Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea

Galina V. KOTLYAR All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia) [email protected]

Aymon BAUD Musée de Géologie, BFSH2-UNIL, CH-1015, Lausanne (Switzerland) aymon.baud ©sst.unil.ch

Galina P. PRONINA All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia) [email protected]

Yuri D. ZAKHAROV Far East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya, 159, Vladivostok-22, 690022 (Russia) [email protected]

Valéry Ja. VUKS All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia) vsegei @ mail.wplus.net

Merlynd K. NESTELL Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 (USA) [email protected]

Galina V. BELYAEVA Far East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya, 159, Vladivostok-22, 690022, (Russia) [email protected]

Jean MARCOUX Sciences Physiques de la Terre, Université Paris VII, Tour 24/25, 1" étage, 2 Place Jussieu, F-75251 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected]

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • '1 (3) 299 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J. 1999. — Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea, in Crasquin-Soleau S. & De Wever P. (eds), Peri-Tethys: stratlgraphlc correlations 3, Geodiversitas 21 (3): 299-323.

ABSTRACT Exotic limestone blocks of Permian and Triassic age occur in the Middle Triassic-Middle Jurassic Crimean olistostrome complex of the Marta and Alma River basins and in the Simferopol area. Rich assemblages of small foraminifers, fusulinids, brachiopods, rare ammonoids, and sphinctozoans KEYWORDS occur in these blocks. Fossils from Permian blocks indicate the presence of Upper Triassic, zonal assemblages for the Bolorian, Kubergandian, Murgabian, Midian, Rhaetian, Permian, Dzhulfian, and Dorashamian stages. The Neoschwagerina simplex fusulinid exotic blocks, zone is extended upward based on the presence in our material of Kuber­ Crimea, gandian ammonoids with Neoschwagerina simplex Ozawa. Comparison of the foraminifers, fusulinids, fauna from Triassic blocks to assemblages from other regions of the Tethys brachiopods, indicates that the age is Late Triassic Rhaetian corresponding to the ammonoids, sphinctozoans. Vandaites sturzenbaumi ammonoid zone.

RÉSUMÉ Les blocs exotiques calcaires du Permien et du Trias en Crimée. Les blocs exotiques de calcaire permiens et triasiques de la Crimée appartien­ nent à l'unité olistostromale d'Eskiordin (Trias moyen-Jurassique moyen) et ont été trouvés dans les bassins-versant des rivières de Marta, d'Alma et dans la région du lac (réservoir) de Simferopol. Les blocs permiens contiennent des petits foraminiferes et des fusulines ainsi que des brachiopodes, de rares MOTS CLÉS ammonoïdes et des sphinctozoaires dont nous présentons l'inventaire. La dis­ Trias supérieur, Rhétien, tribution des assemblages fossilifères couvre la fin du Permien inférieur Permien, (Bolorien) ainsi que tout le Permien supérieur, du Kubergandien au blocs exotiques, Dorashamien. La présence conjointe d'ammonoïdes et de brachiopodes d'âge Crimée, foraminiferes, Kubergandien avec Neoschwagerina simplex Ozawa est signalée. L'analyse des fusulinides, micro- et macrofaunes des blocs triasiques ainsi que des comparaisons avec brachiopodes, les faunes semblables d'autres régions téthysiennes permettent d'attribuer aux ammonoïdes, sphinctozoaires. assemblages décrits un âge rhétien.

INTRODUCTION ammonoids by Y. D. Zakharov, sphinctozoans by G. V. Belyaeva, and fusulinids by V. I. Davydov For this study, our team investigated Permian and M. K. Nestell. and Triassic exotic limestone blocks occurring at several localities in the area between Simferopol and the Marta River Basin. Limestone samples HISTORY containing remains of several different faunal groups were obtained. Carbonate microfacies Fokht (1901) studied the oldest deposits then were studied by A. Baud, small foraminifers by known from the Crimea. He named the G. P. Pronina (Permian and Triassic) and V. Ja. "Taurida Beds", and dated them as Late Triassic. Vuks (Triassic), brachiopods by G. V. Kotlyar, Moiseev (1939) named the Eskiorda Formation,

300 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

BLACK SEA

A Simferopol area • Alma River Basin 9 Marta River Basin

Cretaceous-Neogene deposits Bajocian intrusives

Upper Jurassic deposits upthrown fault

Eskiorda and Karadag Complex overthrust (Middle Triassic - Jurassic) Taurida flysch (Middle Triassic - Middle Jurassic) 0 8 km

FIG. 1. — Sketch geological map of South Crimea (after Mlleev et al. 1989).

a shallow-water conglomerate (Rhaetian-Liassic) where the Upper Triassic, Lower Taurida and the facies present in the northern part of the Kacha Liassic Upper Taurida (Eskiorda) formations uplift. Muratov (1949) divided the Taurida beds were proposed with two types of lithofacies for into three parts: (1) a lower unit of Late Triassic each unit. Koronovsky & Mileev (1974) conduc­ age; (2) a middle unit, the Eskiorda Formation; ted research on the Eskiorda Formation in the (3) an upper unit, both of early and middle Bodrak River Valley and proposed a broader Liassic age. Logvinenko et al. (1961) proposed a Carnian-Pleinsbachian stratigraphic range for it. more detailed subdivision of the Taurida Series On this basis, they increased the rank of this unit and considered the lower part to be of Early and to a Series and considered it as an equivalent of Middle Triassic age. the Taurida Series rock; they also stated, that the Study of outcrops in the valley of the right tribu­ Eskiorda Formation (or Series) in the Bodrak tary of the Bodrak River (Dagis & Shvanov River area represented a tectonic melange. 1965; Shvanov 1966) has shown that the Taurida Series rock ranges in age from Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic. The most common subdivision GEOLOGICAL SETTING (Fig. 1) scheme of the Taurida Series has been given in "Geology of the USSR" (Anonymous 1969), The oldest stratigraphic unit cropping out in the

GEODIVERSITAC • 1999 • 21 (3) 301 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

Crimean Mountains is the Taurida flysch of (1960, 1963), this unit has been recently map­ Middle Triassic to Toarcian age (Shalimov 1960, ped in detail and reinterpreted by Mileev et al. 1963). The underlying units and basement have (1989) as a composite and dismembered tectonic never been observed, but geophysical seismic complex. It is the best exposed within the data indicates a thin carbonate-clastic unit over­ Lozovaya shear zone of the Kacha uplift (nor­ lying granitic basement (Muratov et al. 1984). thern part of the core) and north of it, but it also The Taurida flysch is overlain with a structural occurs overthrust above the Taurida flysch in the unconformity either by Upper Jurassic deposits Bodrak and Marta River valleys. According to in the south and east of the Kacha uplift, or by the lithological and biostratigraphical contents, Lower Cretaceous deposits in the north and these authors subdivided the Eskiorda tectonic west. In some parts of the Kacha uplift, the complex into the Mender (Ladinian-Sine- Taurida flysch is allochthonously overlain by the murian), Dzhidair (Bajocian), Kichik (Norian), Eskiorda unit. The Taurida flysch makes up the Chenk (Middle-Upper Triassic?), Saraman (Late core of the Kacha uplift. Mileev et al. (1989) dis­ Triassic-Bajocian) and Bitak (Toarcian- tinguished the Alma unit for the proximal flysch Bathonian) subunits. The lithology consists in the core of the uplift, and the overlying Patil mainly of fine to coarse terrigenous elastics. The unit for the distal flysch. The Alma unit is expo­ turbiditic flysch sequence characterises the lower sed in the Belbek, Kacha, Marta, Alma, Salgir subunits and was probably deposited in shallow and Bodrak River valleys. It consists of predomi­ marine conditions because coal and coarse sand­ nantly gray, thin bedded fine sandstone and shale stone occurs in the upper Saraman subunit with reworked coalified plants debris. (Mileev et al. 1989). These authors regard the Commonly, the Alma unit is exposed only in Eskiorda complex as equivalent in age to the river valley floors; in the Bodrak River Valley it is Taurida unit. recorded in the middle and upper parts of slopes, Most of the exotic limestone blocks occur in the and there is overthrusting the Patil unit. In the Mender subunit and some in the Saraman sub- Alma River (Drovyanka Village and near unit. They are interpreted as olistholiths (olist- Partizanskoe Village) and Salgir River basins, the stromes for the older Carboniferous to Sine- Alma unit contains a Carnian and lower Norian murian part), and as tectonic incorporated fauna. Near Drovyanka Village (Alma River blocks (melange) for the younger Late Liassic- Basin), middle Liassic foraminifers occur in the Cretaceous part. Their origin is still controver­ shale. Near the mouth of the Marta River, sial. Some geologists believe that they originated Pliensbachian crinoids occur, and in the flysch of from the north (south of Scythian Plate margin), the Petropavlovsk quarry, bivalve mollusks of whereas others consider that they were transpor­ Toarcian-lower Bajocian age have been described. ted from the south. The age of the Alma unit is considered to be The Mender subunit (Ladinian-Sinemurian) is Middle Ttiassic to Bajocian. The Patil unit is composed mainly of shale with thin beds of fine­ exposed only in the Bodrak River Valley and dif­ grained quartzitic sandstone. It occurs in the fers from the Alma unit by a greater thickness of northwestern part of the Kacha uplift, in the flysch couplets with mudstone dominating the Bodrak, Alma and Salgir River valleys. The couplets. A middle Liassic to Aalenian fauna Saraman subunit is composed of highly mature, occurs near Prochladnoe Village. light gray, massive, quartzitic sandstone with beds of fine- and medium-pebbly conglomerate The Taurida flysch and its Aalenian to Eocene and with rare silty clay interbeds. It occurs on stratigraphic cover are separated from the North the northern slope and on the southern limb of Crimean cover units (Jurassic-Eocene) by the the Kacha uplift, in the Salgir, Alma, Bodrak and north dipping Eskiorda unit. Originally named Marta River valleys. Based on macro- and micro- and interpreted as the basal part of the Taurida fauna occurrences (Mileev et al. 1989), the flysch by Moiseev (1932), and later by Shalimov Saraman is Late Triassic-early Bajocian in age.

