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Preface Greece and the British Connection, 1936-1941. 2. British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War. 3. the Prelu

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Preface Greece and the British Connection, 1936-1941. 2. British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War. 3. the Prelu Notes Preface 1. Greece and the British Connection, 1936-1941. 2. British Policy towards Greece during the Second World War. 3. The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine. 4. British Intervention in Greece. 5. Revolt in Athens. 6. '"Whig" History Revisited: Reflections on the Origins of U.S. Involve- ment in Greece'. 7. American Intervention in Greece. 8. Britain, the United States, and Greece, 1942-1945. 9. The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War. Chapter 1: Initial British and American Policies, April1941- August 1943 1. The only detailed study of George II is that of A. S. G. Lee, The Royal House of Greece, which is uncritical at best. An incisive appreciation is that of Lincoln MacVeagh in his repon, 19 July 1941, United States National Archives and Record Service, State Department Decimal Files (hereafter NARS) 868.00/1124, summarised in J. 0. Iatrides (ed.), Ambassador MacVeagh Reports (hereafter Iatrides, MacVeagh), 376-8. This work contains many more insights into George II's char­ acter and personality. 2. Foreign Office summary of the 'Constitutional Question', 26 February 1942, Public Record Office Class F0371, Foreign Office Political Correspondence (hereafter F0371), 33167 /Rl362. 3. Foy Kohler (1908- ), Legation Secretary, Athens, 1936-41; Staff Officer, Division of Near East Affairs, State Department, 1941-45. 4. Report, 28 January, NARS 868.00/1144, probably influenced by tele­ gram A-7, 22 January, from US Legation, Cairo, NARS 868.00/1139. 5. Pierson Dixon (1904-1965), Southern Department, Foreign Office, 1940-43; Principal Private Secretary to Eden, 1943-45, and to Bevin, 1945-47. 6. Orme Sargent (1884-1962), Deputy Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1939-46; Permanent Under Secretary, 1945-49. 7, Minutes, 24-25, 29 October, 21 November 1941, F0371/29909/ R9277, R9467, R9987. 8. Minister of State telegram 90, 7 January 1942, F0371 /33160/Rl74. 9. Sargent's minute and Eden's approval, 30-31 January, reply to Gonatas, 2 February, F0371/33167 /R792, R1362. 182 Notes to pp. 6-10 183 10. Speech and letter to SOE, F0371/33202/R5438. 11. Minister of State telegram 1429, 29 August; letters, 23, 25 August, F0371 /33162/R5729, R5766. 12. Memorandum, 6 March 1943, Public Record Office, Class PREM, Office of the Prime Minister (hereafter PREM), 3 211/15. 13. Draft message, F0371/33162/R5706. The State Department believed that Palariet had been unduly influenced by the Greek Government­ in-Exile, and were careful to parry efforts by the Greek Embassy in Washington to have Roosevelt make compromising remarks when accepting the credentials of a new Greek Ambassador (Memorandum, 30 September 1942, NARS 868.001 G 291/158). 14. Statement, 12 October, F0371 /37222/R2301. 15. Memorandum, 28 December, and comments thereto, NARS 868.01 I 333-1/4. 16. Wallace Murray (1887-1965), Assistant Chief and Chief, Division of Near East Affairs, 1925-42, and Advisor on Political Relations, 1944-45, State Department. 17. William Strang (1893-1978), Assistant Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 1939-43. 18. Memorandum, 16 March, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1943, V, 126-7 and n. 9; memorandum, 7 April, F0371 /37195 /R3210. 19. Reginald (Rex) Leeper (1888-1968), Australian, British Department of Information during World War I, Foreign Service from 1918, Ambassador to Greek Government, 1943-46. 20. Alexander Kirk (1888-1979), Charge d'Affaires, Moscow, June 1938-August 1939; Minister to Egypt, 1941-44; Ambassador to Greek Government, 1943; Political Advisor to Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theatre, 1944-46. 21. See Papistratis, British Policy, pp. 74-85; and H. Fleischer, 'The "Anomalies" in the Greek Middle Eastern Forces, 1941-1944'. 22. Harling and the Liaison Mission are described in detail by the first commander, Brigadier E. C. W. Myers, in The Greek Entanglement; and by his second-in-command and ultimate sucessor, Colonel C. M. Woodhouse, in The Apple of Discord. 23. F0371/37201/R2050. 24. Cadogan, the Permanent Under Secretary, knew of the operation in advance, but may have understood it to be only a military sabotage action, which was its initial task. SeeR. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', citing the documents in F0371/33177 /R2657. 25. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', shows that the Foreign Office were aware in September 1942 of many details of the resistance movements, citing F0371 /33175/Rl793, 33187 /R5354; 33163/R6961. The relative lack of knowledge of the Foreign Offi~e is shown by the memoranda, 8 and 15 March 1943, F0371/37222/R2301. 26. F0371/37201/R2050, R2636, R3348. 