Surveying and Documenting the Underwater Heritage of Hong Kong - Stage 1
Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group February 2012
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements i
List of Figures ii
Project Background and Aims 1
Project Design 3
Hong Kong Underwater Cultural Heritage Database 5
Documentary and Oral Historical Research 6
Non-shipwreck site survey 7
Shipwreck site survey 16
Other sites 24
Project promotion and information dissemination 27
Conclusions and Recommendations 29
References 31
Appendices
Appendix 1: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office database information on the shipwreck surveyed in this project
Appendix 2: Hong Kong Underwater Heritage (HKUH) Database with a reduced number of fields
Appendix 3: HKUH Database entry for the shipwreck site surveyed in this project
Appendix 4: HKUH Database for the Town Island ceramics site
Appendix 5: Photographic record of the recovered blue-and-white porcelain and a preliminary assessment
Appendix 6: List of all 313 artefacts recorded
Appendix 7: Information brochure in Chinese and English
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Lord Wilson Heritage Trust (LWHT) for the grant that enabled us to pursue this project.
This work was carried in accordance with a Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities granted by the Antiquities Authority pursuant to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordnance, Chapter 53, Section 13, being licence numbers 282 and 304 issued to William (Bill) Jeffery. This report constitutes one of conditions required in the licence and it has been put into the broader context of the LWHT project. The report has been compiled by Dr Bill Jeffery from the field work, writing and other work of the whole Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group (HKUHG).
We also acknowledge the support of the CIE-Centre for International Heritage Activities, through the contract with Dr Bill Jeffery that enabled him to spend more time in Hong Kong than was initially planned and they also contributed additional funding to ensure the shipwreck survey was implemented effectively. The Environmental Resources Management (ERM) Foundation provided additional funding for printing a brochure that was disseminated at the Hong Kong Museum and provided support in other areas of this project and we would also like to thank them.
In November 2010, the Hong Kong Maritime Museum (HKMM) sought the assistance of the HKUHG to help with their exhibition Fathoming the Sea and they also displayed some of the preliminary outcomes of this project thus providing some effective promotion of the project and we would like to thank them for this opportunity.
A number of people in the survey area gave us their time to talk about sites and histories which was not only fruitful but very enjoyable, particularly the residents of Kau Sai Chau, Tap Mun, Ko Lau Wan and Sham Chung Wan. We would particularly like to thank Elizabeth Ho from Froggy Diver who reduced the price of the boat and diving equipment hire to fit within our budget, Mr So and his team at the fishpond in Long Harbour, Ricky Lee and Mr Ma, two local dive instructors for their valuable information about sites, Mr Yeung Chung-kwong, Deputy Hydrographer of the Marine Department, Mr Richard Chan and his crew for investigating some sites, Dr LIU wensuo from Sun Yat-sen University and Mr Raymond NG from ERM Hong Kong for making preliminary assessments of the artefacts recovered from the Town Island site, YIU Lok- Lun for the design of a logo for HKUHG, and Sarah Heaver, Paul Harrison, David Riach for their contributions.
Three other residents of Hong Kong have participated in a number of activities with the group and although not part of the core team, they have provided support and assistance, being Sunny NG, Alan LAU and Isis TSO.
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List of Figures
Figure 1: The project’s survey area 4
Figure 2: Two HKUHG members talking to resident of Ko Lau wan 6
Figure 3: Residents of Tap Mun talking to HKUHG member 6
Figure 4: Location of Town Island, source Google Earth 7
Figure 5: The site, from north to south—the grid square, baselines and shoreline 8
Figure 6: Recording artefact locations 8
Figure 7: Photographic recording of tagged artefacts 8
Figure 8: Surface artefacts recorded in the 30 m x 30 m grid square, 9 the larger circles represent the artefacts recovered
Figure 9: Artefacts scattered on the seabed 9
Figure 10: Ceramic bowl covered with algae 9
Figure 11: Surface artefacts recorded along the north-south baseline, 10 the larger circles represent the artefacts recovered
Figure 12: Blue-and-white spoon 11
Figure 13: Pottery teapot 11
Figure 14: Possibly mid 17 th C. porcelain shard 11
Figure 15: Chinese character ‘double happiest’ 11
Figure 16: Porcelain dish, bird pattern, no. 501 12
Figure 17: Small porcelain bowl, possibly mid 17 th C. 12
Figure 18: Cup recovered from site 12
Figure 19: Cup at Hong Kong Discovery Centre 12
Figure 20: Base of pottery bowl 13
Figure 21: Rim and neck of a large brown glazed pottery jug 13
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Figure 22: Initial sorting and cataloguing the recovered artefacts 14
Figure 23: Some of the recovered artefacts during the desalination process 14 and after some mechanical cleaning
Figure 24: A pH / conductivity tester was used to measure the amount of 15 salt (chlorides) in parts-per-million (ppm) in the wash water. Much of this work was carried out by HKUHG member Grace Chow
Figure 25: Some house-hold wares used aboard local boats (2011 exhibition 15 at Hong Kong Museum of History)
Figure 26: Location of shipwreck site, source Google Earth 16
Figure 27: Divers being checked by Dive Instructor Rick Chan before entering 17 the water and begin work
Figure 28: Shipwreck site plan developed by HKUHG member Marco Li using 18 computer program Site Recorder 4 to input data from the survey information collected by the whole group
Figure 29: An elevation of the shipwreck site. The figures on the right-hand side 19 denote the depth of the water (Drawn by Marco Li using Site Recorder 4 )
Figure 30: Mosaic B indicated on the site plan showing frames, planking and 19 a steel section
Figure 31: Mosaic A indicated on the site plan, looking at the stern transom 19
Figure 32: The anchor on the site 20
Figure 33: A similar anchor and bow rail on a fishing boat at Aberdeen 20
Figure 34: The diesel engine sitting on timber ‘floors’ 20
Figure 35: Carrying out detailed drawing 20
Figure 36: One of three propeller blades, this one is bent over 21
Figure 37: Timber frames 21
Figure 38: The timber stem with frames and planking in the background 21
Figure 39: Part of the shipwreck site 22
Figure 40: Fishing vessel at Aberdeen 22
Figure 41: Group members watching a monitor for video taken by a camera 24 dropped into the sea
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Figure 42: The drop camera underwater 24
Figure 43: Stone Lion off Tap Mun 25
Figure 44: Base for Stone Lion 25
Figure 45: Scattering of modern ceramics off Kat O 25
Figures 46: The ship Nan An 26
Figure 47: The cement bags found on the site today 26
Figure 48: The rock representing the muscle that joined the two shells, 26 Kau Sai Chau and Jin Island
Figure 49: Part of the Underwater Cultural Heritage section of the Hong Kong 27 Maritime Museum (HKMM) exhibition
Figure 50: The HKUHG and HKMM staff visiting the Guangdong Maritime Silk 28 Road Museum, the complete Song Dynasty shipwreck and its 60,000 ceramics is located in the tank behind the group
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Project Background and Aims
The project began in August 2009 although it was in 2008 that the idea of the project was first discussed. This was when a group of six Hong Kong Chinese recreational divers and two dive instructors (Grace CHOW Sin-Man, Marco LI Li-Hen, Tammy CHAN Sau-Man, Rick CHAN Kei-Yip, Peggy WONG Pui-Kee and Lydia HO Wing-Chi) participated in a number of the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) training programs provided by Dr Bill Jeffery. The group implemented an underwater survey of a scatter of ceramics off Port Island and they compiled a report as part of the NAS training. In combination with Bill Jeffery, they went onto form a group called the Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group (HKUHG) and successfully sought funding from the Lord Wilson Heritage Trust to implement this project, titled Surveying and Documenting the Underwater Heritage of Hong Kong - Stage 1.
The objectives of the project were directly related to the objectives of the Lord Wilson Heritage Trust, which were to promote the preservation and conservation of Hong Kong’s heritage, through the identification of archaeological sites in Hong Kong and the publication of books and other articles. While numerous projects have been implemented to survey and promote the built heritage and archaeological sites on land, this has never been implemented in regard to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s (HKSAR) underwater cultural heritage sites and this project aimed at starting to correct this imbalance.
Hong Kong however does have legal protection of underwater cultural heritage sites through the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance 1976 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance in 1998. The former piece of legislation declares sites older than 1800 to be owned by the Hong Kong government and for the discovery of a site or an antiquity to be reported to AMO. This includes underwater cultural heritage sites and objects, and the legislation requires all artefact searches and recoveries to fulfill certain conditions stipulated in a licence from the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO). The Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance makes it mandatory for all designated projects, including offshore projects such as cable laying, pipelines, wind farms and resort development to complete an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) which includes a Marine Archaeology Investigation (MAI). These investigations combine historical research and geophysical surveys of the development area to search for underwater cultural heritage sites that could be impacted by the development.
The MAI process is directed totally by the development requirements and is restricted to the small areas of seabed being developed. In the 120 MAIs conducted, no sites of archaeological potential have been located.
This project being research focused, investigates a broader range of underwater cultural heritage sites identified through archival and oral research over a much larger area of HKSAR 1
waters.
In 1998, the Lord Wilson Heritage Trust supported Sarah Draper-Ali (1998) (maritime archaeologist based in Hong Kong and who had worked on a number of MAI projects) to assess the potential for maritime archaeology in Hong Kong and while she found there was great potential in underwater archaeological sites in Hong Kong, no active systematic research had been carried out in documenting the sites or promoting their values to the Hong Kong community. She recommended: ‘A pilot project should be initiated as soon as possible to establish and develop an active programme of underwater archaeology’ and the first step should be to compile an inventory (database) of maritime / underwater archaeological sites.’ Draper-Ali (1998: 8) stressed ‘although there are clearly differences between the nature of the archaeological resource on land and underwater there should be no differences in the approach to the conservation, protection and management of what are essentially only two parts of the same resource [heritage].’