302 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

HISTORY AND THE AGE INTERPRETATION OF THE EXOTIC BLOCKS

Fokht (1901) first recorded the occurrence of Permian limestone blocks within the Triassic- Jurassic complex. Previous researchers had assi­ gned these blocks to different stratigraphic horizons of the Permian System. Toumansky (1931, 1935, 1937a, b) distinguished ammonoid, fusulinid, and trilobite assemblages in certain blocks, and studied the Permian faunas from these exotic blocks in the most detail. She considered them to belong to the biostratigraphic "horizons": Bodrakian, Soramanian, Burnian, and Martian. EARLY JURASSIC Initially, she presumed that the Soramanian assemblage was similar to that found in the FIG. 2. — Early Jurassic reconstruction, following opening of Gaptank Formation in West Texas and to be of Kure/Taurlda basins; schematic and not scale (simplified and Late Carboniferous age {Uddenites zone). modified from Banks 1997). Subsequently, Toumansky (1941) concluded that the limestone with this ammonoid assemblage corresponded to the lower part of the Permian Prior to the opening of the Western Black Sea Leonard Formation in West Texas of North oceanic basin initiated in Barremian-Aptian time America, the lower part of the Bitauni Formation and completed in Cenomanian time (Goriir on Timor Island, and the upper part of Buztere 1988), southern Crimea and central Pontides beds in the Southeastern Pamirs. In her study of occupied neighbouring positions (Fig. 2, see also Permian ammonoids of the Central Pamirs, reconstruction schemes recently proposed by Toumansky (1963) correlated the Burnian and Banks and Robinson in Banks 1997). Martian ammonoid assemblages of the Crimea In the Crimea (this paper) as well as in the central with the Kubergandian assemblage from the Pontides (Aydin et al. 1986; Yilmaz et al. 1997), Pamirs. According to Bogoslovskaya (1984), the there are occurrences of flyschoids successions. In Burnian assemblage is similar to the ammonoid the Crimean Mountains and the central Pontides, assemblage in the Kuberganda Formation of the the oldest rocks exposed are a sequence of basinal Pamirs, and is Roadian in age. The so-called turbiditic mudstones and siltstones of similar age "Martian (Martovsky or Martinsky)" assemblage (Triassic-Early Jurassic). These formations were is considered to be Wordian. disrupted during the Cimmerian orogenesis at The Late Triassic age of certain limestone block the end of the Middle Jurassic (Sengor 1984). is mainly derived from occurrences of Anisian As was proposed before (Marcoux & Baud 1996; and Norian-Rhaetian brachiopods (Dagis 1963; Marcoux et al. 1993) the equivalent of the Dagis & Shvanov 1965). "Taurida flysch" from the Crimea would corres­ pond to the Ktire series of the Akgol Formation (Aydin et al. 1986; Yilmaz et al. 1997) from the CRIMEA-PONTIDES (NORTHERN central Pontides. This hypothesis was proposed again recently (Robinson & Kerusov 1997). TURKEY) TENTATIVE CORRELATIONS At the moment, only Triassic exotic blocks (olisto- (FIGS 2 , 3) liths) have been described within the Ktire/ Akgol series, for instance Hallstatt facies limes­ The Crimean Mountains and the central Pon- tones of late Anisian and Ladinian (Onder 1990; tides (Turkey) represent the conjugate rift margin L. Krystyn, pers. comm. 1992). Future detail of the Western Black Sea oceanic basin (Fig. 3).

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 303 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

s N CENTRAL PONTIDES SOUTH CRIMEA

Kure WESTERN BLACK SEA Taurida 1 ——5*^1 _

— oceanic crust i

MOHO? ' "MOHO?

^Tj^krTThT^V™"

FIG. 3. — Schematic structural cross section of the eastern part of the western Black sea from northern Turkey (Central Pontldes) to Crimea Mountains (South Ukraine) (simplified and modified from Banks 1997).

investigations might also demonstrate the occur­ by, also contain abundant and diverse foramini- rence of Late Palaeozoic blocks, similar in age to fers, brachiopods, trilobites, gastropods, and those from the Crimea described in this paper. ammonoids. Some of these blocks contain dis­ tinct lithologies separated by breccia zones and contain different fossil remains. Peripheral parts PERMIAN EXOTIC BLOCKS display clastic textures (rounded and semiroun- ded fragments of gray boundstone with light- Permian exotic blocks were studied in the Marta colored carbonate cement), as well as micritic and Alma River basins and in the Simferopol limestone of a pinkish or beige tint. The north­ area. Correlation of these blocks and locations of western margin of the main block appears to fossils are shown in Table 1. contain the oldest sediments.

MARTA RIVER BASIN Loc. 110/sample 1 In limestone exposed on the slopes of Kichkhi- The limestone of this sample is a well-sorted ske­ Burnu Mountain in the Marta River Basin, letal grainstone containing calcareous algae, fora- Toumansky (1941) recorded two "horizons with minifers, gastropods, calcareous sponges and fauna" (fusulinids, ammonoids, trilobites) which brachiopod fragments. It is interpreted as being she called Burnian and Martian. She correlated deposited in a high energy, shallow marine the Burnian "horizon" with the upper part of the palaeoenvironment. Leonardian, and the Martian "horizon" with the Small foraminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, Wordian. In later studies, it was ascertained that Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Due Tien), Endothyra these so-called "horizons" were not valid, and the sp., Climacammina valvulinoides Lange, assemblages were correlated to the Permian Deckerella sp. 2, Tetrataxis sp., Globivalvulina Murgabian, Darvazian and Pamirian stages graeca Reichel, Palaeotextularia pingguoensis Lin, (Einor & Vdovenko 1959; Licharew 1966). P. sp.(= P. longiseptata Lipina in Zheng 1986), Pachyphloia sphaerula Sosnina, Langella sp., In the Marta River Basin, the largest Permian Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay. block (65 X 35 X 15 m) is located on the right Fusulinids. Parafusulina vinogradovi Leven, flank of one of the right tributaries of the Marta P. cf. P. multiseptata (Schelwien), P. aff. P. naka- River, 5 km upstream from the Verkhorechye migavai Morikawa & Horiguchi, P. aff. P. yun- Village (Loc. 110; Figs 4A, 5). Here light gray nanica Sheng, P. crassispira Leven, and pinkish-gray non-bedded algal-fusulinid P. muratbekovi Leven, P. undulata Chen, (reefogenic?) limestone forms Kichkhi-Burnu Armenina asiatica Leven, A. karinae (Kochansky- Mountain. Several smaller blocks located near­ Devide & Ramovs), A. salgirica A. M.-Maclay,

304 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

Tethyan Assem­ Marta River Basin Alma River Basin Simferopol area scale blages Leven 1980, 1996 Toumansky 110 129 112 113 122 123 111 125 1931, 1941, Kalkar & Pronina ? 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 21 a b c cf 2 3 1 2 3 3a 7 1 2 1995 1963 Dorashamian SF

Dzhulfian SF SF SF SF F F F Yabeina SF F Neo- SF SF SF schwagerina F F F F Midia n margaritae Martian Neo- SF schwagerina F craticulifera Br Murgabia n

SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SF

| Neo- schwagerina F F F F F F F F F F F simplex Br Br Br Br Br Br Praesumatrina Burnian A A A ST ST

Cancellina A A

Kubergandia n cutalensis

Misellina Soramanian claudiae F I Boloria n

TABLE 1. — Distribution of fossil localities and correlation of Permian exotic blocks in the Crimea. SF, small foraminifers; F, fusulinlds; A, ammonoids; Br, brachlopods; ST, sphlnctozoans.

A. sphaera (Ozawa), Cancellina cf. C. primigena Parapronorites konincki Gemmellaro, Propina­ Hayden, C. praeneoschwagerinoid.es Leven, coceras galilaei Gemmellaro, P.? soramanse C. phlonghprabensis Toriyama & Kanmera, Toumansky, P?. almense Toumansky, Medlicottia?. Neoschwagerina simplex tenuis Toriyama & volgi Toumansky, Thalassoceras karpinskyi Kanmera, N. aff. N. simplex Ozawa, Toumansky, Agathiceras suessi Gemmellaro, Praesumatrina schellwieni (Deprat). A. planum Toumansky, A. bodraki Toumansky, Sphinctozoans. Colospongia sp., Crymocoelia A. katsche Toumansky, A. bachui Toumansky, zacharovi Belyaeva, Vesicotubularia prima A. anceps Gemmellaro, Cardiella kussica Belyaeva, Paradeningeria martaensis Belyaeva, (Toumansky), Neocrimites (Sosiocrimites) biassa- Sollasia sp. lensis Toumansky, Aricoceras aff. A. ensifer Brachiopods. Acosarina sp., Rugaria molengraaffi (Gemmellaro), Palermites cf. P. distefanoi (Broili), Urushtenia murina (Grant), (Gemmellaro), Prostacheoceras multidentatum Neoplicatifera sp., Comuquia cf. C. modesta (Toumansky), P. burnense (Toumansky), Grant, Marginifera carniolica (Schellwien), Stacheoceras mediterraneum crimense Toumansky, Transennatia gratiosa (Waagen), Bilotina acantha S. andrussowi Toumansky, S. bosei Toumansky, (Waterhouse & Piyasin), Linoproductus aff. S. borissiaki Toumansky, S. vogti Toumansky, L. kaseti Grant, Compressoproductus mongolicus S. cf. S. tietzei Gemmellaro, S. tepense (Waagen), Ogbinia dzhagrensis Sarytcheva, Toumansky, Tauroceras wanneri (Toumansky), Uncinunellina siculus (Gemmellaro), Anomaloria T. serobiculatus martensis (Toumansky), Para- glomerosa Grant, Permophricodothyris caroli celtites hoefori sophiensis Toumansky. (Gemmellaro), Martinia ceres (Gemmellaro). Trilobites and single fragments of isolated tetra- Ammonoids. Propinacoceras sp., Prostacheoceras corals belonging to the family Plerophyllidae tauricum (Toumansky), Cardiella kussica (most likely to the genera Pentaphyllum and (Toumansky). Apparently, the ammonoids des­ Ufimia) where noted by Toumansky (1935), cribed by Toumansky (1931) also originated who also indicated that small bivalves and gastro­ from Locality 110/1. These were identified as pods were also present at this locality.

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 305 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D„ Vuks V. Ja., Nestcll M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

FIG. 4. — A, map of the study area with localities of the Permian and Triassic exotic blocks; B, location of Permian exotic blocks In the Alma River Basin; C, location of the upper Midlan (Capitanian) and Dzhulfian limestone blocks on the right side of Izvestnyakovy Creek in the Alma River Basin. Site Is on the left side of a trail going up from the Alma Reservoir and is in dense forest.

