Confirmation of Candidature Report Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Monojit Chakma

School of Design

Creative Industries Faculty

Queensland University of Technology

February | 2013

DWELLINGS IN THE HILLS: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TRADITIONAL HILL SETTLEMENTS IN CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS, BANGLADESH

Monojit Chakma MURP (Sydney), BArch (BUET)

Principal supervisor: Dr. Mirko Guaralda PhD (Politecnico di Milano), 5-Year-Degree in Architecture (Politecnico di Milano)

Associate supervisor: Professor Paul Sanders Master of Architecture (University of Natal), BA (Hons) (Kingston Polytechnic), Diploma in Architecture (Kingston Polytechnic)

Associate supervisor: Associate Professor Kathi Holt-Damant PhD (Royal Melbourne Inst. of Tech)

Confirmation of Candidature Report-Part A: Articulation to PhD Submitted in [partial] fulfilment of the articulation requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

School of Design Creative industries Faculty Queensland University of Technology February | 2013

Keywords

Hill groups, hill town, morphogenesis, town-plan analysis, typological process, urban morphology, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh i

Abstract

The hill towns and rural settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), Bangladesh, are home of at least twelve hill groups representing different cultural backgrounds. Urbanisation is transforming this region and its hill groups’ spatial practices. The result is a situation where the cultural identity of these hill groups and their settlement forms are undergoing deep transformations. This study is an attempt to identify the recurrent built form types and settlement morphology of the hill groups. The research examines the spatial patterns of the hill settlements in relation to urbanisation and its effects on place making. This research is based on morphological approach, using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods.

The discourse on transformation, from traditional to modern urban environment as well as the loss of traditional building typologies, is timely for the CHT region and central in the debate within the urban morphology discipline. This research contributes to the knowledge about the settlement types, forms and patterns of the hill groups and their changing spatial practices in relation to urbanisation. The research findings, based on the settlements of diverse culture groups at a cross border region in the uplands of Asia, can be referred to similar contexts. In the general discourse of urban morphology, this research contributes to the cross cultural studies relating to small towns and traditional settlements in Asian context.

iiDwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Table of Contents

Keywords ...... i Abstract ...... ii Table of Contents ...... iii List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... vii List of Abbreviations ...... viii Statement of Original Authorship ...... ix Acknowledgements ...... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Context ...... 1 1.3 Purposes ...... 2 1.3.1 Research Questions ...... 3 1.3.2 Research Objectives...... 3 1.4 Significance, Scope and Definitions ...... 4 1.4.1 Significance ...... 4 1.4.2 Scope ...... 4 1.4.3 Definitions ...... 4 1.5 Document Outline ...... 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6 2.1 Introduction ...... 6 2.2 Urban Morphology...... 7 2.2.1 British school of urban morphology: Conzenian tradition ...... 8 2.2.2 Italian school of urban morphology: Muratorian tradition ...... 9 2.2.3 Versailles school of urban morphology ...... 10 2.2.4 Typological process and town-plan analysis ...... 10 2.2.5 Review of Town-plan analysis ...... 11 2.2.6 Review of Typological process ...... 13 2.2.7 Typological process and Internalist approach ...... 15 2.2.8 Typological process and traditional settlements ...... 17 2.3 Place making ...... 19 2.4 The place: Chittagong Hill Tracts ...... 21 2.4.1 Zomia: the highlands of Asia ...... 22 2.4.2 Historical context ...... 23 2.4.3 Towns and villages ...... 32 2.4.4 Dwellings ...... 34 2.5 Summary ...... 36 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 38 3.1 Methodology and Research Design ...... 38 3.1.1 Methodology ...... 38 3.1.2 Research Design ...... 42 3.2 Cases and Participants ...... 44 3.3 Instruments...... 44

Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladeshiii

3.4 Ethics and limitations ...... 44 3.5 Timeline ...... 46 CHAPTER 4: METHODS ...... 47 4.1 Data Sources, types and forms ...... 49 4.2 Data collection ...... 49 4.3 Data Reduction and analysis ...... 52 CHAPTER 5: CASE SELECTION PROCESS ...... 54 5.1 Selection Criteria ...... 54 5.1.1 Urban and rural settings ...... 55 5.1.2 Cultural diversity ...... 55 5.1.3 Dwelling ownership ...... 55 5.2 Selection Methods ...... 56 5.2.1 Ethnographic maps ...... 57 5.2.2 Selection of hill groups ...... 64 5.2.3 Mapping hill groups at sub-district level ...... 64 5.2.4 Mapping hill groups at neighbourhood and village level ...... 67 5.3 Field study...... 75 5.3.1 Field study schedule ...... 75 5.3.2 Scope for revision ...... 75 5.3.3 Funding for field research ...... 76 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS ...... 77 6.1 Conclusions to date ...... 77 6.2 First year of candidature ...... 79 REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 81 APPENDICES ...... 85 Appendix A1 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1869 ...... 85 Appendix A2 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1901 ...... 86 Appendix A3 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1951 ...... 87 Appendix B City list: DAB 525 ...... 88 Appendix C Census Data, 2011 (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 90

ivDwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

List of Figures

Figure 2.1. Literature review map ...... 7 Figure 2.2. Conzen’s town-plan analysis, Source: Diagram prepared by author based on (M.R.G Conzen & Conzen, 2004; Kropf, 1993) ...... 11 Figure 2.3. Elements of town plan, Source: (M. R. G Conzen & Whitehand, 1981, p. 26) ...... 12 Figure 2.4. Analogous scale: Caniggia’s general categories of object and the relations between them, Source: (Kropf, 1993)...... 13 Figure 2.5. Objects of different scale: Two sense of the relation ‘contain’, Source: (Kropf, 1993) ...... 14 Figure 2.6. Caniggia’s Typological process, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001; Kropf, 1993) ...... 14 Figure 2.7. Mapping urban morphology: Internalist approach in urban morphology, Source: (Gauthier & Gilliland, 2006) ...... 15 Figure 2.8. The structuration of built environments, Source: (Gauthier, 2005) ...... 16 Figure 2.9. Overview of dwelling typologies, Source: (Cataldi, et al., 2002) ...... 17 Figure 2.10. Base types, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001) ...... 18 Figure 2.11. Caniggia’s study on transformation: Row house and Apartment house, Rome, Source: (Kropf, 1993) ...... 18 Figure 2.12. Map of Chittagong Hill Tracts in context of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Source: (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2007) ...... 21 Figure 2.13. Map of Zomia, Source: (Van Schendel, 2002) ...... 22 Figure 2.14. A Dutch map in 1600s showing Chittagong hills at the border of Bengal and Arakan, Source: (Blaeu, 1638) ...... 23 Figure 2.15. CHT under Arakan and Mughal dominion, 1666, Source: (Campos, 1919) ...... 24 Figure 2.16. Chittagong and CHT under Mughal control and a reduced Arakan in 1800s, Source: (Constable and Co., 1827) ...... 24 Figure 2.17. After formal annexation in 1860, the British government first divided CHT into two circles or administrative regions, Source: (Bessaignet, 1958) ...... 25 Figure 2.18. Current Chittagong Hill Tracts including its three districts, Source: (Adnan & Dastidar, 2011) ...... 26 Figure 2.19. Movement of CHT hill groups in pre-British era (pre 1860). Source: Author based on (Lewin, 1869) ...... 28 Figure 2.20. Example of Ridge top hill settlements, (Sopher, 1964) ...... 29 Figure 2.21. Example of Ridge top hill settlements, (Sopher, 1964) ...... 30 Figure 2.22. Topographic distribution of hill groups, Source: Author based on (Lewin, 1869; Sopher, 1964) ...... 30 Figure 2.23. Plan of Mru house, Source: (Brauns & Loffler, 1990) ...... 32 Figure 2.24. Khagrachhari town, Khagrachhari district, Source: Google map...... 32 Figure 2.25. Rangamati town, Rangamati district, Source: Google map ...... 33 Figure 2.26. Bandarban town, Bandarban district, Source: Google map ...... 33 Figure 2.27. CHT village categories based on communities, Source: (UNDP-CHTDF, 2009) ...... 34 Figure 2.28. the relationship between the built form types and urbanisation process in the CHT hills ...... 37

Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladeshv

Figure 3.1. Conceptual diagram of morphological theories in relation to place ...... 40 Figure 3.2. Types of architectural research methods, Source: (Groat & Wang, 2002) ...... 41 Figure 3.3. Types of qualitative research, Source: (Tesch, 1990) ...... 42 Figure 3.4. Research design...... 43 Figure 4.1. Data collection activities, Source: (Creswell, 2007) ...... 50 Figure 4.2. Data collection methods at site ...... 51 Figure 4.3. Caniggia’s comparison of building types by region: Florence, Rome and Genoa, showing changes from base type in three regions, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001) ...... 52 Figure 5.1. Case selection process ...... 54 Figure 5.2. Case selection methods ...... 56 Figure 5.3. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1869, Source: Author, based on (Lewin, 1869) ...... 57 Figure 5.4. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1901, Source: Author, based on (Hutchinson, 1909) ...... 58 Figure 5.5. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1951, Source: Author, based on (Bessaignet, 1958) ...... 59 Figure 5.6. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1960, Source: (Sopher, 1964)...... 60 Figure 5.7. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1965, Source: (Brauns & Loffler, 1990) ...... 61 Figure 5.8. Ethnographic map of CHT, 2009, Source: Author, based on (UNDP-CHTDF, 2009) ...... 62 Figure 5.9. Community tables, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 67 Figure 5.10. General selection framework ...... 68 Figure 5.11. Hill group Household percentage, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 70 Figure 5.12. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 70 Figure 5.13. Hill group household percentage, Rangamati , Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 73 Figure 5.14. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 74

viDwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

List of Tables

Table 3.1. Research methodologies ...... 42 Table 4.1. Research methods ...... 48 Table 5.1. Timeline of ethnic distribution of hill groups ...... 63 Table 5.2. Distribution of hill groups at sub-district level ...... 66 Table 5.3. Hill group household percentage, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 69 Table 5.4. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 70 Table 5.5. Selected Neighbourhoods, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 71 Table 5.6. Selected villages, Ruma, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 71 Table 5.7. Hill group household percentage, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 73 Table 5.8. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 73 Table 5.9. Selected Neighbourhoods, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 74 Table 5.10. Selected villages, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) ...... 75 Table 5.11. Field study schedule ...... 76

Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladeshvii

List of Abbreviations

CHT: Chittagong Hill Tracts MoCHTA: Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs BBS: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

viiiDwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Statement of Original Authorship

The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made.

Signature: ______

Date: ______

Dwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladeshix

Acknowledgements

xDwellings in the hills: a morphological study of traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Chapter 1: Introduction

The introductory chapter has five sections. First four sections describe the background (section 1.1) and context (section 1.2) of the research, and its purposes (section 1.3). Section 1.4 describes the significance and scope of this research and provides definitions of terms used. Finally, section 1.5 includes an outline of the remaining chapters of the document.

1.1 BACKGROUND

Similar to other developing countries in Asia, Bangladesh is going through rapid urbanisation. At the cost of economic development, urbanisation in this part of the world is becoming a major crisis to the traditional cultures. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh is geographically located in a particular cross-cultural setting at the regional intersection of South-Asia and Southeast Asia. The area is heterogeneous in culture, having a collection of indigenous hill groups with their own languages and cultures. The starting point for this research is the concern with the loss of traditional dwelling culture of these hill groups due to urbanisation.

Based on flawed urbanism and insensitivity towards traditional spatial practices, inconsistent development can have damaging impacts on local as well as national heritage and culture pertaining to this distinct region. The death of traditional building culture shares the same phenomenon as loss of languages. In a global perspective, the situation faced by CHT hill groups can be experienced by many traditional societies around the world (UNESCO, 2006).

1.2 CONTEXT

The CHT region so far has been subject to anthropological, social and geographical study inquiries (Bernot, 1960; Bessaignet, 1958; Brauns & Loffler, 1990; Hutchinson, 1909; Sopher, 1964; Van Schendel, 1992). But, there are very few studies available on the settlements of the hill groups. Preliminary literature review reveals limited research has been based on traditional building culture of this region.

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Along with that, the phenomenon of urbanisation, an emergent crisis in traditional building culture, offers the opportunity for this study in adopting morphological approach as a means of inquiry. The research presents the opportunity to address knowledge gap considering cross-cultural studies in urban morphology.