The aim of the project as outlined in the grant application to LWHT was to commence the compilation of a database of underwater archaeological sites and to initiate a survey of some underwater sites in order to provide researchers, the Hong Kong Government, industry and the general community about the range of archaeological sites that are located underwater, and their condition and value. It was planned to convey this information through the publication of a book, development of a website and production of a brochure, and this report. The surveys were to document the nature, extent and condition of the archaeological remains which will help to describe the sites to readers and provide for a better understanding of their value and need for site preservation and further research.
All the members of the HKUHG participated in the surveys and developed the outcomes described above. Toward the end of the project Sarah Heaver, (nee Draper-Ali) joined the group and contributed to the book, along with long-term Hong Kong archaeological conservator Paul Harrison, and a recent arrival to Hong Kong, archaeologist David Riach.
Part of Hong Kong’s cultural identity is a maritime cultural identity—it was felt by the project proponents that this project will help in furthering this identity by documenting the maritime material culture located in its waters.
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Project Design
The aim of the project was to develop a better understanding of the underwater cultural heritage sites located in HKSAR’s waters, and sample two sites using non-disturbance surveying techniques to highlight the value of the sites in Hong Kong. The project was planned to run from mid August 2009 to February 2011.
The steps taken to achieve these aims included:
• Obtaining a licence from the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) to enable searching for sites in accordance with Hong Kong’s laws;
• The compilation of a database of sites;
• Documentary and oral history research;
• Development of a website to assist in soliciting and disseminating information about the sites;
• Site surveys of a shipwreck site, and a non-shipwreck site (considered to be the two major underwater site types in Hong Kong);
• Final dissemination of this information through the website, a book, brochure and this report.
While the database was developed for all of HKSAR’s waters, the decision was taken to limit the location of the sites to be surveyed to an area in the east, referred to in this report as the ‘survey area’ (Figure 1). The waters in the survey area are known to be cleaner and contain less boat traffic, therefore providing a safer place to dive. It also limited the amount of documentary and oral historical research and the preliminary dives that were required to assess the sites. Given all of this work needed to be implemented ‘after-hours’ as all the group members had fulltime employment, the working schedule needed to be realistic and achievable in the 18- month period designed for the project. The drawback to the project’s limitations were that potentially more ‘interesting sites’ were located in the western waters (at the entrance to the Pearl River) were not investigated although the project was always seen as Stage 1 of a larger project and these waters will hopefully be investigated in a subsequent project.
The project had also only a limited budget where it was not possible to dive many sites as part of the assessment process or to dive the two survey sites over long periods, even though many artefacts were seen and much more work could have been implemented.
A Licence to Excavate and Search for Antiquities (No. 282) granted by the Antiquities Authority 3
pursuant to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordnance, Chapter 53, Section 13 was issued to William (Bill) Jeffery from the 29 June 2009 to 28 June 2010 for the survey area (Bill Jeffery being the only qualified maritime archaeologist in the group and a previous licence holder). Due to delays caused through poor weather and not being able to find a suitable shipwreck site to survey, a second licence (No. 304) was obtained for a slightly larger survey area in HKSAR’s eastern waters for the period 27 July 2010 to 26 July 2011 (see survey area in Figure 1).
An investigation of the database in combination with documentary and oral history research, contributed to additional information being gained and was added to the database, and used as the basis for selecting sites to assess and subsequently survey (this process is described in more detail in the following sections).
In terms of the suitability of the group to implement the work, all seven members have implemented some research work and compiled a report on an underwater cultural heritage site (the group contains two archaeologists), they are all qualified and experienced divers in Hong Kong waters (with rescue diver certification), and two are dive instructors and one an occupational diver.
In addition to the conditions contained in the licence from AMO, the project’s operations were consistent with the professional and ethical best practices for maritime archaeology investigations pursuant to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 .
Figure 1: The project’s survey area, map courtesy of ERM Foundation 4
Hong Kong’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Database
The development of Hong Kong’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Database (HKUHD) was an important first step in understanding what underwater cultural heritage sites are located in Hong Kong. It was developed through an analysis and consolidation of the Wrecks database obtained from the UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) in Taunton, United Kingdom. The United Kingdom and the Hong Kong Marine Department maintain a database of shipwrecks, obstructions and other underwater features that are considered to be navigation hazards. In most cases little else is known about the sites but in a few cases, their identity may be known and this has been documented (see Appendix 1 as an example of a site on the UKHO database, being the shipwreck surveyed in this project).
Subsequently a list of 258 sites located in HKSAR were purchased from the UKHO. This information—a total of about nine fields for the HKUHD—formed the basis of the database and further 40 fields of information were added to make it more relevant as a heritage / archaeological research and management tool. The HKUHD now contains 49 fields of information with some of the main fields being:
• Site data , including: site name, location information, water depth and quality, if the site had been found and when, site description, surrounding environment, details of photographs;
• Historical data , including: ship’s name, owner, builder, where and when built, type of vessel, cargo, specifications including tonnage, length, breadth, depth, if salvaged, and sources of information, (also historical data if the site is not a shipwreck).
The database includes all types of underwater cultural heritage sites, from shipwrecks to discarded stone lions, to ceramic scatters. An additional 20 sites were added as a result of archival and oral research conducted during the course of the project, being sites within the survey area. During the project, many more sites were alluded to by a number of people and found within some historical documents, particularly outside of this project’s survey area and hopefully they will be added to the database in future projects.
Geographical coordinate information for every site was used to compile a spatial database and all the 278 sites can be seen in this format at: http://www.hkuhgroup.com/ .
A full listing of the sites with a reduced number of fields can be seen in Appendix 2. The database entries for the two major sites described in this report; the shipwreck site, and the Town Island ceramics site can be seen in Appendices 3 and 4.
Databases are dynamic things, they take years to develop and to complete and what has been created in this project is an important first step. 5
Documentary and Oral History Research
Documentary and oral history research was required to supplement the database with additional information and to assist in identifying the sites for survey. A small brochure seeking information was produced in English and Chinese and handed out at various places, such as many of Hong Kong’s Dive Shops, Dive Exhibitions, the Hong Kong Maritime Museum and within various villages on the mainland and on various islands.
The documentary research was carried out in a number of places and included:
• Hong Kong Maritime Museum, Hong Kong Marine Department, Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre;
• Hong Kong University Library and Hong Kong’s Central Library at Causeway Bay;
• Many online catalogues and documents, particularly government records, such as Hong Kong Government Reports Online (1842-1941) http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/index.jsp where Harbour Master Reports for various years were a useful source of information on shipping accidents;
This work was an important step in adding some data to the database in addition to identifying good sources of information for future projects. The Hong Kong Marine Department has surveyed some of the sites that appear on the UKHO database and hold geophysical data for these sites. In other cases they had accurately located and briefly described the sites but had no additional site information.
The most rewarding research came from people who knew sites and histories located in the survey area and this included local residents, fishers and divers from Tap Mun, Ko Lau Wan, Sham Chung Wan, Kau Sai Chau and Sai Kung. This was particularly important for the traditional / folklore sites and non-shipwreck sites and histories that do not seem to appear in any documents but were enthusiastically remembered and passed on (Figures 2 & 3).
Figure 2: Two HKUHG members talking to Figure 3: Residents of Tap Mun talking to HKUHG resident of Ko Lau wan member 6
Non-shipwreck site survey
An area off Town Island (Fu Tau Pun Chau) was selected as the non-shipwreck site to survey (Figure 4). This area comprised of a large number of blue-and-white ceramics found by a local diver who informed the group of its location, and assisted during the survey. The local diver was unaware of any history related to the site; he had simply observed a number of ceramics during his training of divers in the bay being a good sheltered bay for such training. No documentary information about the site had been gathered.1
The seabed is flat and sandy and lies in about 6 m of water. Fauna usually associated with corals were present but they were not extensive. Sand composition at the site ranged from an assortment of pebbles (in a variety of shapes, sizes and colours), as well as disintegrated shells and the remains of hard corals that have broken down over time.
Figure 4: Location of Town Island showing the site’s location at the northern end of the island
Survey Method
The survey was conducted over 5 days from 12 to 17 June 2010. A total of 57 hours was spent working underwater in 19 dives, each dive comprising 2 to 3 divers. The aims of the survey were to record and document insitu the remaining artefacts, their nature, extent, condition and value.
1 In the book published as one of the outcomes of this project, the location of this site was not revealed given there are currently no active procedures used to protect underwater cultural heritage sites and there is a concern that ’treasure hunters’ could visit and interfere with the site. In this report, while the island’s name is stated, the geographical coordinates providing the exact position of the survey area are not provided.
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To do this, a preliminary visual dive inspection was conducted to identify the areas of high artefact concentrations. A 30 m x 30 m grid was established over one area and baseline / offset measurements recorded the location of each surface artefact within the grid. In addition, a north-south oriented 50 m long baseline was also established south of the grid area where another high artefact concentration area was identified (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Location of the grid square and baseline in the northern bay of Town Island
GPS readings of the four corners of the grid and the ends of the baselines were taken. Various GPS readings along the high tide mark of the shoreline were also taken to indicate the relative position of the artefacts to the shoreline.