Loc. 1101 sample 4 block. The limestone consists of a well-sorted This sample, located at the northern margin of skeletal grainstone with intraclasts and with coa­ the block (Fig. 5), consists of medium sorted ske­ ted grains formed from calcareous sponges, fora­ letal grainstone, with Lithocodium, coated grains, minifers, gastropods, brachiopod spines and intraclasts, foraminifers, gastropods and other bryozoans. shell fragments. Fusulinids. Neofusulina tumida (Ozawa), Small foraminifers. Palaeotextularia sp., Yangchienia cf. Y. compressa (Ozawa), Para­ Deckerella sp. 2, Climacammina valvulinoides fusulina cincta Reichel, Armenina sphaera Lange, Palaeospiroplectammina ex gr. P. conspecta (Ozawa), Neoschwagerina simplex Ozawa, N. sim­ Reitlinger, Polytaxis sp., Orthovertella sp., plex tenuis Toriyama & Kanmera, Praesumatrina Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay. neoschwagerinoides (Deprat). Fusulinids. Minojapanella sp., Parafusulina cinc- Brachiopods. Acosarina sp., Neoplicatifera sp., ta Reichel, P. cf. P. erratoseptata Kling, P. crassi- Transennatia gratiosa (Waagen), Uncinunellina cf. septata Leven, P. cf. P. undulata Chen, U. amor (Gemmellaro). P. japónica (Guembel), P. nakamigawai Morikawa & Horiguchi, Pseudofusulina aff. Loc. 1101 samples 6, 7 P. hisamatsui Morikawa. These samples consist of a poorly sorted calciru- dite, with biocalcarenite packstone pebbles, frag­ Loc. 1101 sample 2 ments of oncoidal crust, calcareous algae, This sample is a reefoidal boundstone with foraminifers, gastropods, bryozoans, brachiopods encrusted skeletal elements and cavities filled and shell fragments. Internal fissures are filled with biosiltite. with fine-grained calcarenite. The environment of deposition is interpreted as marine forereef. Loc. 1101 sample 3 Small foraminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, This sample is from a small (about 0.7 m across) Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Due Tien), M. sp.,

306 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

Loc. 1101 sample 10 At this locality near the eastern side of the block, the talus is composed of slightly marly gray limestone yielding remains of brachiopods, ammonoids and trilobites. Brachiopods. Enteletes cf. E. sublaevis Waagen, E. geniculatus Licharew, Linoproductus aff. L. kaseti Grant, Ogbinia dzhagrensis Sarytcheva. Sphinctozoans. Colospongia sp., Crymocoelia zacharovi Belyaeva, Vesicotubularia prima Belyaeva, Paradeningeria martaensis Belyaeva, Sollasidi sp. Ammonoids. Propinacoceras sp., Prostacheoceras tauricum (Toumansky), Cardiella kussica (Toumansky). FIG. 5. — Location of collection sites at the Klchkhi-Burnu Permian limestone blocks In the Marta River Basin (Loc. 110). Matrix consists of the Soraman sandstone (Pllensbachian). Loc. HOIsamples 9, 20, 21 Southeast of the main block at this locality there Lasiodiscus sp. 1, Palaeotextularia sp. (= P. longi- is a smaller block exposed along the Glybovy septata Lipina in Zheng 1986), Deckerella media Creek (Fig. 5). The lithology of the block permiana Wang, Palaeospiroplectammina ex gr. consists of a poorly sorted calcirudite to calcare- P. conspecta Reitlinger, Tetrataxis maxima nite packstone, with reefboundstone clasts, frag­ Schellwien, T. sp., Globivalvulina graeca Reichel, ments of oncoidal crust, calcareous algae, Calcivertella sp., Orthovertella sp., Neodiscus aff. foraminifers, crinoids, bryozoans, brachiopods ./V. milliloides A. M.-Maclay, Pachyphloia sphaeru- and shell fragments. Internal fissures are filled la Sosnina, P. ovata (Lange), Nodoinvolutaria with micrite. This lithology and fauna indicate a jilinica Han. marine forereef palaeoenvironment. Fusulinids. Neoschwagerina simplex Ozawa, Small foraminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, Cancellina sp., Praesumatrina rossica A. M.- Atjussella sp., Mendipsia sp., Dagmarita sp., Maclay, Neofusulinella nana A. M.-Maclay. Globivalvulina sp., Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay. Loc. 1101 sample 5 Fusulinids. Neofusulinella lantenoisi Deprat, This sample consists of a poorly sorted biocalci- N. saraburiensis Toriyama, Kanmera & Ingevat, rudite, with calcareous algae, foraminifers, aggre­ N. nana A. M.-Maclay, Armenina salgirica gates and encrusting laminated microbial mats A. M.-Maclay, Armenina prisca Toriyama & (Sphearocodium). Kanmera, Verbeekina sp., Praesumatrina neosch- Small foraminifers. Globivalvulina sp., Palaeo- wagerinoides (Deprat), Cancellina primigena textulariida indet. Hayden, C. saraburiensis Kanmera & Toriyama, Fusulinids. Yangchienia haydeni Thompson, C. (Shengelld) elliptica Yang, Neoschwagerina sim­ Y. tobleri Thompson, Parafusulina sapperi (Staff), plex Ozawa, Parafusulina granumavenae P.japonica (Gumbel), P. nakamigaivaiM.orika.wa (Roemer), P. aff. P. tchuenkovi Leven, P. aff. & Horiguchi, Pseudofusulina cf. P. uenoensis P. yabei Hanzawa, Chusenella tingi Sheng. Kobayashi, Armenina saraburiensis Toryama & Brachiopods. Neoplicatifera sp., Marginifera car- Kanmera, Verbeekina verbeeki (Geinitz), Cancel­ niolica (Schellwien), Rostranteris inflatum lina sephaputi Kanmera & Toriyama, Neoschwa­ (Gemmellaro). gerina colaniae Ozawa, N. ex gr. N. pinguis Skinner, N. craticulifera (Schwager), Pseudo- Limestone of the main body of the Marta block doliolina ozawai Yabe & Hanzawa, and Prae­ (Loc. 110) is characterised by two assemblages of sumatrina grandis Leven. fusulinids: an assemblage of the Neoschwagerina

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 307 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

simplex zone (Loc. 110/1, 3, 4, 9, 20, 21) and (Loc. 122) of gray and light gray crinoid limesto­ the assemblage of the Neoschwagerina craticulife- ne (about 15 X 6 m) were discovered (Fig. 4C). ra zone (Loc. 110/5). According to Bogoslov- They contain remains of algae, and sphincto- skaya (1984), two ammonoid assemblages are zoans — Colospongia cf. C. salinaria (Waagen & recorded in the Marta block: (1) an older one of Wentzel), Vesicotubularia prima Belyaeva. Roadian (Burnian) age; (2) a younger one of Wordian (Martian) age. Zakharov (this work) Loc. 122a found only the Roadian ammonoid assemblage This sample consists of a clast-supported calciru- (Loc. 100/1, 10). Small foraminifers (Loc. 110/ dite with encrusted microbial elements and bio- 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 20, 21) are Roadian or Kuber- calcarenite with foraminifers. Diagenesis showing gandian. The brachiopod assemblage (Loc. 110/ radiaxal cement and internal filled cavities of 1-3, 9, 10, 21), is most probably also of a same silty mudstone indicates an upper shoreface age. The Roadian ammonoids, small foraminifers marine depositional environment. and brachiopods occur with fusulinids of the Small foraminifers. Eotuberitina reitlingerae Neoschwagerina simplex zone. A. M.-Maclay, Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Due Tien), Lasiodiscus tenuis Reichel, Lasiotrochus sp.,

ALMA RIVER BASIN Postendothyra sp., Climacammina sp., Palaeo- Exotic blocks and pebbles of Permian limestone spiroplectammina sp., Dagmarita sp., and within Eskiorda Serie are also recorded in the Geinitzina sp. Alma River Basin, in the areas of the Bodrak River, and Izvestnyakovy and Niknik creeks Loc. 122b (Fig. 4B). This sample is a clast-supported calcirudite from a perireefal environment containing foraminifers, Loc. 129 calcareous algae, bryozoans and brachiopods. Many blocks of different ages have been observed Small foraminifers. Eotuberitina reitlingerae in the Bodrak River area. Here we are describing A. M.-Maclay, Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, a new Permian block (Loc. 129) discovered in Lasiodiscus tenuis Reichel, Neoendothyra sp., 1996 (Fig. 4A). This isolated block is located on Postendothyra sp., Palaeotextularia sp. 3, the right bank of the river near Trudolubovka Climacammina sp. 1, C. verbeeki Lange, C. ex gr. Village. C. valvulinoides Lange, Deckerella sp., Palaeo- The block from which this sample (Loc. 129) spiroplectammina sp., Tetrataxis sp., Abadehella was obtained is about 0.5 m across. It is a biocal- sp., Agathammina sp., Multidiscus sp., Nodosaria cirudite with carbonate-quartzitic cement and sagitta K. M.-Maclay, N. planocamerata Sosnina, rounded millimetre to centimetre sized pebble Langella perforata langei Civrieux & Dessauvagie, clasts of lime mudstone, calcareous sponges, Geinitzina araxensis G. Pronina, G. spandeli radiolarian lime mudstone, corals, and foramini­ Tcherdynzev, G. uralica simplex K. M.-Maclay, fers. There are also single ooids in the matrix. Pachyphloia robusta K. M.-Maclay, Pseudotristix This texture indicates an exposure of a Permian solida Reitlinger, Ichtyolaria primitiva Civrieux & sequence reworked in a high-energy shallow plat­ Dessauvagie, and Hubeirobuloides sp. form marine environment with quartzitic terrige­ Fusulinids. Codonofusiella cf. C. erki Rauser, and nous input. Reichelina changhsingensis Sheng & Chang. Small foraminifers. Lasiodiscus tenuis Reichel, Globivalvulina sp., Agathammina sp., Nodosaria Loc. 122c caucásica mirabilis K. M.-Maclay, Pachyphloia This sample is a reefal boundstone with a cukurkoyi Civrieux & Dessauvagie. Microcodium type of encrustation and radiaxal cement. Loc. 122 Small foraminifers. Lasiodiscus minor Reichel, On the fight bank of Izvestnyakovy Creek, about Neoendothyra sp., Globivalvulina sp., Hemigordius 350 m upstream from its mouth, several blocks sp., and Geinitzina sp.