1.3 PURPOSES

The main research aim of this study is to examine the typological and morphological aspects of the hill settlements. To develop an understanding of the settlements, it is necessary to have comprehension about place making and spatial practices among the hill groups. The study aims to understand the local morphology of these towns and assess the outcomes of urbanisation process on hill groups and their spaces. The study will provide knowledge for future planning framework relating to urbanisation and preservation of the traditional culture of this distinct area. This will help to bring economic development in this region through tourism and other economic activities while maintaining the distinct cultural diversity of the area.

The study begins with the following purposes:

First, taking urban morphology (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001; Moudon, 1994) as research methodology in the case of traditional hill settlements at CHT, this paper analyses the typological aspects of built form and settlement morphology. The study examines the spatial characters of these CHT towns and thus investigate any singularities exist in them. By investigating spatial patterns of the study-area, the study aims to contribute knowledge about the CHT hill settlements. Taking morphological perspective, this research aims to address the knowledge gap considering traditional building culture of the hill groups.

Secondly, the paper attempts to critically examine the findings on CHT settlements and evaluate its theoretical position considering internalist approach (Gauthier, 2005; Gauthier & Gilliland, 2006), a morphological theory postulated by urban morphologists. While contributing to the understanding of CHT built landscape, the study also aims to analyse internalist approach in morphological theory considering traditional hill settlements. Thus this paper aims to participate into theoretical discourse of urban morphology considering internalist approach proposed by urban morphology theorists. The understanding of the internalist and externalist discourse will provide the knowledge for future planning policies to

2 Chapter 1: Introduction

preserve the traditional built form models while continuing with the urbanisation that brings economic development in this region.

1.3.1 Research Questions The central research question guiding this study is formulated as:

What settlement patterns characterise hill groups in relation to place making in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region?

The associated research questions are as follows:

• What are the recurrent morphological patterns in the built forms of the hill groups?

• What are the existing spatial practices in the built forms of the hill groups?

• What are the correlations between morphological patterns and spatial practices in the built forms of the hill groups?

• What are the effects of urbanisation on the settlement morphology and place making of the hill groups?

• Do the morphological patterns in the hill settlements demonstrate the character of an independent system?

1.3.2 Research Objectives In order to answer the research questions, the following research objectives are formulated in relation to CHT hill groups and their settlements:

• To analyse the recurrent morphological patterns

• To investigate socio-spatial practices

• To examine the relationship pattern between culture and settlement forms

• To examine the effects of urbanisation on the morphological aspects

• To investigate place making of hill groups in relation to their settlements

• To categorise emergent elements

• To summarise if the hill settlements show the character of an independent system

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE, SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

1.4.1 Significance This research will contribute knowledge to the cultural studies of traditional settlements in hill geographies. The traditional town due to its relatively small scale and diverse socio-cultural setting present a case which can be of particular as well as of general significance.

At a regional scale, this morphological study will contribute knowledge about traditional built form in the hilly border regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia. In the field of urban morphology, morphological studies have strong research tradition at Europe and America. Recent morphological studies are focusing on Asian cities, towns and settlements. Urbanisation is growing at a fast pace in Asia. However, large number of the study covers only cities and towns which are major financial or political centres. There is limited research in this region concerning study of built landscape, using morphological methods in a cross-cultural setting. The knowledge gained from this research will contribute to the cross-cultural study in urban morphology discipline.

In Bangladesh, the CHT region, dubbed as “lake-city”, is a major tourist destination showcasing natural as well as cultural diversity. The knowledge gained from this research will be useful for future development controls to preserve the cultural landscape and traditional culture thus promoting tourism and economic development.

1.4.2 Scope The research maintains the view that in any instances a certain geographic region cannot exhibit all the morphological phenomena. This study focuses on the built form of the hill groups in urban CHT, its typological transformation and change in settlement morphology due to the phenomenon of urbanisation. The subject cases are neighbourhoods in towns and villages, selected through a methodological framework.

1.4.3 Definitions The following definitions or terms of reference are used throughout the text. The subject term, morphology is defined as the study of built form and morphogenesis is understood as the study of change in built form over time. The

4 Chapter 1: Introduction

terms, townscape, urban landscape, built landscape, cityscape and hill settlements are used interchangeably for the study area. Concerning the culture group of this study, the terms, hill groups, tribes, highlanders, indigenous people and CHT communities are used interchangeably for descriptive purposes.

1.5 DOCUMENT OUTLINE

The introductory chapter is followed by chapters on literature review (Chapter 2), research design (Chapter 3), methods (Chapter 4), case selection process (Chapter 5) and conclusions (Chapter 6). The literature review chapter includes discussion about concerned theories of urban morphology, place making and CHT region. The chapter on research design outlines the research methodology and research design adopted in this study. The methods chapter describes the data collection and analysis methods. The chapter on case selection process describes the methods adopted for selecting the subject cases. Finally, the conclusions chapter ends the document with a brief summary on the results to date.

Chapter 1: Introduction 5

Chapter 2: Literature Review

The first section of this chapter provides a brief outline and map of the literature review topics (section 2.1). The literature review sections begin with the subject of urban morphology (section 2.2), its theoretical development, major research traditions and theories which are going to be used as theoretical framework for this study. The review section on place making (section 2.3) describes the relevant literature concerning the hill groups in their particular socio-cultural context. The section on the CHT region (section 2.4) discusses its historical context and spatial aspects shaping the settlement patterns. The final section (2.5) provides a summary for this study.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The articulation of research questions closely relates to specific research subject, fields of inquiry and key authors in particular topics. The literature review map (Figure 2.1) shows the particular literatures being reviewed in order to answer the research questions. It illustrates how each research question relates to particular fields of inquiry and proceeds to the relevant research strands. In the map, the first question relates to the topic of urban morphology in CHT context, thus leading to subsequent literature. The second question connects to place making concerning the hill groups and their settlements in CHT. The third question requires knowledge of relevant literature on morphology and place making theories. The fourth question links both morphology and place making concepts in relation to CHT. The final question, more of theoretical nature, requires literature review on morphological theories and cultural context of CHT.

