Rivista Di Antropologia 2007 Numero XI

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Rivista Di Antropologia 2007 Numero XI ACHAB Rivista di Antropologia 2007 numero XI Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca AChAB - Rivista di Antropologia Numero XI - giugno 2007 Direttore Responsabile Matteo Scanni Direzione editoriale Lorenzo D'Angelo, Antonio De Lauri, Michele Parodi Redazione Paola Abenante, Lorenzo D'Angelo, Antonio De Lauri, Michele Parodi, Fabio Vicini, Sara Zambotti Progetto Grafico Lorenzo D'Angelo Referente del sito Antonio De Lauri Tiratura: 500 copie Pubblicazione realizzata con il finanziamento del Bando "1000 lire", Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Milano n. 697 - 27 settembre 2005 * Immagine in copertina Lorenzo D’Angelo, Stop Here!, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2007. Se volete collaborare con la rivista inviando vostri articoli o contattare gli autori, scrivete a: [email protected] ACHAB In questo numero... 2 Quando gli dei si vestono da militari Un’etnografia dei sogni sulle Ande Peruviane di Arianna Cecconi 10 Patologie per l'altare, patologie per l'ospedale Alcuni casi in un villaggio del Ghana settentrionale di Simone Ghiaroni 18 Imparare a scoprire Teorie della conoscenza e dell’apprendimento nella ricerca di campo di Cati Coe 28 The postmodern deconstructivism of Donna Haraway or: why cyborgs matter di Sandra Finger 34 Social scientists wrestling with race and nation African-american W.E.B. Du Bois and cuban Fernando Ortiz compared di Alessandra Lorini 47 Pinocchi, balordi e ballerini Il mutamento dell’immagine degli albanesi nei mezzi di comunicazione italiani (1997-2006) di Piero Vereni Recensioni 59 “Altri generi. Inversioni e variazioni di genere tra culture” di Barbara Pinelli 62 “Tra ordinario e straordinario: modernità e vita quotidiana” di Caterina Satta 1 ACHAB Quando gli dei si vestono da militari Un’etnografia dei sogni sulle Ande Peruviane di Arianna Cecconi Quando una guerra finisce, ovvero quando i riflettori si ricerca etnografica sugli immigrati peruviani a Parigi9, e aver spengono e per un pò non se ne sente più parlare, ci si sente analizzato la persistenza e le trasformazioni del "susto" (la sollevati, anche se tutti in fondo sappiamo che la guerra non è malattia dello spavento) in un contesto urbano e d'immigrazione, affatto finita. È il febbraio 2005, e mentre la guerra in Irak non dà avevo deciso di continuare l'analisi della "paura come malattia" in segnali di tregua, io mi trovo in una comunità campesina1 delle un luogo recentemente colpito dalla guerra. Volevo analizzare la Ande Peruviane. Qui della guerra in Medio Oriente non se ne presenza e le trasformazioni della categoria nosologica del susto, sente parlare, e le facce disperate degli Iracheni e le bombe dei in un contesto dove la paura e il trauma della violenza avevano loro "salvatori" non disturbano la quiete di notti in cui la luna rappresentato per molti anni un'esperienza quotidiana. Ma nel sembra troppo vicina. Eppure nel silenzio di queste montagne, corso dell'etnografia i sogni sono invece diventati il filo ogni giorno si trovano le tracce di un'altra guerra, che è finita conduttore attraverso cui guardare quest'epoca di violenza, e la pochi anni fa, e che continua a vivere nella memoria, nei corpi e paura che è stata incorporata da queste montagne. L'importanza nei sogni di chi vive in questi luoghi. È quindi attraverso una dei sogni nelle vite individuali, il loro uso sociale, il loro potere guerra che oggi non "c'è più", una guerra "piccola", di cui in Italia politico, performativo e profetico mi hanno spinto a guardare la si è parlato poco, che vorrei esplorare la violenza che la guerra guerra dal punto di vista della notte. Senza voler reificare un continua ad esercitare anche quando è finita. "andinismo onirico", ho cercato di analizzare il sogno come Questa ricerca nasce sulle Ande centrali del Perù, in una esperienza individuale, e al tempo stesso collettiva all'interno regione Ayacucho2 che, all'inizio degli anni '80, è stata l'epicentro delle comunità, e di esplorare lo scambio dialettico tra simboli di una guerra civile tra il movimento rivoluzionario Sendero onirici pubblici e privati (Obeyesekere, 1981). Le narrazioni dei Luminoso e le Forze Armate (FFAA). La parola Ayacucho in sogni hanno spesso molti elementi comuni, ed è proprio quechua3 significa "il ritrovo dei morti" ed è un nome-icona che l'intrinseca relazione tra la dimensione mitica e quella onirica a sembra purtroppo incarnare la storia di queste montagne. Sendero spiegare in parte queste intime somiglianze. Anche la recente Luminoso4, nato da una frangia rivoluzionaria del Partito guerra, oltre ad aver disorientato il panorama religioso, e aver Comunista Peruviano, ha dato inizio nel 1980 a una rivolta armata attivato il fenomeno delle conversioni10, ha violentato il mondo che si è protratta fino al 1992, anno della cattura del suo leader, il onirico, lo ha monopolizzato ed ha rappresentato un evento di professore universitario Abimael Guzman, e della successiva "collettivizzazione" dei sogni. I sogni "collettivi" sulla