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Developmental Anomalies Affecting the Morphology of Teeth – a Review

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Developmental Anomalies Affecting the Morphology of Teeth – a Review View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portal de Periódicos da UNIVILLE (Universidade da Região de Joinville) ISSN: Electronic version: 1984-5685 RSBO. 2015 Jan-Mar;12(1):68-78 Literature Review Article Developmental anomalies affecting the morphology of teeth – a review Ashish Shrestha1 Vinay Marla1 Sushmita Shrestha2 Iccha K Maharjan3 Corresponding author: Ashish Shrestha Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, College of Dental Surgery B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan – Sunsari – Nepal E-mail: [email protected] 1 Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, College of Dental Surgery, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences – Dharan – Nepal. 2 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Surgery, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences – Dharan – Nepal. 3 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, College of Dental Surgery, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences – Dharan – Nepal. Received for publication: May 5, 2014. Accepted for publication: August 12, 2014. Abstract Keywords: developmental Introduction: The development of tooth is a complex process anomaly, diagnostic wherein there is series of interactions between the ectoderm and criteria, tooth ectomesenchyme. The role of genes in determining the shape and morphology. form of a specific tooth has already been defined, the alterations in which can lead to a variety of anomalies in regards to number, size, form, shape, structure, etc. Objective: To review the literature on the developmental anomalies of teeth. Literature review: The developmental anomalies affecting the morphology exists in both deciduous & permanent dentition and shows various forms such as gemination, fusion, concrescence, dilacerations, dens evaginatus, dens invaginatus, enamel pearls, taurodontism or peg laterals. These anomalies have clinical significance concerning esthetics, malocclusion and more importantly predisposing the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Conclusion: Knowledge of various diagnostic criteria for identification of these developmental anomalies is significant for early diagnosis and pertinent treatment. 69 – RSBO. 2015 Jan-Mar;12(1):68-78 Shrestha et al. – Developmental anomalies affecting the morphology of teeth – a review Introduction number, and degree of development of teeth. Local as well as systemic factors may be responsible for The tooth is a specialized part of the human these developmental disturbances. Such influences body, understanding the development of which is may begin before or after birth, hence both the enigmatic and still challenging. The successful dentition might be affected [12]. development of tooth depends on a complex More than 300 genes have been known to reciprocal interaction between the dental epithelium be expressed in teeth that are responsible for and underlying ectomesenchyme. The interaction odontogenesis [72]. Defects in these genes have involves a complex series of molecular signals, been found to be one of the reasons for alteration receptors and transcription control systems [73]. Anomaly (Gk, anomalos; irregular) is a deviation of the morphology of tooth [72]. from what is regarded as normal [48]. Disturbance World Health Organization (WHO) has classified of the epithelium and mesenchymal interactions can “the diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and markedly alter the normal odontogenesis leading jaws” in WHO-International Classification of Disease to the developmental anomaly of teeth. Depending -10 (WHO-ICD-10) (K00-K14) [23]. The anomalies of on the developmental stage in which the alteration tooth size and form has been listed under section has taken place, different anomalies could take WHO-ICD -10 (K00.2), which includes concrescence, place e.g. anomalies of number, structure, size fusion, gemination, dens evaginatus, dens in dente, and/or shape [46]. dens invaginatus, enamel pearls, macrodontia, Developmental dental anomalies are marked microdontia, peg-shaped teeth, taurodontism and deviations from the normal color, contour, size, tuberculum paramolare (figures 1 and 2). Figure 1 – Developmental alterations of tooth morphology. (a. Root dilaceration of mandibular molar; b. Concrescence between mandibular first and second molar; c. Talons’ cusp on the labial aspect of maxillary lateral incisor; d. Crown dilaceration of maxillary central incisor; e. Taurodontism in maxillary second molar; f. Enamel pearl on buccal aspect of mandibular third molar) (Achieves of department of Oral Histology and Pathology, BPKIHS) 70 – RSBO. 2015 Jan-Mar;12(1):68-78 Shrestha et al. – Developmental