Chapter 2: Literature Review 6

Figure 2.1. Literature review map

2.2 URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Morphology, as a discipline was originally conceived by philosopher Goethe as a method of investigation for studying the change and transformation process of all biological as well as other physical forms (Wilkinson & Willoughby, 1962). In social science, drawing from Simmel’s concept of social morphology (Buttimer, 1969) and to establish scientific study of the social, Durkheim defined morphology as spatial form, through which individuals associate themselves with social structure (Andrews, 1993). Later Sauer (1925), on a discourse about the nature of geographical enquiry, drew from Goethe the concept of morphology and conceptualised morphology of landscape as a synthesis of both social and natural features. Concerned with building a theory of landscape and nature of geographical historicity, he suggested morphogenesis as an inductive method for studying the development of physical forms to derive a total concept of landscape. Focusing on the physicality of nature and materiality of culture, Sauer’s concept of landscape was a bridge between the two (Gregory, Johnston, Pratt, Watts, & Whatmore, 2011).

Whitehand (2012) contended that, while morphological research in geography had a long tradition in studying urban form for its morphogenetic nature, the subject was late to arrive in architectural (and urban) studies. In a reaction against Modernist

Chapter 2: Literature Review 7

theories of architectural and urban studies, Muratori conceptualised operational history, a form of morphological principle, as a method of urban analysis concerning traditional cities like Venice and Rome (Kropf, 1993; Moudon, 1997). Thus far, urban morphology is a multidisciplinary field, crossing boundaries in a number of disciplines that includes but not limited to geography, history, architecture, landscape architecture, urban design and planning (Whitehand, 2012).

The dictionary of human geography defines morphology as the study of form (Gregory, et al., 2011). The term urban morphology is generally understood as the study of urban from (Whitehand, 2012) referring primarily to townscape (Smailes, 1955), city (Moudon, 1997) or in a broader connotation to human settlement (Kropf, 2009). Morphological studies attempt to explain the physiognomy of a built landscape, its patterns and processes of change.

In an historical context, though many scholars around the world from various disciplines contributed to morphological research, the core urban morphology theories were developed independently in England, Italy and France. The three main schools of urban morphology that emerged were termed Conzenian (British school), Muratorian (Italian school) and Versailles (French school) (Moudon, 1994, 1997). Moudon (1994, 1997) argues that while all three schools had a common tradition concerning the study of built landscape, the purposes were different considering morphological theory building. It should be noted that the pioneers of these schools came from various disciplines, Conzen was a geographer, Muratori was an architect- planner and primarily sociologists (Lefebvre and Boudon) in French school. This led to their differing purposes. In summary, the Conzenian school aimed at developing “theory of city building” with questions like “how cities are built and why”, the Muratorian school aimed at building “theory of city design” with a focus on “how cities should be built” and the Versailles school aimed at developing assessment method to evaluate the “impact of past design theories on city building” with questions about “what should be built and what has actually been built” (Moudon, 1997, p. 8).

2.2.1 British school of urban morphology: Conzenian tradition Conzen theorised town-plan analysis in his seminal work of Alnwick (1960), a detailed morphological study of a market town in England. While studying in Germany, he came in touch with strong geographical urban morphology research

8 Chapter 2: Literature Review

tradition there (Heineberg, 2007; Whitehand, 2012). Influenced by the works of Schluter, Geisler, Bobek (1927) and his teacher Louis (1936), Conzen (1981; Whitehand, 1987) had a grown interest in morphological studies. Cultural philosophy of Cassirer (1944) and townscape analysis of Samiles (1955) also influenced Conzen’s (1960; 2004) morphological approach.

Among notable early works of morphological research in Germany, Fritz (1894) published works on German town layouts, Schluter (1899), a key figure for his concept of cultural landscape, produced number of publications on morphological subjects considering town plans and settlement geography, Hassigner (1916) mapped architectural styles of Vienna, Schluter’s student Geisler (1918) published a detailed study mapping Danzig and later Die deutsche Stadt (Geisler, 1924), and Martiny (1928) did a comprehensive study on German settlements (Heineberg, 2007; Hofmeister, 2004; Whitehand, 1987).

2.2.2 Italian school of urban morphology: Muratorian tradition In Italy, Muratori, during his detailed study of Venice (1959) and Rome (1963), first applied concepts of type, fabric, organism and operative history for systematic survey of a historic town (Cataldi, Maffei, & Vaccaro, 2002). His philosophical concept in urban theory was influenced by Hegelian philosophy of Benedetto Croce (Gauthier, 2005; Kropf, 2001). Muratori conceptualised the theory of operative history based on his study on historic towns. Notable among disciples, Caniggia interpreted Muratori’s theory of operative history into more operational theory of typological process (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001).

Marzot (2002) argues that the development of morphological school in Italy was distinct in a sense, because of its close relationship in approaches, between tradition and innovation, between pre-industrialist and modern, considering urban form. In order to demonstrate integration or theoretical similarity between historic and Modernist ideas, key urban theorists like Gustavo Giovannoni identified that in a morphological process only the form stays preserved while showing innate transformational possibilities and later Giuseppe Pagano, after a detailed study of Italian rural settlements, concluded that “form is preserved even when the original function cease to apply”(Marzot, 2002, p. 61; Pagano & Daniel, 1936). While Pagano arrived at the idea of typological process focusing on rural settlements, Muratori started to develop his ideas from a critical view towards the positivist

Chapter 2: Literature Review 9

approach of Modernist architecture in traditional towns and cities. However, he did not share the views of architectural conservatives, who tended to include almost every building into heritage list.

2.2.3 Versailles school of urban morphology In France, the urban form study emerged amid a post World War reconstruction background and a reaction against Modernist planning approach (Darin, 1998). Following a widespread reform of architectural and urban studies in 1968 which includes closure of Architecture school from Ecole des Beaux-Arts, a number of independent schools of architecture and a department were established to encourage urban research. Since the 1970s, urban form study in France emerged as a distinct research field and in morphological studies the French schools of architecture had strong sociological dimension due to connection with philosophers, in particular, Henri Lefebvre, architectural historians, geographers and planners (Moudon, 1997). Following Muratori’s typo-morphological approach, Bernard Huet in the Paris school of architecture, led number of studies concerning birth of modern city on the cities in France and Sicily. In the Versailles school of architecture, Jean Castex, Philipe Panerai and Jean-Charles Depaule also adopted the same approach in their research concerning urban block, considered exemplary typo-morphological study (Darin, 1998).