Point Number Latitude (North) Longitude (East)
TI B00 22° 20.3210’ 114° 21.8630’
TI B50 22° 20.2950’ 114° 21.8650’
TI A 22° 20.3420’ 114° 21.8690’
TI B 22° 20.3544’ 114° 21.8577’
TI C 22° 20.3460’ 114° 21.8450’
TI D 22° 20.3370’ 114° 21.8540’
Table 1: Coordinates of the ends of the Baseline and Grid Square corners
All surface artefacts within the 30 m x 30 m grid and within about 5 m of the one baseline were then tagged and numbered. Once all artefacts were numbered, offset measurements were conducted to record their location (Figure 6). This was followed up with the photographic 8
recording of the tagged artefacts and a sketch plan indicating the location of each artefact (Figure 7). The computer program Site Recorder 4 was used to accurately plot the measurements and the GPS points and to produce all the site maps (Figures 8, 9). On completion of all the recording, the numbered tags and measured lines were recovered.
Figure 6: Recording artefact locations Figure 7: Photographic recording of tagged artefacts (4 cm scale graduations)
Artefact descriptions and preliminary dating in water was carried out but this proved difficult. The surfaces of many of the artefacts were partly covered with organic matter or concretion. Due to the substantial quantity of artefacts it was considered that a sample collection for further study was necessary. After consultation with the AMO, 22 artefacts (all blue-and white porcelain shards) were collected (see Appendix 5 for photographs of the recovered artefacts). The criteria in selecting artefacts for recovery was based on which ceramics could provide dates of manufacture through their pattern, shape and material type. If the patterns were not clear due to algae, but they TI B00 looked diagnostically TI 500 interesting, this was taken into account as well. TI 434
TI 501, 502, 503
TI 425 Figure 8: Surface artefacts recorded along the north- south baseline; the TI B50 numbers represent the artefacts recovered
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TI B
TI 038 TI 145 TI 074 TI 144
TI C
TI 045
TI 220
TI A
TI D
Figure 9: Surface artefacts recorded in the c. 30 m x 30 m grid square, the red, numbered points represent those artefacts recovered (some highlighted where the numbers are not clear)
Figure 10: Artefacts scattered on the seabed Figure 11: Ceramic bowl covered with algae (2cm red and white scale graduations)
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Survey Finds
A total of 313 artefacts (the majority not intact) were recorded within the surveyed areas of approximately 1,400 m 2. No similar artefacts were found on the beach when taking GPS readings along the shoreline.
Based on the underwater visual inspection of the artefacts, analysis of the photographic records and the samples collected, a total of 112 pieces of blue-and-white porcelain shards and 52 pieces of porcelain shards were recorded. These were predominantly bowl shards, but also included other fragments, such as part of a spoon, a cup and a pot handle / ear. Other types of artefacts included 147 pieces of pottery shards and 2 pieces of clay-made features of unknown use (Figures 12 & 13) (see Appendix 6 for a complete list of all the 313 artefacts).
Figure 12: Blue-and-white spoon Figure 13: Pottery teapot (2 cm scale graduations in both photographs)
The great majority of the ceramics are from the mid to late Qing Dynasty and into the Modern era and appear to come from local Guangdong kilns (including the Wun Yiu kiln at Tai Po), which have been dropped or thrown overboard from boats moored in the bay. Modern artefacts include machine made glass bottles and a metal bowl, which were photographed to serve as a reference for stain marks, extent of decay, concretion composition and thickness. Further details about each of the 313 artefacts can be found in Appendix 6.
Porcelain
Identifiable decorative patterns on the porcelain include floral and fauna patterns and Chinese characters (Figures 14-17). A preliminary comparative study was conducted of the decorative patterns on the porcelain through a review of the artefacts displayed in the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre. It was found that the decorative pattern of one porcelain cup (Figure 18) is very similar to one displayed which is dated to the Qing dynasty (1644 to 1911) (Figure 19). In a preliminary inspection of the artefacts by Dr LIU Wensuo from the Sun Yat-sen University, he tentatively identified another bowl (artefact no. 50) as from the Qing dynasty, and perhaps two from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) (artefact nos. 163 and 232) (See Figures 14, 17 and Appendix 5). Mr Raymond NG, Archaeologist with Environmental Research Management (ERM) 11
and a specialist researcher in ceramics from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces tentatively concluded that artefact nos. 163 and 232 could be from the 17 th Century, and mid-century at the earliest, therefore possibly late Ming or early Qing Dynasty. Further analysis of the ceramics will be implemented to verify these initial findings.
Figure 14: Possibly mid 17 th C. porcelain Figure 15: Chinese character ‘double happiest’ (4 cm scale shard graduations in both photographs)
Figure 16: Porcelain dish, bird pattern, no. 501 Figure 17: Small porcelain bowl, possibly mid 17 th C. Drawing by HKUHG member Peggy Wong
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Figure 18: Left, cup recovered from site; Figure 19: Right, cup at Hong Kong Discovery Centre
Pottery
Of the 147 pottery shards recorded, seven were covered with a brown glaze (Figures 20 & 21). Since no samples were collected, their dating is unknown but they are considered worthy of further investigation.
Figure 20: Base of pottery bowl (2 cm graduations) Figure 21: Rim and neck of a large brown glazed pottery jug (4 cm scale graduations)
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Other finds
The remaining recorded artefacts were two clay-made objects of unknown function.
Artefact Conservation
After recovery, the artefacts were immediately placed in a container of sea water and a desalination process commenced soon after. The desalination process commenced in July 2010 and involves washing of the salt trapped in the porcelain in a very controlled manner to avoid a rapid release of salt and the breaking down of the glazing and the ware. Initially all the artefacts were washed in sea water and then photographed. The baseline salinity level of the sea water was recorded. Tap water was then added to form a 20 / 80 (tap / sea water) solution. After measuring the salinity level of the solution, the artefacts were immersed and salinity measurements taken approximately every 3 days (Figures 22-24).
Once the salinity level of the solution rose to a level that inhibited more salt to be released, the solution was renewed with a higher portion of tap water progressively (40 / 60 solution, then 60 / 40 solution, then 80 / 20 solution) until it reached 100% tap water. This process carried on at the appropriate time using 50% distilled water / 50% tap water mix, then 100% distilled water. Frequency of monitoring decreased from every 3 days to every 2-3 weeks. When the amount of salt in the water reduced to 5 parts per million, the artefact washing was completed and it was dried (currently 5 artefacts have reached this point).
Figure 22: Initial sorting and Figure 23: Some of the recovered artefacts during the desalination cataloguing the recovered artefacts process, and after some mechanical cleaning
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Figure 24: A pH / conductivity tester was used to measure the amount of salt (chlorides) in parts-per-million (ppm) in the wash water. Much of this work was carried out by HKUHG member Grace Chow
All the collected artefacts will be handed over to AMO upon completion of this project, together with a preliminary assessment of the value of the artefacts. Given the potential archaeological value of some of the artefacts it may be prudent to display them in a local museum such as the Maritime Museum but this will need approval from AMO and the collaboration of the Maritime Museum.
Interpretation
The literature review indicates that the adjacent island was not favourable for long-term human settlement at any point in time. This is supported by the fact that no land based archaeological finds have been identified on the island.
The artefacts identified on the seabed are randomly distributed and they comprise mainly local household wares with possibly some dating back to the mid-17 th century (see Appendix 5). These findings could suggest that a mixture of local vessels and exporting vessels made use of the bay as a shelter and that the ceramics were lost overboard or that one or more ships sunk there (Figure 25).
Figure 25: Some house-hold wares used aboard a local boat (Source, 2011 exhibition at Hong Kong Museum of History)
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Although no geophysical survey and excavation of the seabed was conducted to confirm if more artefacts or shipwreck remains were buried, this is most likely the case as according to our informant, many more artefacts can be seen exposed after the typhoon period when the seabed has been disturbed.
Conclusion and Recommendations
A further study of the 22 recovered ceramics, their nature, shape and decorative patterns is on- going so as to determine their relative dating.
Only part of the bay was surveyed due to the limited budget for the survey and the large number of surface artefacts. The site is an area worthy of further study. A full survey of the bay is recommended and further artefact research is necessary to more comprehensively evaluate the age and origin of the artefacts and the site. If possible, this should be carried out after a storm or typhoon, and when the water is clear. This noteworthy number of artefacts being found in a relatively small area off the island suggests that more exist. This would not be unexpected since the site is located along a well-travelled route of the South China coast and it is located next to a currently busy route in the Sai Kung area. It is also a natural anchorage area for small to medium sized vessels, so it is likely that many seafarers made it a temporary shelter during their journeys. In addition it is possible that the artefacts may be items related to a nearby shipwreck, although since little is known about Hong Kong’s shipwrecks, this assertion will have to be substantiated by further research. Further site investigations of the existence of shipwrecks in the area are therefore recommended.
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Shipwreck site survey
Documentary and oral history research and some preliminary visits to a number of sites were conducted in order to identify the most desirable site for this survey. The main criteria for the site survey was accessibility, visibility, safety and containing shipwreck material that could be surveyed to provide a good example of the many shipwrecks in Hong Kong.
The site finally selected for the survey was documented in the UKHO database and the Hong Kong Marine Department had accurately located the site in April 2007, describing it as a dangerous wreck but with no further information. The HKUHG database gave it the number H271. The site’s geographical coordinates are: 22°28.775’North; 114°22.131’East. Anecdotal information from villagers on Tap Mun provided a story about boxes of chicken floating ashore about five years ago and possibly from a wreck, which may or may not be this shipwreck. No other historical information was obtained.
