. Xydis, 'The Secret Anglo-Soviet Agreement on the ' ; and W. S. Churchill, Second World War, VI, 72-7, 194-201. P. Tsakaloyannis, 'The Moscow Puzzle', ignores Eden's discussions with Gusev, which casts doubt on his view that the agreement had no effect on Soviet policy towards Greece. 37. Churchill's minutes, 4 May 1944, and Eden's telegram 1377 to Mos• cow, 5 May, F0371/43636/R7380, R7214. 38. Churchill's C-700 and Roosevelt's R-560, 11 and 12 June, W. F. Kimball (ed.), Churchill & Roosevelt Correspondence (hereafter Churchill & Roosevelt), III, 178-80, 182. 39. Second World War, VI, 239. 40. R. E. Sherwood (ed.), The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins Papers (hereafter Hopkins Papers), 825-6; original draft and final version of Roosevelt's reply, Churchill & Roosevelt, III, 343-4. 41. Churchill & Roosevelt, III, 344, 365-6; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R. (eds), Stalin's Correspondence with Roosevelt and Churchill, 164, 16~7.

Chapter 5: The December Civil War in Athens

1. Letters and minutes, 21-29 September 1943, PREM3 210. 2. Telegram MRI9953, 8 May 1944, F0371/43714/R7467; telegram 1055H, 9 May, PREM3 210. 3. Eden, 19 May, and Churchill, 21 May, PREM3 210; minute, 21 May, Notes to pp. 59--62 193

F0371/43714/R8563. 4. COS(44)178(1), 1 June, F0371/43714/R9025, and JP(44)155(Final), 30 June, 43715/Rl1755. 5. Herben Morrison (1888-1965), Labour Party leader, Home Secretary in the Coalition Government. 6. COS(44)233, COS(44)242, and COS44(640)0, 6 and 20 July, F0371 /43715, R12005; minute, 24 July, ibid., R12086; WM(44)103rd, 9 August, CAB65/47. 7. Telegram CHAIN 56, 16 August, PREM3 210. 8. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 449-456, 465, 507; FRUS, 1944, V, 179-94. 9. Letter, 21 February, cited in FRUS, Quebec, 1944, 216. 10. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 466-7; Washington telegram, 7 July, FRUS, 1944, V, 184, 186-8. 11. Minute, 16 August, F0371/43715/R12722. 12. FRUS, 1942, II, 724-97; FRUS, 1943, IV, 167-77. See also A. Laiou, 'The Politics of Hunger'. 13. Telegram, 17 August, FRUS, 1944, V, 132-3. 14. Demands made on British resources for DRAGOON are brought out forcefully by Lars Brerentzen, 'The German Withdrawal from Greece in 1944 and British Naval "Inactivity'". While Brerentzen stresses the factors affecting the Royal Navy, his comments are equally applicable to all British resources. See also A. Bryant, Triumph in the West, 253, 272-4, 294, 297, for the fears of Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff. 15. P. Dixon, Double Diploma, 113. 16. Telegram C-770, 25 August, Churchill & Roosevelt, III, 296. 17. COS(44)287, 25 August, F0371/43715/R13411. 18. Telegram, 26 August, FRUS, 1944, V, 133-4. 19. FAN 409, 8 September, F0371/43715/R15254, prepared at Quebec, and mentioned but not printed, in FRUS, Quebec, 1944, p. 439. 20. Undated briefing papers, FRUS, Quebec, 1944, 212-7; Macmillan, Blast of War, 573. 21. Wilson's telegrams, 4 and 22 August, and minutes, 5, 6, 8 and 18 August, F0371/43715/R12086, R12962, R13090; Joint Service Mis• sion telegrams, 31 August and 4 September, 43716/R13966; Wilson's telegram, 5 September, PREM3 210. 22. Leeper, When Greek Meets Greek, 73-80; Macmillan, War Diaries, 552-58; W. H. McNeil, The Greek Dilemma, 124-9; R. Capell, Simiomata (1946), 39-48. 23. The definitive account from a political standpoint is Iatrides, Revolt in Athens; other accounts include G. M. Alexander, 'The Demobilisation Crisis of November 1944' ; L. Brerentzen, 'The Demonstration in Syntagma Square', 3-52; W. H. McNeil, Greek Dilemma, c. 7, and 'The Outbreak of Fighting in Athens'. 24. Telegram 357,5 December, F0371/43736/R19933. 25. Dixon, Double Diploma, 118. 194 Notes to pp. 62-65

26. The British apparently did not ask for American approval to send to Greece more than the one division authorised by the Quebec directive of the Combined Chiefs of Staff (FAN 409). The American Joint Chiefs of Staff took the view that the operation was a purely British matter, since the additional troops were originally earmarked for Palestine (CCS memoranda 750/1 and 750/2, 28 December 1944 and 16 January 1945, and Joint Services Mission minute 474, December 1944, CAB122!753). 27. Telegram 357, 5 December, F0371/43736/R19933. 28. Edward R. Stettinius, jr. (1900-49), Under Secretary of State, 1943-44; Secretary of State, November 1944-June 1945. 29. NARS 868.00!12-644. 30. Athens telegram, 11 December, memorandum and Roosevelt's mes- sage, FRUS, 1944, V, 146, 150-1. 31. 406 Pari. Deb., cols. 1858-1909. 32. Macmillan, War Diaries, 599-600. 33. Harold Alexander (1891-1969), Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 1942-43; Commander-in-Chief, Italy, 1943-44; Supreme Commander, Mediterranean Theatre, 1944-45. 34. Athens telegram 549, 10 December, F0371/40737 /R20427; WM(44) 165, 12 December, CAB65/48. 35. Macmillan's telegrams 564, 12 December, F0954/11B, and 587, 13 December, F0371/43737/R20427; Churchill's account, 43698 /R20733. 36. Draft telegram, 17 or 18 December, F0371/43738/R21499; Eden, The Reckoning, 578. 37. London telegram 457, 13 December, and Leeper/Macmillan telegrams 602, 611 and 628, 14-15 December, F0371/43737 /R20933, R20995, R21048; Leeper /Macmillan telegrams 634 and 638, 17 December, and Foreign Office minutes, 15, 16 and 22 December, 43738/R21148, R21105, R21106, R21290, R21579; King's letter to Churchill, WM(44)741, 15 December, CAB66/59. 38. London telegram, 22 December, F0371/43739/R21719. 39. The most illuminating accounts of the conference are J. Colville, Footprints in Time, 174-9, and Dixon, Double Diploma, 120-5. MacVeagh abandoned his diary in the midst of the Athens fighting (Iatrides, MacVeagh, 662); his only accounts are his 27 December telegram (FRUS, 1944, V, 170-1) and letter, 28 December, NARS 868.00/12-2844. The official record is in F0371/48244/R266, R287. 40. Macmillan, War Diaries, 639. 41. As C. M. Woodhouse stresses in Struggle for Greece, 112, EAM fear of Greek right-wing troops, not the question of the King was the proximate cause of the revolt. This does not invalidate the point that establishment of the regency was the vital decision which made the truce and the Varkiza agreement possible. See the quotation of a statement by Woodhouse to the effect that the key issue at the end of Notes to pp. 65--68 195

the war was the return of the King (A. L. Macrakis, Preface to Iatrides, Greece in the 1940s, xi). 42. Eden, The Reckoning, 582. 43. King's public statement, Churchill, Second World War, VI, 265-6. 44. Athens telegrams 9 and 10, 1 January 1945, and London telegrams 18 and 19, 2 January, F0371/48244/R79, R129; WM(44)176, 30 December 1944, CAB65/48; and WM(45)1, 2 January, CAB65/51. 45. Text in Woodhouse, Apple of Discord, 308-10. 46. Capell, Simiomata, passim, provides a thorough analysis of the atttitudes of the British and American correspondents in Athens. Capell, for the Daily Telegraph, and A. C. Sedgwick, New York Times, were the only newsmen who did not support EAM. Capell felt Leeper was much to blame for the antipathy of the press. Over Leeeper's objections, Osbert Lancaster, the Daily Express cartoonist, was sent out to act as press attache. Capell felt Lancaster had little effect, but see R. Boston, OSBERT, c. 6, for a contrary view. 47. Cairo telegram, 3 December, and State Department reply, 12 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 141-2, 147-8. 48. Text in FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (hereafter FRUS, Yalta), 266-7. 49. C-845, 6 December, Churchill & Roosevelt, III, 437-9. 50. Hopkins Papers, II, 830-1. 51. 406 Pari. Deb., cols. 929-30, 8 December. 52. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, III, 461. 53. London telegram 10307, 6December, F0371/43647/R20178. 54. Stettinius 'Record', 1-9 December, FRUS, Yalta, 430-3. 55. Telegram 6518,7 December, F0371/43697/R20239. 56. Stettinius 'Record', FRUS, Yalta, 430. R. Hathaway, Ambiguous Part• nership, 90-101, 117, examines the genesis of the Stettinius statement in some detail and suggests that the circumstances which brought it about led to the American insistence on the Declaration on Liberated Europe at Yalta. 57. 1 Was There (1950), 334-5; Washington telegram 33, 2 January 1944, PREM4 27/10. 58. J. M. Morton (ed.), The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, entry for 22 December 1944, 417. 59. Text and comments on drafting, FRUS, Yalta, 433. 60. T. M. Campbell and G. C. Herring (eds), The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 192. 61. Kirk's telegram, 11 December, and Washington telegram, 13 Decem- ber, FRUS, 1944, V, 212, and n. 34. 62. Churchill, Second World War, VI, 247. 63. FRUS, 1944, V, 150-1. 64. Hopkins Papers, 832-4; Churchill's letter 11 December, and draft message originally intended for Roosevelt, Churchill & Roosevelt, 452-5; WM(44)164, 11 December, CAB65/44; telegrams from Allied 196 Notes to pp. 69-72