Concerned about the affects of fragmentary and non-hierarchical nature of collaboration in French research institutions, Darin (1998) questioned the terming of French school of urban morphology as a distinct morphological research tradition. However, urban morphologists suggest that the typo-morphological studies carried out by the Versailles school of urban morphology or French researchers establish itself in a distinct position between British and Italian school of urban morphology, incorporating both geographical and urban design issues, as well as sociological issues (Gauthier & Gilliland, 2006; Moudon, 1994, 1997).

2.2.4 Typological process and town-plan analysis Among the three schools of urban morphology, only the British and Italian schools postulated definitive analytical methods for studying the built landscape. The Italian school theorised typological process and the British school developed town- plan study as morphological research method. Concerning urban morphological

10 Chapter 2: Literature Review

theories, Kropf (2009) proposes process typological (typological process), historic- geographical (town-plan analysis) process as two major theories. The following reviews discuss town-plan analysis and typological process.

2.2.5 Review of Town-plan analysis Conzen (1960), in his study of Alnwick, asserted townscape as the morphological expression of geographical character of a town. In his analysis (Figure 2.2), the following aspects of a town were identified: morphological aspect (townscape or urban landscape), functional aspect, socioeconomic context, the site (location) and development (change). Among all aspects, Conzen’s (1960; 2004; Kropf, 1993) analysis focused on townscape or morphological aspect, in particular town plan.

Figure 2.2. Conzen’s town-plan analysis, Source: Diagram prepared by author based on (M.R.G Conzen & Conzen, 2004; Kropf, 1993)

The morphological aspect or townscape was defined by Conzen (1960, p. 3) as “a combination of town plan, pattern of building forms, and pattern of land use”. In morphological aspect (townscape), he identified three features: town plan, land utilisation pattern and building fabric. All three features were interlinked. Among all three aspects, the town plan was analysed in critical detail. The town plan was

Chapter 2: Literature Review 11

classified into three plan components set in hierarchical order: street system, plot pattern (street block) and building pattern (block plan) (Figure 2.3). The elemental parts are street, plot and building. Any combination of these elements produces plan- units and grouping of morphogenetic plan units generates plan-division. The plan- division is aggregate of areas, termed as kernel or old town. Again, combination of town plan, land utilisation pattern and building fabric results into townscape cell or morphotope (Kropf, 1993).

Figure 2.3. Elements of town plan, Source: (M. R. G Conzen & Whitehand, 1981, p. 26)

The remaining aspects, functional aspect or function includes human activities concerning inter-human relations or human interactions with built landscape within a

12 Chapter 2: Literature Review

town. In relation to functional aspect, the socioeconomic context encompasses a larger area or geographical region in which the town is set. The site or location includes the built and unbuilt area of a town. Development or change or morphogenesis is defined as change over time in morphological aspects, functional and socioeconomic aspects of a built landscape.

2.2.6 Review of Typological process Caniggia started with classifying spatial (copresence) and temporal (derivation) relations in built environment. Through analysis of spatial relations or copresence, he postulated set of abstract hierarchical order of subdivisions (Figure 2.4 - Figure 2.6) which can be applied either to individual building or to city or town. The subdivisions are: elements, structures of elements, systems of structures and organism of systems.

First, this subdivision set is applied to individual building. In a hierarchical order, building materials are considered as elements. Building components like walls, floors and roofs are considered as structures of elements. The structure of elements in combination form room, stairs and corridors, defined as systems of structures. These systems of structures are organized to form the building defined as organism.

At next level, the same subdivision set is applied to town. In this order, buildings are defined as elements. An aggregate of buildings form a tissue (urban tissue) defined as structures of elements. Tissues are combined to form district (region/ parish/ quarter) which is considered as the systems of structures. The systems of structures or districts combine to form the organism of systems or town.

Figure 2.4. Analogous scale: Caniggia’s general categories of object and the relations between them, Source: (Kropf, 1993)

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Figure 2.5. Objects of different scale: Two sense of the relation ‘contain’, Source: (Kropf, 1993)

Figure 2.6. Caniggia’s Typological process, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001; Kropf, 1993)

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2.2.7 Typological process and Internalist approach Following the theoretical development of typological process and town-plan analysis, contemporary discourse in morphological theory classifies two distinct approaches: internalist and externalist. These approaches attempt to explain whether built form is an independent system or a passive product of external determinants (Gauthier & Gilliland, 2006). There is huge literature covering the externalist approach which theorises urban form as the end product of social, geographical, political and economic systems. While taking into account that urban form is the passive product of external systems, the urban morphologists in internalist approach (Figure 2.7), contend the idea of particular logic dictating the configuration of urban form.

Figure 2.7. Mapping urban morphology: Internalist approach in urban morphology, Source: (Gauthier & Gilliland, 2006)

In urban morphology one of the common objectives is to identify that “there are rules of transformation over time that dictate changes to the fabric; and the organisation and development of fabric are not random but follow laws”(Levy, 1999, p. 79). In describing internalist approach, morphologists argue that the “built environment, very much like language, has a recognisable structure of its own and that, accordingly, in the course of its evolution, numerous transformations could find their primary explanation in the constraints and potential for change present within

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the structure itself”(Gauthier, 2005, p. 87). Through internalist approach urban morphologists explore morphological explanations for built form transformations instead of resorting to explanations based on external social conditions (Gauthier, 2005).

In discussing the conceptualisation of type and typological transformation process, Gauthier (2005) offered a conceptual diagram (Figure 2.8) that illustrates how type develops within the typological process in built environment. He (2005, p. 88) further argued on the aspect of autonomous character of morphogenesis and asserted that “some morphological transformations obey morphological necessities”, terming them as endogenous determinants in opposition to exterior impulses or exogenous determinants.

In the following diagram (Figure 2.8) by Gauthier (2005), at the first level, form is interpreted as generated through its morphological necessities or endogenous determinants, but at the second level, the type is generated through machination of both endogenous and exogenous determinants. The third level is termed as supra- structural configuration, a complex dialectic between the Type (cultural model) and external social factors that requiring recodifications on it.

Figure 2.8. The structuration of built environments, Source: (Gauthier, 2005)

Gauthier (2005) further asserted that, these codifications and recodifications of type is best exemplified by colonial urbanism, where designers get a free hand in reshaping traditional settlements through implementation of external cultural models.