The site is located east of Tap Mun (Grass Island) which is about 30 km north-east of Hong Kong Island and adjacent to the Sai Kung Country Park (Figure 26). Tap Mun was an acclaimed source of abalone back in the 1950s, fishers harvested three to five catty (1 catty= 0.5 kg) just by diving in the water without scuba diving equipment. Unfortunately after years of exploitation, the abalone can no longer supply Hong Kong seafood markets. Tap Mun is also famous for grass! The island used to be covered with grass, hence its English name. The island was also a place to stop for many small boats travelling in and out of Hong Kong providing supplies such as gasoline and other necessities. The island had a population of about 2000 but many people have moved to look for better working opportunities, those remaining operate small tourist related businesses like restaurants and souvenir stores.There is a Tin Hau Temple on the island; during major festivals like Kwun Yin Festival, fishers go to the temple to pray for safety and a good harvest.
Figure 26: Location of shipwreck site, source Google Earth 17
Site Environment
The depth of the site varies from 17 m on the seabed to 15 m on the top of the shipwreck with up to one metre variation due to changes of tide. The sandy / silty seabed is reasonably flat but rises slightly from the stern to a rocky area forward of the bow. There is not an over abundance of marine fauna, groups of small fishes and some crabs were evident although a considerable quantity of sea urchins were scattered on the wreck. A few crab pots and a spear fisher who visited the shipwreck on one day indicate that it is a focus for some fishing and this has caused the current small numbers of fish and other animals. The underwater visibility at the site is generally poor, between one to two metres only, and when the current is running the water is very murky.
Survey Method
The survey took place over two weekends: the 4-6 and 25-26 June 2011. Seven divers participated in the survey, each were tasked with different responsibilities. Tasks included: setting the baseline, site sketching, tagging objects, taking measurements, and photography . A detailed briefing was given before each dive and short discussions were made after to determine tasks for the next dive. Two teams of two or three divers worked in different sections of the shipwreck to minimise movement in the same area and stir up the sandy bottom. Total time spent underwater was about 70 hours; there being a dive instructor / supervisor on all dives (Figure 27).
Figure 27: Divers being checked by Dive Instructor Rick Chan before entering the water and begin work
A 30 m baseline was positioned approximately through the middle of the site (running East- West) and Global Position System (GPS) readings taken at the end points, B00 and B30 (see Figure 28). Survey work was carried out 20 m either side of the baseline and initially a rough sketch of the site was compiled to provide a general layout and location of the main features. Important features and objects (some moveable) were marked with plastic tags, which were 18
labeled with a number. All the tagged features and objects were measured using baseline / offset method and depth measurements, together with more detailed drawings and measurements of various features to fill-in the detail and allow for the site plan to be produced. A number of tagged features were also measured using the three-dimensional ( Site Recorder 4) method which provided greater accuracy in the positioning all the features and objects. The Site Recorder 4 computer program was used to produce three dimensional coordinates, site plan and elevation from all of these measurements (Figures 28 & 29). With the input of the GPS coordinates, the plan was placed into a real-world coordinate system which is shown on the site plan. At the end of the survey all the tags were recovered.
Photographs were taken of all the tagged features and objects as well as of the general site environment. It was not easy to take clear photographs given the visibility was often poor. Two photo-mosaics were also produced, labeled Mosaic A and B in the site plan (Figures 30 & 31).
Figure 28: Shipwreck site plan developed by HKUHG member Marco Li using computer program Site Recorder 4 to input data from the survey information collected by the whole group
19
Figure 29: An elevation of the shipwreck site. The figures on the right-hand side denote the depth of the water (Drawn by Marco Li using Site Recorder 4 )
Figure 30: Mosaic B indicated on the site plan, showing frames, planking and a steel section
Figure 31: Mosaic A indicated on the site plan, looking at the stern transom
20
Major site features
Anchor
This is a modern steel anchor located adjacent to baseline position S26. It is intact and tangled with rope and the bow-railing. It is also partially buried under loose rocks and is covered with a thin layer of concretion which provides a clue to the duration that the ship has been underwater (Figures 32 & 33).
Figure 32: The anchor on the site Figure 33: A similar anchor and bow rail on a fishing boat at Aberdeen
Engine and machinery
The engine is located six metres south of baseline position S08 with clearly visible exhausts, shaft and piping. Most exposed areas were covered with concretion and no name plates, labels or any writing were discernible (Figure 34). The propeller shaft extending out towards the east runs under the planking roughly aligned with the propeller south of baseline position S04. Some other machinery includes a belt-driven device and crisscrossed steel piping.
Figure 34: The diesel engine sitting on timber ‘floors’ Figure 35: Carrying out detailed drawing
21
Propeller
Just one blade of the copper-alloy propeller is shown in the site plan, with another blade hidden beneath the planking but visible from the side (Figure 36). The rest of the propeller, including the shaft is buried in sand. Since the blade measures 600 mm in length, the propeller is estimated to be about 1500 mm in diameter which suggests that at least 900 mm of sand has been deposited since the ship sunk. It is interesting that the propeller was not salvaged; perhaps it is only a copper- alloy coated propeller of limited value.
Figure 36: One of three propeller blades, this one is bent over, scale graduations 10 cm
Mechanical features at the stern
This is illustrated in Mosaic A. It features a 150 mm diameter shaft with a mechanism for angular adjustments. Again detailed features are covered with concretion but the size of the supporting structures suggests they are related to fish trawling equipment .
Planking, keel / keelson and stem post
There are several major portions of timber frames and planking scattered on either side of the timber keel / keelson, and engine (Figure 37) and a major timber with a scarf joint in the bow (western section of site) that looks to be the stem of the vessel (Figure 38). These timbers do not survive in the exposed tropical waters very well and they appear to be visibly ‘dissolving’. A significant section of the frames, including half the keel / keelson are buried under the sand and are considered to be intact.
Figure 37: Timber frames, scale graduations 10 cm Figure 38: The timber stem with frames and planking in the background, scale 10 cm
22
Charred timber
Just one piece of charred timber is shown in the site plan but many were found scattered across the entire site. In addition to individual pieces of timber, larger frames partly buried in the sand also show signs of being burnt, suggesting the ship was on fire before it sank. Some look almost like charcoal, such as those shown in black near the ballast rocks in the site plan.
Interpretation
The material found on the shipwreck site, including the diesel engine, belt-driven machinery, anchor, rope, canvas with camouflage pattern, and trawler equipment indicate the ship was a modern fishing trawler that sunk in recent times. It was learnt from boatmen and villagers that an accident occurred four or five years ago, when a single trawler sunk in the area, cause unknown. The lay of the stem timber on the seabed and the proximity of the anchor (Figure 39) is consistent with the remains being from a timber fishing vessel that frequently uses these waters and can be seen extensively throughout Hong Kong as seen by this example at Aberdeen (Figure 40).
There could be a number of scenarios for how the wreck site developed into its current state. From the layout of the widely distributed remains over a large area, the lack of electronics and other small movable objects, and the charred wood, suggests the ship was heavily salvaged, burnt and broken up perhaps using explosives.
Figure 39: Part of the shipwreck site
Figure 40: Fishing vessel at Aberdeen 23
Conclusions and Recommendations
The shipwreck is the remains of a modern timber vessel and the outcomes illustrate what can be achieved through a relatively small amount of research, underwater surveying and documentation. If applied, and in greater detail to more and older sites, this work could reveal some interesting aspects of Hong Kong’s maritime history.
From the material remains there seems a lack of information to positively identify the ship, although further documentary research, oral histories, interviews with villagers on the island, fish pond operators or fishers may provide this information. This is worth pursuing.
This site would also make a good ongoing training facility for underwater archaeology / cultural heritage management in Hong Kong. It provides an excellent training facility for people who are interested in underwater survey, identification of ship’s features and artefacts, and solving a mystery as to the origin of a ship. More surveys may find other features and objects that could help to reveal the identity of this shipwreck and its history. The site is also a good training ground for assessing site formation and conservation and preservation issues, including the conservation of marine flora and fauna given the pressure that this site seems to be under from fishers.
The site could also be considered as part of a tourist attraction for divers in conjunction with an underwater shipwrecks trail. This could complement other underwater sites of interests such as coral reefs and geological features to promote diving tours in Hong Kong. In fact, over the duration of the project, there were enquiries from tour operators for interesting stories or histories to be included in their brochures and briefing packs for their boat tours. Many people were surprised when they first heard about the 300+ potential shipwrecks in Hong Kong waters.
Furthermore, there is some evidence that the wreck has become an artificial reef in an otherwise sandy bottom where corals are almost non-existent. Some sea creatures have already made this shipwreck their home although as pointed out earlier it is under pressure from fishers. These habitats are getting scarce as Hong Kong’s seabed experiences ‘desertification’ caused through reclamation, construction and fish trawling.
24
Other sites
As part of the process in upgrading the database with new sites, a number of sites were investigated, and assessed as possible survey sites: a stone lion and two bases off Tap Mun, a scattering of ceramics off Kat O; lithic cores off Sham Chung Wan, a shipwreck named Nan An , some small motorized sampans that had sunk, and some natural features that have traditional values (all appear on the HKUHD). Some were investigated through the use of a ‘drop camera’ that was bought by members of the group (Figures 41 & 42). Other sites were dived and inspected, while still others could be viewed without getting wet.