Forces Headquarters, British Chiefs of Staff, and British Mission, Washington, 9-13 December, CAB120/567. See also Lt-Gen J. A. H. Gammell's letter, 19 December, loc. cit., reporting that the senior American naval and air officers in the Mediterranean theatre had expressed their regrets over King's actions and had made special efforts to remedy the situation as soon as his order was rescinded. This included using American bombers to drop ammunition and supplies to the British forces in Greece, which was entirely unauthorised. 65. When Greek Meets Greek, 112. 66. Letter, 12 January, F0800/276. 67. Telegram 589, l3 December, F037l/43698/R20779. MacVeagh reported that his supply of water was so limited that he and his family were washing 'as little as possible' (letter, 7 December, NARS 868.00/1-044). 68. Iatrides, MacVeagh, 638; MacVeagh's public statement, New York Times, 6 December. 69. Telegram, 15 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 155. 70. Macmillan, Blast of War, 628. The source cited is Macmillan's diary entry for 26 December, but the printed version (War Diaries, 618) of the diary states 'he went a long way to suggest that Roosevelt had also agreed - as indeed he did in August, and if we could publish his telegram to Winston it would indeed make the Americans look foolish (the President has let us down badly and Winston is very hurt about it)'. 71. J. Wyndam, Wyndam and Children First, 130. MacVeagh confirmed this report, but in a more moderate tone. He thought Churchill had not realised he was present (letter, 28 December, NARS 868.00/2-2844). 72. F0371/43698/R210l3. 73. Churchill's request and Roosevelt's message to the King, 28 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 173-5, 177. 74. Blast of War, 663. 75. Minute, 19 August 1947, F037l/6l003/ AN2922. 76. New York Times, 10 and 11 April 1947. The quotations give only a hint of the full intensity of Chuchill's feeling as expressed in these articles. 77. See Michael Wright's spirited speech to an American audience in January 1945 on the one-sided attitude of the United States towards spheres of influence in view of their Latin American policies (F037l/44555/ AN370). 78. Macmillan, in telegram 593, l3 December 1944, F0371 /43698/ R20779, used the term 'humourless pedant' but admitted that MacVeagh was no fool and praised him for supporting the idea of a regency. The second phrase was that of Leeper in a report of 26 July 1945 on heads of diplomatic missions in Athens (48441/Rl2555). He was probably then still smarting at MacVeagh's stringent neutrality in December 1944. Leeper's successor, Norton, took Notes to pp. 75-80 197

a much more generous view of MacVeagh's abilities, probably because American attitudes were changing (Post Report, 11 November 1946, 58953 /R16822).

Chapter 6: Post-war Political Tutelage, January 1945-February 1947

1. British influence on Greek political developments are treated in detail by Alexander, Prelude to the Truman Doctrine, which should be sup• plemented with Nigel Clive, 'British Policy Alternatives'. Additional analysis is contained in three unpublished papers: Clive, 'Reflections on British Policy in Greece ', L. Brerentzen, 'Policy Options of the Centre' and D. H. Close, 'The Changing Structure of the Right'. For the left-wing, see H. Richter, British Intervention in Greece. 2. 7 January 1945, F0954/11C. 3. Telegrams 676 and 677, 5 March, and FO minutes, 6 and 7 March, F0371 I 48259 /R4385. Lord Cromer, British political agent in Egypt, 1883-1907, was in all but name the governor of the country under British occupation. 4. Minute, 11 March, F0954/11C. 5. Because Greek political parties (except for those of the far left) were constantly dividing and forming new alliances, political affairs will be discussed in terms of right, left and centre, or royalists and republicans, rather than using party names. R. Clogg, Parties and Elections in Greece, provides detailed accounts of the changing party structures. 6. News-Chronicle, 22 December 1944. 7. Eden's draft, about 4 December, Athens telegram 483 and London telegram 374, both 6 December, F0371/43736/R19932, R20100; WM163(44)3, 11 December, CAB65/44. 8. G. T. Mavrogordatas, 'The 1946 Elections and Plebiscite', and Richter, British Intervention in Greece, provide detailed examinations for both right and left-wing violence from differing points of view. 9. Athens telegrams 756, 793 and 794, 15 and 19 March, F0371/48260/ R5105, R5267, R5268. 10. 20 March, F0954/11C. 11. Telegram 772,25 March, PREM3 213/11. 12. Churchill's minute, 29 March, and Eden's telegrams 812 and 883, 30 March and 6 April, F0371/48263/R5825, R5757, R5989. 13. London telegram 994, 22 April, and Athens telegrams 1046 and 1049, both 25 April, F0371/48267 /R7055, R7400, R7457. 14. Telegram, 8 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 145; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 659-62. 15. Memoranda, 13 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 148-50. 16. 406 Par/. Deb., col. 1909, 20 December; Kohler's memorandum, 22 December, FRUS, 1944, V, 165; Murray's memorandum, 6 January, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 99-101. 17. FRUS, 1945, VIII, 128, n. 7. 198 Notes to pp. 80-83

18. The State Department position after Yalta is in its Briefing Book Paper, 'Elections in Greece', FRUS, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945 (hereafter FRUS, Potsdam), I, 653-4. 19. British Aide-Memoire, 16 June, paraphrase of British telegram of 27 June, minutes, 29 June, and memorandum for the President, 4 July, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 126-31; London telegram 6842, 27 June, F0371/48272/Rl0729. 20. No basis for the statement is indicated, but in March 1945 Leeper reported that Damaskinos was suggesting this change; the Foreign Office was not in favour (Athens telegram 850, 28 March, F0371/48263/R5825, and London telegram 812, 30 March, PREM3 213/11). 21. Aide-Memoire, 5 July, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 132-3; Athens Weekly Summary, 17-24 June, F0371/48273/RR1116; Athens telegrams 1567 and 1570, 21 July, 48275/R12346; Iatrides, MacVeagh, 680-1. 22. Washington telegram 4694, 6 July, and Athens telegram 1501, 7 July, F0371/48274/Rl1516, R11561; Athens telegram, 9 July, FRUS, Potsdam, I, 659. 23. Eden's telegram 7313, 9 July, F0371/48274/R11561 (paraphrase in FRUS, Potsdam, 660-1). 24. Athens Embassy letter, 14 August, F0371/48277/R14008. 25. Draft of 5 August or earlier, F0371/48276/Rl3143. 26. CP(45)107, 11 August, CAB129/l; CM21(45), 14 August, CAB 128/1. 27. Paraphrase of Foreign Office telegram of 11 August, memorandum, 13 August, and British Embassy note, 18 August, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 136-9, 144-5. 28. Washington telegram, l September, and Athens telegrams, 3 and 5 September, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 150-4; Athens telegram 1830, 5 September, F0371/48279/R15270. 29. Minute, 6 September, F0371/48279/R15270; memorandum, 11 Sep• tember, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 155-6. 30. James F. Byrnes (1879-1972), Secretary ofState, June 1945-January 1947. 31. Byrnes's memorandum, 13 September, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 157; minute, 10 September, F0371/48279/R15578; minute, 14 September, and report of Bevin/Byrnes meeting, 15 September, 48280/R16291, R16292. 32. Memorandum of conversation of King and Damaskinos, 13 September, F0371/48280/R16291; London telegram, 19 September, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 159. 33. Telegram, 19 September, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 158-9. France was included, since they had been invited to join the commission after the Soviets had declined. 34. George II to Byrnes, 22 September; Bevin's letter to Byrnes, 29 September, and Byrnes's letter to the King, 1 October, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 165-7. 35. Athens telegrams, 4-9 October, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 167-72; Athens Notes to pp. 83-87 199

telegrams 1949, 2027, 2050 and 2058, 23 September, 3, 6 and 9 October, F0371/48280/R16280, 48282/R16948, R17077, R17083, R17193. 36. Athens telegrams, 11 and 16 October, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 172-3; Leeper's telegrams 2062, 2063, 2064 and 2075, 8 and 10 October, London telegram 2062, 9 October, Hayter's letter, 9 October, and Lascelles's letter, 11 October, F0371/48282/R17131, R17132, 48283/R17309, 48452/R17101, R20925. 37. Athens telegrams, 16 and 17 October, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 173-4; Ath• ens telegram 2091, 13 October, and Bevin's telegram 2139, 20 October, F0371/48283/R18206, R18452; 414 Pari. Deb, cols. 1641-48, 19 October. 38. Athens telegram 2139, 30 October, Hayter's minute, 31 October, and London telegram 2218, 31 October, F0371/48283/R18452. 39. Athens telegram 2199 and London telegram 2224, both 1 November, F0371/48284/R18571. 40. CP(45)266, 3 November, CAB129/4; CM(45)49, 6 November, CAB128/2. 41. Conference minutes, 14-22 November, F0371/48285/R19825, R19828, R19830, 48186/R20169; 48416/R21248, R21249; Athens telegram, 17 November, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 270-1. 42. Athens telegram 2298, 16 November, and London telegrams 2336 and 2339, 17-18 November, F0371/48337/R19561, 48285/R19555. 43. Athens telegrams 2323, 2339, 2340, 2344 and 2390, 20, 22 and 28 November, F0371/48285/R19654, Rl9793, R19780, R19794, 48286/R20090; Athens telegrams, 20, 22 and 23 November, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 178-83. 44. King's public statement, 21 November, his memorandum, 20 November, and Foreign Office reply, F0371/48285/R19838; Lon• don telegram, 22 November, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 181-2. 45. 416 Pari. Deb., cols. 618, 767-70, 22-23 November; Churchill letter to Bevin, draft reply, and mention (but no details) of private meeting, F0371/48287/R20745, R20769. 46. Foreign Office minute, 5 December, recording Bevin's meeting with the King on 3 December, and the King's memorandum, F0371/48287/R20745, R20769. 47. Athens telegrams, 23 and 26 November, and Washington telegram, 28 November, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 182-4; London telegram 2363, 22 November, and Athens telegrams 2349, 2350 and 2352, 23 November, F0371/48285/R19846, R19847, R19855; Athens telegrams 2374 and 2376, 25 November, 48286/R19927. 48. Athens telegram, 4 December, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 185-6. 49. AMFOGE report, 10 December, F0371/48288/R21275; Athens tele• grams, 4, 7 and 8 December, Greek Embassy letters, 6 and 10 December, Byrnes letters, 11 December and 7 January, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 185-93. 200 Notes to pp. 87-95