guerra decomposizione del movimento. Se inizialmente le proporzioni di potrebbero così diventare parte di una riflessione sul recente questo scontro erano apparse limitate, solo le recenti analisi della conflitto, seguendo l'esempio dell'interessante analisi di "Comisiòn de la Verdad y Reconciliacion"5 hanno portato alla luce Charlotte Beradt11 che dal 1933 al 1939 ha raccolto i sogni che l'entità di una guerra civile che ha provocato 70 mila vittime e 10 venivano fatti in Germania durante il Terzo Reich, come mila desaparesidos, per lo più campesinos della regione di documenti storici per una denuncia del nazismo anche da un Ayacucho. punto di vista notturno (Beradt, 2004). Questa ricerca6 ha seguito un percorso verticale, Tre sono i momenti che segnano il movimento dialettico all'inizio a Chiwa7, una comunità campesina a 2.700 metri, dove tra i sogni e la guerra: i sogni prima della guerra, (quelli che come da qualche hanno è arrivata l'elettricità e l'acqua corrente, poi premonizioni l'hanno anticipata), i sogni durante la guerra, e dopo alcuni mesi, una curiosità anti-gravitazionale mi ha spinto a quelli che sono venuti dopo e che continuano a visitare i sognatori salire sopra i 3.000 m., fino a Contay8 dove la notte è ancora per ricordargli che la guerra non è ancora finita. illuminata solo dalla luna. Gli abitanti si dedicano soprattutto alla coltivazione di patate, mais e alla pastorizia. In entrambe le I sogni prima della guerra comunità è il quechua la lingua più usata, anche se lo spagnolo "La sociologia si interessa solo dell'uomo sveglio come se l'uomo viene parlato correntemente soprattutto dalle nuove generazioni. addormentato fosse morto" affermava Bastide12 criticando il La scelta delle Ande peruviane come luogo di ricerca era disinteresse di molti studiosi verso la dimensione onirica. Che inizialmente relazionata al tema della paura. Dopo aver svolto una cosa succede di notte all'uomo e alla culture? La disciplina 2 ACHAB antropologica fin dagli inizi si è interessata al sogno, Taylor Le parole stesse della lingua nativa rivelano l'importanza del fondava proprio sull'esperienza onirica la sua teoria sulla religione e sogno come esperienza conoscitiva. I sogni sono fonti di sull'anima. Il sogno è un'esperienza universale e al tempo stesso informazioni significanti, sono una forma di "pensare connotata culturalmente, ed è a partire dagli anni 60 che lo studio addormentati" (Krake, 1992), e un luogo di rivelazioni. La dei sogni, nelle differenti società, è diventato un nuovo ramo degli valenza epistemologica del sogno è riconosciuta collettivamente, studi di Cultural and Personality. In molti gruppi sociali viene ed è supportata dalla sua valenza ontologica. Il sogno è visto come supposta una dipendenza e una continuità tra vita notturna e una forma di realtà, e una forma di conoscenza. Nel cercare di attività diurna, e fluido è il confine stesso che le separa: i sogni indagare la provenienza di questo sapere onirico, la categoria del sembrano continuamente interferire con le attività materiali, con "dentro" e del "fuori" si alternano.16 Ci sono sogni che vengono le pratiche, e con le relazioni interpersonali. Lo statuto "da dentro", ovvero che sono legati alle preoccupazioni epistemologico attribuito al sogno varia culturalmente, e vi sono quotidiane, dove le tracce e i ricordi del giorno si ripresentano società nelle quali il sogno rappresenta un luogo di sapere e nella notte, sogni che hanno uno statuto epistemologico inferiore potere, un atto cognitivo che consente l'accesso ad alcune forme rispetto ai sogni che vengono "da fuori" dove il sapere-potere è di verità e rivelazioni. invece associato alla rivelazione e al contatto con la divinità e Anche nel contesto occidentale, nelle tradizioni popolari, l'alterità. Sono questi ultimi ad essere più "veri", e ad essi viene e in alcune discipline come la psicologia e la psicanalisi, viene conferito il potere di illuminare e "informare" la realtà e quindi riconosciuta la valenza epistemologica del sogno, ma essa tuttavia costituirla. Ecco allora che il concetto di performatività, che la rimane all'interno di un quadro culturale in cui lo statuto letteratura antropologica utilizza spesso in relazione al rituale, ontologico della veglia è prioritario rispetto a quello onirico. Il può venire usato anche per addentrarsi nello spazio onirico fatto stesso che gran parte dei sognatori occidentali non si (Tedlock, 1992). Il sogno nell'orientare e "dare forma" alle azioni ricordino al risveglio i propri sogni resta una traccia significativa e decisioni della veglia, partecipa alla costruzione stessa della di questa storica frattura tra la categoria del sogno e della realtà. realtà. La fluida continuità tra sogno e veglia non è solo da I primi giorni in cui mi svegliavo a Contay mi ricordo le facce intendersi nei termini di una reciproca influenza, la continuità si stupite di Mamma Damasina quando mi domandava "che cosa hai manifesta nel momento stesso in cui si cerca di tracciare il confine sognato stanotte?" e io le rispondevo di non ricordarmi.
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