anomalies affecting the morphology of teeth – a review Figure 2 – Radiograph of dental anomalies. (a. Root dilaceration of mandibular molar; b. Talons’ cusp lined by enamel containing core of dentin and pulp in maxillary lateral incisor; c. Fusion of root between mandibular second and third molar; d. Crown dilaceration of maxillary central incisor; e. Concrescence between mandibular first and second molar with dens evaginatus; f. Enamel pearl seen as radio-opaque foci near the furcation area) Understanding the etiology of each dental which can be confirmed radiographically [68]. anomaly is important not only in identification but The anomalous tooth has a larger mesial-distal also to determine the course of the treatment. So, diameter than normal and is counted as one [33, we aim to review the literature regarding various 68]. However the total number of teeth in dental anomalies affecting the tooth and the criteria laid arch is otherwise normal [68]. down for its diagnosis. The etiology of geminated teeth remains unknown but nutritional deficiency, endocrine influences, infectious/inflammatory processes, Description of the anomalies excessive ingestion of medicines, hereditary or congenital diseases, local trauma and ionizing Gemination radiation are considered as causative factors [62]. Clinically, gemination occurring in the anterior Tannenbaun and Alling in 1963 defined tooth region causes esthetic problems related to gemination as the formation of equivalent of two teeth tooth alignment, spacing and arch asymmetry. The from the same follicle, with evidence of an attempt presence of deep grooves on the surface makes for the teeth to be completely separate [71]. it susceptible to caries and periodontal problems Gemination also described as double teeth, by facilitating bacterial plaque accumulation. The double formations, joined teeth, fused teeth or eruption of adjacent tooth may also be impeded dental twinning is commonly seen in the maxillary [55]. anterior region [17, 62]. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at Fusion division of a single tooth germ by invagination, resulting in a single tooth with two completely Pindborg defined fusion as the union between separated crowns; or a large, incompletely separated dentin and enamel of two or more separate crown having single root and root canal [55], developing teeth [54]. There may be complete union 71 – RSBO. 2015 Jan-Mar;12(1):68-78 Shrestha et al. – Developmental anomalies affecting the morphology of teeth – a review to form one abnormally large tooth; union of crowns Concrescence is seen frequently in the posterior or union of roots only [47]. This anatomic irregularity maxillary region. The developmental pattern often occurs more often in deciduous dentition with a involves a second molar tooth in which its roots predilection for the anterior region [68]. closely approximate to the adjacent impacted third Fusion can be complete (total/true fusion) or molar [70]. Few cases have shown the concrescence of incomplete (partial/late fusion), depending on stage a third molar and a supernumerary tooth [18]. of development [33, 68]. If fusion begins before It is suspected that space restriction during calcification stage, the teeth unite completely and development, local trauma, excessive occlusal the crown incorporates enamel, dentin, cementum force, or local infection after development play an and pulp of both the teeth. Incomplete fusion occurs important role in the occurrence of concrescence at a later stage and resultant tooth may exhibit [18, 31]. True concrescence is attributed to the close separate crowns and limited to root alone with proximity of developing roots of the adjacent teeth fused or separate pulp canals. The tooth count whereas acquired concrescence may result from a reveals a missing tooth where anomalous tooth chronic inflammatory response to a non-vital tooth is counted as one [68], unless where the fusion is [42]. The union may vary from one small site to occurring with a supernumerary tooth [47]. a solid cemental mass along the entire extent of Various theories have been put forward to approximating root surfaces [18]. explain the etiology of fusion. It has been suggested Radiographic examination is required when that when the tooth germs are close together they concrescence is suspected clinically. However in come in contact and fuse as they develop due to cases of superimposition of two closely approximated the physical pressure or force generated during teeth, additional radiographic projections at different growth. Other theories suggested the use of angulations may be required [18]. thalidomide or occurrence of viral infection during Concrescence should be carefully identified to pregnancy [32]. A genetic etiology has also been reduce the risk of complications associated with considered [51]. Fusion has been reported with surgical
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