308 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

Fusulinids. Yangchienia cf. Y. thompsoni Skinner Postendothyra guangxiensis (Lin), Abadehella cf. & Wilde, Chusenella sp., Nankinella cf. N. ovata A. coniformis Okimura & Ishii, Globivalvulina A. M.-Maclay, and Reichelina cribroseptata Erk. graeca Reichel, G. vonderschmitti Reichel, Agathammina ex gr. A. rosella G. Pronina, Loc. 122d Midiella zaninettiae (Altiner), Multidiscus sp. 1, This sample is a calcirudite of poorly sorted bro­ M. sp. 2, Calcitornella sp. 2, Nodosaria cf. N. glo- ken clasts in a bioclastic matrix. bocularis Sosnina, N. dorachamensis G. Pronina, Small foraminifers. Mendipsia conili (Nguyen N. mirabilis caucasica K. M.-Maclay, Pachyphloia Due Tien), Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, ex gr. P. pigmobesa Wang, P. paraovata K. M.- Lasiodiscus minor Reichel, Deckerella sp., Maclay, P. angulata K. M.-Maclay, Pseudotristix Endoteba controversa Vachard & Razgallah, sp., Geinitzina sp., Colaniella ex gr. C. minima Dagmarita sp., Globivalvulina cyprica Reichel, Wang, and C. ex gr. C. lepida Wang. G. vonderschmitti Reichel, Postendothyra noviz- Fusulinids. Minojapanella?. sp., Pseudodunbarula kiana (Sosnina), P. micula (Sosnina), Neoendo- minima (Sheng & Chang), P. aff. P. arpaensis thyra ornata Sosnina, Tetrataxis conica Chedija, Paradunbarula dallyi Skinner, and Schellwien, Abadehella sp., Orthovertella sphaeri- Reichelina changhsingensis Sheng & Chang. ca G. Pronina, Baisalina pulchra Reitlinger, Sphairionia (Pseudosphairionia) tienii G. Pronina, Loc. 112 Nodosaria cf. A^. partisana Sosnina, Pseudo- On the opposite side of the Alma River Valley langella geranossensis G. Pronina, P. filumiformis (Fig. 4B) along Niknik Creek (Loc. 112), gray G. Pronina, P. dzhagadzurensis G. Pronina, fine-grained sandstone crops out which contains Rectoglandulina gerkei Sosnina, Pachyphloia rimu- an isolated block (about 3 m across) of gray brec- la Sosnina, P. cukurkoyi Civrieux & Dessauvagie, ciated limestone with "boulder" jointing with P. minutissima Sosnina, Partisania sp. 1, and ammonoid remains. Rectostipulina sp. Ammonoids. Propinacoceras sp., P. sp. indet., Fusulinids. Rauserella sp., Reichelina cribrosepta­ Agathiceras sp., A. sp. indet., Cardiella kussica ta Erk, Dunbarula nana Kochansky-Devide & (Toumansky), Adrianites? sp., Tauroceras sp., Ramovs, Lantchichites cf. L. minimus Chen, Paraceltites~i sp. This assemblage is Roadian or Codonofusiella cf. C. kueichowensis Sheng, Kubergandian age. Yangchienia thompsoni Skinner & Wilde,

Chusenella cf. Ch. splendens (Skinner), Ch. cf. SIMFEROPOL AREA Ch. cyri (Skinner), Kahlerina pachytheca The geology of the Simferopol area is described Kochansky-Devide & Ramovs, Verbeekina cf. in Moiseev (1937). During this study the exotic V. furnishi Skinner & Wilde, Neoschwagerina blocks were examined at Cape Dzhien-Safu, near schuberti Kochansky-Devide, A^. haydeni Marjino Village, and east of Simferopol Dutkevich & Khabakov, A^. kojensis Toumansky. Reservoir (Fig. 6A).

Loc. 113 Loc. Ill On the left bank of Izvestnyakovy Creek about On the western end of Cape Dzhien-Safu at 550 m upstream from the mouth (Fig. 2B), we Simferopol Reservoir (Loc. Ill) there is a large, found a small block (40 cm X 80 cm) of gray northwest trending, elongate block of limestone microcrystalline limestone. (Fig. 6). It is about 180 m along the long axis. Loc. 113 is a calcirudite with ooid grainstone On the marginal parts, it is composed of black and with biowackestone clasts. The skeletal ele­ and dark gray microcrystalline limestone which ments consist of sponges, shell fragments and is massive, fissured, and contains pockets of foraminifers. accumulations of fusulinid shells (Loc. 111/1). Small foraminifers. Deckerella aff. D. elegans Morozova, Climacammina valvulinoides Lange, Loc. Ill/sample 1 Endoteba controversa Vachard & Razgallah, Fusulinids. Parafusulina crassispira Leven, P. aff.

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 309 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

Globivalvulina vonderschmitti Reichel, Postendo- thyra sp., Tetrataxis ex gr. T. linea Ozawa, and Abadehella sp. Fusulinids. Sumatrina sp., Rauserella sp., and Cancellina cf. C. primigena (Hayden). The age is early Midian.

Loc. 1111 samples 2, 3, 3a These samples consist of dense biocalcarenite packstone with foraminifers and intraclasts, and are interpreted to be deposited in a marine inner shelf environment. Small foraminifers. Eotuberitina reitlingerae A. M.-Maclay, Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Due Tien), M. sp., Tetrataxis maxima Schellwien, T. scita Lin, T. linea Ozawa, Abadehella hunanensis (Lin), Globivalvulina vonderschmitti Reichel, G. aff. G. permiana Tcherdynzev, Postendothyra noviz- kiana (Sosnina), P. ussurica (Sosnina), Calci- vertella sp. Fusulinids. Afghanella cf. A. sumatrinaeformis (Gubler), Sumatrina rossica A. M.-Maclay, Kahlerina sp., and Rauserella sp. The age is early Midian.

Loc. 123 At Marjino Village (Loc. 123), several small blocks of fossiliferous limestone were found (near the foundation of a house under construction and not available for future study) among coarse­ grained Liassic tuffogenic sandstone and conglo­ FIG. 6. — A, location of the Permian limestone block (Cape merate (Fig. 6A). These samples consist of Dzhien-Safu) and pebbles (Marjino Village) near the Simferopol calcareous quartzitic sandstone with foraminifers. Reservoir; B, collection sites at the lower Midian (Wordian) limestone block (Loc. 111) in the western part of Cape Dzhien- Safu. Loc. 1231 sample 2 Fusulinids. Chusenella deprati Ozawa, N. cf. P. dronovi Leven, Chusenella sp., Eopolydiexodina N. kojensis Toumansky, TV. pinguis Skinner, aff. E. zulumartensis Leven, Armenina salgirica TV. aff. N. minoensis Deprat, Colania aff. C. aka- A. M.-Maclay, Verbeekina verbeeki (Geinitz), sakensis (Morikawa & Suzuki), Yabeina opima Cancellina praeneoschwagerinoides Leven, C. cuta- Skinner, Y. archaica Dutkevich, Y. cf. Y. globosa lensis Leven, C. tenuitesta Kanmera, Neo- Yabe, Y. orbiculata Chedija, Y. inonyei Deprat, schwagerina simplex Ozawa, Praesumatrina rossica and Neoschwagerina craticulifera (Schwager). This A. M.-Maclay, Pseudodoliolina ozawai Yabe & assemblage is of late Midian age. Hanzawa. The age is Kubergandian. Loc. 123/sample 3 Loc. 111/sample 7 Northwards, at the margin of the village on the Small foraminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, hill slope, we found a separate limestone block Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Due Tien), measuring about 0.5 X 0.5 m (Fig. 6A).

I 310 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

Fusulinids. Neofusulinella saraburiensis nica (Ozawa), Neoschwagerina simplex tenuis Toriyama, Kanmera & Ingevat, Misellina aliciae Toriyama & Kanmera, and Praesumatrina neo­ (Deprat), M. otakiensis (Huzimoto), M. aff. schwagerinoides (Deprat). M. termieri (Deprat), and M. claudiae (Deprat). This assemblage is of Bolorian age. ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES Ammonoids Loc. 125 The Early Permian (probably, Bolorian) and the Along the eastern side of Simferopol Reservoir Late Permian (Kubergandian or Roadian) (Loc. 125), two limestone blocks were found on (Loc. 110/1, 10) age of the Crimea limestone the watershed (Fig. 2A). The first one is about blocks is established based on the ammonoid 0.8 X 0.5 m, and the second one about 0.5 X data. As was correctly noted by Toumansky 0.5 m. Based of the fusulinid data, the age of (1931, 1937a, 1963), the oldest ammonoids of limestone from locality 125 is Kubergandian. the Crimea blocks are forms of the Soramanian assemblage, that she discovered in one of dark Loc. 125/sample 1 gray limestone blocks of Kichik-Soraman This block is composed of dark gray, almost Mountain. This assemblage is comprised of black microcrystalline limestone. The micro- representatives of Propinacoceras, Sicanites, facies consists of a mud-supported biocalcarenite Agathiceras, Gastriocerataceae, Almitesl, Cardiella, rich in foraminifers. and Crimites. The Early Permian age of the Small foraminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger, assemblage is confirmed by the presence of repre­ Atjussella grandis G. Pronina, Diplosphaerina aff. sentatives of Crimites-C. gemmellaroi, C. hanieli, D. maljavkini (Mikhalov), Mendipsia sp., C. sp. indet., and apparently Almites- Endothyra saucra (Lin), Globivalvulina graeca A?. pigneum. Species of the genus Cardiella are Reichel, Palaeospiroplectammina ex gr. P. conspec- not found in deposits older than Bolorian. ta Reitlinger, Calcitornella sp. 1, Calcivertella sp., Therefore, it would be most logical to assume Agathammina sp., Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides that the limestone blocks containing these A. M.-Maclay, Nodosaria sp. (= N. longissima ammonoids belong to the Bolorian stage of the Suleimanov in Zheng 1986), Pachyphloia ovata Lower Permian. (Lange). The generic composition of ammonoids from Fusulinids. Yangchienia cf. Y. compressa limestone blocks on the right side of one of the (Ozawa), DunbarulcP. cf. D. cascadensis tributaries of the Marta River in the area of (Thompson, Wheeler & Danner), Chusenella Kichkhi-Burnu Mountain [Parapronorites, schwagerinaeformis Sheng, Armenina aff. A. prisca Propinacoceras, Medlicottia?, Thalassoceras, Toriyama & Kanmera, A. sphaera (Ozawa), Agathiceras, Cardiella, Neocrimites (Sosiocrimites), A. saraburiensis Toriyama & Kanmera, Misellina Aricoceras, Palermites, Prostacheoceras, Tauroceras, ovalis (Deprat), M. aff. M. confragaspira Leven, and Paraceltites] (with respect to our new evi­ M. termieri pamirensis (Dutkevich), M. claudiae dence) is almost identical to the Kubergandian (Deprat), Cancellinaprimigena (Hayden), C. aff. assemblage, that confirms the relevant conclu­ C. praeneoschwagerinoides Leven, C. dutkevitchi sion initially drawn by Toumansky (1963). Leven, C. cutalensis Leven, C. pamirica Leven, Noting the similarity of this assemblage with and Praesumatrina neoschwagerinoides (Deprat). ammonoids from limestone of the Sosio Permian blocks, Toumansky (1963) correctly noted the Loc. 125/sample 2 absence of reliable representatives of Waageno- Fusulinids. Yangchienia sp., Sichotenelldi sp., ceras as well as Hyattoceras, Doryceras, Clinolobus, Neofusulinella lantenoisi Deprat, Dunbarula?. sp., Epiglyphioceras (all known from Sicily). This list Chusenella chihsiaensis (Lee), Armenina asiatica can be extended by the following genera: Leven, Cancellina dutkevitchi Leven, C. cutalensis Aristoceratoides, Altudoceras, Hoffmannia, and Sizilites. Most of these genera are also not found Leven, C. zarodensis Sosnina, C. sphaera A. M.- in the stratotype of Kubergandian stage. Maclay, C. verae (Toumansky), C. aff. C. nippo-