50. Athens telegrams 253, 254 and 282, 5, 7 and 10 February 1946, F0371/58673/R1905, R1906, 58674/R2192; London telegram 226,8 February, 58673 /R1905; Sophoulis message, 15 February, and Foreign Office minutes, 15-16 February, 58675/R2633, R2634. 51. London telegram, 27 February, Athens telegram, 2 March, Bevin message to Sophoulis, 7 March, FRUS, 1946, VII, 115-16; London Embassy conversations with Foreign Office, 4 March, London telegram, 6 March, and thank you letter, 12 March, F0371/58678/R3567. 52. Athens telegrams, 8 and 11 March, and Washington telegrams, 14 and 19 March, FRUS, 1946, VII, 118-22. 53. Athens telegram and British Aide-Memoire, 20 March, FRUS, 1946, VII, 123-5; The Times, 21 March. 54. Washington telegrams, 21 and 22 March, FRUS, 1946, VII, 126-7. 55. Mavrogordatos, 'The 1946 Elections and Plebiscite', and Richter, British Intervention, 441-51, both conclude that the election was far less fair and honest than the AMFOGE report indicated. Both believe the results would have been inconclusive if the left wing parties had participated. The AMFOGE report suggests that there would still have been a royalist victory. 56. This is not to imply that there were not violations of Varkiza by EAM, such as failure to surrender arms and, in some areas, terror against the right. See Mavrogordatos, 'The 1946 Elections and Plebiscite'. 57. Athens telegram 1671, 9 August 1945, F0371/48276/R13415; Sargent's letter (underlining in original), 9 November 1945, F0800/276. 58. FRUS, Potsdam, I, 651-2. 59. Minutes, 21 February and 1 March, F0371/58676/R3032. 60. Clifford Norton (1891-1971), Ambassador to Greece, 1946-51. Leeper left Athens on 7 March. 61. London telegrams 539, 688 and 3162, 13 March and 1 April, F0371/58679/R3748, 58682/R5023; Athens telegram, 2 April, and Washington telegram, 5 April, FRUS, 1946, VII, 128-32. 62. Athens telegrams 720, 727 and 728, 2 and 3 April, and London telegrams 701 and 712, 3-4 April, F0371/58683/R5170, R5240, R5276, R5247. 63. Athens telegrams 739 and 872, 4 and 18 April, F0371 /58684/R5321, R58687 /R6054; Athens telegram, 5 April, FRUS, 1946, VII, 130-1. 64. King's memorandum, 4 April, and Bevin's reply, 6 April, F0371 /58684/R5388. 65. Athens telegram, 10 April, and London telegram, 10 April, FRUS, 1946, VII, 133-5. Damaskinos continued as Regent until the King returned after the plebiscite. 66. London telegrams 248 and King's memorandum, 4 April, F0371/ 58684 /R5388; London telegram 784, 58686 /R5962; minute, 5 April, Notes to pp. 95-102 201

and Athens telegram 872, 58687 /R6045, R6054; London telegram, 10 April, FRUS, 1946, Vll, 134-5. 67. Dean Gooderham Acheson (1893-1971), Assistant Secretary of State, 1941-45; Under Secretary of State, 1945-47; Secretary of State, 1949-53. 68. FRUS, 1946, Vll, 144-5. 69. Bevin's telegram 9 from Paris, 26 April, F0371/58687 /R6382; memo• randum, 27 April, FRUS, 1946, VII, 148-9. Byrnes did not finally make up his mind until 7 May, when he instructed Acheson to obtain Truman's approval (ibid., 157-8). 70. Athens telegram 1047, 10 May, F0371/58690/R7099; Washington telegram, 16 May, FRUS, 1946, VII, 162-3. 71. Report on the Observation of the Greek Plebiscite, 7 September, ibid., 204-7. 72. These problems are discussed by E. Averoff-Tossiza, By Fire and Axe; D. G. Kousoulas, Revolution and Defeat; Mavrogordatos, 'The 1946 Elections and Plebiscite'; Richter, British Intervention; P. J. Stavrakis, MoscowandGreekCommunism,1944-1949; and Woodhouse, Struggle for Greece, c. 7. 73. King's memorandum, 13 September, and Bevin's account of the meet• ing, London telegram 1954, F0371/58709/R14079. 74. Minute, 17 October, F0371/58712/Rl5603, apparently referring to Washington telegram, 15 October, FRUS, 1946, VII, 235-7. 75. Athens telegram, 11 October, and Washington telegram, 16 October, FRUS, 1946, VII, 233-5, 238. 76. Athens telegram 266 SAVING, 14 October, and Selby's minute, 21 October, F0371 /58711/R15347. 77. Washington telegram, 15 October, and Athens telegram, 17 October, FRUS, 1946, 235-7 and n. 3. 78. Athens telegram, 19 October, ibid., 238-9; Athens telegram 2281, 19 October, F0371 /58711/R15391. 79. Washington telegram 5975, 8 October, and Selby's minute, 16 October, F0371 /58710/R14984. 80. Williams's minute, 24 October, Warner's memorandum, 25 October, and London telegram 10235, 28 October, F0371/58711/R15391; Washington telegram, 6 November, FRUS, 1946, VII, 239. 81. The efforts ofMacVeagh, Norton and Bevin to broaden the government from late October until the accession of the Maximos administration are reported in detail in F0371/58712-9, 58751, 58759, 58890-1, and 66994-8; FRUS, 1946, VII, 270-1, 286-8, and 1947, V, 4-5, 9-13. 82. American policy from the time of the plebiscite is analysed in greater depth in chapter 7.

Chapter 7: Post-war Economic Support, January 1945-February 1947

1. Athens telegrams, 26 and 30 January, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 195-7. 202 Notes to pp. 103-107

2. Athens telegrams, 14 March and 25 July, and Washington telegram, 20 March, FRUS, 1945, VITI, 202-3, 229 (n. 50) and 211-12. 3. Roosevelt, 21 March, Churchill, 3 April, and undated State Department draft reply, FRUS, 1945, VITI, 203-8; formal reply, Churchill & Roosevelt, III, 618-19. 4. See MacVeagh's detailed discussion in telegram, 18 June, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 224-8. 5. Jackson's messages, 27-28 October, ibid., 246-51. 6. Washington telegram, 2 November, and Athens telegram, 5 November, ibid., 252-3, 257-8. 7. Telegrams from Kirk (now American Political Advisor to Morgan), 2 and 4 November, and State Department memoranda, 10 November, ibid., 251-2, 253-4, 263-7. Attlee apparently did not raise questions concerning Greece in his talks with Truman (ibid., 252, n. 98). 8. Report, 10 January, Washington telegram, 28 November, Athens telegram, 1 December, Acheson's memoranda, 20 December and 3 January, and Truman's note, 22 December, ibid., 267 (n. 17), 272, 275-6,290-1,299. 9. Varvaressos memorandum, 27 July 1944, and Kohler's memorandum, 5 August, ibid., 216-22; MacVeagh's report of Kohler's statement (italics in original), Iatrides, MacVeagh, 578. Kohler apparently referred to a British statement of September 1942, in which it was accepted that Greek requirements for sterling would be a British responsibility (FRUS, 1942, II, 803-4), but it is not clear when or whether the United States had agreed to provide necessary dollars. 10. Athens telgrams 18 and 21 August, 20 September, 2 October, and 5 January, Greek Ambassador's letter, 20 August, and Washington telegrams, 25 August and 22 September, FRUS, 1945, VITI, 232-6 and n. 66, 243-4, 299-300. 11. State Department memoranda, 25 September and 19 October, and telegrams, 16 and 28 November and 11 December, Athens telegrams, 5 and 29 November and 11 December, ibid., 237-8, 245-6, 256-7, 269-70, 272-4, 283; Athens telegram, 10 January, FRUS, 1946, VII, 89-90. 12. London telegram, 7 November, FRUS, 1945, VITI, 262. 13. London telegrams 12159 and 13021,4 December, F0371/48388/R20- 345, R21439; Washington telegram 8264 and London telegram 12081, 2 December, 48416/R20791, R20388; Athens telegrams, 15 and 16 November, British Aide-Memoire, 3 December, Washington telegram, 17 December, and memorandum, 10 January, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 267-9, 276-7,288-9, 295-6,296,n.57. 14. Memorandum, 30 August, F0371/58803/R13630. 15. The package was announced publicly on 25 January 1946 (418 Pari. Deb., cols. 451-4). Joint Leeper/MacVeagh appeal, 11 January, FRUS, 1946, VII, 91-2; British discussions on economic aid, 24 December, F0371/8338/R21610; Dalton letter, 14 January, 58721/R979. Notes to pp. 107-111 203

16. Washington telegram, 10 January, Byrnes's memorandum to Tsouderos, 15 January, and London telegram, 22 January, FRUS, 1946, VII, 89, 95-6, 100-4. 17. Dalton, Diaries, 9 February. 18. CP(45)58, 9 February, CAB129!7; Dalton, Diaries, 18 February. 19. D0(46)23rd, 7 March, CAB131/l; Norton's letter, 15 April, F0371/ 58766/R6356; Athens telegram 1201, 27 May, 58729/R7947; CP(46) 213,30 May, CAB129/10; CM(46)54, 3 June, CAB128!7; D0(46)91, 15 July, CAB131/3; minute, 20 July, F0371/58701/R11673. 20. The most detailed analysis of British aid to Greece, 1944-47, is that dated 29 January 1947, F0371/67032/R2438, which agrees almost exactly with the data in Dalton's letter to Attlee, ibid., R2443, and is confirmed by a most careful examination by Foreign Office and Treasury officials in 1948 (72279/R2487). Dalton's figure of eighty-seven million pounds (434 Pari. Deb., cols 650-1), 6 March 1947) is misleading; it includes £48 million for maintenance of British troops in Greece, which would have had to be spent wherever the troops were stationed. No confirmation has been found for Bullock's statement (Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 161) that Britain made a loan of £24 million for reconstruction. 21. Memorandum, 18 November, FRUS, 1946, VII, 264. 22. Foreign Office minute, 9 May 1946. American records mention a Byrnes/Bevin conversation concerning Greece on 26 April, but reveal no such statement, or any other comment concerning a communist threat to Greece (FRUS, 1946, VII, 148-9). 23. Minutes, 9, 10 and 27 May, F0371/58766/R6356. 24. Washington telegram 3193, 16 May, Public Record Office, Class T236, Treasury Records, OF48/34/ 1A. No copy has been found in Foreign Office records. Treasury comments suggested that the State Department figures were based on out-of-date Greek statistics. 25. S. G. Xydis, Greece and the Great Powers, 257ff; minutes, 8-10 July, F0371/58906/R10729; London telegram, 18 July, FRUS, 1946, VII, 183-4. 26. Unger's memorandum, and record of Byrnes/Tsaldaris conversation, 5 July, FRUS, 1946, VII, 175-9. 27. London telegram, 12 July, and Washington telegram, 13 July, ibid., 180-2. 28. Memoranda of Acheson and Baxter, 7 August, and Washington tele• grams, 14 August and 7 September, ibid., 187-8 and n. 46, 190-1, 201-2. 29. Selby's minute, 17 September, and Bevin's letter, 23 September, F0371 /58767 /Rl3696, R14121; Trend's letter, 3 October, and his telegram, 4 October, 58768/R14969, R15437. 30. Albert Victor Alexander (1885-1965), First Lord of the Admiralty, 1929-31, 1940-45, 1945-46; Minister without Portfolio, October• December 1946; Minister of Defence, 1947-50. 204 Notes to pp. 111-113