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On a positive turn of event, the local building tradition can internalise the external built form models, thus produce a recodified type. In discussing this transformation of types, Kropf (2001) suggested drawing parallel to Darwinian view of evolution. He asserted that the typological process represents an example of phylogenetic change, featuring - reproduction, variation and viability (Kropf, 2001).

Concerning the external social factors that influences the built from transformation, Habraken (1998, p. 7) pointed out that “if built environment is an organicism, it is so by virtue of human intervention: people imbue it with life and spirit of a place”. He also argued that control causes transformation, hence defining the interplay between people and built environment (Habraken, 1998). This suggests the human tendency to impose order on environments, thus forms are thought before they are built (Kropf, 2001; Rapoport, 1980).

2.2.8 Typological process and traditional settlements In Italy, Giancarlo Cataldi (2002), a disciple of Muratorian tradition, with his assistants investigated traditional settlements in an attempt to test the hypothesis of typological process (Figure 2.9). The study was more in line with Caniggia’s (2001) earlier study on the base type of dwellings (Figure 2.10), and more elaborate studies on typological transformation of row and apartment houses in Rome (Figure 2.11). In continuation to these studies, there were other comparative studies were undertaken on small and medium sized towns in the context of cultural identity and distinctive character of various sub regional areas (Cataldi, et al., 2002).

Figure 2.9. Overview of dwelling typologies, Source: (Cataldi, et al., 2002)

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Figure 2.10. Base types, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001)

Figure 2.11. Caniggia’s study on transformation: Row house and Apartment house, Rome, Source: (Kropf, 1993)

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2.3 PLACE MAKING

The next major determinant in shaping human settlement is the community living there and their socio-cultural relations (Hall, 1998; Hilberseimer, 1955; Morris, 1994; Mumford, 1940). The general view is that culture of a community premeditates its settlement process. However, during the evolutionary process both stay interdependent and influence each other. In discussing the cultural aspects of vernacular architecture, Oliver (2006) asserts culture to be the totality of values, activities and products that guide the living style and render meanings for a society. Culture is also narrated as indispensable for understanding the abstract and gain the sense that helps to differentiate and unite between concrete and abstract at simultaneously or separately (Lefebvre, Kofman, & Lebas, 1996).

The idea of spatial order comes along with this concept of culture (Hillier & Hanson, 1984). Spatial order and social formation is interconnected. Societies live in space. A society arranges its people in space and it also arranges space for them. In both ways a spatial order emerges that characterize the society. It helps to identify the existence of a culture or its differences from others. In essence, understanding of a space or spatial order leads towards perception of that culture. This correlation between space and culture pervades the social formations which inadvertently lead to very transformation of its own form (Hillier & Hanson, 1984).

Regarding classification of space, Relph (1976) asserts that identifying space types help to understand the significance of a place. He explains that space consciousness unravels its meanings. This experience of space types can be used as heuristic device to understand the relationship between space-place. The types are: primitive, perceptual, existential, architectural, cognitive and abstract space (Relph, 1976).

Drawing from another perspective and using Cassirer’s (1944) classification of spatial experience: organic, perceptual and symbolic space, Harvey (1988) delves into socio-economic space concepts and asserts that without an idea of social space, spatial forms cannot be understood. Accordingly, he observes, an ample understanding of social process is required to read social space. While explaining causation between social process and organization of space, Castells (1977) describes

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cities or urban forms as an expression of social system that is new but not detached from the old ones (rural forms). Both urban and rural systems are interlinked on the basis of their similar social process and formations (Castells, 1977).

On multiple interpretation of place, Low and Lawrence-Zúñiga (2003) argued that, though interrelated with space, the concept of place is attached to historically specific certain geographic location or setting. The idea of place can be politically contested, culturally relative, as it produces meaning that is open to multiple constructions. A certain physical landscape can be looked at from different viewpoints. This multiplicity of place with its range of meanings produces the idea of multi-locality. It refers to comparative analyses and competing narratives of a place. Again, such narratives of places, verbal communications that have been passed through generation after generation in oral history, as well as other sensory objects, refer to multi-vocality (Low & Lawrence-Zúñiga, 2003). The Chittagong hill region evokes a sense of place that is open to multiple interpretations for multiple culture groups.

The scope for correct understanding of built form depends on the knowledge of precise socio-cultural conditions and behavior patterns that generated it (Kostof & Tobias, 1999; Rapoport, 2005). In his Environment behavior studies (EBS), Rapoport (2005) views culture as the main driver for generating variable characters in built forms among different culture groups. Socio-cultural practices influence all aspects of basic human activities, such as cooking, shopping and socialization. Different culture groups have different senses of a space following their culture base. He provides some unique examples like the garbage dump in Nantucket (US) that serves as the main social center and the stables in Hungarian villages are the meeting place for male gatherings.

To show that socio-cultural relations influence the built form in the Chittagong hills some general examples are cited. Wine making and drinking is part of the culture among hill groups (Hutchinson, 1909; Lewin, 1869). Therefore small wine drinking places are an integral part of their built form settings whereas in other culture groups (e.g. Bengali), it can be prohibitive. The social meetings in the neighbourhoods usually take place at the local Karbari’s house (village chief). Thus the spatial layout of a Karbari house turns out to be different from an average one.

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2.4 THE PLACE: CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS

The study area Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), located in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh, represents a distinct landscape of hills (average elevation 600 m and highest elevation 1230 m, compared to national average less than 9 m) and forests in a topographically flat country. This region comprises a surface area of 13,189 square kilometers (5,089 square miles) with a population of 1.6 million which amounts to one tenth of the country’s total landmass (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011). The CHT is of geo-political importance to Bangladesh as it shares borders with India and Myanmar (Burma) (Figure 2.12.). The region is inhabited by hill communities of bewildering ethnic diversity, having their own languages, social systems and faiths. The anthropologists agree that there are at least twelve hill groups.

The CHT has three administrative districts, with seven towns and numerous villages. The three main district towns are the major ones. Geographically, the region is part of a mountain range that stretches from Western Burma to the eastern Himalayas of China.