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 311 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

We assume that the light grey limestone of zone and the fusulinid Neoschwagerina simplex- Kichkhi-Burnu Mountain is of Kubergandian Cancellina neoschwagerinoides zone of the age [forms from the Kubergandian deposits of Xiangboan Stage of China (Sheng & Jin 1994), Southeastern Pamirs defined by Toumansky that correspond to the Kubergandian stage of the (1935) and Bogoslovskaya (Chedija et al. 1986) Tethyan scale or the Roadian of the stand-ard as Popanoceras are assigned to the genus scale. Tauroceras in the present paper]. Grey limestone on the right-bank of the Alma River (Niknik The second assemblage of small foraminifers has Creek) yielding Propinacoceras, Agathiceras, been recognised in the limestone of Cape Cardiella, Adrianites, Stacheoceras, and Para- Dzhien-Safu, Simferopol Reservoir (Loc. 111/2, celtitesi is apparently of Kubergandian age. 3, 7; Fig. 6B). Among the numerous foraminifers present, the following species are diagnostic — Small foraminifers Tetrataxis scita Lin, T. linea Ozawa, Abadehella Analysis of the Permian small foraminifers shows hunanensis (Lin), Globivalvulina vonderschmitti that there are five assemblages of different ages. Reichel, G. aff. G. permiana Tcherdynzev, The oldest assemblage is found in two localities: Postendothyra novizkiana (Sosnina), and P. ussu- in the Marta River Basin (Loc. 110/1, 2, 4, 6, 7, rica (Sosnina). All species of this association 9, 20, 21), and on the eastern flank of the occur in the Arpa Formation of Transcaucasia Simferopol Reservoir (Loc. 125/1; Figs 4A, 5). (Kotlyar et al. 1989). In addition, Abadehella The most typical species of the assemblage are hunanensis (Lin) and Tetrataxis scita Lin are Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay and known from the Douling Formation of the Nodoinvolutaria jilinica Han. The first occurs in Chinese Province of Hubei and correlated with the lower part of the Gnishik Formation (the the upper part of the Maokou Formation of Neodiscus milliloides zone) of Transcaucasia China (Lin 1985). Thus, the assemblage of small (Pronina 1990), and in the Qixia Group foraminifers from Cape Dzhien-Safu is conside­ {Eolasiodiscus-Neodiscus maopingensis zone) of red to be early Midian of the Tethyan scale or Daxiakou, Xingshan County, Hubei Province, late Wordian of the standard scale. China (Zheng 1986). However, it has been iden­ tified there as Neodiscus maopingensis Wang & The third assemblage of small foraminifers was Sun and Glomospira duplicata Lipina. Nodo­ found in the limestone block on the right side of involutaria jilinica Han has been known pre­ Izvestnyakovy Creek in the Alma River Basin at viously from the Miaoling Formation of Loc. 122d (Fig. 4C). This assemblage contains a northeastern China, that belongs to the mixed fauna which occurs in the Arpa Formation Neoschwagerina zone (Han 1982). In addition to [species: Sphairionia (Pseudosphairionid) tienii Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay, the G. Pronina, Pseudolangella geranossensis following species are in common within the G. Pronina, P. dzhagadzurensis G. Pronina, and Qixia Group - Palaeotextularia pingguoensis Lin, P. filumiformis G. Pronina], and in the Khachik P. sp. (= P. longiseptata Lipina) and Endothyra Formation (species: Deckerella sp. 1, Globi­ saucra (Lin) (Zheng 1986). The presence of valvulina cyprica Reichel, G. vonderschmitti Neodiscus aff. N. milliloides A. M.-Maclay in this Reichel, Orthovertella sphaerica G. Pronina, assemblage, a zonal species and index of the same Baisalina pulchra Reitlinger, Septagathammina named zone of Transcaucasia, permits us to cor­ sp., Rectoglandulina gerkei Sosnina, Pachyphloia relate the assemblage of small foraminifers from rimula Sosnina, and Partisania sp. 1) of Loc. 110 (except Loc. 110/5) and Loc. 125/1 to Transcaucasia (Kotlyar et al. 1989; Pronina the Neodiscus milliloides zone of Transcaucasia, 1990). The age of the association from and to the Eolasiodiscus-Neodiscus maopingensis Loc. 122d is most likely late Midian of the zone of Hubei Province of China. The last zone Tethyan scale or Capitanian of the standard is correlated to the small foraminifer Pseudo- scale. The early Midian species are probably vidalina delicata-Langella-Neodiscus maopingensis reworked.

312 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

The fourth assemblage of small foraminifers was (Loc. 110/5); (5) Neoschwagerina margaritae of found in the limestone block at locality 122b Midian age (Loc. 110/1 a); (6) Yabeina opima of (Fig. AC). This association is represented by spe­ Midian age (Loc. 123/2); (7) Pseudodunbarula cies occurring in the uppermost Khachik and minima, Paradunbarula dallyi of Dzhulfian age Dzhulfa formations, and in the lower part of the (Loc. 113). According to Davydov (1991), the Akhura Formation of Transcaucasia (Kotlyar et Crimea fusulinid succession ranging from al. 1989; Pronina 1990). Therefore, the age of Bolorian (Kungurian) to Late Permian this assemblage is considered to be Dzhulfian. (Dzhulfian) are typical Tethyan assemblages and are very similar to the fusulinid faunas from The fifth and the youngest association of small Elburz, Iran (Lys et al. 1978). The fusulinids foraminifers has been found in a limestone block from several Crimean exotic blocks from Izvestnyakovy Creek in the Alma River (Loc. 110/20, 21, Loc. 122a-d) have been stu­ Basin (Loc. 113; Fig. 4B). This assemblage died recently by Nestell (Pronina & Nestell contains a mixed fauna, that occurs in the upper­ 1997). most Khachik and Dzhulfa formations and the lower part of the Akhura Formation (Deckerella Six fusulinid assemblages appear to be present in aff. D. elegans Morozova, Nodosaria mirabilis the Crimean blocks. caucasica K. M.-Maclay, Agathammina ex gr. The first assemblage occurs in a small limestone A. rosella G. Pronina, and Multidiscus sp. 1), and block at the margin of the Marjino Village in the Dorasham and the upper part of the within Simferopol area (Loc. 123/3). The most Akhura Formations [Postendothyra guangxiensis important forms are: Misellina claudiae (Deprat), (Lin), Nodosaria dorachamensis G. Pronina, M. aliciae (Deprat), M. otakiensis (Fujimoto), Pachyphloia paraovata K. M.-Maclay, P. ex gr. M. aff. M. ermieri (Deprat). According to P. pigmobesa Wang, Pseudolangella dorachamensis Davydov (1991) and Leven (1980) these species G. Pronina, Colaniella ex gr. C. minima Wang, are most characteristic for late Bolorian. and C. ex gr. C. lepida Wang] of Transcaucasia (Pronina 1990). Therefore, it is impossible to The second one is the most diverse and abun­ establish the exact age, but most likely, this dant. It occurs in the largest limestone block assemblage is Dorashamian (Changsingian), and exposed in Marta River Basin (Loc. 110, except the Dzhulfian species are reworked. Loc. 110/5), and in a small block on the eastern side of the Simferopol Reservoir (Loc. 125/1, 2, Loc. 111/1). The most important and typical Fusulinids species of this assemblage are: Neoschwagerina Fusulinids from the Crimea Permian exotic simplex Ozawa, Cancellina (Shengelld) elliptica blocks have been studied by various workers Yang, Cancellina sp., Praesumatrina neoschwage- (Toumansky 1941; Einor & Vdovenko 1959; rinoides (Deprat), Chusenella schwageriniformis Miklukho-Maklay 1963), and they have been Sheng, Ch. chihsiaensis (Lee), Parafusulina sp., correlated to various stratigraphical levels of and Eopolydiexodina sp. This assemblage belongs Early Permian to Late Permian age. Davydov to the Neoschwagerina simplex-Cancellina neosch- (1991) investigated fusulinids from 13 exotic wagerinoides zone of the Xiangboan Stage of blocks and numerous limestone pebbles. He China (Sheng & Jin 1994). The age is most like­ recognized the following biostratigraphic levels: ly late Kubergandian. (1) Misellina alicia, M. claudiae of upper Bolorian age (Loc. 123/3); (2) Cancellina cuta- The third assemblage occurs on the top of the lensis of Kubergandian age (Loc. 125); largest limestone block from the Kichkhi-Burnu (3) Praesumatrina, Neoschwagerina simplex Mountain (Loc. 110/5). With the exception of (Loc. 110/1, 3, 4, 9, Loc. 111/1) of Lower some older reworking species such as Armenina Murgabian age; (4) Neoschwagerina craticulifera, saraburiensis Toriyama & Kanmera, Cancellina Afghanella, Sumatrina of Murgabian age sethaputi Kanmera & Toriyama and others, this

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 313 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D-, Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