31. Bevin to Attlee, 30 September, and Attlee's reply, 1 October, F0371/58709/R14591; Selby's minute, 11 October, 58731/R14873. The British report and discussion of the meeting are in 58658/R15770 and R15933, but no American account has been found. The memoran• dum in FRUS, 1946, VII, 913-5, was given to the American Embassy in Athens by the British Embassy. 32. JP(46)199(Final), 4 November, and JP(46)204(Final), 11 November, F0371/58658/R16257, R16564. 33. COS(46)163, 6 November, and COS(46)167, 13 November, CAB79/53. 34. COS(46)171, 25 November, CAB79/54. 35. Instructions in London telegram 10608, which has not been located. Its contents are inferred from Washington telegram 6755, 22 November, which also reports Clayton's reactions and an informal warning that Congress would expect Britain to share the cost of reconstruction aid (F0371/58659/R16975). 36. London telegrams 10957 and 11506, 10 November and 9 December, F0371 /58658/R15492, 58659 /R16975. 37. McNeil's minute, 2 December, and London telegram 2712, 3 Decem• ber, F0371 /58659 /R17594. 38. Bevin's telegram 2295, 5 December, and McNeil's note, 9 December, ibid., R17720. Bevin did tell Byrnes of the situation and of his hope that the Americans would provide economic aid (Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 300. 39. Williams's minute, ibid., R18501. 40. Athens telegram 1201, 27 May, and confirming letter of the same date, from H. Somerville-Smith of the Treasury, F0371/58729/R7947. 41. Few details of this discussion have been found. Byrnes's telegram to Acheson, 24 Spetember, includes a statement that Byrnes was interested in Greece and Turkey, and mentions a discussion with Bevin on Turkey, which might have included aspects of the Greek situation (FRUS, 1946, VII, 223-4). Acheson's telegram to Athens, 8 November, mentions Byrnes/Bevin discussions of Greece during the conference, but limits comment on financial aid to the effect that the United States 'would endeavor to strengthen the economic position of Greece' (ibid., 262-3). 42. The development of American perceptions of a Soviet threat is analysed with particular reference to Greece in two unpublished papers by J. 0. Iatrides, 'Greece and the Origins of the Cold War', and 'Greece and the Truman Doctrine'. See also E. Mark, 'October or Thermidor'. 43. The circumstances of the Soviet note and US reaction are set forth in FRUS, 1947, VII, 827-56; and in B. R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 359-63. 44. Details of the Yugoslav incident, FRUS, 1946, VI,915-56. 45. JCS memorandum 1704, 23 August, FRUS, 1946, VII, 857-8; the War Department paper has not been formally identified, but must Notes to pp. 114-121 205

be the undated memorandum prepared on 5 September and sent to the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee the following day (ibid., 225, n. 62). 46. Byrnes's telegram, 24 September, and Clayton's letter, 25 September, and the memorandum, slightly revised, ibid., 223-6, 240-5. 47. Byrnes's approval, 1 October, Washington telegram, 15 October, and Athens telegram, 17 October, ibid., 233-5 and n. 3. 48. Washington telegram, 31 October, F0371/67032/R1609. See also State Department memoranda, 21 and 29 October, FRUS, 1946, VII, 240-5, 255. 49. Minute, 5 November, F0371/58658/R15942. 50. Athens telegram, 14 December, F0371/67032/R1609; Athens tele• gram, 14 December, FRUS, 1946, VII, 282. 51. London Embassy letter, F0371/67032/R1609. 52. Athens telegram, loc. cit. ; the telegrams are apparently those of 13 and 19 December, FRUS, 1946, VII, 278-9, 283 (n. 77). 53. Washington telegrams, 26 December and 3 January, ibid., 285-8. 54. CM(47)14, CAB128/9. 55. JP(47)5(Final), 25 January, Public Record Office, Class DEFE, Minis• try of Defence (hereafter DEFE), 4/1; Alexander's letter, 27 February, F0371 /67032/R2629. 56. British policies and views of American attitudes are well illustrated by Selby's memorandum, 17 September 1946, and Bevin's letterto Dalton, 23 September, F0371 /58767 /R13693, Rl4121. 57. For example, memorandum, 21 October, and Washington telegram, 8 November, FRUS, 1946, VII, 240-5, 262-3. 58. Sir John Balfour, British Minister in Washington, made a statement to this effect concerning a different aspect of the Greek problem in his letter, 8 August 1947, F0371/61003/AN2922. 59. Washington telegram, 2 June, and Athens telegram, 7 June, FRUS, 1945, VIII, 221-3. 60. Grew's memorandum of conversation with Greek Foreign Minister Sophianopoulos, 9 July, ibid., 228-9.

Chapter 8: The British Decision to Withdraw Aid

1. A brief and preliminary study of the topics of this and the following chapter is contained in R. Frazier, 'Did Britain Start the Cold War? Bevin and the Truman Doctrine'. 2. D0(47)1, 1 January, and D0(47)2, 2 January, CAB131/41; CP(47)34, 25 January, CAB129/16; letter, 11 January and JP(47)5, 25 January, F0371 /67032/Rl819. 3. Minutes, 29 January, F0371/67032/R2438. 4. CM14(47)4, 30 January, CAB128/9. 5. Minute, 5 February, F0371/67032/R2439. 6. London telegram, 31 January, FRUS, 1947, V, 13-4. 206 Notes to pp. 121-127

7. George Catlett Marshall (1880-1959), Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1939-45; Secretary of State, January 1947-January 1949. 8. The first draft (marked 'A') includes minor amendments in Bevin's handwriting and is initialed by him (F0371 /67032/R1900). 9. Athens telegram, 5 February, loc. cit. 10. Loc. cit. 11. Ibid., R2443. 12. Ibid., R2440. 13. Ibid., R1900. 14. Ibid., R2440. 15. Williams's and Warner's minutes, ibid., R1900. 16. Letter, 15 February, ibid., R2440. 17. Memorandum, 18 February, ibid., R2443. There is a handwritten question mark opposite 'I agreed in both instances .... ', which may indicate the true meaning to be 'I agreed in both instances with his suggestions that we should put up .... ' Bevin's account differs substantially from that of Dalton; the discrepancies are discussed in detail in chapter 9, part 2. 18. London telegram, 19 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 26--7. 19. London telegrams 1634 to Washington and 384 to Athens, 20 February, F0371 /67033/R2969. 20. Williams's minute, 20 February, F0371/67033/R275. 21. There were two telegrams and two Aides-Memoire to be prepared, since the British Government added the problem of Turkey to the appeal for Greece. The Turkish aspects of the matter will not be examined. 22. On an official visit to Annapolis, Maryland (The (Baltimore) Sun, 21 February). 23. Despite the statement in J. M. Jones, Fifteen Weeks, that he tried for an appointment 'that gray afternoon', the attempt must have been made in the morning. Inverchapel spent the afternoon and evening of 21 February in Baltimore, where he and Alger Hiss received honorary degrees at Johns Hopkins University (The (Baltimore) Evening Sun, 21 February). Adding to this the fact that Washington was digging itself out from under eight inches of snow 'that gray afternoon', it seems doubtful that Jones had first-hand knowledge of the event. 24. D. G. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 217. Acheson's account suffers from several discrepancies. He mentions that Marshall gave him certain instructions concerning Greece that morning, but Marshall left his Washington residence early that morning to board a railway train at 8 a.m. He travelled to New York, where he received an honorary degree at Columbia University in the afternoon (New York Times, 22 February). That evening he travelled to Princeton, New Jersey, where he received another degree next day, returning to Washington late on Saturday evening. It is hardly likely that he would have visited his home in North Carolina, since his wife had joined him in New York. (Marshall papers, 'Miscellaneous, Columbia and Princeton Universities', itinerary Notes to pp. 127-131 207

for 21-22 February). F. C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Statesman, 1945-1949, 161 and n. 1, makes the same point, using a different source. 25. Henderson's two memoranda, 24 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 42-4. 26. Athens telegram 462, received in London 11:10 p.m., 21 February. 27. Alexander's letter, 21 February, F0371/67032/R2629. There is no evidence that the Defence Minister was consulted concerning the draft telegrams, although the special committee established by the Cabinet had directed that he should be. 28. Minutes, 22 February, F037l/67032/R2629. 29. Henderson's memorandum, FRUS, 1947, V, 44. 30. The only record found of the meeting of the three officials is a draft reply to Attlee, which indicates three different dates for the meeting. Internal evidence leaves no doubt that it took place on 24 February, since it states that the decision of the meeting was incorporated in telegram 1765, dispatched at 10:45 p.m. that day (Attlee's request and the resulting actions, F0371 /67032/R2451). 31. James Reston, 'Truman Asks Aid to Greece; Britain Unable to Bear Cost', New York Times, 28 February, copied by most British papers, beginning with the Evening Standard, 28 February. 32. Xydis, Greece and the Great Powers, 478-81, citing records of the Greek Embassy in Washington and the Greek Foreign Office. The conversation is reported without detail in Washington telegram to Athens, 28 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 69. 33. As it was, there were many complaints that Truman was 'pulling British chestnuts out of the fire', including some very insulting remarks by isolationist members of Congress. See the unpublished dissertations by B. D. McFayden, 'The Truman Doctrine', and Wiener, 'The Truman Doctrine'. 34. Daily Herald, 1 March. 35. Memorandum, 1 March, FRUS, 1947, V, 71-3. 36. D0(47)6, 3 March, CAB13l/5. 37. Washington telegram, 11 March, FRUS, 1947, V, 107-8. 38. Acheson's memoranda, 4, 8 and 14 March, his telegram, 11 March, British Aide-Memoire, 4 March, and London telegram, 17 March, ibid., 79-81, 105, 107-8, 116-17, 123-4; Washington telegram 1613, F0371 /67035/R3483. 39. CM30(47), 20 March, CAB128/9. 40. London telegram 176, 18 March, F0371/67036/R3708; Dalton to McNeil, 8 April, 67039 /R4931; Washington telegram 2210, 12 April, 67040/R4989; McNeil to Dalton, 18 April, PREM8/528; Marshall's notes, 22 March, and his telegrams, 11 and 15 April, Acheson's telegram, 12 April, and London telegram, 14 April, FRUS, 1947, V, 128-9, 141-6. 41. Attlee's minute, 17 April, and Dalton's letter, 18 April, PREM8/528; Bevin's letter, FRUS, 1947, V, 148-9. 208 Notes to pp. 132-138

