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Home , Ferdinand Verbiest, Matteo Ricci, Michele Ruggieri

The Jesuits in

Jesuit Mapping of the Chinese Empire Jesuit Art in China Jesuit Astronomical Observatory in The Jesuit foundations in the Far East were the most important of those belonging The Jesuits actively encouraged the blending of Western art traditions with those of Asia. A radical to the worldwide missions. Impressed with the high level of civilization they found approach at the time, it gained the Society many enemies from the other religious orders and the pope to merchants and colonial governors. such as Valignano recognized how important it was in China and Japan, the Jesuits felt an immediate affinity for Asian culture and to adapt Catholic art to the sensibilities and iconographies of their host communities. Since the earliest days of their mission there, the sent their best missionaries to the region. Jesuits in China took as a major goal the geographical delineation of the empire. It can be safely said that the In 1582, the Jesuits moved beyond Macao give and take fostered cultural exchanges geographic and cartographic image of China held by to found their first permanent mission of unprecedented depth and extent. Jesuits Europeans of the 17th and 18th centuries was drawn almost entirely from Jesuit information. on Chinese soil. They would remain transmitted not only European knowledge there until 1773. Combining rigorous to China, but also Chinese knowledge Cartography in the late 17th and early 18th centuries was scholarly training with an approach to to Europe. In the 18th century a major a family enterprise dominated by two French clans, the Sansons and the Delisles, all educated by the Jesuits. A mission work that privileged tolerance source of information about China was bond of union, strengthened by common membership and accommodation, the Jesuits treated derived from the Jesuits’ letters, Lettres in learned societies grew up between the cartographers of Europe and the Jesuit missionaries who were so deeply their encounters with non-Christian edifiantes et curieuses, published in involved in geographical inquiry. The arrival of the French civilizations as a dialogue. Inspired by the different editions from 1702. They Jesuits in China in 1687 signaled the start of one of the greatest projects the Jesuits undertook — overseeing of the recommendations of the Jesuit Visitor to examine subjects as diverse as Chinese imperial survey of the Chinese empire. The resulting atlas the Indies, Alessandro Valignano (1539- history, music, , literature, was the first truly accurate portrayal of the whole expanded 1606), the sought to adapt geography, sciences, etc. and influenced Chinese empire on either a Chinese or a European map. s Figure 2. Catholicism to non-European cultural Enlightenment thinkers such as Charles de Painting of , S.J., The China-Jesuit Atlas was a corporate effort of the oil on wood by Brother Emmanuel Wen Hui, S.J. (Periera), 1610. French Jesuits that had the evangelization of the empire traditions. This policy brought the Jesuits Montesquieu (1689-1755), Francois-Marie , Ministero dell’Interno, placed in the Society’s Casa professa. as its ultimate objective, although its great scientific Castiglione served as an official portraitist at the Chinese court, where he s Figure 5. remarkable success in China, Japan, and (1694-1778), and Jean-Jacques Giovanni Castiglione, S.J. value was also readily acknowledged. The result was a painted many likenesses of the emperors, their concubines, and their animals. The most famous early Jesuit was Matteo Ricci, an Italian In My Heart there is the Power to Reign Peaceably, Mughal India, where the Jesuits’ method of Rousseau (1712-72). work that won the Jesuits the favor of the emperor of Although this activity did not directly benefit the mission, it did guarantee detail depicting the Qianlong emperor and empress. —Gauvin Alexander Bailey polyglot and intellectual who not only acquired an outstanding command China, gave them a better view of their mission territory, Colors on silk, 1737, 20.9 x 306.7 inches. that the emperor would be favorable to Jesuit missionary activity throughout Cleveland Museum of Art. of classical and literature, but was also himself a prolific and facilitated their travel to remote places in the empire. his realm. author of philosophical, mathematical, and scientific works. Ricci won —Theodore N. Foss, “A Western Interpretation of China: Jesuit Cartography,” East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582-1773 (Loyola Chicago University Press, 1988) Of Rites and Wrongs the respect of the Chinese literati and by 1601 had founded missions The most celebrated period of Jesuit artistic activity The most celebrated Jesuit artist at the Qing court was For over 200 years, until 1837, more than 20 missionaries worked in the Astronomical Bureau. s Figure 8. not only in southern China and along the coast but also in Beijing. He The roof of the Jesuit Astronomical Observatory, in China took place under the during Giovanni Castiglione, S.J. (1688–1768), a professional On the observation platform, among the eight original instruments there, you can still see today The Chinese rites controversy of the seventeenth century entangled made the most of his influential Chinese friends, and he donned the garb Beijing, China, 1673. the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century. The artist from . From the few European paintings by the six that were made by Fr. Verbiest in 1673: the equatorial armillary, the sexton, of a Confucian