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Perceptions and Problems of Disease in the One-Humped Camel in Southern Africa in the Late 19Th and Early 20Th Centuries

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Perceptions and Problems of Disease in the One-Humped Camel in Southern Africa in the Late 19Th and Early 20Th Centuries Historical review — Historiese oorsig Perceptions and problems of disease in the one-humped camel in southern Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries R T Wilsona the northwest of what is now Somalia) in ABSTRACT 190418,19. The one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) was first introduced to German South West There were no imports to British Africa (Namibia) for military purposes in 1889. Introductions to the Cape of Good Hope Bechuanaland Protectorate (Botswana) at (South Africa) in 1897 and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) in 1903 were initially with a view to replac- this early stage, but camels traversed the ing oxen that died of rinderpest. Disease risks attendant on these introductions were recog- territory in use as police and postal nised and to some extent guarded against. There were, however, relatively few problems. animals by the Cape Colony authorities. One camel was diagnosed as having foot-and-mouth disease. Mange in camels from India Following the first introductions into caused some concern as did trypanosomosis from Sudan. Trypanosomosis was introduced German South West Africa and the Cape into both the Cape of Good Hope and Transvaal. Antibodies to some common livestock Colony, further lots were imported over disease were found in later years. the succeeding years. Key words: Animal imports, antibodies, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, sarcoptic This paper provides information on mange, trypanosomosis. perceived and actual problems of disease Wilson R T Perceptions and problems of disease in the one-humped camel in southern in camels in the southern African region Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Journal of the South African Veterinary in the early years of their introduction to Association (2008) 79(2): 58–61 (En.). Bartridge Partners, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, the region. Devon, EX37 9AS, UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS Material for this paper arises from a INTRODUCTION that camels might provide an alternative review of the literature. The records are The one-humped camel (Camelus drome- source of power. The ‘Ville de Pernam- from formally published sources and darius) was imported into southern Africa buco’ docked at Cape Town on 27 March material in the national archival reposito- towards the end of the 19th and in the 1897 out of Tenerife, Canary Islands, via ries of southern African countries. early years of the 20th centuries. In Herero Luanda, Angola, with 10 camels for the tradition, 1889 is known as the ‘Yearof the Cape Government on board (Cape Town RESULTS Camel’ as in this year camels were im- Archives Repository, Source AGR, Vol- ported to German South WestAfrica (now ume 445, Reference 3052). Ten was the Rinderpest Namibia). These were brought from the number considered by Professor R Koch By the time the 10 camels arrived at Canary Islands for service with the (telegram Koch to Agricola, 5 February Cape Town on 27 March 1897 – only 7 Schutztruppe or defence force9. 1897, Cape Town Archives Repository, weeks after the illustrious Professor Koch The ‘great African cattle plague’ (rinder- Source AGR, Volume 445, Reference 3052) had insisted that this number was needed pest) probably arrived in sub-Saharan as necessary for ‘experimental purposes for experimentation – the reason for their Africa between 1887 and 1889 with cattle in connection with the rinderpest’ epi- import had become redundant. This was brought into Eritrea by the Italian demic. due to the ‘success which had attended Army12,15. By early 1896 the disease had The administration in Rhodesia (Zimba- the investigations at Kimberley (having) traversed the Zambezi River. During its bwe) also considered camels as an alterna- rendered their use as contemplated for southward progression it ‘mowed down tive to oxen. The country was rather experimental purposes in connection the whole bovine race in its passage’ and behind the Cape Colony in its ideas, how- with Rinderpest unnecessary’ (unattri- ‘hundreds of carcasses lay here and there, ever, as the first camels introduced there buted and undated typescript probably on the roadside, or piled up in the fields’7. did not arrive until 1903. These were early February 1899, Cape Town Archives It had not reached the Cape Colony from Karachi, India (now Pakistan) and Repository, Source AGR, Volume 445, (South Africa) by March 1896 because it comprised bulls and cows of the ‘baggager’ Reference 3052). Two of the ten arrivals was not reported in a survey of South Gujarkhan breed and bulls, cows and a were nonetheless sent to Kimberley Africa at that time, but it did so shortly heifer of the riding Batinda breed. Follow- where they arrived at the Experimental afterwards20. There are conflicting ac- ing sea transport to Beira, Potuguese East Station ‘in good order and condition’ counts of numbers and percentages of the Africa (Mozambique), the overland journey on 8 April 1897 (handwritten note, J W totally naïve population that succumbed was accomplished without mishap, the Phillips, Cape Town Archives Repository, to the disease but they were certainly animals arriving in Salisbury (Harare) on Source AGR, Volume 445, Reference 3052). enormous. The rural economy was at risk 9 May 19038. They were inoculated with ‘virulent of collapse, as transport and land cultiva- Following the failure of an agreement rinderpest blood but without success – tion depended on oxen. It was thought between Transvaal and the Cape Colony the animals proving to be immune to this for the former to obtain camels from the disease’ (unattributed and undated type- aBartridge Partners, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, Devon, EX37 9AS, UK. E-mail: [email protected] latter, Transvaal imported camels direct script probably early February 1899, Cape Received: February 2008. Accepted: May 2008. from Somaliland (i.e. the British colony in Town Archives Repository, Source AGR, 58 0038-2809 Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. (2008) 79(2): 58–61 Volume 445, Reference 3052). Neither animal in fact suffered any ill effects whatsoever (telegram Turner to Agricola, 28 April 1897, Cape Town Archives Repository, Source AGR, Volume 445, Reference 3052). There are no further references to rinderpest and camels in the Cape. Foot-and-mouth disease The first reference in the public domain (as opposed to internal government correspondence) to camel diseases in Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) appeared in the first issue of the Rhodesia Agricultural Journal2. The editorial tended to the view that camels were not susceptible to the common diseases of traditional domestic livestock. A second reference is to foot- and-mouth disease (FMD) from which one imported camel purportedly died: ‘the splendid record achieved by our first batch of camels has at last been inter- rupted by an outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease at the camel camp, Goromonzi’4. A post mortem examination concluded that ‘from the foregoing conditions I [Govern- ment Veterinary Officer Bruce] have no hesitation in saying that the animal suf- fered from FMD’. In another attribution Bruce opined ‘that the camel is suffering from a form of stomatitis and not foot and mouth disease’ with a probable bacterial cause, although the cause may have been due to eating some plant irritating to the mucous membranes (letter Department of Agriculture 7 December 1903: Cape Fig. 1: Telegram from Union veterinary surgeon to Cape veterinary surgeon with Town Archives Repository, Source AGR, instructions for testing imported camels for presence of trypanosomiasis. Volume445, Reference 3053)). One month after it was affected, the animal was on Johannesburg, 13 January 1904). A Surgeon (Cape) wrote to the Acting the high road to recovery and no other quarantine imposed by Government Principal Veterinary Surgeon (Union of animals had suffered the same disease. Notice No. 17, 1904 under the Animal South Africa) on 10 August 1911 that in The published record may have been Diseases Ordinance 1901 was rescinded view of the discovery of trypanosomiasis misleading but there was also confusion by Government Notice No. 114 of 12 May in 1 and of filariasis in another of the within the administration itself. Official 1904 and movement of animals in the camels to be imported from Egypt (letter, records indicate 3 camels had died ‘from a defined area was again allowed. High Commission London to Acting disease resembling but not identical to Under Secretary for Agriculture, 21 July foot and mouth disease and some of Trypanosomosis 1911: Cape Town Archives Repository, the affected animals have recovered’ The Veterinary Branch of the Cape Source AGR, Volume 591, Reference R66) (telegrams, Salisbury Resident Commis- Department of Agriculture was greatly it was recommended that the camels be sioner to Johannesburg High Commis- concerned by the possibility of ‘surra’ sent to Pretoria for supervision by the sioner, 16 and 19 December 1903: Cape (camel trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma Acting Director of Veterinary Research Town Archives Repository, Source CVS, evansi) being brought into South Africa until he was satisfied as to their condition Volume 1.83, Reference 79). Shortly after- from Egypt (telegram to counterpart in and health. Pretoria replied by cable (14 wards the diagnosis became firm: the Egypt 7 July 1911: Cape Town Archives August) that on arrival in Cape Town the cause of death was definitely ‘identical to Repository, Source CVS, Volume 1.83, camels should be quarantined in fly-proof foot and mouth disease’. In all these com- Reference 79: Source AGR, Volume 445, accommodation until the necessary tests munications it was ‘desirable that the Reference 3053). The Egyptian authorities could be carried out to prove them free report should not be published until a indicated that as far as was known ‘surra of disease. Suitable accommodation thorough investigation has been made did not exist in Egypt proper but was being found, the Cape Veterinary Sur- into the causes and nature of the disease believed to exist in Sudan in the vicinity of geon requested of Pretoria what was to in question‘ (Cape Town Archives Reposi- Khartoum’.
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