Figure 2.12. Map of Chittagong Hill Tracts in context of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Source: (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2007)

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2.4.1 Zomia: the highlands of Asia “One of the largest remaining non-state spaces in the world, if not the largest, is the vast expanse of uplands, variously termed the Southeast Asian Massif and, more recently, Zomia. This great mountain realm on the marches of mainland Southeast Asia, China, India, and Bangladesh sprawls across roughly 2.5 million square kilometres – an area roughly the size of Europe...... Rough calculations would put Zomia minority populations alone at around eighty million to one hundred million. Its peoples are fragmented into hundreds of ethnic identities and at least five language families that defy any simple classification...... Zomia is marginal in almost every respect. It lies at a great distance from the main centers of economic activity; it bestrides a contact zone between eight nation-states and several religious traditions and cosmologies. Zomia, a term for highlander common to several related Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the India- Bangladesh-Burma border area” (Scott, 2009, pp. 13-14).

The highlands of Asia was termed as Zomia (Scott, 2009; Van Schendel, 2002) or Southeast Asian Massif (Michaud, 2006) by anthropologists and geographers as a notion of theoretical framework for area studies. Taking Zomia as the locale for analysis, Scott (Scott, 2009), in a recent thought provoking work, argues it as a non- state space in pre-modern times, thus generating academic debate. In this study, this framework theoretical framework provides the opportunity to do comparative studies in similar culture areas.

Figure 2.13. Map of Zomia, Source: (Van Schendel, 2002)

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2.4.2 Historical context The earliest western historical references on CHT can be found in the colonial descriptions (Dutch and Portugese maps) of 1600s (Figure 2.14). At that period, Chittagong and CHT were under Arakan rule (Campos, 1919). The Arakanese king employed Portuguese soldiers as mercenaries to fight with the Mughal empire (Brauns & Loffler, 1990). Historically the Bengal region (included the CHT region) was a theatre of war for the adjacent powers: the Mughal, the Tripura (present Tripura state in India) and the Arakan (present Rakhain state, Myanmar) (Van Schendel, 1992). In 1666, the Mughal conquered Chittagong (Figure 2.15) and part of CHT (Campos, 1919). A reduced Arakan kingdom (Figure 2.16) was later conquered by the Burman empire (Burma). Historical references of revenues and hill chiefs’ chronicles indicate that during the Mughal rule (1666-1857) the CHT stayed in a tributary status, internally administered by hill chiefs (Bessaignet, 1958).

Figure 2.14. A Dutch map in 1600s showing Chittagong hills at the border of Bengal and Arakan, Source: (Blaeu, 1638)

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Figure 2.15. CHT under Arakan and Mughal dominion, 1666, Source: (Campos, 1919)

Figure 2.16. Chittagong and CHT under Mughal control and a reduced Arakan in 1800s, Source: (Constable and Co., 1827)

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At the end of Mughal rule, the British formally annexed the Chittagong hill region in 1860 (Hutchinson, 1909; Lewin, 1869). At the beginning of the British administration, CHT was a single district that covered part of Chittagong plain alongside the hill areas, a larger area than what it includes now (Lewin, 1869; Roy, 2000). Later, the regional boundaries were pushed towards the hills. At first, it was divided into two administrative areas or circles (Figure 2.17), Rangamati and Bandarban. Later, Khagrachhari district was carved out of Rangamati district. The administrative division still exists. The main towns were named after the district name, Rangamati, Bandarban (local name Myawk-chhey-koing) and Khagrachhari (local name Chengmi) (Figure 2.18).

Figure 2.17. After formal annexation in 1860, the British government first divided CHT into two circles or administrative regions, Source: (Bessaignet, 1958)

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Figure 2.18. Current Chittagong Hill Tracts including its three districts, Source: (Adnan & Dastidar, 2011)

The CHT region was relatively peaceful under British rule as the British separated the hill regions from the rest of the dominion and enacted special status Act for the area (1900).

Limited ethnographic and travel descriptions by colonial administrators and European travellers tried to depict the life in the hills. Most cited resource from this period, is ethnographic description in the form of three books by Captain T. H.

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Lewin. His ethnographic narratives about the hill groups in CHT was the most detailed as it tried to explore on their possible origins, languages, living style, and culture. It also provided vivid description on the geographic area, its flora and fauna. Lewin lived in the hills for a long period, participated closely with hill groups and travelled far into remote parts of the region. The route map (Figure 2.19) of the hill groups indicating possible migration movements was based on his descriptions. In his books, he categorised the hill groups on their topographic locations and their taxation status.

Another colonial resource, the gazetteer report by Hutchinson is widely cited. It had number of misconstrued assumptions and was less informative about the smaller groups. Nevertheless, the gazetteer provides useful data about the geographic area, location of the hill groups, their culture and the first census figures.

Francis Buchanan’s travel description is also a major data source (Hamilton & Van Schendel, 1992) concerning CHT. His travel descriptions compare the hill groups with other hill groups in the Southeast region. He noted a number of hill groups, though geographically located into far-flung areas, share similar culture, language and living style, and even related themselves to same cultural identity.

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Figure 2.19. Movement of CHT hill groups in pre-British era (pre 1860). Source: Author based on (Lewin, 1869)

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After the end of the British rule, when Pakistan Government (1947–1971) came into power, the special Act status was withdrawn. In 1960, part of the region was inundated to make way for a hydroelectric project, resulting into mass displacement and deforestation. This event had massive impact on the whole landscape and its people.

A few geographers and anthropologists came to study the locale and its hill groups during this period. Geographer Sopher came to CHT just before the beginning of the hydro project and published papers, depicting the living style of the hill groups in relation to dwelling types and economy. In his ethnographic study, he classified hill groups into three groups considering the topographic location of their dwellings: Ridge-top, valley and transitional settlements. The following two figures show ridge top village patterns of two hill groups: Lushai and Pankhua (Figure 2.20 to Figure 2.21). Shopher’s classification was similar to Lewin’s observations of the hill groups. Both Sopher and Lewin’s classifications on topographic distributions are combined for comparison in the following figure (Figure 2.22). Claude Levi-Strauss came for a short visit in CHT and published a paper on kinship systems of three tribes (Lévi- Strauss, 1952). Later, Bessaignet worked on the hill groups during his stay as faculty in Pakistan and published number of papers on CHT.

Figure 2.20. Example of Ridge top hill settlements, (Sopher, 1964)

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Figure 2.21. Example of Ridge top hill settlements, (Sopher, 1964)

Figure 2.22. Topographic distribution of hill groups, Source: Author based on (Lewin, 1869; Sopher, 1964)

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Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 and the CHT region came under new rule. The political situation was marked with ethnic conflicts and insurgency continued till late 1990s. Later, the signing of the CHT Peace Accord in 1997 ended the armed struggle. However, even after a decade since the formal peace settlement, many issues remain unresolved (Levene, 1999; Mohsin, 2003; Panday & Jamil, 2009; Roy, 2000).