Figure 41: Group members watching a monitor Figure 42: The drop camera underwater for video taken by a camera dropped into the sea
Tap Mun Stone Lion
Through some oral history research conducted in Tap Mun (also known as Grass Island), north- east of Sai Kung, some site investigations were recommended by a local dive instructor of an area reportedly containing two stone lions. An investigation was implemented and one stone lion and two bases were found; the whereabouts of the second stone lion is unknown.
There is no unanimous explanation as to why the stone lions were dumped. One explanation is that they were discarded from the Tap Mun Tin Hau Temple and replaced by a pair of new ones because the originals were not big or ‘healthy-looking’ enough to foster prosperity in Tap Mun. Another reason is related to feng shui : the villagers wanted to change the ‘bad luck’ they seemed to have befallen after the fatal accident of a promising young villager during a trip to the island hillside to sweep graves (Figures 43 & 44).
25
Figure 43: Stone Lion off Tap Mun Figure 44: Base for Stone Lion
An area of seabed off Kat O was investigated after some divers reported that they had seen a number of ceramics—they all proved to be modern ceramics (Figure 45).
Figure 45: Scattering of modern ceramics off Kat O
Wreck site number H223 was originally a ship named Nan An . The vessel was a container ship owned by the Hai An Shipping Company of Hong Kong and carrying bags of cement from Taiwan to Hong Kong. According to the UKHO records, the vessel ran aground off the waters of Tai Yue Ngam during foggy weather in 1965. It was salvaged but two sections of the lower hull 26
remained, along with its weighty cement cargo. The site has become an impressive artificial reef and its relatively shallow depth (4–10 metres) make it an accessible site for local divers (Figures 46 & 47).
Figures 46 & 47: Nan An in all its glory and some of the cement bags found on the site today. Local divers call this the cement barge
During a visit to a little fishing village in Kau Sai Chau island, south of Sai Kung, local residents shared an interesting story about the origins of the village’s name; they attributed it to a narrow water channel that separates Kau Sai Chau from nearby Jin Island. Another legend is related to a large round rock located between the southern end of Kau Sai Chau and the northern part Jin Island—both steep, hilly islands—which looks like the muscle / scallop (pronounced Kau in Cantonese) of an opened clam, hence the name Kau Sai Chau (Figure 48).
Figure 48: The rock representing the muscle that joined the two shells, Kau Sai Chau and Jin Island 27
Project promotion and information dissemination
Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group website http://www.hkuhgroup.com/
A project website (in English and Chinese) was designed and launched in the early stages of the project to assist in soliciting further information on HKSAR’s underwater cultural heritage sites and to provide an ongoing report of the research and survey work as it happened. Some useful contacts and sources of information came through the contact details provided on the website: HKUHG email [email protected] and the telephone number 9074 1785. The website will be hosted by the group and will be maintained after the grant period by the group or a third party for at least a further five (5) years.
Brochures
Two brochures (in English and Chinese) were produced during the course of the project to advertise the work of the group and to encourage people to come forward with information. They were handed out to a number of dive shops, the Hong Kong Maritime Museum and distributed during the oral history research (see Appendix 7 for Chinese and English text brochures).
Hong Kong Maritime Museum exhibition
From 30 November 2010 to 20 March 2011, the Hong Kong Maritime Museum (HKMM) at Stanley had an exhibition titled ‘Fathoming the Sea’. The exhibition was about the many, many aspects of the underwater world including the natural and cultural heritage located there and how people have explored this world using various forms of diving equipment. It included photographs, hard-hat diving equipment, scuba diving equipment, geophysical survey equipment as well as diving related medical issues. HKUHG were asked by the Museum to help supply material for the exhibition as well as make contact with diving and other relevant groups who could contribute to the exhibition. A section of the exhibition was dedicated to the work of HKUHG (Figure 49).
Figure 49: Part of the Underwater Cultural Heritage section of the HKMM exhibition
28
In addition to the exhibition, the HKMM published a book and a brochure which provides addition details (Davies 2010).
HKUHG was also asked to lead a visit to the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum in Yangjiang in China to view the Song Dynasty shipwreck exhibition and to see if it was possible to obtain material from this Museum for the HKMM exhibition. The HKUHG had previously visited the Museum and had established a good contact with the Deputy Curator Zhang Wanxing . This visit by six members of HKUHG and five staff from the HKMM took place in May 2010 (Figure 50).
Figure 50: The group visiting the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, the complete Song Dynasty shipwreck and its 60,000 ceramics are located in the tank behind the group
29
Conclusions and Recommendations
The aims of the project were to develop a better understanding of the underwater cultural heritage sites located in HKSAR’s waters, and sample two sites using non-disturbance surveying techniques to highlight the value of the sites in Hong Kong. The project was planned to run from mid August 2009 to February 2011.
A database of Hong Kong’s underwater cultural heritage sites has been developed using the existing UKHO database and supplemented with additional fields, and data, to achieve a good first step in making available an effective maritime and underwater heritage / historical / archaeological research tool for Hong Kong. It is now a relatively simple task to add data at anytime. The database stands at 278 sites, this could easily grow to 500, perhaps a 1000 sites based on site information gained during this project but which was beyond the scope of this project to investigate.
A number of sites were investigated, and a reasonable amount of documentary and oral historical research was conducted as part of the process in identifying two sites for survey. This included natural features that had traditional heritage values in addition to some shipwrecks, ceramic scatters and material from a Tin Hau temple. This small sample reveals Hong Kong’s underwater cultural heritage is diverse and it could also suggest that Hong Kong contains many other such sites.
In five days of diving at Town Island over 300 artefacts were documented. Although originally planned as a non-disturbance survey, 22 artefacts were recovered to assist in furthering the research of this material and this locality and some of the ceramics have been tentatively identified as from the Qing Dynasty and possibly some from around the mid-17 th century. This needs further investigation.
Many more artefacts are known to be located at Town Island and the protection of these artefacts is of concern given there is no active protection and management program being implemented in Hong Kong. With 236 islands in the HKSAR containing many bays suitable for a range of vessels to anchor (and to possibly be wrecked), there is potential that many more artefacts of historical and archaeological value may be found.
The shipwreck survey was effectively implemented over a five-day period and while the site would not appear to be of historical significance, information in addition to what the Marine Department hold, has been obtained which is undoubtedly of value. The shipwreck site, perhaps only 5-10 years old has been extensively salvaged and stripped of many parts (those with some economic value). It shows signs of acting as an artificial reef for marine flora and fauna but which are under threat from fishers. In general this survey illustrates what can be achieved through a relatively small amount of research, underwater surveying and documentation. If applied, and in greater detail to more and older sites, this work could reveal some interesting 30
aspects of Hong Kong’s maritime history.
This report is just one of four project outcomes, the others being the website, a book and a brochure. Although the project has run over time, all of this has been achieved with a very modest budget and from a group that implement all the activities in their spare time and at some personal financial cost.
Recommendations
This project was always developed and implemented as Stage 1 of a larger project given this was the very first maritime and underwater cultural heritage project to be implemented in Hong Kong.
To continue this work, it is recommended that the database should be further developed through more documentary and oral historical research, to add data to the existing sites, and to add new sites as they become known. HKUHG members will keep alive the website to be able to show the database but a more effective visualisation of the database should be investigated. This could be implemented through a Virtual Underwater Cultural Heritage Trail that provides this information, and more, in a form that is informative about this aspect of Hong Kong’s history, and is appealing to residents and tourists. This could lead to developing brochures, signs (above and below water) and guided tours of some sites.
It is also recommended that another survey be conducted at Town Island. Many more artefacts were observed during this first survey and it is potentially only a matter of time before ‘treasure hunters’ find the site and interfere with it. It is also possible that one or more shipwrecks are located there. Currently the site offers research potential in 17 th to 19 th century trading and voyaging, and it could potentially be related to earlier trading. This project should be developed in context with further historical research on all of Hong Kong’s 236 islands where there is great potential for similar underwater cultural heritage sites, and where nothing has been done to date. It is also recommended that the recovered artefacts from the Town Island site should be considered for an exhibition within an appropriate Museum.
A further recommendation is made in regard to implementing an active maritime and underwater cultural heritage program in Hong Kong. While the Antiquities and Monuments Office has legislative responsibility for all of Hong Kong’s heritage sites (including underwater sites), other institutions and groups have a strong interest in this area and could play a role in implementing an active program. This program (as it is run in many other countries) lends itself to being implemented in collaborative manner, from government, businesses, academia, and the community, all combining and gaining the benefits they would like to achieve. As a first step, discussions should take place between the Antiquities and Monuments Office, and the Hong Kong Maritime Museum who have a strong interest in this area, about developing a program that protects sites and disseminates the values and benefits of the sites and their histories. 31
References
Davies, S., 2010, Fathoming the Sea. Hong Kong Maritime Museum. Hong Kong.
Draper-Ali, S, 1998, Potential for Maritime Archaeology in the Hong Kong SAR: Survey, Assessment, Management and Conservation of the Underwater Heritage. Lord Wilson Heritage Trust. Hong Kong.