Chapter 9: British Motivations for Withdrawal

1. E. Barker, Britain in a Divided Europe, 69. 2. High Tide and After, 207-8, and diary entry, 14 March. 3. Joseph Harsch broadcast, 12 March, The Listener, 20 March, 403-4. 4. Bevin's surrender to Dalton was on 18 February; the instructions to Norton to tell the Greeks all aid was being ended were sent early on 20 February; Norton's message 'arguing back on his instructions' arrived in London near midnight, 21/22 February. 5. Dalton was almost certainly confusing the meeting with Bevin on the 18th with that of the 24th (after the telegrams had been sent to Washington) when Bevin, Alexander and Dalton, on Attlee's instruc• tions, considered Norton's 'arguing back' message and interim aid. 6. Bevin's memorandum, 18 February, F0371/67032/R2442. 7. High Tide and After, 171, italics in original. 8. Minute, 29 January, F0371/67032/R2438. 9. Memorandum, 11 February, ibid., R2442. 10. Bevin's memorandum, 18 February, Zoe. cit. 11. Diary, 14 March. 12. Letter, 8 April, F0371/67039/R4931. 13. Letter, 18 April, F0371/67040/R5397. 14. K. 0. Morgan, Labour People, 127, suggests that Dalton had been hostile to the Greeks since the Chanak incident of 1922. 15. Acheson's memorandum and two Aides-Memoire, I March, FRUS, 1947, V, 72. 16. 435 Pari. Deb., col. 16, 17 March. 17. Text, F0371/61000/AN1174; report, New York Times, 11 March, 'Gloomy Reports Denied by Briton'. 18. New York Times, 18 March. 19. Colville's letter, 13 March, F0371/67035/R3467. 20. F0371/67035/R3442. 21. Labour Party Conference Report, 1947, 179. 22. 24 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 44-5. 23. Ibid., 47, n. 7, and 68, n. 3. 24. Matthews' telegram, 28 February, ibid., 68-9. 25. Undated memorandum, ibid., 48-52. The idea that Britain might enter into a closer relationship with the had been mentioned in a memorandum of December 1945 (FRUS, 1946, VII, 2-3). Whether the Americans realised it or not, the British, in planning post-war foreign policy, had considered this idea (G. Jebb, Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 117-18; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, V, 3-8). 26. FRUS, 1947, V, 57, 58. 27. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hear• ings on H. R. 2616, Assistance to Greece and Turkey, 21 March, 50. 28. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1947, 336-40. Notes to pp. 138-141 209

29. Truman's complete acceptance of the financial motive is set forth in his Memoirs, II, 104-6, and M. Miller, Plain Speaking, 258. Published accounts of members of the American administration who were involved confirm this view (Acheson, Present at the Creation, 217; Millis, W. (ed.), The Forrestal Diaries (hereafter Forrestal Diaries), 242; C. E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 261; Jones, Fifteen Weeks, 78-81). 30. Washington telegram, 17 May, FRUS, 1947, I, 750-1; London tele• gram, 11 June, NARS 841.20/6-1147 (the text printed in FRUS, 1947, I, 751-8, is incomplete). 31. London telegram, FRUS, 1947, V, 68, n. 3. 32. F orrestal Diaries, 4 and 8 August, 292-3. H. J. Laski, Chairman of the Labour Party, 1945-46; R. H. S. Crossman, leader of the 'Keep Left' group within the party; and K. Zilliacus, extreme left-wing Labour M.P., were all opposed to Bevin's foreign policy in general, but no evidence has been found of specific objection to aid to Greece on the part of any of them. They were certainly not closely associated. 33. 406 Pari. Deb., cols. 1858-1909, 8 December; The Times, 14 December 1944. 34. New Statesman, 1944-46, passim, reflects these left wing views, especially on 7 and 28 September, and 28 October 1946. Other analyses of left-wing attitudes to Bevin's foreign policy include T. D. Burridge, 'Barnacles and Trouble Makers'; J. L. Godfrey, 'British Foreign Policy and the Labour Party'; M. R. Gordon, Conflict and Consensus in Labour's Foreign Policy; E. J. Meehan, The British Left Wing and Foreign Policy, 52-65, 71-3; J. Schneer, Labour's Conscience, especially c. 2; P. Weiler, 'British Labour and the Cold War'; L. Woolf, Foreign Policy; and W. Wyatt, Into a Dangerous World, 139-49. 35. See contemporary comment in New Statesman, 'Reorientations: I.The Munich Analogy', 31 August 1946, and 'II. Vital Interests', 7 September. 36. A. Crawley, 'The Case for Mr Bevin', 7 December; R. Blackburn, 'Reply [to Crawley)', 14 December; 'From the Angle of Strategy', 11 January, and 'Rumours and Realities', 8 February. 37. 'Troops without Policy', 7 February; 'Athenian Hysteria', 7 March; 'The Way to the Stars- and Stripes, 21 March. 38. 437 Pari. Deb., col. 1799, 15 May 1947. 39. 'Greece and English Liberals', The Nineteenth Century and Afterwards, February 1947, 74-87. 40. Serials examined include all London dailies, Manchester Guardian, Observer, Sunday Times, Reynolds News, Spectator and Time and Tide, in addition to Labour Monthly, New Statesman and Tribune. 41. Autobiographies and memoirs include those of Attlee, Dalton, Morrison, Shinwell, Hoaloy, Raymond Blackburn, Woodrow Wyatt, Douglas Jay, D. H. Pritt, Francis Williams and George Wigg. 210 Notes to pp. 141-146

Biographies include Williams on Attlee and Bevin, Burridge and Harris on Attlee, Bullock on Bevin, Donoghue and Jones on Morrison, Foot on Bevan, Pimlott on Dalton, Haggart and Leigh on Foot, and Reed and Williams on Healey. 42. Bryant, Triumph in the West, 383-4. 43. High Tide and After, 105. 44. Home and Abroad (1955), 291. 45. Dalton diary, 18 February and 22 March 1946; Attlee's views, D0(46)27, 2 March, and Bevin's, 13 March, D0(46)40, CAB131/2; Defence Committee conclusions, F0371 /58683 /R5167. Bevin's views were to be discussed on 15 March; the minutes of this meeting (D0(46)41) have been withheld. See also W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 107-9. 46. E. Monroe, 'British Interests in the Middle East', 129-46. Discussions in the Chiefs of Staff Committee, 29 January, COS(47)16, DEFE4/l, give weight to these suggestions. 47. Memorandum, 5 January, F0800/476. 48. B. Montgomery, Memoirs, 170-1. Fuller discussion in R. N. Rosecrance, Defence of the Realm, 51-2; and C. J. Bartlett, The Long Retreat, 14-20. 49. Undated Foreign Office memorandum, and Bevin's letter to Attlee, 9 January, F0800/476. The statement that Britain had at last persuaded the United States to recognise mutual strategic interests in the Middle East is puzzling, although Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 316, suggests that such a belief on Bevin's part stems from Byrnes's acceptance in autumn 1946 of the Chiefs of Staff stress on the strategic threat, as discussed in Chapter 7, Section 5. In view of the limited assistance which Byrnes promised at that time, it is difficult to understand why Bevin should have felt this a worth-while pledge. 50. Minute, 10 January, F0800/476. 51. The basic document for that policy is D0(47)1, 1 January, CAB131/4. For a detailed examination of the development of defence policy, 1945-47, including the Attlee-Bevin disagreements, see J. Lewis, Changing Directions, c. 6. See also R. Smith, 'A Climate of Opinion', 631-47. 52. Medlicott, British Foreign Policy since Versailles, 280, and Contempo• rary England, 494; Barker, Britain in a Divided World, 68; D. Healey, 'Power Politics and the Labour Party', The Time of My Life, 114, and as quoted in A. Thompson (ed.), Day before Yesterday, 47 (when asked in 1979 whether he had had any indication of this view from Bevin, Healey replied that he could no longer recall the source for his earlier statements); R. B. Jones, The Making of Contemporary Europe; R. E. Jones, 'Reflections upon an Eventful Period in Britain's Foreign Relations', 529-32; and R. Tames, Ernest Bevin. 53. As It Happened. 54. Ernest Bevin, 263; A Prime Minister Remembers, 162, 169-70, 172. Notes to pp. 147-151 211

55. Ernest Bevin, 263-4 (italics added). 56. Minute, 6 September, F0371/51609/AN2653. 57. The phrase is that of Coral Bell, The Debatable Alliance, 9. 58. Washington telegram 1581, 13 March, F0371/67035/R3482. 59. A Prime Minister Remembers, 161. 60. British Foreign Policy since the Second World War, 16. 61. Telegram, 23 July, FRUS, 1946, VI, 768-71. 62. Minute, 19 August 1947, F0371/61003/ AN2922. 63. For a view to this effect of a senior American diplomat, see P. E. Mosely, 'Hopes and Failures' . 64. Indications that belief in an American return to isolation was accepted in the British Labour Party include: Dalton, High Tide, 101; D. Healey, 'Power Politics'; and R. Jenkins, British Foreign Policy since 1945, 5. 65. R. Clarke, Anglo-American Collaboration in War and Peace, 72-80; R.N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, 306-12; and J. C. R. Dow, The Management of the British Economy, 1945-1960, 13-29. 66. R. Jones, 'Reflections upon an Eventful Period', 529. Jones' figures are based on a comparison with 1938, a relatively poor year for external trade compared with the general run of the 1930s. 67. Contemporary views that the financial situation was not serious include: D. Jay, 'Labour's Plan for 1947' (but see his autobiography, Change and Fortune, 163-4, in which he admits error, implying that he was misled by the Treasury); and Dalton, High Tide, 163-7, 257-8. 68. McNeil, Daily Herald, 6 November 1952; Mayhew, Spectator, 7 November; Woolf, Political Quarterly, XXIV (1953), 116-17; Crossman, New Statesman, 8 November 1952; Healey, Forward, 22 November; Daily Worker, 6 November. A cutting of Trevor-Roper's review has been found, but there is no indication of where it appeared; its author has been unable to identify the periodical. The Sunday Times, 9 November, and _identical reviews of 6 November in the Oxford Mail and the Birmingham Gazette all noted Williams' contention, but either doubted its validity or failed to comment on it. Fifty-six reviews were examined. 69. Indications of the intensity of the shock include Acheson, Present at the Creation, 217, 220-1; J. M. Jones, Fifteen Weeks, 8; M. Truman, Harry S. Truman, 376. Williams's story (Ernest Bevin, 263) that Marshall was so shocked he sent an angry cable to Bevin asking if there had been a major change in British foreign policy seems based on a faulty memory; the telegram he describes is almost certainly that of 1 August 1947, FRUS, 1947, V, 273-4. No telegram which would fit Williams's description has been found in American or British records, although Bullock (Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 370) confirms Williams's claim without providing a source. Another Marshall telegram of 1 August (FRUS, 1947, V, 275) does point out the embarrassment caused the US Government by the short notice of the 21 February note. lnverchapel 212 Notes to pp. 151-153