scholar. Jesuits in Europe as well as in China. (1662–1722) was the first to include this Lombard artist that survive, we can see that he the altazimuth, the ecliptic, the celestial globe, and the quadrant. At Its Essence the Jesuits’ interpretation of the Confucian Jesuits in his imperial craft workshops, and he and painted in the full-blown late-baroque style current The fact that the China Jesuits were able to mount The Jesuits changed their policy shortly before Ricci’s death and classics, the cult of the Sage was purely his successors Yongzheng (1723–35) and Qianlong in Italy at the end of the seventeenth century. But a missionary enterprise and sustain it for almost a attempted to “go native” in the visual arts, as they had done in dress, The controversy was a debate over political. (1736–95) pressed into service any missionaries with after Castiglione arrived in Beijing in 1715, he was century and a half in the Ming and Qing empires is habits, and literature. The popular classes, by now the foundation of Figure 3. s This 18th-century map is part of a large group of maps of China, Tibet, and the western coast of North America. At the request of Emperor translation and interpretation. It began Chinese Map Plates artistic skills to produce novelties ranging from foun- compelled to abandon his baroque manner altogether a testament to the Society’s ability to train its men Honoring Ancestors the mission, were more receptive to devotional art than the literati or Nouvel Atlas de la Chine Kangxi of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1966-11/12), the Jesuits in China were the first to map these lands using scientific methods. with the founder of the Jesuit mission to France, 1737 J.B. D’Anville, tains and palace pavilions to enameled metalwork, in the extraordinary number of paintings, designs the court had ever been. As a result, sacred painting flourished over and coordinate its proselytizing and pastoral efforts China, Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), and his cartographer to Louis XV, King of France The other central issue in the rites the next 150 years, especially in domestic settings, where holy images Courtesy Ron Anton, S.J., ceramic ornaments, and clocks. The Jesuits continued for engravings, architectural plans, and objets d’art he effectively. In their efforts to create a mission church attitude toward his apostolic endeavor. The Beijing Center for Chinese Studies controversy concerned the use of “ancestor came to adorn private homes and community chapels. As in Japan, to serve under these conditions only because their executed for the emperor. His most extravagant archi- deeply rooted in Chinese society, however, the men tablets” by average Chinese Christians. Jesuit missionaries made extensive use of devotional pictures when influence at court was essential for their now flour- tectural project was the European palace pavilions at of the Vice-Province were virtually alone for most of Ricci knew that in order to propagate Clockwork and the Jesuit In a culture where the cult of the dead they preached, and they circulated copper images, medallions, and ishing mission on Chinese soil. the Yuanming Yuan (Garden of Everlasting Spring), the period. Had European soldiers and settlers rather Catholicism in China, he needed to build Father Johann Adam Schall von Bell, figured so prominently, it would have rosaries among new converts, capitalizing on the Chinese commoners’ Mission in China the emperor’s summer residence near Beijing (1729), than other missionaries joined them, perhaps their on the elements of that he been impossible for the Jesuits to uproot respect for sacred or magic imagery. German, of the Society of Jesus and This splendid painting of an officer in the imperial army was one s Figure 6. spiritual legacy would have been as enduring in deemed inoffensive to Catholic orthodoxy. Unlike the Japanese, the Chinese court and literati which can best be described as an Occidentalist theme School of Castiglione, all manifestations of respect for the dead. of a set of three done for the Qianlong emperor (1711–99), and The Meritorious Officer. —Gauvin Alexander Bailey in The Jesuits and the Arts, 1540-1773 President of the Royal Highest Council of The history of Western-style clockwork in China is connected had little use for European styles in the visual arts. park. He served his imperial masters for an extraordi- China as it was in other lands where they established (Saint Joseph’s University Press, 2005) blends traditional Chinese portraiture, with its plain background and Oil on silk, 71 x 31 inches, The dispute began when Franciscan to the Jesuit presence at court. In 1601, Matteo Ricci (1552- 18th century. missions. Even so, vestiges of the Jesuits’ presence The Papacy Weighs In Largely unimpressed with the tricks of pictorial realism, nary fifty-one years, taught Chinese artists European oil linearity, with Western shading and modeling. This unsigned painting Astrology at the City of Peking in China 1610) gave the first mechanical clock to the Chinese and Dominican missionaries from the one-point perspective, and shading, Chinese scholar painting technique, collaborated with court painters, is either done by Castiglione or one of his close followers. can still be found from the foot of the Great Wall Philippines arrived in Southern China. where he, during Fifty Years . . . has emperor, and from then on elaborate timepieces figured to the mouth of the Pearl River. Atop a bastion in Pope Clement XI issued a condemnation artists found Western art to be interesting and amusing and became one of the most renowned court painters When these friars took a close look at How did the Jesuits prominently in Sino-Jesuit interaction. The missionaries but certainly not art. Although the court was more of his epoch. the old walls of Peking, the instruments used by of the rites in 1704 and moved to make Propagated the Catholic Faith used these highly desired objects to gain imperial favor