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/
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Appendix 1: UKHO database record for shipwreck site surveyed
Latitude = 22 28’.765 N Longitude = 114 22’.140 E [WGD] Square Number = 1113 State = LIVE
Wreck Number 69555 Classification = Unclassified Symbol WK 7.4 Largest Scale Chart = 4128 Charting Comments Old Number Category Dangerous wreck
WGS84 Position Latitude = 22 28’.765 N Longitude = 114 22’.140 E
WGS84 Origin Original Horizontal Datum WGD WGS (1984)
Position Method Position Quality Precisely known Position Accuracy Area at Largest Scale No
Depth 7.4 metres Drying Height Height General Depth 10 metres Vertical Datum Lowest astronomical tide Depth Method Depth Quality Depth known Depth Accuracy Conspic Visual NO Conspic Radar NO Historic NO Military NO Existence Doubtful NO Non Sub Contact NO
Last Amended 25/04/2007 Position Last Amended Position Last Latitude = Longitude =
Name Type Flag Dimensions Length = Beam = Draught = Tonnage Cargo Date Sunk
Sonar Dimensions Length = Width = Shadow Height = Orientation
Magnetic Anomaly Debris Field Scour Depth = Length = Orientation =
Markers General Comments
Circumstances of Loss
Surveying Details
**25.4.07 WK 7.4MTRS SHOWN IN 2228.765, 11422.140E [WGD] ON HONG KONG 3001 [2 ND EDN FEB ‘07, LARGEST SCALE ADOPTION]. NE 4128.
1
Appendix 2: Hong Kong Underwater Heritage (HKUH) Database with a reduced number of fields
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
TAI TAN H001 non -wreck 5.0 15 min. NNW of Hoi Hai
CHAU TSZ H002 wreck 5.0 About 20m KOK off the beach on the west side of Grass Island, boat ride takes 15-20 min. from Wong Shek Pier.
H003 shipwreck 26.5
H004 shipwreck 18.5
H005 shipwreck 13.0 Sand Barge 2002 -04- 14
H006 shipwreck 11.0
H007 shipwreck 14.0 Coaster 2001 -12- 11
H008 shipwreck 11.0
H009 non - 3.7 shipwreck
1
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H010 non - 3.4 shipwreck
H011 non - 22.0 shipwreck
H012 shipwreck 17.5
H013 shipwreck 22.0
H014 shipwreck 7.0
H015 non - 9.0 shipwreck
H016 11.3
H017 shipwreck 0.0
H018 shipwreck 0.0
H019 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H020 non - 11.9 shipwreck
H021 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H022 shipwreck 11.9
H023 non - 22.5 shipwreck
H024 shipwreck 2.7
2
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H025 shipwreck 27.0
H026 non - 26.0 shipwreck
H027 shipwreck 29.5
H028 non - 15.2 shipwreck
H029 no n- 6.9 shipwreck
H030 shipwreck 0.0
H031 shipwreck 0.0
H032 shipwreck 0.0
H033 shipwreck 0.0
H034 shipwreck 0.0
H035 shipwreck 2.0
CHAK H036 shipwreck 10.0 SANG
H037 shipwreck 0.0
H038 shipwreck 7.0
H039 shipwreck 0.0
H040 shipwreck 0.0
3
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H041 non - 10.0 shipwreck
H042 shipwreck 2.0
H043 shipwreck 0.0
H044 shipwreck 1.0
H045 shipwreck 2.0
H046 non - 12.0 shipwreck
H047 shipwreck 3.1
H048 non - 10.0 shipwreck
H049 shipwreck 11.0
H050 shipwreck 2.0
H051 shipwreck 7.0
H052 shipwreck 0.4
H053 shipwreck 0.4
H054 shipwreck 1.0
H055 shipwreck 7.0
H056 shipwreck 2.0
H057 shipwreck 3.0
4
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H058 shipwreck 2.0
H059 shipwreck 6.0
YUK YAT H060 shipwreck 10.0 Tug 1993 bad NO 8 -04- weather 29
HANG H061 shipwreck 4.0 About 3 km 84 M Dredger 1993 grounding JUN 09 W Of Siu A -05- Chau. 20
H062 shipwreck 5.0
H063 shipwreck 14.0 1994 -01- 01
GUA N H064 shipwreck 10.0 about 30 m ZHONG off the YUN 255 shore of Waterfall Bay.
H065 shipwreck 15.0 between Fishing 1971 collision Lamma and Junk -04- Soko 01 Islands, SW of Hong Kong.
M63571A H066 shipwreck 26.0 FV
ZENITH H067 shipw reck 6.0 beached Passenger 1995 fire and some 2 m Vessel -07- explosion W of Green 22 Island.
5
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H068 shipwreck 0.0 on SW tip grounding of Lantau Island.
H069 shipwreck 1.0
H070 shipwreck 11.0
CHING H071 shipwreck 2.0 Coastal 1996 HONG Trade -01- (possibly) Vessel 23 (Barge ?)
HANG H072 shipwreck 9.0 M Gen 1996 bad SHUN Cargo -02- weather Vessel 13
TAI CHI H073 shipwreck 29.0 36 ?Fishing 1996 NO.2 Vessel -05- 20
H074 shipwreck 3.0
H075 shipwreck 0.0
WONG H076 shipwreck 31.0 22 MFV 1997 SHEK YAU -04- 03
WONG H077 shipwreck 10.0 24 M Fishin g 1997 CHUEN -04- NUNG 19
HANG H078 shipwreck 6.0 53 MV 1997 bad TUNG 320 -06- weather 18
6
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H079 shipwreck 22.0
H080 shipwre ck 10.0
DUN H081 shipwreck 8.0 35 M Cargo 1998 collision JONG 60 -03- 03
H082 shipwreck 29.0
CHIU YAM H083 shipwreck 29.0 W of 38 ?FV (Steel) 1997 26 Ninepins -01- 22
M63368A H084 shipwreck 7.0 Lamma 30 M Fishing 1997 collision Channel -09- 01
H085 shipwreck 7.0
HONG LIN H086 shipwreck 7.0 51 ?M Gen 1998 FUNG 3 Cargo -09- 14
H087 shipwreck 15.0
H088 shipwreck 19.0 50 Cargo
LUK FUNK H089 shipwreck 18.0 East FV 1998 collision 28705 Lamma -12- Channel 08
H090 shipwreck 9.0 10 Wooden 1999 FV -01- 11
7
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
QUAN TAI H091 shipwreck 19.0 4 miles E of 63 M General 1999 collision the Cargo -03- Ninepin 06 Islands.
QI YUN H092 shipwreck 13.0 67 M Lpg 1999 collision 881 Tanker -03- 25
SHUN H093 shipwreck 19.0 near One 48 M Gen 1999 LONG Foot Rock. Cargo -09- 08
SHAN MEI H094 shipwreck 25.0 26 M Fishing 1999 bad 11072 -04- weather 28
H095 shipwreck 14.0
H096 shipwreck 30.0
H097 shipwreck 5.0
H098 shipwreck 15.0 Coaster
H099 shipwreck 32.0
H100 shipwreck 13.0
H101 shipwreck 25.0
H102 shipwreck 21.0
H103 shipwreck 18.0
H104 shipwreck 14.0
8
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H105 shipwreck 9.0
H106 shipwreck 12.0
H107 shipwreck 3.0
H108 shipwreck 16.0
H109 shipwreck 5.0 34
H110 shipwreck 5.0 18
H111 shipwreck 5.0 12
H112 non - 15.0 Barge 1982 shipwreck -12- 05
H113 non - 30.5 shipwreck
H114 non - 17.7 55 Aircraft - shipwreck Possibly
H115 shipwreck 15.0
H116 non - 10.4 shipwreck
H117 non - 2.0 shipwreck
H118 non - 0.5 shipwreck
H119 shipwreck 20.0 20
9
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H120 non - (1.0) 14 shipwreck
H121 non - (1.0) 16 shipwreck
H122 shipwreck 7.0 24
H123 shipwreck 0.0 17 Junk
H124 shipwreck 0.0 15
H125 shipwreck 0.0 32
H126 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H127 non - 0.0 shipwreck
Hsin Wah H128 shipwreck 23.0 82 Steam Ship 2029 bad -01- weather 16
H129 non - 21.0 shipwreck
H130 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H131 non - 1.0 shipwreck
Wei Lai H132 shipwreck 12.0 21 1986 collision 601 -10- 06
10
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H133 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H134 non - 0.0 shipwreck
H135 shipwreck 0.0 Raft (Possibly)
H136 unknown 1.0
H137 unknown 2.0
Shirogane H138 shipwreck 5.0 96 Steam Ship 1942 fire and Maru -09- explosion 19
H139 shipwreck 0.0
H140 unknown 32.0
H141 unknown 18.0
Luk Hong H142 shipwreck 21.0 25 Steel 1988 unknown 2302 Inland -02- W'Way 07 Vessel
H143 dump site 1.0
H144 shipwreck 0.0
Lavia H145 shipwreck 2.0 169 Passenger 1989 fire and Ship -01- explosion 08
H146 shipwreck 6.0
11
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H147 non - 6.6 shipwreck
Fatshan H148 shipwreck 6.0 S Ferry 1971 bad -08- weather 16
Albireo H149 shipwreck 10.0 102 MV 1979 fire and -01- explosion 31
Luk Hong H150 shipwreck 15.0 Cargo 1989 collision No. 5132 Vessel -11- 06
H151 shipwreck 15.0
H152 shipwreck 24.5 100 Cargo Vessel
H153 shipwreck 29.0
Lin Jiang H154 shipwreck 17.0 115 Container 1992 collision -06- 30
H155 non - 13.0 Wi re shipwreck
H156 unknown 27.0
H157 shipwreck 10.0 sunk off a Shrimp 1977 fire and Hong Kong Trawler -04- explosion fishing 06 village
12
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
Shun Fung H158 shipwreck 21.0 134 1964 bad -05- weather 09
Stella I H159 shipwreck located 62 Containers 199 2 about 100 -10- ft off the 27 fire boat station between Tsing Yi seawall and South Tsing Yi bridge western foundation post
H160 shipwreck Wooden 1993 Vessel -01- 01
H161 shipwreck
H162 unknown 6.0
HMS H163 shipwreck 8.0 98 Iron Steam 1941 Tamar Troopship -12- 12