assemblage contains the typical Murgabian and parts of this block permits two assemblages to be even early Midian forms. Among them are distinguished. Verbeekina verbeeki (Geinitz), Neoschwagerina The oldest and most representative assemblage is craticulifera (Schwager), TV. colaniae Ozawa, characteristic of most of the Marta River block TV. ex gr. TV. pinguis Skinner, Afganella schenki (Loc. 110/1-3, 7, 9, 10, 21). These assemblages Thompson, Sumatrina sp. Therefore, the age of are characterised by a predominance of Bolorian- this assemblage is considered to be Murgabian. Kubergandian species. Rugaria molengraaffi (Broili), Urushtenia murina (Grant), Comuquia The fourth assemblage occurs in a limestone modesta Grant, Transennatia gratiosa (Waagen), block at Cape Dzhien-Safu, Simferopol Bilotina acantha (Waterhouse & Piyasin), Reservoir (Loc. 111/2, 3, 3a). The most charac­ Linoproductus kaseti Grant, Anomaloria glomerosa teristic species are Eopolydiexodina sp., Afghanella Grant, Phricodothyris asiatica (Chao) occur in the cf. A. sumatrinaeformis (Gubler), A. sp., Rat Buri Limestone of Thailand (Grant 1976). Sumatrina rossica A. M.-Maclay, S. longissima Rugaria molengraaffi (Broili) is described from Deprat, S. brevis Leven, and Kahlerina sp. These the Bitauni block of Timor (Broili 1915), species are early Midian in age in spite of the pre­ Enteletes geniculatus Licharew, Echinoconchus fas- sence of older taxa {Neoschwagerina simplex, ciatus (Kutorga), Phricodothyris asiatica (Chao), Verbeekina, Armenina). There is possibly some Hemiptychina darvasica Tschernyschew are reworking of older forms in this block. However, known from Bolorian-Kubergandian deposits of there is clearly a definite internal stratigraphic the Darvaz, Echinoconchus fasciatus (Kutorga) succession present in parts of this block and until and Marginifera carniolica (Schellwien) - from closely spaced samples are studied, the precise the Trogkofel Limestone of the Carnic Alps and age of the block is not clear. Karawanken (Schellwien 1900). A number of species have also been described from Murgabian and Midian deposits in some legions of the The fifth assemblage has been recognised in the Tethys. Ogbinia dzhagrensis Sarytcheva is known limestone block on the right bank of Izvestnya- from the Gnishik Formation of Transcaucasia kovy Creek in the Alma River Basin (Loc. 122d). {Neoschwagerina simplex and TV. craticulifera The assemblage consists of mixed early Midian zones), and Enteletes sublaevis Waagen is from the (late Wordian) and late Midian (Capitanian) spe­ Wargal Formation in Salt Range of Pakistan, cies. Most likely, the age is late Midian or Martinia ceres (Gemmellaro), Rostranteris infla- Capitanian. A late Midian (Capitanian) assem­ tum (Gemmellaro) is from the Sosio Permian blage also has been found in small pebbles near blocks of Italy. However, these species are also Marjino Village (Loc. 123/2). Present in these frequently recorded in deposits older than pebbles are Neoschwagerina craticulifera Murgabian and Midian. This assemblage occurs (Schwager), TV. cf. TV. kojensis Toumansky, with the small foraminifers and fusulinids of the TV. pinguis Skinner, Yabeina opima Skinner, Y. cf. Neoschwagerina simplex-Cancellina neoschwageri- Y. globosa Yabe, and Y. orbiculata Chedija. noides zone, that is attributed to the Chihsian The sixth fusulinid assemblage is from the lime­ Series (Sheng & Jin 1994) and with stone block at localities 122b and 113. It is pro­ Kubergandian (Roadian) ammonoids. So, the bably Dzhulfian is age and contains Codono- age brachiopod assemblage from the above- fusiella cf. C. erki Rauser and Reichelina changh- mentioned localities is most likely late Kuber­ singensis Sheng & Chang. gandian.

Brachiopods The second assemblage occurs only at the top of Permian brachiopods are confined to the largest Kichkhi-Burnu Mountain (Loc. 110/8). It is limestone block in the Marta River Basin that is extremely scarce and is represented only by a few named Kichkhi-Burnu Mountain (Fig. 5). The species — Ogbinia dzhagrensis Sarytcheva, analysis of brachiopod associations from separate Transennatia gratiosa (Waagen), Uncinunellina cf.

314 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

U. amor (Gemmellaro), and Permophricodothyris However, Crymocoelia, unlike closely similar pulcherrima (Gemmellaro). All of the species are forms, is noted for a complex porosity of the characteristic of Murgabian and lower Midian (or siphon wall, that is very rare for sphinctozoans. Upper Wordian) deposits in the Tethyan Realm, Vesicotubularia prima Belyaeva was also first des­ although they also occut in older formations. cribed from the Crimea and is similar to the pre­ vious genus. These forms are very peculiar However, it should be added that previously sphinctozoans, where an important part of the other Midian and younger species have been skeletal structure is their vesicular (bubble) tis­ reported from the Marta River block. Species of sue. Representatives of the genus Vesicocaulis, Dorashamian age, such as Geyerella tschernysche- particularly V. alpinus Ott from the Upper wi Licharew, "Plicatifera" cf. "P." bajarunassi Triassic of the Alps is noted for an aporate cha­ Licharew, Richthofenia caucásica Licharew, racter. Such taxa are most closely related to the Leptodus richthofeni Kayser, Camarophoria paro- described Crimean form in their shape and skele­ nae Gemmellaro, and Jisuina nikitini tal structure. Representatives of the genus Vesi­ Gemmellaro, have been reported (Einor & cocaulis are known only from Triassic deposits of Vdovenko 1959; Licharew 1966). Therefore, the Alps, Pamirs and a few other regions. within Kichkhi-Burnu Mountain there are pro­ Until recently, the genus Paradeningeria was bably blocks of various ages, even of younger age known only from the Upper Triassic of the than Midian. Pamirs, Alps, Himalayas, and North America. Permian representatives of Paradeningeria in the Crimea belong to the recently established spe­ Sphinctozoans cies, P. martaensis Belyaeva. Species of the genus Permian sphinctozoans of the Crimea are repre­ Sollasia are prevalent in the Upper Permian of sented by five genera — Colospongia Laube, Cambodia, Tunisia, Sicily, Venezuela, Texas, and Crymocoelia Belyaeva, Vesicotubularia Belyaeva, the Far East part of Asia. Isolated occurrences are Paradeningeria Senowbary-Daryan & Schafer, known in the Triassic of the North Caucasus and 1979 and, Sollasia Steinmann, 1882. Repre­ the Far East. sentatives of Colospongia are wide-spread in Upper Carboniferous-Upper Triassic deposits of Generally, the collection of sphinctozoans from the former USSR. Species of this genus occurring the Permian of the Crimea is rather small and, in the Crimea are very similar in the shape of thus, is probably poor in terms of its systematic chambers, character of their function, size and composition. The taxa, Crymocoelia zacharovi abundance of vesicles to C. salinaria (Waagen & and Vesicotubularia prima, are not diagnostic for Wentzel) known from the Upper Permian of determining the age of investigated blocks. As far China and India, as well as from the Upper as the other taxa are concerned, Colospongia cf. Triassic of North America, and the European C. salinaria, representatives of the genera Alps. Paradeningeria and Sollasia have a wide age dis­ The species Crymocoelia zacharovi Belyaeva, the tribution from Late Permian to Late Triassic. type species of the recently established genus, was described from the Permian of the Crimea, and representatives of the genus are as yet un­ SUMMARY OF THE PERMIAN known from other places. The nature of the 1. Study of Crimean Permian exotic limestone porosity of the catenulate branches of this retro- blocks demonstrates that carbonate sedimenta­ siphonate type allows the Crimean form to be tion from the late Bolorian to practically the end assigned to the family Sebargasiidae. Within this of the Permian occurred in the basin from which family, these forms are most similar to these blocks were derived. A depositional envi­ Amblysiphonella Steinmann, 1882. That genus is ronment on a shallow carbonate shelf is indica­ the most abundant among fossil sphinctozoans ted for these limestone blocks are predominantly from a systematic viewpoint and its age ranges reefogenic. from the Ordovician to the Upper Triassic. 2. The analysis of all faunal groups from the

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 315 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestcll M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

Permian exotic blocks and pebbles shows that they contain rich assemblages of primarily small B foraminifers and fusulinids. Brachiopods, ammo- noids, trilobites, and sphinctozoans are minor constituents of these assemblages. 3. The distribution of fossils points not only to different ages for the various isolated blocks, but also in certain blocks to different ages of various parts of the same block. Sometimes an internal stratigraphic structure is evident in the larger blocks, for example, at the large block at Dzhien- Safu. Mixing of zonal species is often observed, that interferes with precise age determination, even to stage level (Loc. 122). 4. The taxonomic composition of all studied groups definitely points to the Tethyan composi­ tion of the faunas. Almost all zonal assemblages of the Bolorian, Kubergandian, Murgabian, Midian, as well as of the Dzhulfian and Dorashamian are present. Fusulinid associations display the greatest similarity to the Elburz Izvestnyakovy Creek assemblages of northern Iran (Davydov 1991). Small foraminifers are comparable with those found in similar age sediments in China, the Far FIG. 7. — Locations of collection sites at the Triassic exotic blocks along Izvestnyakovy Creek in the Alma River Basin; East and Transcaucasia. The brachiopods are like A, locality 117; B, locality 119. Matrix consists of the deposits of those from Sicily, Thailand and Iran, and ammo- the Mender subunit (Esklorda Complex). noids are comparable with Sicily and Central Asia assemblages. 5. A new Permian small block was discovered on TRIASSIC EXOTIC BLOCKS the right bank of the Bodrak River with a small foraminifers fauna. The age of the assemblage ALMA RIVER BASIN from this block is most likely Dzhulfian or Triassic limestone blocks occur mainly in the Dorashamian (Changsingian). area of Izvestnyakovy Creek and in the Bodrak 6. New data concerning the stage to which the River area in the Alma River Basin (Fig. 4B). On Neoschwagerina simplex-Praesumatrina neoschwa- Izvestnyakovy Creek (Fig. 4B) there are four gerinoides zone belongs is most important. localities (Locs 116-119) from which Pronina & Ammonoids found together with a fusulinid Vuks (1996) have described the foraminifera. In assemblage of this zone are clearly Kubergan­ the Bodrak River at Shvanov Ravine (Loc. 132), dian or Roadian, according to Zakharov. A a brachiopod assemblage has been determined by Kubergandian (Roadian) age is also confirmed by Dagis (Dagis & Shvanov 1965). the small foraminifers of the Neoschwagerina sim­ plex zone and, to a certain extent, by brachiopods Loc. 116 whose assemblage is dominated by Bolorian and This locality crops out on the left bank of Kubergandian species. This data of the conclu­ Izvestnyakovy Creek about 750 m from its sion fully confirms previous researchers concer­ mouth. There are blocks of grey and light gray ning assignment of the Neoschwagerina micritic limestone in size up to 4.5 m across. The simplex-Praesumatrina neoschwagerinoides zone to main block is a calcilutite wackestone containing the Kubergandian (Sheng & Jin 1994; Kotlyar & small fragments of echinoids and crinoids. Other Pronina 1995). elements are foraminifers and brachiopods.