made a tactful suggestion to the Foreign Office that, while the shock effect of the February note had probably been useful, it might not be advisable to try such tactics again (Washington telegram 1581, 13 March, F0371/67035/R3482). 70. Although he told American newsmen shortly after the Truman Doctrine speech that the United States had no reason to be shocked because the State Department had known for some months that Britain intended to abandon Greece in March 1947 (San Francisco Chronicle, 10 April 1947; F0371/67039/R4886, 67040/R5084). 71. Williams states in the author's notes to Ernest Bevin that the work is based 'upon many long conversations I had with him from 1929 to within a few days of his death and of which I kept notes'. Many papers concerned with the preparation of Ernest Bevin and Williams's other books are preserved in the Francis-Williams papers in Churchill Col• lege, Cambridge, but there are no notes of conversations with Bevin. 72. Francis-Williams papers, Box 24. 73. A Prime Minister Remembers, 172. 74. Nothing So Strange (1970), 246. 75. Strang, Home and Abroad, 291; Foot, Aneurin Bevan, II, 89. Other praise of Bevin's timing in this matter includes Barker, Divided Europe, 69; D. Dilks (ed.), Introduction to Retreat from Power, II, 20; Frankel, British Foreign Policy, 187; and David Watt, 'Withdrawal from Greece'. 76. 433 Pari. Deb., col. 1909, 25 February. Truman (Memoirs, II, 108, 164) and Acheson (Present at the Creation, 181) comment on the effect of this speech on the American administration when coming to a decision to aid Greece. 77. Bevin's comment in undated memorandum, 'Review of the Proceedings of the Council of Ministers in Moscow', although in his private letter to Attlee, 14 April, he discussed Greece, but made no mention of any effect of Truman's speech (both F0800/447). Strong views that the speech had an adverse effect on the conference include A. Toynbee, 'Introduction' toP. Calvocoressi (ed.), Survey of International Affairs, 1947-1948; Gladwyn Jebb, Memoirs, 199; and J. Wheeler-Bennett and A. Nichols, Semblance of Peace. Records of participants in the conference include Bohlen, Witness to History; M. W. Clark, From the Danube to the Yalu; L. D. Clay, Decision in ; J. F. Dulles, War or Peace; R. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors; M. Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain; and W. B. Smith, Moscow Mission. On balance it would seem that the Truman Doctrine speech had little effect, but Bevin could not have been sure of this in February. 78. Bevin's letter to Attlee and resulting papers, PREM8 705. 79. For the more significant reports of the British Embassy on the changing American atttiudes, see F0371/51609-51611; they are analysed in depth by P. Boyle, 'The Foreign Office View of Soviet-American Relations' . Notes to pp. 154-157 213

80. A. J. Robertson, The Bleak Midwinter, analyses the effect of the fuel crisis on economic development. 81. Dalton's diary. 'Shinbad' was Dalton's nickname for Shinwell, who actually said, 'If domestic and industrial consumers declined to cooperate in this emergency, we should find ourselves in a condition of complete disaster'. Shawcross, the Attorney-General, said, ' ... if we did not overcome the fuel situation and improve coal production the Labour Government would fail, and that would be the end of Socialism in our time.' Both quotations from public speeches, The Times, 10 February. 82. Ernest Watkins, The Cautious Revolution, 22. 83. Manchester Guardian, 17 February. 84. Contemporary analysis along this line includes: 'The New Momoe', The Economist, 22 March, and W. Woodside, 'Alarm in Washington', Spectator, 21 March. The State Department saw a connection between the notes on Greece and Turkey and the simultaneous announcement of withdrawals from Palestine, India and Burma (Henderson's remarks, 24 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 45-7). The general effect of the fuel crisis on British policy is examined by R. Kaiser, Cold Winter, Cold War. 85. For Palestine, see Louis, British Empire in the Middle East, c. 4, and R. Ovendale, 'The Palestine Problem of the British Government, 1947'; for India, N. Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, 1942-1947, vol. IX. 86. Memoirs, 199.

Chapter 10: The American Reaction and the Truman Doctrine

1. Jones, Fifteen Weeks, provides a detailed account of State Department and White House actions, which is supplemented by Acheson's memoir, Present at the Creation, and Loy Henderson's Oral History interview. There are flaws in all three sources, most of which are minor. Truman's discussion (Memoirs, 103-15) is brief and uninformative. 2. Acheson's memorandum, 21 February, based on Henderson's memo• randum, 20 February, FRUS, 1947, V, 29-31 and n. 1. Acheson (Present at the Creation, 217) states that this was seen by Marshall before he left 'for Princeton' on 21 February, but, since Marshall does not seem to have visited the State Department that day, there is some error in Acheson's account. 3. Joseph M. Jones (1908- ), publicist; Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs in 1947. Jones was the principal writer for the Truman Doctrine speech, and involved in most of the State Department discussions which led up to it; he was not in a policy making position. 4. Arthur H. Vandenberg, Sr. (1894-1951), US Senator, 1928-51; former isolationist; President Pro Tempore (Speaker, there being no Vice President), majority leader (senior Republican member) and Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate in 1947. 214 Notes to pp. 158-162

5. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 219; Jones, Fifteen Weeks, 139-42. Jones' account is far more detailed, but his source is unknown. There is no evidence that he was present at the meeting. Marshall's presentation, FRUS, 1947, V, 60-2; H. S. Truman, Memoirs, II, 109; T. Connally, My Name is Tom Connally, 319; A. H. Vandenberg, Jr. (ed.), The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 339; draft report, Box 2, Papers of Joseph M. Jones, Truman Library. Acheson's contribution is also questioned by Pogue, Marshall: Statesman, 164-5. 6. Fifteen Weeks, 151. 7. Oral History interview, 83-4, Truman Library. 8. Jones, Fifteen Weeks, 171-98, presents a summary of press, public and Congressional reaction; a fuller analysis is in the unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of B. Weiner, 'The Truman Doctrine', 150-72. 9. The Act was passed by the Senate, 22 April, by a vote of 67 to 23, and by the House, 8 May, by 287 votes to 107. It became law with Truman's signature on 22 May. 10. 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct', 566-82. Kennan was not involved in the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and disapproved of it on a number of grounds (see his Memoirs, 1925-1950, c. 13), but his objections were not made public until long afterward. See D. Mayers, George Kennan, c. 6. 11. Authorities who either subscribe to this view entirely, or emphasise the significant change in American foreign policy which it brought about include: A. Harriman, 'Leadership in World Affairs', 525-40; Hathaway, Ambiguous Partnership, 301-3; R. Jenkins, Truman, 101; Kuniholm, Origins of the Cold War, 420-1; W. Lippman, Isolation and Alliances, 32, 42; H. Macmillan, 437 Pari. Deb., col. 1944, 16 May 1947; and D. Yergin, The Shattered Peace, 1977), 275. 12. Izvestia, 13 March 1947, in Carlyle, Documents on International Affairs 1947-48, 7-10, reflects the Soviet attitude in press releases aimed at the West. For more critical Soviet comments directed towards Eastern Europe, see 'What They Are Saying', Listener, 3 April 1947. 13. Vyshinsky speech, 18 September, and Cominform Declaration, 22-3 September, Carlyle, 58-9, 122-5. 14. P. Seabury, The Rise and Fall of the Cold War, c. 1, discusses the question in detail. 15. Foreign Affairs, LII (1974), 386-402. 16. Cited from Elsey letter, 15 October 1951, Box 104, Elsey Papers, Truman Library. 17. Rebuttals of Truman's claims of an ultimatum to Iran are provided by FRUS, 1946, VII, 331-83, especially 348-9; and Kunihom, Origins of the Cold War, 303-335, especially 320-1, where Truman's emphasis on the Iran incident in later years is examined. R. J. Maddox, From War to Cold War, 176, believes Truman did deliver an 'ultimatum' on Iran, when Ambassador Bedell Smith was directed to speak frankly to Stalin on 4 April 1946. A close reading of Smith's report (FRUS, 1946, VI, Notes to pp. 162-168 215

732-6) fails to indicate anything stronger than a diplomatic expression of disapproval of the Soviet attitude toward Iran. 18. Pp. 282-315. 19. FRUS, 1946, I, 1160-1171. 20. The Long Peace, 41, 56. 21. Gaddis, 'Harry S. Truman', in F. J. Merli and T. A. Wilson (eds), Makers of American Diplomacy, II, 203. 22. Kuniholm, op. cit., 420-1, also objects to Gaddis's thesis on the Truman Doctrine, but with a different analysis. 23. SeeR. A. Arthur, 'Harry S. Truman', 66--7. 24. Two Aides-Memoire, 1 March, and London telegram, 17 March, FRUS, 1947, V, 72-3, 123-4; F0371/61033 and 61034, passim. 25. MacVeagh's letter to Maximos, 11 April, Washington telegram, 16 April, and Athens telegram, 25 April, FRUS, 1947, V, 142-3, 146--7, 151-2. 26. Washington telegram, 18 July, and Athens telegram, 21 July, ibid., 243-4, 250-2. 27. The dispute is examined in detail by R. Frazier, 'The Bevin-Marshall Dispute of August-November 1947 concerning the Withdrawal of British Troops from Greece'. 28. The arguments that the end of the civil war was directed by Stalin, or was the result of the Tito-Stalin rift are not within the scope of this work. 29. The long-term effects of the American presence are examined by R. Clogg, Short History of Modem Greece c. 7; M. Goldbloom, 'United States Policy in Post-War Greece'; J. 0. Iatrides, 'American Attitudes towards Greece'; H. Jones, "A New Kind of War"; J. V. Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment; K. Legg, Politics in Modern Greece, cc. 3, 9; L. Stem, The Wrong Horse; and Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, c. 10. Of the above, only Kofas, Stem and Wittner suggest that the overall effect of American influence was harmful. 30. S. E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism, 142, 145-6. J. and G. Kolko, The Limits of Power, 329-58, set forth a most detailed argument to the effect that Truman was waiting for an issue upon which to initiate an anti-Soviet foreign policy. 31. W. LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 43. 32. Examples of such views include: D. F. Fleming, The Cold War and Its Origin, 433-76; D. Horowitz, From Yalta to Vietnam, 68-9; R. J. Barnet, Intervention and Revolution, 119; and slightly less definitely, W. A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 268-70. R. J. Maddox, The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War, 58-9, evaluates the revisionist view that Truman was waiting for an issue. 33. E. R. May, "Lessons" of the Past, 41-2, citing Henderson's and Jemegan's memoranda, 21 October, FRUS, 1946, VII, 893-7. These concern Turkey, but parallel the State Department memorandum on 216 Notes to pp. 168-171

Greece of the same date sent to Byrnes in Paris, as discussed in Chapter 7, Section 5. 34. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 346. 35. H. L. Feis, From Trust to Terror, 192, recording a 1966 conversation with Clark Clifford, to whom Truman is quoted as having made the remark. 36. Present at the Creation, 190-216 et passim; Fifteen Weeks, 89-99. 37. Public Papers, Truman, 1947, 17 April 1947, 207-10. 38. Present at the Creation, 1969, and Witness to History, 1973. 39. Memoirs, II, 108. 40. Forrestal Diaries, 247. 41. Letter printed in M. Truman, Harry S. Truman, 374. See also another portion of this letter, ibid., 398. 42. Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 370. 43. Architects of Illusion, 206-18, based on an analysis of Jones, Fifteen Weeks, 138-42. 44. Memorandum, 22 July 1948, FRUS, 1947, III, 242-3. Select Bibliography

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Carlyle, M. (ed.), Documents on International Affairs 1947-1948 (1952). Great Britain, Parliament, Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons), Fifth Series. --, --, Parliamentary Papers (House of Commons and Command), Command 6812, 'Report of the Allied Mission to Observe the Greek Election, 10 April 1946'. Kimball, W. F. (ed.), Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, 3 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1984). Labour Party Conference Reports, 1945-1951. Trade Union Congress Conference Report, 1947. Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stalin's Cor• respondence with Roosevelt and Truman 1941-1945 (New York, 1965). United States, Congress, House, Assistance to Greece and Turkey, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 80th Congress, 1st Session, on H. R. 2616, 20-31 March, 3-9 April 1947. --,Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers: Annual Volumes, 1941-1948, and the special series: The Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943. The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943. The Conference at Quebec,1944. The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945. The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, 2 vols. --, President, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1947.