Halldor H164 shipwreck 8.0
H165 shipwreck 0.0
H166 shipwreck 0.0
13
Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H167 unknown 23.0
H168 unknown 22.0
H169 unknown 13.0
H170 unknown 12.0
H171 unknown 18.0
H172 unknown 4.0
H173 unknown 20.0
H174 shipwreck 8.0
H175 shipwreck 7.0
H176 shipwreck 6.0
H177 shipwreck 7.0
H178 unknown 13.0
H179 unknown 9.0
H180 unknown 15.0
H181 unknown 4.0
American H182 shipwreck 10.0
H183 shipwreck
H184 shipwreck 5.0
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H185 shipwreck 6.0
H186 shipwreck 21.0
H187 shipwreck 2.0
H188 shipwreck 14.0
H189 unkn own 12.0
H190 unknown 1.0
H191 unknown 11.0
H192 unknown 7.0
H193 unknown 17.0
H194 unknown 30.0
H195 unknown 23.0
H196 unknown 27.0
H197 shipwr eck 22.0
H198 shipwreck 18.0
H199 unknown 27.0
H200 shipwreck 25.0
H201 unknown 4.0
H202 shipwreck 5.0
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H203 unknown 15.0
H204 unknown 25.0
H205 unknown 24.0
H206 shipwreck 30.0 now falls within a reclaimed area
H207 shipwreck 2.0
H208 shipwreck 2.0
H209 shipwreck 2.0
CHINA FIR H210 shipwreck 5.0 1961 -04- 18
ADRIAN H211 shipwreck 20.0 211 Steam 1977 MAERSK Container -09- Vessel 19
WING H212 shipwreck 10.0 Cargo 1968 LIEN Vessel -04- 05
H213 shipwreck 36.0 Steel Work 1975 Boat Hull -05- 23
G-ATZH H214 unknown 31.0 Cargo 1977 fire and Aircraft -09- explosion 02
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H215 shipwreck 13.0
H216 shipwreck 4.0
H217 shipwreck 15.0
H218 shipwreck 0.0
H219 shipwreck (1.0)
H220 shipwreck 27.0 between 27 Tap Mun and Kung Chau
H221 unknown 0.0 acr oss E end of Pak Sha Tau Wan Bay
H222 shipwreck 0.0
NAN AN H223 shipwreck 5.0 130 Motor 1965 Vessel -04- 04
HSIN PING H224 shipwreck 22.0 80 Steamship bad weather
TIEN FU H225 shipwreck 23.5 Nine pin 101 M General 1990 (possibly) island Cargo -06- 17
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H226 shipwreck 5.0 located in 16 Jones Cove [Hoi Ha], near the small pier. lies on port side, heading n. dimensions 52ft x 13ft x 8ft. least depth 7 mtrs at high water.
H228 shipwreck 5.0 located in 16 Fishing jones cove Junk
NEW H229 shipwreck 2.0 the fire 125 Ro Ro M 1993 fire and ORIENT started Ferry -08- explosion PRINCESS when the 26 gambling excursion was near Lei Yue Mun. 鯉魚門對 開黑角頭 海面發生 火警,被拖 往佛堂洲 擱淺
H230 shipwreck 1.0
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
XIN YIE H231 shipwreck 21.0 160 M 1998 525 Container -01- 02
TIN SHING H232 shipwreck 25.5 49 M Gen 1999 hull Cargo -03- damage 12
YUAN DA H233 shipwreck 25.0 M Gen 1999 Cargo -04- 01
H234 shipwreck 18.6
H235 shipwreck 21.5
TIEN FU H236 shipwreck 23.0 M General 1990 (possibly) Cargo -06- 17
H237 shipwreck 7.8
H238 unknown 8.1
H239 unknown 18.6
H240 unknown 16.0 SW of Wong Mau Chau
H241 unknown 21.5
H2 42 shipwreck 16.7
H243 shipwreck 16.0
H244 shipwreck 15.1
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H245 unknown 8.1
H246 shipwreck 15.1
AMERICA H247 shipwreck 0.0 150 Steamship 1971 N HAWK -08- 09
H248 shipwreck 0.0
OLYMPIC H249 shipwreck 11.0 Steam 1976 DALE Tanker -09- 19
H250 shipwreck 21.5
H251 unknown 16.0
H252 unknown 25.0
H253 shipwreck 20.6
H254 shipwreck 20.6
H255 shipwreck 13.0
H256 unknown 0.0
H257 shipwreck 0.0
H258 shipwreck 15.8
H259 shipwreck 19 .5
H260 shipwreck 17.4
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
H261 shipwreck 13.0
H262 shipwreck 0.0
H264 shipwre ck 0.0
H265 shipwreck 15.8
H266 shipwreck 19.5
H267 shipwreck 17.4
LEE HONG H268 shipwreck 5.0 61 M Ferry bad weather
H269 shipwreck 16.8
H270 shipwreck 15.7
H271 shi pwreck 15.0 between Tap Mun and Kung Chau
H272 shipwreck 10.0 1941 -01- 02
H273 shipwreck 15.0
H274 shipwreck 21.0
H275 shipwreck 16.2
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Site name Site Site type Depth Location Length Type of Date Cause of number of description (m) vessel of loss water loss (m)
Tap Mun H276 non - 6.0 few metres STONE shipwreck offshore LION off the NW corner of Tap Mun
KAU SAI H277 non - 0.0 off the CHAU shipwreck shore at "PEARL" the eastern end of the village
TOWN H278 non - 5.0 anchorage ISLAND shipwreck to the north of Town Island
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Appendix 3: HKUH Database entry for the shipwreck site surveyed in this project
SITE RECORD - HKUHD
Site location
Site name Unknown Site nu mber 271
Site type* Shipwreck Date found 4/25/2007
Latitude 22.479417 Longitude 114.369000
Depth of water (m) 15 Date inspected 11/1/2009
Depth quality* Accurate Position accuracy* Accurate
Average water temp. 27
Location description Between Tap Mun and Kung Chau
Shipwreck history and site description
Ship's name N/A Official ship number N/A
Ship's other name N/A UKHO Wreck 69555 number
Flag* IMO number
Where built Construction date
Type of vessel Likely a fish ing trawler Tonnage
Construction Timber Length (m) material*
Reporting State* Breadth (m)
Ship's builder Depth (m)
Cargo on final Orientation voyage
UKHO state* Still exist s (live) HK Marine Survey
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Markers Markers setup date
Cause of loss* Fire and explosion Date of loss
Loss of life
Details of loss
Salvage details
Site Description Wreck disintegrated and covers quite a large area on flat, sandy bottom. Keel/keelson of the wreck, the engine and part of a propeller can be clearly seen
Archaeological site
Nature of site Remains of timber hull, engine and other machinery
Extent of site 20 x 30 m
Historical details N/A
Further Site details
Site condition N/A
Associated Fauna / Very little fauna / flora Flora
Nature of seabed Sandy bottom
Additional details
Sources of UKHO and survey dives information
Photographs* Site photos * Please select from a pre -defined list of terms.
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Appendix 4: HKUH Database for the Town Island ceramics site
SITE RECORD - HKUHD
Site loca tion
Site name Town Island Site number 278
Site type* Non -shipwreck Date found 6/17/2010
Latitude 22.339000 Longitude 114.364000
Depth of water (m) 5 Date inspected 11/1/2009
Depth quality* Accurate Position accuracy* Accurate
Average water t emp. 26
Location description Anchorage to the north of Town Island
Shipwreck history and site description
Ship's name Official ship number
Ship's other name UKHO Wreck number
Flag* IMO number
Where built Construction date
Type of v essel Tonnage
Construction Length (m) material*
Reporting State* Breadth (m)
Ship's builder Depth (m)
Cargo on final Orientation voyage
UKHO state* HK Marine Survey
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Markers Markers setup date
Cause of loss* Date of loss
Loss of life
Details of loss
Salvage details
Site Description Scattered ceramics on the seabed, many reportedly buried and preserved in sand
Archaeological site
Nature of site
Extent of site Extends over a large area, from the east to the west side of the bay and south to the shoreline
Historical details
Further Site details
Site condition Typical of shallow beach area
Associated Fauna / Minimal Flora
Nature of seabed Sandy / pebbles
Additional details
Sources of Local divers information
Photographs* Site photos * Please select from a pre -defined list of terms.
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Appendix 5: Photographic record of the recovered blue-and-white porcelain and a preliminary assessment
TI 2
TI 38
TI 45
TI 50
1
TI 59
TI 74
TI 144
TI 145
2
TI 157
TI 163
TI 166
TI 220
3
TI 232
TI 311
TI 337
TI 339
4
TI 425
TI 434
TI 500
5
TI 501
TI 502
TI 503
Dr LIU Wensuo, PhD from Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou and Mr Raymond NG, Archaeologist with ERM and researcher specializing in ceramics from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces both made very quick and tentative assessments of some of the recovered artefacts. The assessments below are primarily those of Dr Liu (translated by members of HKUHG and noted here in English) with additional comments from Mr NG. Both recommended that more comprehensive assessments be made which are being investigated by HKUHG.