316 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

Foraminifers. Tolypammina irregularis (Salaj, simplex (Terquem), "Frondicularia woodwardi" Borza & Samuel), Pilamminella gemerica (Salaj), Howchin, Austrocolomia sp., Lenticulina goettin- Gaudryina triadica Kristan-Tollmann, Malay- gensis polygonata (Franke), Diplotremina astrofim- spirina ex gr. M. alpina (Zaninetti & Broen- briata Kristan-Tollmann, Duostomina sp. nimann), "Calcitornella" gebzeensis Dager, Brachiopods. Euxinella anatolica (Bittner), Coronipora etrusca (Pirini), Semiinvoluta bicari- Crurirhynchia kiparisovae Dagys, Laballa slavini nata Blau, S. clari Kristan, Lamelliconus turris Dagys, Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), (Frentzen), Arenovidalina chialingchiangensis Ho, Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos Ophthalmidium lucidum (Trifonova), O. triadi- (Emmrich), Neoretzia superbescens (Bittner), cum (Kristan), Sigmoilina bystrickyi Salaj, Borza Amphiclina intermedia Bittner, A. taurica & Samuel, Nodosaria cf. N. dipartita Kristan- Moiseev, Rhaetina taurica Moiseev, Triadithyris Tollmann, N. sp. 1, Pseudonodosaria cf. P. vulga- gregariaformis (Zugmayer). Besides these, Dagis ta multicamerata (Kristan-Tollmann), Pachy- (1963, 1974) determined Rhaetina cf. R. pyrifor- phloidesl sp., Austrocolomia canaliculata (Kristan- mis (Suess), R. turcica (Bittner), Zeilleria bukow­ Tollmann), Dentalina zlambachensis Kristan, ski (Bittner), Aulacothyropsis almensis (Moiseev). Lenticulina rectangula Kristan-Tollmann, Loc. 117I sample 2 Duostomina sp. A brachiopod assemblage analogous to locali­ Brachiopods. Euxinella anatolica (Bittner), ty 117/1 has been collected from pink micritic Laballa suessi (Winkler), L. slavini Dagys, limestone. Only three species - Amphiclina inter­ Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Zugmayerella koesse- media Bittner, Rhaetina taurica (Bittner), and nensis (Zugmayer), Oxycolpella oxycolpos Zeilleria bukowski (Bittner) - are absent from (Emmrich), Neoretzia superbescens (Bittner), those listed in Loc. 117/1. Amphiclina intermedia Bittner, A. taurica Moiseev, Rhaetina turcica (Bittner), Triadithyris Loc. 117I sample 3 gregariaformis (Zugmayer), Zeilleria bukowski Foraminifers. Tolypammina irregularis (Salaj, (Bittner), Aulacothyropsis almensis (Moiseev). Borza & Samuel), T. gregaria Wendt, Ammo- baculites sp., Duotaxis inflatus (Kristan- hoc. 117 (Fig. 7B) Tollmann), Gaudryina triadica Kristan- This is a giant limestone block (100 m X 60 m), Tollmann, G. racema Trifonova, Planiinvoluta occuring on the left bank of Izvestnyakovy Creek deflexa Leischner, Semiinvoluta bicarinata Blau, about 1.5 km upstream from Loc. 116, and sho­ Angulodiscus parallelus (Kristan-Tollmann), wing an inhomogeneous texture. Due to the non- Arenovidalina chialingchiangensis Ho, A. depressa stratified aspect of the block, the general micritic (Luperto), Ophthalmidium carinatum Leischner, matrix pink colored in some part, and the presen­ O. fusiformis (Trifonova), O. cf. O. martanum ce of numerous cavities with geopetal calcitic Farinacci, O. tori Zaninetti & Broennimann, cement, we consider that this block is part of a Sigmoilina schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & mudmound. Three sampled sites have been ana­ Ducret, Nodosaria cf. N. angulocamerata lysed from this block. Efimova, N. cf. N. elongata (Salaj, Borza & Samuel), N. aff. N. shablensis Trifonova, Loc. 117I sample 1 Lenticulina sp., Astacolus sp., Turrispirillina sp. Foraminifers. Tolypammina irregularis (Salaj, Brachiopods. Euxinella anatolica (Bittner), Borza & Samuel), T. gregaria Wendt, Spiro- Robinsonella mastakanensis Moiseev, Laballa slavi­ plectammina spiralis Salaj, Borza & Samuel, ni Dagys, Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), Trochammina almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti, Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos Duotaxis inflatus (Kristan-Tollmann), Textularia (Emmrich), Neoretzia superbescens (Bittner), ex gr. T. exigua (Schwager), Endoteba kuepperi Rhaetina pyriformis (Suess), R. gregaria (Suess), (Oberhauser), Malayspirina sp., Meandrospirella?. Zeilleria moisseievi Dagys, Z. austrica (Zugmayer). sp., Semiinvoluta bicarinata Blau, S. clari Kristan, Ammonoids. Megaphyllites sp. Arenovidalina chialingchiangensis Ho, Nodosaria Crinoids and corals are also present.

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 317 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Bclyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

Loc. 118 Brachiopods. Oxycolpella oxycolpos (Emmrich), This block (4.5 m x 2.0 m) is located 135 m Rhaetina pyriformis (Suess). upstream from Loc. 117 on Izvestnyakovy Creek and is composed of light gray micritic limestone. Loc. 119/sample 2, 929-2 It has yielded the following brachiopods - This sample is a fine-grained, mud supported Rhaetina taurica Moiseev, Neoretzia superbescens biocalcilutite with crinoids, foraminifers, thin- (Bittner), Zeilleria austrica (Zugmayer). shelled ostracods and bryozoan fragments. The numerous cavities with light mud infilling are Loc. 119 typical of a mudmound on a shallow slope. Down the creek from locality 117, four limesto­ Foraminifers. Gaudryina triassica Trifonova, ne blocks ranging from 1.5-5 m across were Coronipora etrusca (Pirini), Semiinvoluta bicari­ found, as well as smaller angular limestone frag­ nata Blau, Angulodiscus ex gr. A. expansus ments (Fig. 7A). (Kristan-Tollmann), Paraophthalmidium sp., Ophthalmidium fusiformis (Trifonova), O. cf. Loc. 119/sample 1, 929-1 O. martanum Farinacci, O. sp. 1, Quinquelocu- This is the largest block, about 5 m across, and lindi nucleiformis Kristan-Tollmann, Sigmoilina consists of a coarse biocalcarenite grainstone with bystrickyi Salaj, Borza & Samuel, S. plectospira radiaxal cement and mud late infilling. The ske­ (Oravecz-Scheffer), S. schaeferae Zaninetti, letal elements are crinoids, brachiopods, echi- Altiner, Dager & Ducret, Nodosaria cf. N. elon- noids, gastropods, sponges, foraminifers and gata (Salaj, Borza & Samuel), N. nitida elongata intraclasts. The environment is of a shallow, Franke, "Frondicularia woodwardi" Howchin, high-energy carbonate platform. Austrocolomia canaliculata (Kristan-Tollmann), Foraminifers. Tolypammina gregaria Wendt, A. marschalli Oberhauser, Lenticulina sp. Trochammina almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti, T. jau- Brachiopods. Euxinella anatolica (Bittner), nensis Broennimann & Page, Duotaxis inflatus Septaliphoria fissicostata (Suess), Crurirhynchia (Kristan-Tollmann), D. metula Kristan, kiparisovae Dagys, Laballa suessi (Winkler), Gaudryina triadica Kristan-Tollmann, G. triassica Oxycolpella oxycolpos (Emmrich), O. robinsoni Trifonova, Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto), Dagys, Amphiclina taurica Moiseev, Triadithyris Textularia ex gr. T. exigua (Schwager), Endoteba gregariaformis (Zugmayer). austrotriadica (Oberhauser), E. kuepperi (Oberhauser), Malayspirina bicamerata (Salaj), Loc. 119/sample 3 M. wirtzi (Koehn-Zaninetti), "Calcitornelld' geb- This block consists of graded, resedimented zeensis Dager, Planiinvoluta carinata Leischner, pinkish fine wackestone - coarse skeletal pack- Coronipom etrusca (Pirini), Semiinvoluta bicarinata stone with echinoids, crinoids, brachiopods and Blau, S. clari Kristan, S. violae Blau, Lamelliconus foraminifers. This is a considered to be a distal turris (Frentzen), L. multispirus (Oberhauser), slope deposit. Trochonella granosa (Frentzen), Arenovidalina chia- Foraminifers. Tolypammina gregaria Wendt, lingchiangensis Ho, Ophthal-midium exiguum Coronipora etrusca (Pirini), Semiinvoluta bicari­ Koehn-Zaninetti, O. fusiformis (Trifonova), O. lei- nata Blau, Lamelliconus turris (Frentzen), schneri (Kristan-Tollmann), O. lucidum Ophthalmidium leischneri (Kristan-Tollmann), (Trifonova), O. triadicum (Kristan), Sigmoilina O. lucidum (Trifonova), Sigmoilina bystrickyi bystrickyi Salaj, Borza & Samuel, S. plectospira Salaj, Borza & Samuel, S. schaeferae Zaninetti, (Oravecz-Scheffer), Galeanella panticae Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret, Miliolipora cuvillieri & Broennimann, Miliolipora cuvillieri Broennimann & Zaninetti, Nodosaria sp. 1, Broennimann & Zaninetti, Ophtalmipora?. sp., Rectoglandulina?. sp., Lenticulina sp., Duostomina Nodosaria sp. 1, Septalingulina cf. S. tetrasepta He sp., Turrispirillina?. licia licia Blau. & Notling, Austrocolomia ex gr. A. canaliculata (Ktistan-Tollmann), Lenticulina rectangula Loc. 121a Kristan-Tollmann, Astacolus sp., Duostomina sp. Numerous exotic blocks of gray limestone occur

318 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

near Drovyanka Village. The species Monotis Creek (Loc. 117/3). Only one shell, Mega- caucasica (Wittenburg) and M. baueri Kittl were phyllites sp., was preserved well enough to be found (determination of A. Moiseev and determined by us. Representatives of this genus I. Polubotko). are recorded from the upper part of the Lower Triassic into the Upper Triassic. Within the Loc. 132 Alpine Region, they are known only from the A brachiopod assemblage of Shvanov Ravine upper Anisian to Rhaetian. contains Costirhynchia mentzeli (Buch), Hirsutella hirsuta (Alberti), Mentzelia sp., Foraminifers Koeveskallina koeveskalliensis (Boeckh), Pronina & Vuks (1996) gave the first detailed Punctospirella cf. P. fragilis (Schlotheim), information about Triassic foraminifers of the Costispiriferina cf. C. manca (Bittner), Crimea. All of the foraminifers that were studied Angustothyris angustaeformis (Boeckh). This occur in exotic blocks (Locs 116, 117, 119; assemblage is of Anisian age. However, we can­ Figs 4B, 7). The assemblages are of similar gene­ not confirm that this assemblage is coming from ric and specific composition, which allows them an exotic block, and not from the matrix. to be considered the same age. They are charac­ terized by the presence of miliolids and involuti-