184 Notes to pp. 10-18 27. J. L. Hondros, Occupation and Resistance, c. 4, provides a clear account of the resistance movements; see also N. Clive, A Greek Experience; N. Hammond, Venture into Greece; and the works by Myers and Woodhouse cited above. 28. EAM (Ethniko Apeleutherotiko Metopo) (National Liberation Front) was the overall political movment; ELAS (Ellenikos Laikos Apeleutherotikos Stratos) (Popular Greek Liberation Army) was its guerrilla arm. There was in practice so little distinction between the two that the term EAM will be used for both organisations except in direct quotations. 29. Kommounistikou Komma Ellados. 30. Ethnikos Demokratilos Ellenikos Synthesmos (National Republican Greek League). 31. Minute, 7 March, F0371 /37201 /R2050; Myers's message 3407/8, 24 January, Woodhouse Papers I/5, Liddell Hart Archive. 32. SOE letter, 16 March, F0371/37195/R2432. 33. Memorandum, 15 March, F0371/37222/R2363. 34. Minute, 15 March, and Ismay's letter, 17 March, F0371/37195/R2431, R2434. 35. Churchill's telegram 871 to Cairo, 18 March, not located, but repeated to Washington as telegram 2070,30 March, Public Record Office, Class CAB, Cabinet Papers (hereafter CAB) 1221742. 36. Text of message with accuracy of translation vouched for by Myers, F0371/37194/R2266. Woodhouse, Struggle for Greece, 35-6 and n. 54, and Apple of Discord, 74-5, provides background and evidence that Zervas did not consult other EDES leaders. 37. Letter, 21 March, FRUS, 1943, IV, 131. 38. Minute, 14 March, F0371/37194/R2266. 39. Perhaps first recorded in minute, 4 June, F0371 /37202/R4717. 40. Telegram 1590, 4 April, and London telegram 2300, 8 April, F0371 /37195/R3093. 41. Aide-Memoire, 27 April, and memorandum, 2 July, FRUS, 1943, IV, 131-4 and n. 21. The State Department, apparently impatient for a reply to Murray's questions, instructed the London Embassy to raise the matter with the Foreign Office, but Sargent's comments were not obtained until after the Aide-Memoire had been delivered (London telegram 365, 14 May, NARS 868.01 /349). 42. Letters, 12, 24 May, F0371/37231/R34505 and 37202/R4717. 43. Minutes, 26 May and 10 June, and London telegrams 81 and 82, 15 June, F0371/37202/R4666, R4717. 44. Extract, A. T. B. (43) 4th Mtg, ibid., underlining in original. 45. Eden's comments on Cairo telegrams 101 and 102, both 22 May, ibid., R4594 and R4595. 46. Minutes, 23 and 28 May, and Minister of State telegram 1287, 26 May, ibid., R4666. 47. Minutes, 12, 15,21 June, PREM3 211/15. Notes to pp. 18-23 185 48. When Greek Meets Greek (1950), 30. 49. F0371/37202/R4717. Kirk's letter, 13 July, NARS 868.01/769, con­ tains much detail on Leeper's role in the preparation of the statement and the disagreements within the Greek cabinet. 50. Memorandum, 30 June, and Cairo telegram 156, 2 July, F0371/ 37222/R5684,R5764. 51. Text, ibid., R5764. 52. Minute, 7 July, F0371/37197 /R5865, underlining in original. 53. London telegram 807, 17 July, loc. cit.; text of aide-memoire, FRUS, 1943, IV, 137-41. Chapter 2: The Andarte Delegation's Visit to Egypt and Its Effect, August-November 1943 1. Useful accounts in English by participants are limited to Myers, Greek Entanglement, and 'The Andarte Delegation to Cairo', and Leeper, Greek Entanglement. Neither the Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, Wilson, in Eight Years Overseas, nor Richard Casey, Minister of State in the Middle East, in Personal Experiences 1939-1946, provide useful information. Casey's diary does include comments on the visit, the more significant of which are cited. Richard Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine,' and C. M. Woodhouse, 'Summer 1943', use material from Greek sources along with detailed examination of the events. 2, 'Andarte Delegation', 149. 3. Leeper, When Greek Meets Greek, 31. 4. Leeper's letters, 21 July and 13 August, F0371/37204/R7217, R7884. Bickham Sweet-Escott, senior SOE official, reported that Leeper was delighted at the prospect of meeting the delegation (Baker Street Irregular, 174). Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, III, 392-3, accepts Leeper's claim that he had no warning, but cites no evidence. Clogg, 'Pearls from Swine', 182, discusses the point in detail. 5. Cairo telegram 35, 13 August, NARS 868.01/769. 6. Report of Homer D. Davis, 8 July, NARS 868.01/365. 7. Leeper's letters, 12 May (F0371/37202/R4504) and 19 June (37197 /R5717), show his earlier disapproval of Myers. 8. Cairo telegrams 199 (F0371/37198/R7516) and 201 (37204/R7548), and Leeper's letter (ibid., R7884), with comments, all 13 August. Myers's accounts (Greek Entanglement, 248-9, and 'Andarte Del­ egation', 150-2) are entirely consonant with these reports of Leeper. Leeper's memoir, When Greek Meets Greek, gives no hint of his attitude towards Myers when they first met. 9. London telegram 128, 15 August, F0371/37204/R7548, which did not arrive in Cairo until next day. 10. Cairo telegram 204, 16 August, F0371/37198/R7742, and London telegram 131, 17 August, ibid., R7648. 186 Notes to pp. 23-27 11. Cairo telegram 210, 18 August, ibid., R7742. Cairo telegram 212, 19 August, ibid., R7798, confinns that Leeper did not fully understand Sargent's message.
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