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Abyssinia, 143 119-23, 125-6, 128-9, 131-3, Acheson, Dean, 95, 98, 136, 138-9, 136, 139-49, 151-3, 155-6, 152, 157-8, 163, 168-71, 165-6, 168, 171, 173, 175, 179, 201 (n. 67) 181, 203 (n. 22), 204 (n. 38), Afghanistan, 134 212 (n. 71) Albania, 93, 157 Bidault, Georges, 83 Alexander, A. V., 111-12, 114-16, Biddle, Anthony Drexel, 4, 9, 122, 128, 145, 203 (n. 30), 186 (n. 23) 207 (n. 27) Bizonia, 116, 155 Alexander, G. M., viii Blackburn, Raymond, 209 (n. 41) Alexander, Field Marshal Harold, Bohlen, Charles, 170, 188 (n. 1), 63-5, 68, 194 (n. 33) 212 (n. 77) Allen, George V., 38 British Military Mission (Harling), Allied Military Liaison (relief agency), 10-11,21,30,33,49-50 60-1, 102 British Military Missions (post• Allied Mission for the Observation of liberation), 131, 165-6 Greek Elections (AMFOGE), 82, Brooke, Field Marshal Alan, 34, 104, 87-8,92,96,200(n. 55) 193 (n. 14) Allied Territories (Balkans) Brussels Treaty, 132 Committee, 17 BUCCANEER, Operation, 44 American loan, 123, 132, 150, 154 Bulgaria, 56, 58, 76, 95, 157, 162, 166 andarte delegation, 21-7, 29-31, Bullock, Alan, 170, 203 (n. 20), 36, 172 210 (n. 49) Anderson, T. M., viii Burma, 135, 150, 154 Anglo-Hellenic Agreement, 1942, 108 Byrnes, James F., 82-3, 87-8, 95-6, Atherton, Ray, 27, 30 107-17, 119, 121-2, 149, 153, Atlantic Charter, 4, 8, 16, 28, 67, 147 161-2, 178-9, 198 (n. 30) Attlee, Clement, 34, 59-60, 104, 111-13, 123, 128-9, 131, 141-6, Caccia, Harold, 82 148, 152, 154-5, 174, 179-80, Cadogan, Alexander, 41, 183 (n. 24) 202 (n. 7), 209 (n. 41) Campbell, Ronald, 31 , 60, 149-51 Canada loan to Britain, 123 Brerentzen, Lars, 186 (n. 22), spy case, 162 193 (n. 14) UNRRA contributions, 104 Balfour, John, 130, 205 (n. 58) Canning, George, 147 Barker, Elisabeth, 42 Capell, Richard, 195 (n. 46) Baruch Plan, 161 Casey, Richard, 22, 25-6, 38, 44, 186 BBC, 6, 53 (n. 23), 187 (n. 39) Berle, Adolph, 28-9 Chanak, 208 (n. 14) Berlin blockade and airlift, 152, 160 Chiang, Kai Shek, 164 Bevin, Ernest, ix-x, 70, 80-7, 91, Chiefs of Staff (American), see Joint 95-6,98,100,106-13,115, Chiefs of Staff

228 Index 229

Chiefs of Staff (British), 11-2, 32, Declaration on Liberated Europe, 80, 34-5,58-9,108,111-12,117, 195 (n. 56) 120, 128, 141-3, 145, 153, 172, Defence Committee of the Cabinet, 188 (n. 58) 108, 142 Chiefs of Staff (Anglo-American), see Defence Ministry, 120-1, 207 (n. 27) Combined Chiefs of Staff 'degenerate intellectuals', 141 China 161 Dixon, Pierson, 5, 16, 182 (n. 5) Churchill, Winston, ix, 1, 3, 5, 12-15, Dominions, 51, 136 26-31,33-5,37,39-46,50-9, DRAGOON, Operation, 61 61-70, 73-4, 76-80, 86, 89-90, Dulles, John Foster, 212 (n. 77) 101, 103, 139, 152, 158, 161, 172-3, 177, 179-80 EAM, 10-11, 14-15, 21-4, 30-6, Clark, Mark, 212 (n. 77) 41-2,46-51,53-4,58-9,62, Clay, Lucius, 116, 212 (n. 77) 65-6,71-7, 80,89-90, 117, 172, Clayton, Will, 111, 114 174, 184 (n. 28) Clifford, Clark, 216, (n. 35) economic mission (British), colonialism, viii, 67, 71, 93-4, 150 84-5, 106-7 Colonel's coup, 166-7 economic mission (U.S.) (Porter Combined Chiefs of Staff, 29, 59, Mission), 111, 114-16, 118-19, 61-2,68, 194(n.26) 121, 128 Cominform, 160 Economic Warfare, Ministry of, 34 Comintem, 160 Economou-Gouras, Paul, 130 Commander-in-Chief Middle East, Eden, Anthony, 5-6, 16-18, 21-3, 17, 104 27-8,32-5,37,39-42,44-6,49, Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 51,58-9,63-5,67,70, 73,76-7, 10, 21, 50, 157, 165, 175-6 79-80, 172-3, 179 Connally, Tom, 157-8 EDES, 10-11, 14-15, 21, 25, 31-3, 77 constituent assembly, 18, 66 Egypt, 135, 142-3 containment, 147, 152 Eisenhower, 35, 61 convertibility crisis, 150, 154 EKKA, 21 Cranborne, Lord, 54 ELAS, 10, 69, 184 (n. 28) Cromer, Lord, 76, 83, 94, 197 (n. 3) Election Commission, see Allied Crossman, Richard, 139, 151, Mission for the Observation of 209 (n. 32) Greek Elections Currency Control Commission, Elsey, George, 161-2 107, 174 Exindaris, Georgios, 22, 24, 186 (n. Cyprus, 142 23) Czechoslovakia, 144, 160 Export-Import Bank loan, 93, 105-6, 114, 117, 119 Daily Worker, 151 Dalton, Hugh, 107-12, 123-6, 'First Round', 31 128-37, 142, 145, 150-2, 154-5, Foreign Affairs, 151 171, 175, 208 (n. 14) Foot, Michael, 140-1, 152, 209 (n. 41) Damaskinos, Archbishop of Athens, Forrestal, James, 68 32,34,46,48,50-1, 63-6,76-8, Frederika, Princess of Greece, 55 80-7, 94-5, 187 (n. 48), 198 (n. French Communist Party, 161, 169 20), 200 (n. 65) fuel crisis in Britain, 123, 132, Danube Commission, 149 150, 153-4 Davis, H. D., 185 (n. 6) 230 Index

Gaddis, John L., 161-4, 168 International Affairs, 151 Gammell, J. A. H., 196 (n. 64) International Bank for Reconstruction, Gardner, Lloyd, 170 106-7 George IT, King of Greece, ix, 1-46, International Monetary Fund, 109 48, 50-5, 58-9, 63-6, 69-71, Inverchapel, Lord (Archibald 73-4, 77-8, 80-3, 85-6, 89-90, Clark-Kerr), 121-2, 126-8, 95-101, 172-7, 179 130, 135-6, 147-8, 206 (n. 23), George VI, King of Great Britain, 136 211-12 (n. 69) Germany, 116-17, 146, 149-50, 152, Iran, 116, 143-4, 148, 155, 159, 161, 169 161-2, 169 Glenconner, Lord, 25 Iraq, 143 Gonatas, Stylianos, 5-6 'Iron Curtain' speech, 158, 161 Grady, Henry, 87-8 isolationism, 146, 149-50, 153, Greek armed forces, 5, 9-10, 12-13, 159, 167, 177-8, 207 (n. 33), 16, 51, 62, 102, 104, 108, 211 (n. 64) 110-12, 117-18, 120-2, 128-9, Italian Communist Party, 160-61, 169 153, 165-6, 174 Italy, 55, 133-4, 151, 169 Griswold, Dwight, 165 Gromyko, Andrei, 162 Jackson, R. G. A., UNRRA, 104 Gusev, Feodor, 56 Jay, Douglas, 209 (n. 41), 211 (n. 67) Joint Chiefs of Staff (U. S. ), 113-4, Halifax, Lord, 67, 179 117, 162-3, 178, 194 (n. 26) Harling Mission, see British Military Joint Planning Staff (British), 59, 111 Mission Jones, Joseph M., 157-8, 163, 168-70, Harriman, Averell, 37, 49-50, 110, 213 (n. 3) 139, 189 (n. 4) Judd, Walter, 138 Harsch, Joseph, 208 (n. 3). July 4th declaration, see policy Harvey, Oliver, 41 declarations by George II Hayter, William, 83, 109 Healey, Denis, 151, 209 (n. 41), Kannellopoulos, Panaghiotis, 6-8, 24, 210 (n. 52) 84-5, 106 Henderson, Loy, 114-6, 130, 158 Karalekas, Anne, viii Hiss, Alger, 206 (n. 23) Kennan, George, 159-61, 163-4, Hopkins, Harry, 37, 39-40, 42, 45, 57, 214 (n. 10) 68, 72, 188 (n. 2), 189 (n. 20) Kenya/Lagos strategic plan, 141-3 Hopkinson, Henry, 7 Keynes, Lord, 108 House of Commons, 63, 67-8, Kindelberger, Charles P., 170-1 135, 139 King, Admiral Ernest, 68, 196 (n. 64) Hull, Cordell, 9, 28-9, 49, 71-2, KKE, see Communist Party of Greece 177, 179 Kirk, Alexander, 9, 24, 26, 28-9, , 56, 76 37-8,68, 182(n.20) Hunt, David, 41, 189 (n. 20) Kohler, Foy, 4, 8, 30-1, 71, 177, 182 (n. 3) Iatrides, John 0., viii Koliopoulos, JohnS., viii imperialism, 71, 118, 177 Korean War, 151-2, 161, 163-4 India, 135, 150, 154-5 Koryzis, Alexander, 1 Indo-China, 161 Kunniholm, Bruce R., 214 (n. 17), Indonesia, 148, 161 215 (n. 22) interim aid, 121-2, 128-31 Index 231