SIMFEROPOL AREA nids, the most significance foraminifers for Loc. 130 dating Lower Mesozoic deposits. The second important location of Triassic exotic In this assemblage, the following species are blocks is in the Salgir River Basin in the known in Norian-Rhaetian deposits: Semiinvoluta Simferopol area (Fig. 4A). Some blocks, separa­ clari Kristan, Angulodiscus parallelus (Kristan- ted from each other, were observed near Tollmann), A. ex gr. A. expansus (Kristan- Petropavlovka Village (Loc. 130) in the sandsto­ Tollmann), Sigmoilina bystrickyi Salaj, Borza & ne and conglomerate of the Eskiorda Series. Samuel, S. schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & The block of Loc. 130 is a crinoid and algal Ducret, Galeanella panticae Zaninetti & lime-packstone yielding abundant brachiopods, Broennimann, Miliolipora cuvillieri Broennimann single ammonoids, bivalves, and gastropods. The & Zaninetti. In addition, species are present that brachiopod assemblage contains - Euxinella ana- occur in deposits not older than the Rhaetian, and tolica (Bittner), Laballa seessi (Winkler), L. slavi- sometimes even in younger deposits: Semiinvoluta ni Dagys, Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), bicarinata Blau, Trochonella granosa Frentzen, Zugmayerella koessensis (Zugmayer), Oxycolpella Ophthalmidium leischneri (Kristan-Tollmann), oxycolpos (Emmrich), Amphiclina taurica Septalingulina tetrasepta He & Norling, and Moiseev, Rhaetina taurica Moiseev, Lobothyris Turrispirillina?. licia licia Blau. sp., Zeilleria bukowski (Bittner), Aulacothyropsis Considered together, the foraminiferal assem­ elmensis (Moiseev). This data is compiled from blages of the Crimea are similar: to the late earlier workers (Moiseev 1932; Dagis 1963, Norian (Sevatian)-Rhaetian of the Khodz Group 1974; Shalimov & Slavin 1973). of the Northwest Caucasus (Efimova 1975; The following ammonoids occur with these bra­ Anonymous 1991); to the late Norian (Lacian- chiopods: Paracladiscites diuturnum Mojsisovich, Sevatian) Miliolipora cuvillieri standard zone of Arcestes ex gr. A. intuslabiatus Mojsisovich, and the Carpathian-Balkan and Hellenic Realm Platites sp. Shevyrev (1990) correlated to the (Salaj et al. 1983, 1988); to the upper Norian upper Rhaetian or the Choristoceras marshi zone Kocagedik unit of Turkey (Altiner & Zaninetti of the standard scale. 1981); and to the Norian-Rhaetian Asinepe Limestone of Seram, Indonesia (Al-Shaibani et al. 1983). ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES Ammonoids Accordingly, we conclude that the age of the Ammonoids are rare in the pink limestone out­ foraminiferal assemblages of the Crimea can be cropping on the upper part of Izvestnyakovy either late Norian or Rhaetian. Most likely, the

GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 319 Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestdl M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.

age is Pvhaetian, because species are in the asso­ Rhaetina gregaria (Suess), R. pyriformis (Suess), ciations whose distribution is limited to the Triadithyris gregariaformis (Zugmayer), Zeilleria Rhaetian. However one Rhaetian index species, austrica (Zugmayer), and Z. bukowski (Bittner). Triasina hantkeni Majzon, was not found in the The Crimea brachiopod assemblage is most simi­ Crimea blocks. lar to the Rhaetian brachiopods from the Koessen beds of Alps (Dagis 1974). The follow­ Brachiopods ing species are common — Septaliphoria fissicosta­ Moiseev (1926, 1932) studied the first Triassic ta (Suess), Laballa suessi (Winkler), Zugmayerella brachiopods from exotic blocks of the Crimea. koessenensis (Zugmayer), Sinucosta emmrichi Later, the numerous brachiopods collected by (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos (Emmrich), Moiseev, Shalimov, and Slavin were determined Rhaetina gregaria (Suess), and Triadithyris grega­ and partly described by Dagis (1963, 1974). The riaformis (Zugmayer). The Crimea brachiopod brachiopod assemblages were considered to be assemblage is also similar to Rhaetian brachio­ the of mixed Norian-Rhaetian age. pods of Drnava Slovenia. The common forms are Septaliforia fissicostata (Suess), Laballa suessi Dagis identified the Middle Triassic brachiopod (Winkler), Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), assemblage in Shvanov Ravine in the Bodrak Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Neoretzia superbescens River Basin (Loc. 132). It contains Costirhynchia (Bittner), Rhaetina pyriformis (Suess), Triadithyris mentzeli (Buch), Hirsutella hirsuta (Alberti), gregariaformis (Zugmayer), and Zeilleria austrica Mentzelia sp., Koeveskallina koeveskalliensis (Zugmayer) (Dagis 1974). Likewise, the assem­ (Boeckh), Punctospirella cf. P. fragilis blage is comparable to Majkopella manzavini (Schlotheim), Costispiriferina cf. C. manca beds of Turkey. The common forms are (Bittner), and Angustothyris angustaeformis Euxinella anatolica (Bittner), Laballa suessi (Boeckh). These brachiopods are of Anisian age (Winkler), Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Rhaetina (Dagis & Shvanov 1965). However, we cannot turcica (Bittner), Zeilleria austrica (Zugmayer), confirm that this assemblage is characteristic of and Z. bukowski (Bittner) (Bittner 1892). Finally, the exotic blocks, and not of the matrix. they are similar to the brachiopods collected from exotic blocks of Balkanian. The common forms are Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), New investigation of the brachiopod assemblages Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos from the numerous limestone blocks and pebbles (Emmrich), Amphiclina intermedia Bittner, of the Crimea confirms the specific composition, Rhaetina gregaria (Suess), and R. turcica (Bittner) and more precisely, defines their stage and zonal (Dagis 1963). position. Analysis of all Triassic brachiopod asso­ ciations from investigated exotic blocks shows that The red limestone of the upper part of the there is only one distinctive brachiopod assembla­ Khodz Group of the Northwest Caucasus, that ge of Rhaetian age. It occurs in the large lies above beds with Monotis caucasica, is the (Loc. 117) and smaller (Locs 116, 118, 119) same age as the Crimea exotic blocks. They both limestone blocks and pebbles exposed in the Alma contain species in common - Euxinella anatolica River Basin, and in the valley of Izvestnyakovy (Bittner), Crurirhynchia kiparisovae Dagys, Creek (Fig. 4B, 7). The same brachiopod assem­ Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), Sinucosta blage has been found in the Salgir River Basin emmrichi (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos near Petropavlovka Village (Loc. 130). (Emmrich), Neoretzia superbescens (Bittner), Rhaetian species from different regions of the Amphiclina intermedia Bittner, A. taurica West Tethys dominate this assemblage. They are Moiseev, Rhaetina turcica (Bittner), R. pyriformis - Robinsonella mastakanensis Moiseev, (Suess), Zeilleria bukowski (Bittner), and Z. mois- Septaliphoria fissicostata (Suess), Laballa suessi seievi Dagys. (Winkler), Zugmayerella koessenensis (Zugmayer), All the above-mentioned brachiopod assem­ Sinucosta emmrichi (Suess), Oxycolpella oxycolpos blages, considered earlier as Norian-Rhaetian, are (Emmrich), Neoretzia superbescens (Bittner), actually the youngest Rhaetian associations. We

320 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea

agree with Shevryev (1990, 1995) that they can 3. Some limestone blocks (Loc. 121a) containing be attributed to the Vandaites sturzenbaumi zone. abundant Monotis belong to the Sagenites quin- Co-occurrence of these brachiopod assemblages quepunctatus zone of the Sevatian (Dagis & and such ammonoid species as Paracladiscites Dagis 1990), or to the upper part of the Norian. diuturnus Mojsisovich, Arcestes ex gr. A. intusla- 4. The analysis of faunal elements from Triassic biatus Mojsisovich, and Platites sp., that were exotic blocks (Locs 116-119, 130) allows us to established as beds with Platites-Rhacophyllites consider that they are of Rhaetian age and accor­ near Petropavlovka Village (Shevyrev 1995), ding to Dagis & Dagis (1990) belong to the allow us to specify the stage and zonal position of Vandaites sturzenbaumi zone. this association. An analogous, but more diverse, 5. The Anisian fauna from the Bodrak River ammonoid association occurs together with Basin probably does not come from an exotic Rhaetian brachiopods in other regions of the block. Tethys, including the Northwest Caucasus in the upper part of the Khodz Group. It is represented Acknowledgements by the presence of Paracladiscites diuturnus This research was made possible by a grant from Mojsisovich, Megaphyllites insectus (Mojsisovich), the Peri-Tethys Program (Grant No. 95-17). We Stenarcestes leiostracus Mojsisovich, Arcestes ex gr. are grateful to the Geological Institute of the A. intuslabiatus Mojsisovich, Rhacopbyllites debilis Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine for theit (Hauer), Platites polydactilus (Mojsisovich) help in arranging invitations and support. Dr A. (Shevyrev 1995). Everywhere in the West Tethys, Dvoretsky in Simferopol provided valuable logis­ Rhaetian brachiopod assemblages usually occur tical support for visiting localities. Our thanks in pink or red limestone. are due to I. Chedija and G. Kropatcheva for their help in the field collecting. We would also The Norian-Rhaetian, but not Rhaetian age, of like to thanks Yu. S. Biske (SPB University) and the above-mentioned mixed brachiopod associa­ N. N. Makarov for field assistance and consulta­ tion has been determined by the presence in tions. Dr E. Yochelson critically read the manus­ these beds of Norian ammonoids. However, cript and Prof. E Cordey (Lyon) gave help for Shevyrev (1990) believes that the appearance and the chapter "Crimea-Pontides". great development of heteromorph ceratites is an important event in the Late Triassic ammonoid succession. It allows one to consider the Rhaetian as important in the development of Triassic REFERENCES ammonoids. Nevertheless, we are following Altiner D. & Zaninetti L. 1981. — Le Trias dans la Dagis (Dagis & Dagis 1990) in drawing the region de Pinarbasi, Taurus oriental, Turquie: uni­ Rhaetian lower boundary at the base of the tes lithologiques, micropaleontologie, milieux de Cachloceras suessi zone. depot. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia 86 (4): 705-760. Al-Shaibani K., Carter D. J., & Zaninetti L. 1983. — SUMMARY OF THE TRIASSIC Geological and micropaleontological investigations 1. Triassic exotic blocks contain rich assemblages in the Upper Triassic (Asinepe Limestone) of of foraminifers, brachiopods, rarer ammonoids, Seram, Outer Banda Arc, Indonesia. Archive des bivalves, and sphictozoans. Reworked forms are Sciences^ (2) : 297-313. practically absent. Anonymous 1969. — Geologiya USSR. Krimea. T. 8. Nedra, Moscow, 339 p. [in Russian]. 2. The taxonomic composition of the brachio­ Anonymous 1991. — Practical manual on microfau- pods and ammonoids shows the greatest similari­ na of the USSR, in Mesozoic Foraminifera, volume ty to Rhaetian assemblages of the West Tethys, 5. Leningrad, 373 p. [in Russian]. the Northwest Caucasus, the Alps, the Aydin M. et al. 1986. — The geology of the area bet­ Carpathians, and Turkey. The foraminifers are ween Ballidag and Cangaldag (Kastamonu). Bulletin ofthe Geological Society ofTurkey 29 (2): 1-16. most similar to those in the Northwest Caucasus, Banks C. J. 1997. — Mesozoic Strike-Slip Back-Arc the Carpathian-Balkan and Hellenic Realm, Basins of the Western Black Sea Region, in Turkey, and Indonesia. Robinson A. G. (ed.), Regional and Petroleum

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