Artefact No. Description 2 part of a bowl, southern Chinese pattern (banana) similar quality as 337 and 339 38 bowl, poor quality 6
45 cup, good quality, blue Sanskrit pattern 50 bowl, good craftsmanship, petal pattern, mid to late Qing dynasty 59 spoon, rare, good quality, date unsure 74 spoon, poor quality 144 bowl, good quality, blue pattern 145 part of a large bowl, French blue 157 part of bowl, poor quality 163* local Guangdong kiln, possibly mid 17 th century 166 base of bowl, banana leaf design, poor quality 220 part of bowl, poor quality 232* part of small bowl / cup, discoloured (normally white), poor quality, used for rice wine, possibly from mid 17 th century 311 part of a bowl with a high foot ring, rim is different to other bowls 337 small bowl, contains signature of craftsman, possibly similar kiln to 157 and 220 339 bowl, good quality, different kiln to 337 425 bowl, good quality, blue pattern 434 part of a bowl, ‘double happiness’ pattern 500 dish, older than 50 years 501 dish, bird pattern 502 contains craftsman’s mark, possibly lid for a container or an oil lamp container 503 bowl, poor quality, petal, fungus pattern
* Mr NG considered these ceramics to be no earlier than the mid 17 th century
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Appendix 6: List of all 313 artefacts TI-033 Pottery recorded during Town Island survey TI-034 Pottery TI-036 Pottery Artefact TI-037 Pottery Description of Artefact Number TI-038 Blue & white porcelain bowl Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-039 TI-001 Brown Glazed Pottery base TI-002 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-040 Pottery TI-003 Blue & white porcelain TI-041 Blue & white porcelain TI-004 Blue & white porcelain TI-042 Blue & white porcelain TI-005 Blue & white porcelain TI-043 Porcelain (modern) TI-006 Blue & white porcelain TI-044 Porcelain (modern) TI-007 Blue & white porcelain TI-045 Blue & white porcelain wine cup TI-008 Pottery TI-046 Blue & white porcelain TI-009 Pottery TI-047 Blue & white porcelain TI-010 Blue & white porcelain TI-048 Blue & white porcelain TI-011 Blue & white porcelain TI-049 Blue & white porcelain TI-012 Blue & white porcelain TI-050 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-013 Blue & white porcelain TI-059 Blue & white porcelain spoon TI-014 Pottery TI-060 Blue & white porcelain bowl Red clay fired feature (Firing TI-015 TI-061 Pottery grate?) TI-063 Pottery TI-016 Pottery TI-064 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-017 Brown Glazed Pottery TI-065 Pottery TI-018 Blue & white porcelain TI-066 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-019 Blue & white porcelain TI-068 Pottery TI-020 Blue & white porcelain TI-069 Pottery TI-021 Blue & white porcelain TI-070 Porcelain (modern) TI-022 Blue & white porcelain TI-071 Blue & white porcelain TI-023 Pottery TI-072 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-024 Blue & white porcelain TI-073 Pottery pot TI-025 Brown glazed pottery TI-074 Blue & white porcelain spoon TI-026 Brown glazed pottery TI-075 Pottery TI-027 Brown glazed pottery TI-076 Porcelain (modern) TI-029 Blue & white porcelain TI-077 Blue & white porcelain (modern) TI-030 Brown glazed pottery TI-078 Blue & white porcelain TI-031 Blue & white porcelain TI-079 Pottery TI-032 Blue & white porcelain 1
TI-080 Blue & white porcelain TI-119 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-081 Blue & white porcelain TI-120 Porcelain TI-082 Blue & white porcelain TI-121 Pottery TI-083 Blue & white porcelain TI-122 Pottery TI-084 Pottery TI-123 Pottery TI-085 Brown glazed pottery TI-124 Porcelain TI-086 Pottery TI-125 Porcelain (modern) TI-087 Pottery TI-126 Porcelain (modern) TI-088 Blue & white porcelain TI-127 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-090 Pottery TI-128 Pottery TI-091 Pottery TI-129 Porcelain TI-092 Pottery TI-130 Pottery TI-093 Pottery TI-131 Blue & white porcelain TI-094 Pottery TI-132 Pottery TI-095 Pottery TI-133 Pottery TI-096 Pottery TI-134 Pottery TI-097 Pottery TI-135 Pottery TI-098 Pottery TI-136 Pottery TI-099 Pottery TI-137 Porcelain TI-100 Pottery TI-138 Pottery TI-101 Pottery TI-139 Blue & white porcelain TI-102 Pottery TI-140 Blue & white porcelain TI-103 Porcelain modern TI-141 Pottery TI-104 Pottery TI-142 Porcelain (modern) TI-105 Pottery TI-143 Blue & white porcelain TI-106 Pottery TI-144 Blue & white porcelain shard TI-107 Pottery TI-145 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-108 Pottery TI-146 Pottery TI-109 Pottery TI-147 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-110 Pottery TI-148 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-111 Pottery TI-149 Porcelain TI-112 Pottery TI-150 Porcelain TI-113 Pottery TI-151 Porcelain TI-115 Blue & white porcelain TI-152 Pottery TI-116 Blue & white porcelain TI-153 Pottery TI-117 Pottery TI-154 Pottery TI-118 Porcelain TI-155 Pottery 2
TI-156 Pottery TI-195 Blue & white porcelain cup TI-157 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-196 Porcelain TI-158 Blue & white porcelain TI-197 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-159 Porcelain TI-198 Pottery TI-160 Porcelain TI-199 Firing grant TI-162 Pottery TI-200 Pottery TI-163 Blue & white porcelain shard TI-201 Blue & white porcelain Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-166 TI-202 Blue & white porcelain base TI-204 Pottery TI-167 Pottery TI-205 Porcelain TI-168 Blue & white porcelain TI-206 Blue & white porcelain TI-169 Blue & white porcelain TI-207 Blue & white porcelain TI-170 Porcelain TI-208 Pottery TI-171 Porcelain TI-209 Pottery TI-172 Porcelain TI-210 Pottery TI-173 Pottery TI-211 Blue & white porcelain TI-174 Porcelain TI-212 Pottery TI-175 Pottery TI-213 Pottery TI-176 Pottery TI-214 Pottery TI-177 Pottery TI-215 Pottery TI-178 Pottery TI-216 Blue & white porcelain TI-179 Pottery TI-217 Pottery TI-180 Porcelain TI-218 Blue & white porcelain TI-181 Pottery TI-219 Pottery TI-182 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-220 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-183 Pottery TI-221 Porcelain TI-184 Porcelain TI-222 Pottery TI-185 Pottery TI-223 Pottery TI-186 Pottery TI-224 Porcelain TI-187 Porcelain TI-225 Pottery TI-188 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-226 Porcelain TI-189 Pottery TI-227 Porcelain TI-190 Pottery TI-228 Blue & white porcelain TI-191 Pottery TI-229 Blue & white porcelain TI-192 Pottery TI-230 Pottery TI-193 Porcelain TI-231 Pottery TI-194 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-232 Blue & white porcelain 3
TI-233 Porcelain TI-331 Blue & white porcelain TI-234 Pottery TI-332 Porcelain TI-251 Pottery TI-333 Porcelain TI-252 Porcelain cup TI-334 Pottery TI-253 Pottery TI-335 Porcelain TI-254 Pottery TI-336 Pottery TI-255 Pottery TI-337 Blue & white porcelain cup TI-256 Pottery TI-338 Pottery TI-257 Pottery TI-339 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-301 Pottery TI-340 Porcelain TI-303 Pottery TI-341 Blue & white porcelain TI-304 Blue & white porcelain TI-342 Blue & white porcelain TI-305 Blue & white porcelain TI-343 Pottery TI-306 Pottery TI-344 Porcelain TI-307 Pottery TI-345 Pottery TI-308 Pottery TI-346 Blue & white porcelain TI-309 Pottery TI-348 Blue & white porcelain TI-310 Pottery TI-349 Porcelain TI-311 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-401 Pottery TI-312 Pottery TI-402 Pottery TI-313 Pottery TI-403 Blue & white porcelain TI-314 Porcelain spoon (modern) TI-404 Blue & white porcelain TI-316 Porcelain (modern) TI-405 Blue & white porcelain TI-317 Pottery TI-406 Pottery TI-318 Pottery TI-407 Pottery TI-319 Blue & white porcelain TI-408 Pottery TI-320 Pottery TI-409 Pottery TI-321 Porcelain TI-410 Pottery TI-322 Blue & white porcelain TI-411 Blue & white porcelain TI-323 Porcelain TI-412 Pottery TI-324 Porcelain (modern) TI-413 Pottery TI-325 Blue & white porcelain TI-414 Pottery TI-326 Blue & white porcelain TI-415 Pottery TI-327 Blue & white porcelain TI-417 Blue & white porcelain TI-328 Porcelain TI-418 Pottery TI-329 Porcelain TI-419 Blue & white porcelain TI-330 Pottery TI-420 Pottery 4
TI-422 Pottery TI-423 Blue & white porcelain TI-424 Pottery TI-425 Blue & white porcelain wine cup TI-426 Porcelain spoon TI-427 Porcelain TI-428 Porcelain TI-429 Porcelain TI-430 Blue & white porcelain TI-431 Blue & white porcelain TI-432 Porcelain TI-433 pottery TI-434 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-435 pottery TI-436 Blue & white porcelain TI-437 Blue & white porcelain TI-438 pottery TI-439 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-440 Blue & white porcelain TI-441 Blue & white porcelain Blue & white porcelain sauce TI-500 plate Blue & white porcelain sauce TI-501 plate TI-502 Porcelain TI-503 Blue & white porcelain bowl TI-543 Pottery
5
Appendix 7: Chinese and English text of information brochure
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