the practices and attitudes of the Jesuits’ learn Chinese? Gauvin Alexander Bailey in The Jesuits and the Arts, 1540-1773 Among Castiglione’s most important kinds of , S.J., to calculate the imperial his decision known in China. A series of tolerant of Western style than were the literati, this s Chinese Christians, they began to suspect and thus obtain access to the highest reaches of Chinese (Saint Joseph’s University Press, 2005) Figure 7. painting were propaganda pieces celebrating calendar sit beneath the same sun and stars. subsequent condemnations of the rites society. But their role in the history of horology in China same cultural imperative forced Jesuit artists in Beijing Giovanni Castiglione, that the men of the Society were permitting The Jesuits in China were among the first Europeans Tatar Emissaries Present Their Horses to the Qianlong Emperor, the conquests and tribute of the emperor. culminated in a papal bull in 1742 that One of the most celebrated successes of detail from the One Hundred Horses. heterodoxy at best and idolatry at worst. in the modern era to study the Chinese language. went further: they also introduced the theory and mechanics to adapt to Chinese style. Here we see the use of his trademark linear imposed silence on debates over the issue, 17.7 x 105.1 inches. Colors on silk, 1757. Amid the bustle of Shanghai, a Catholic cathedral the Jesuits at the imperial court of China of the Western clock to the Chinese. Paris, Musée Guimet. perspective. a public rebuke to the Society that helped Since their goal was to transmit a complex religious The two main sticking points raised by the can be found at the site of the former family set the stage for the suppression of the message to a sophisticated culture, they subjected was their role in the imperial observatory, mendicant missionaries had to do with This would be the Jesuits’ lasting contribution to Chinese compound of , appropriately dedicated order three decades later. themselves to years of study before attempting to common Chinese rituals practiced by the where Jesuits such as Adam Schall von Bell culture, since this technology, which forms the foundation to Ignatius Loyola. In , the imposing façade evangelize. The first Jesuit to dedicate himself to Jesuits’ Christians. The first involved the of many other machines, had far-reaching implications. of the Jesuit church rises majestically above the old When the Vatican reopened the issue due established the annual participation of Christian mandarins in studying Chinese was (1543-1607), For the Jesuits, the European technology housed within city. Curiosity impels most modern visitors up the to its concern for the welfare of Asian appealing decorative cases made these zimingzhong, or the Confucian ceremonies required by who acquired laboriously by drawing him for the Emperor. steep stone staircase at this last site to see what are Catholics (prompted by the unenviable the Chinese state. From the Jesuits’ point the corresponding characters. His successor Matteo ‘self-sounding bells,’ the perfect link between science and status of Japan’s Catholics in the ultra- known as the Ruins of St. Paul’s. There they spend of view, a good Christian would seek to Ricci, however, was able to rely on texts printed art, both of which were in demand by the emperors, and nationalist atmosphere of that country in a few moments contemplating the carvings of ships, excuse himself but, if necessary, could ensured the missionaries nearly two hundred years of access the 1930s), the papacy reversed its position for Chinese schoolboys. Later Jesuits would use dragons, and saints set in stone four centuries ago, attend these obligatory functions at “halls” to the Chinese court. To them, the Western mechanical clock on the Chinese rites. similar methods, benefiting from the experiences or perhaps they glance at the vista of sampans in the to “revere” , just as one would do was more than an object representing the latest European of their confrères who developed the first Western city’s inner harbor. For these travelers, a voyage has for a beloved schoolmaster. According to —Liam Matthew Brockey, Company Magazine, Spring 2007 innovations: it was their key in a vast, closed empire that held s language course for learning Chinese. This course Figure 4. the potential for countless religious conversions. ended on the very spot where the Jesuits’ journey From Cornelius Hazart, included readings and writing classes with Chinese Ecclesiastical History of the Whole World s Figure 1. into China began. —Catherine Pagani in The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773 (University of Toronto, 2006) Juan González, Saint Embarking for Asia, 1703. (Antwerp,1667). and European masters. Based on a print by Cornelis Bloemaert, Twenty-first century photo of the quatorial armillary at the ancient observatory s Figure 9. This work shows Saint Francis Xavier about to embark —Liam Matthew Brockey, Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579-1724 in Beijing, China designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623-88). as preacher of the throughout the world. —Liam Brockey, Company Magazine, Spring 2007 (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007)