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Role of Bmp2 in Dental Hard Tissue Formation

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Role of Bmp2 in Dental Hard Tissue Formation Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Role of Bmp2 in dental hard tissue formation Malik, Zeba Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204719 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Malik, Zeba. Role of Bmp2 in dental hard tissue formation. 2016, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Role of Bmp2 in Dental Hard Tissue Formation Dissertation (Juni 2016) zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Zeba Malik aus Indien Promotionkomitee Prof. Dr. Michael Hengartner Prof. Dr. Daniel Graf Prof. Dr. Lukas Sommer Dr. Aimee Zuniga Zurich 2016 1 Table of Contents 1. Summary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Summary in German ................................................................................................................................................. 6 3. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) ............................................................................ 8 3.2 Tooth: Structure and Function ...................................................................................... 12 3.3 Tooth Development ...................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Enamel formation (Amelogenesis) ............................................................................... 17 3.5 Dentin formation (Dentinogenesis) ............................................................................... 19 3.6 Root formation .............................................................................................................. 22 3.7 Cementum and Periodontal Ligament .......................................................................... 24 3.8 Signaling networks in developing tooth and molecular regulation mechanism of dental hard tissues ........................................................................................................................ 25 3.9 Bmp signaling in tooth development ............................................................................ 27 3.10 Bmp signaling in root formation and adult tooth ......................................................... 31 3.11 Bmp2 in Tooth ............................................................................................................ 31 4. Aims of the Study ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 5. Material and Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 34 6. Results ........................................................................................................................................................................... 46 6.1 Bmp2 Expression in adult and developing tooth .......................................................... 46 6.2 Part I: Bmp2 deletion in tooth epithelium ..................................................................... 49 6.2.1 K14-Cre driver to study Bmp2 deletion in epithelium ............................................................ 49 6.2.2 Phenotypic Characterization of Bmp2 deletion in epithelium ........................................... 50 6.2.3 Gross morphology of teeth from Bmp2 deficient epithelium ............................................. 50 6.2.4 µCT analysis revealed delayed mineralization in Bmp2-deficient teeth ..................... 52 6.2.4 Altered epithelial cell layer in Bmp2 deficient mice ................................................................ 53 6.3 Part II: Bmp2 deletion in tooth mesenchyme ............................................................... 54 6.3.1 Phenotypic analysis of Bmp2 deletion in Neural crest cells (NCC) using Wnt-1 Cre ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 6.3.2 µCT analysis of Bmp2 mutant ........................................................................................................... 56 6.3.3 Deletion of Bmp2 in tooth mesenchyme causes defects in odontoblasts and dentin matrix .......................................................................................................................................................................... 57 6.3.4 Molecular Analysis revealed no developmental delay until E18.5 ................................ 58 2 6.3.5 Proliferation and Apoptosis at P0 .................................................................................................... 59 6.3.6 Altered expression of dentin matrix proteins in Bmp2 deficient tooth mesenchyme ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 6.3.7 RNA-seq analysis of Bmp2 deficient tooth mesenchyme at P0 ...................................... 62 6.3.8 Validation of RNA-seq data using RT-PCR analysis ............................................................ 65 6.3.9 Transcription factors in Bmp2 deficient tooth ............................................................................ 69 6.3.10 Separation of Mesenchyme and Epithelium of P0 molars ............................................... 71 6.3.11 Bmp2 is an important signal for reciprocal E-M interaction during early mineralization ......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Part III: Bmp2 deficient tooth germ mesenchyme grows into an adult tooth ...................... 77 upon ectopic Kidney Transplantation ................................................................................. 77 6.3.12 Bmp2 deficient tooth germ forms adult tooth with dentin defects. ............................... 77 6.3.13 Immunohistochemical analysis of Bmp2 deficient adult tooth ....................................... 80 7. Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................... 84 7.1 Epithelial Bmp2 is important for enamel formation in mouse incisors .......................... 84 7.2 Bmp2 regulates reciprocal E-M interaction through WNT signaling and Pax9 ............ 85 7.3 Bmp2 is important in homeostasis of the tooth pulp .................................................... 90 7.4 Interlinked signaling feedback loops: Insights from other organ systems .................... 91 7.5 Challenges to interpret complexity of developmental systems .................................... 93 8. Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................................................ 95 9. References ................................................................................................................................................................... 98 10. Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................................................... 108 3 1. Summary During embryonic development various organs develop through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Few conserved signaling pathways have shown to play an important role in this process. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp) signaling is an important pathway involved in organogenesis. Bmp antagonists regulate the activity of Bmps in the extracellular space, which controls the quantity and quality of Bmp signals transduced. Most mouse mutants deficient in either Bmp or Bmp antagonists do not survive limiting our understanding of the Bmp pathway in organogenesis. Tooth development is successfully used as a genetic model to study organs that arise through epithelial- mesenchymal interactions. We utilized it as a model to study the role of Bmp2 during tooth development with a focus on epithelial- mesenchymal interaction and understanding the early stages of dental hard tissue formation. We studied Bmp2 deletion in epithelium by using K-14 Cre and Bmp2 deletion in mesenchyme using Wnt-1 Cre. Epithelial deletion of Bmp2 showed minor enamel defects in incisors along with unorganized Stratum intermedium (SI) layer indicating its importance in the underlying SI layer for enamel formation. Bmp2 deletion in mesenchyme resulted in odontoblast, dentin and enamel defects. The molecular mechanisms controlling tooth mineralization were analyzed in more detail in newborn pups (P0), the time point when the Bmp2 fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mutant mice died. Loss of Bmp2 decreased Bmp signaling in general and led to reduction of several key molecules involved in dentin matrix and enamel formation. RNA seq on isolated P0 molar teeth confirmed the overall decrease in various epithelial and mesenchymal genes in mutants suggesting
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