Labour Party, 132, 137, 139-41 Military Assistance Program, 163 Labour Pary conferences, 1945-47, 86, Military Liaison (relief agency), 60-2, 136, 139 102, 118 Lagos-Kenya strategic plan, 141-3 Minister of State in the Middle East, Lancaster, Osbert, 195 (n. 46) (see also R. G. Casey and Lord Laski, Harold, 139, 209 (n. 32) Moyne), 7, 13, 17 Leahy, Admiral William, 67, 72 Molotov, V. M., 49, 169 Lebanon Conference, 36, 53 Mombasa, 142 Leeper, Reginald, 9, 16,..18, 21-6, Monroe, Elizabeth, 142, 210 (n. 46) 32-6, 38-44, 48, 50-3, 62-5, Monroe Doctrine, 147 69, 73, 76,78-80,82-4,86-7, Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard, 89-91,93-4,102-3,173,179, 143 183 (n. 19), 185 (n. 49), 185 (n. Montreux Convention, 113, 148-9 4), 200 (n. 60) Morgan, General William, 104 Lehman, Herbert, 103 Morrison, Herbert, 59, 192 (n. 5), Levidis, Col., 38, 189 (n. 20) 210-11 (n. 41) Liberal Party, 141 Morton, Desmond, 39, 45 Libya, 148 Moscow Conference of Foreign 'long telegram', 161-2 Ministers, 152-3 Lyttleton, Oliver, 103 Moyne, Lord, 58 Munich, 144 McCarthy, Joseph, 160 Murphy, Robert, 212 (n. 77) Maclean, Donald, 108 Murray, Wallace, 9, 16, 28, 38, 44, 71, Macmillan, Harold, 55, 63-5, 69-70, 177, 183 (n. 16) 76, 192 (n. 34) mutiny in Greek armed forces, 9-10, McNeil, Hector, 84-5, 94, 106-7, 52-3,71 112-13, 130, 135, 142, 174 Myers, Brigadier E. C. W., 11, 21-6, MacVeagh, Lincoln, 37-9, 41-6, 48, 29, 185 (n. 8), 187 (n. 41) 53,59-60,65,69,71-2,79, 82, 86-7,91,93,97-100,104-6, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty 115, 118, 157, 165, 177-9, 182 Organisation), 163 (n. 1), 189 (n. 7), 194 (n. 39), 196 Near East, 142-3, 149 (nn. 67, 71), 196-7 (n. 78) Nelson, Donald, 103 Malta, 143 New Statesman, 140 Manchester Guardian, 141 Norton, Clifford, 94-100, 108, 115, Marshall, George C., 121-2, 124, 122-4, 127-8, 133-5, 174, 179, 126-7, 130-1, 138, 153, 157, 196-7 (n. 78), 200 (n. 60) 165-6, 168, 170, 206 (n. 24), November 8 letter, see policy 211-12 (n. 69) declarations by George II Marshall Plan, 150, 159-60, 163, 166 Mavromichalis, Petros, 100 oil, 143, 145 Maxirnos, Dirnitrios, 100, 165 OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 50, Mayhew, Christopher, 151 191 (n. 7) Medlicott, H. N., 145 OVERLORD, Operation, 35 Metaxas, John, 1-3, 5, 8, 43 Middle East, 138, 140-5, 149 Paget, General Bernard, 62 Middle East Defence Committee, Palairet, Michael, 6-7, 9, 183 (n. 13) 17-18,32-4 Palestine, 109, 142, 152, 154-5, Mikoyan, Anastas, 103 166 232 Index

Papandreou, Georgios, 53, 55, , 56, 76, 158, 162 62-6, 77 Roosevelt, Franklin D., ix, 1, 4, 26-30, Papastratis, Procopis, viii 37-47, 48, 52-3, 56-7, 60-1, Paris Council of Foreign Ministers 63,67-72,79-80,103,116,147, Conference, 95-6, 108-9, 121-2 149, 172, 177-80 Paris Peace Conference, 113, 121-2 Paul, Crown Prince of Greece, 55 Sadler, Brigadier General Percy, 62 percentage agreement, 56-7, 66, 71, Sarafis, Stephanos, 48 177, 179 Sargent, Orme, 5, 7, 12, 19, 23-5, 34, Plaka Bridge agreement, 49-50, 52 39,41, 76, 94,99, 109,128,147, Plastiras, Nikolaos, 11, 32, 77-8, 86, 182 (n. 6) 187 (n. 48), 188 (n. 54) Scobie, General Ronald, 62, 65 plebiscite, 1-4, 8, 11-12, 14-19, 'Second Round', 36, 46-7, 62-3, 22-3, 25, 27-8, 31-6, 41, 46, 50, 65-6, 72-5, 77, 176-7 52-5, 64-6, 69-73, 75, 78-86, Security Battalions, 89 89-96, 98, 101, 172-3, 176-7 Sedgewick, A. C., 195 (n. 46) Pogue, Forrest C., 207 (n. 24), Selborne, Lord, 34-6 214 (n. 5) Shawcross, Hartley, 154, 213 (n. 81) , 158 Shinwell, Emanuel, 154, 209 (n. 41), policy declarations, British 213 (n. 81) early 1942, 6 shock tactics, 147, 151, 211-12 October 1942, 7-8, 12 (nn. 69, 70) March 1943, 12-16, 19 Smith, W. B., 212 (n. 77), 214 (n. 17) September 1943, 30-1 Smuts, Jan, 27, 40-1 August 1945, 81-2 SOE (Special Operations Executive), policy declarations by George II 6, 10-13, 18, 21, 23-5, 33-4, 36, 4 July 1943, 16-19, 27-30, 35, 48, 187 (n. 48) 64-5,71 Somerville, Admiral James, 68 8 November 1943, 34-5, 48, 50-1 Somerville-Smith, Herbert, 204 (n. 40) Porter, Paul, see economic mission Sophoulis, Themistocles, 85, 87-8 (U.S.) Soviet influence, 49, 52, 56-7, Pritt, D. N., 209 (n. 41) 67,92-3 Pyromaglou, Kominos, 25-6 Soviet threat, 104, 108-9, 113, 119, 137-8, 142-9, 157-62, 167-70, Quebec Conference, 1943, 27-8, 30, 204 (n. 42) 42, 71, 172 'Special Relationship', ix, 179-80 spheres of influence, 3-4, 56-7, 71, Rankin, Karl, 87, 95-6 93,137,177, 196(n. 77) regency, 41, 46, 50-1, 55-6, 63-6, Stalin, 56-7, 66, 96, 143-4, 162, 69-70, 73, 83, 172, 177 215 (n. 28) regency council, 32-4, 41, 43, 55 Special Operations Committee, Middle Reinhardt, Frederick, 188 (n. 1) East Command, 33 relief operations, 59-62, 68, 102, 'Stars and Stripes', 69 118, 176 State-War-Navy Coordinating Republican Party (U.S.) 153, 157, 159, Committee, 204-5 (n. 45) 162, 167-8 Steinhardt, Lawrence, 37 revisionist historians, 167-8 Stettinius, Edward, 62, 66-9, 71-2, 79, Richter, Heinz, viii 177, 194 (n. 28), 195 (n. 56) Rizopoulos, Nicholas X., viii Strang, William, 9, 142, 183 (n. 17) Index 233

Stuttgart speech, 149, 155, 161 Vandenberg, Arthur, 157-8, 162, 171, Sweet-Escott, Bickham, 185 (n. 41) 213 (n. 4) Syria, 148 Varkiza Agreement, 46, 66, 75-6, 78, 80-3,85-6,90, 173,200(n.56) Taft, Robert, 153 Varvaressos, Kyriakos, 105-6 Tehran Conference, 37 Venezelos, Eleftherios, 8, 11 'Third Round', 75, 100-1, 117, 120, Voigt, F. A., 141 122-3, 129, 153, 165-7, 174, 176 Voulgaris, Admiral Panghiotes, 78 Times Literary Supplement, 151 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 159-60 timing, 147, 152-4 Tito, Marshal, 215 (n. 28) Wallace, David, 21-4, 187 (n. 41) Trade Union Congress Conference, Williams, Francis (Lord Francis• 139 Williams), 146-8, 150-2, 155, Treasury (British), 107, 120-1, 124, 209 (n. 41), 211-12 (n. 69), 212 126, 128-9, 150, 203 (n. 20), (nn. 70-1) 211 (n. 67) Williams, M. S., 114-15 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 151, 211 (n. 68) Wilson, General Henry Maitland, Tribune, 140 25-6, 32-4, 58, 61-3, 186 (n. 19) Trieste, 149-50, 161 Winant, Gilbert, 37, 39,42-3,45, 179, troop carrier aircraft, 61-2 189 (n. 3) troop withdrawal, 76, 94-5, 145, 166 Wines, Gerald, 50 Truman, Harry S., 80, 91, 104-5, 110, Wittner, L. S., viii 114, 116, 130, 152, 157-9, 162, Woodhouse, C. M., 36, 49, 148, 164, 168-71, 179 194-5 (n. 41) Truman Doctrine, ix-x, 70, 133, 135, Woodward, Llewellyn, 67, 185 (n. 4), 138, 142, 148, 151-2, 158-61, 190 (n. 36) 163-4, 166-71, 175, 181 Woolf, Leonard, 151 Tsa1daris, Constantinos, 94, 96-8, 100, Wright, Michael, 67, 196 (n. 77) 109-10, 114-15 Tsouderos, Emanuel, 1, 5, 10, 22-4, 'X' article, 159-60, 164 26,29,35,37-41,48-53,73,107 Turkey, 93, 113-14, 120, 134-6, 143, Yalta Declaration, 80, 92-3, 103, 148, 154, 159, 161, 203 (n. 21) 160-1, 167, 178, 194-5 (n. 56) Yugoslavia, 27, 56-7 .• 113 Unger, Leonard, 109 UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Zervas, Napoleon, 11, 14-15, 32, 48, Rehabilitation Administration), 184 (n. 36) 60, 102-4, 106, 110, 118 Zilliacus, Konni, 139, 209 (n. 32) United Nations Security Council, 87, 148, 159-62, 180