The majority population of Bangladesh is Bengali (or Bangalee), culturally associated to West Bengal (present State of India), sharing same language, cuisine and culture. The country was part of the Bengal region during the British rule. The country is on a floodplain, crisscrossed by numerous rivers. But, when a traveller visits the country and on the way suddenly discovers that the plains and low lands giving way to mountains and dense forests.

The hilly CHT region is ethnically diverse compared to the mainland population in the plains. Though the hill communities use a number of languages, practice different faiths and follow diverse social practices, they had been cohabiting peacefully in the region for centuries (Brauns & Loffler, 1990; Schendel, 2000; Van Schendel, 1992).

In a relatively recent ethnographic study on the Mru, one of the hill communities, Brauns and Loffler (1990) primarily focused on their social and anthropological aspects. As part of their study they also discussed about the Mru dwellings (Figure 2.23).

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Figure 2.23. Plan of Mru house, Source: (Brauns & Loffler, 1990)

2.4.3 Towns and villages In CHT, generally the three major towns function as natural hub of administration, commerce, education, health and transportation facilities in their own districts. The three major towns are: Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban (Figure 2.24 to Figure 2.26).

Figure 2.24. Khagrachhari town, Khagrachhari district, Source: Google map

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Figure 2.25. Rangamati town, Rangamati district, Source: Google map

Figure 2.26. Bandarban town, Bandarban district, Source: Google map

Compared to the urban areas, it is generally assumed that the villages in rural areas are monolithic in community structure and grouped around a single community. According to a recent report of UNDP (2009), the CHT villages can be grouped into four broad categories: (i) mono-hill group village, (ii) multi-hill group

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village, (iii) mixed village consisting hill group and Bengali, and (iv) Bengali village. The report observes that the majority CHT villages (57%) fall into the first category (mono-hill group). The next significant percentage (20%) represents the second category (multi-hill group), following 16% Bengali only villages and 7% mixed villages of Bengali and hill groups (UNDP-CHTDF, 2009). The following figure (Figure 2.27) from the survey report illustrates the situation in CHT villages.

Figure 2.27. CHT village categories based on communities, Source: (UNDP-CHTDF, 2009)

Though it is usually assumed that towns are more diverse and rural settlements are more monolithic considering diversity, this probably corroborates the ethnographic descriptions of Brauns and Loffler’s.

“If there is anywhere on earth where one can find within an area of a few square miles several groups exhibiting distinctly different cultures, then it is in certain regions of the southern Chittagong Hill Tracts. Here within one and the same mouza (group of villages), one may find four groups speaking completely different languages, building different types of houses, wearing different clothing and following different customs and different religions” (Brauns & Loffler, 1990).

2.4.4 Dwellings In CHT, platform house or stilt dwelling is the most identifiable built form type adopted by all hill groups, and a closer examination reveals each group having its own variant. Whereas, the Bengali house form type is courtyard type house. The hill dwellings are made with bamboo or timber, common in the hilly region. There are variations in functions such as temple, rest-house and store-house. (Brauns & Loffler, 1990; Chakma, 2003; Lewin, 1869; Sopher, 1964). At a community level,

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living in clusters, the hill groups generally prefer two distinct zones: the ridge-top and valley (streamside).

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2.5 SUMMARY

The review on theories of urban morphology and place making reveals that the two systems of knowledge analyse built environment from different perspectives. In analysing global phenomenon like urbanisation, while morphological theories focus on objective aspects of built form, place making emphasises on subjective realities of how people orient themselves to a place. Concerning a place, relating to CHT, they can be combined, as their objective and subjective characteristics complement each other, providing both etic and emic perspectives.

The place has its unique reality. The CHT region and its hill groups have their traditional cultural model and spatial practices. It is apparent that, in the name of development and progress, urbanisation is causing an impasse for these hill groups, if not crisis.

One of the primary issues is control, as Habraken (1998) pointed out that, people with the power of control causes the transformation in built environment. With their loss of political power, the hill groups have been vulnerable to external factors. Concerning cultural aspects, Van Schendel (1992) observed that these factors pushed the hill groups to either opt for ethnic fusion (into Bengali culture) or ethnic persistence (to carry on the traditional system). However, both pathways call for cultural obliteration, in some sense. According to Van Schendel (1992), the hill groups instead went for ethnic innovation (ethnogenesis). From the hill groups’ perspective, this cultural resistance, a sort of internalist resilience approach, is helping them to cope with the external determinants.

It is a different reality concerning settlements. In CHT, the base type dwelling, the platform house or stilt dwelling is a distinct built form followed by all the hill groups. It might be the case that the whole cultural model of built form types of the hill groups is based on this form. There can be transformations and evolutionary types with or without external factors. As urbanisation is exerting external factors there are traces of rapid changes in built form types and spatial practices. Drawing from Gauthier’s (2005) conceptualisation of built form types in typological process, the following conceptual diagram illustrates the relationship between built form types and urbanisation process (Figure 2.28).

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Figure 2.28. the relationship between the built form types and urbanisation process in the CHT hills

In this diagram, it is conceptualised that, from a base type the traditional model of settlement forms and types have been built on. The effects of urbanisation, interacts with the traditional model, thus producing recodified types in urban areas as well as rural area. Urbanisation is having an overarching impact on the settlements of the hill groups. The research will focus on examining the recurrent settlement patterns that covers the traditional built form types and evolutionary types in relation to urbanisation and its effect on the hill groups’ sense of place making.

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Chapter 3: Research Design

The research design chapter intends to connect the literature themes, urban morphology, place making and CHT region within the methodological framework of the research. This chapter describes the design adopted by this research to achieve the research objectives stated in section 1.3 of Chapter 1. The methodology and research design section (section 3.1) discusses the methodology to be used in the study, the stages by which the methodology will be implemented, and the research design. The section 3.2 details the cases and participants in the study; section 3.3 lists all the instruments to be used in the study and justifies their use. The section 3.4 discusses the ethical considerations of the research and its limitations. Finally, section 3.5 outlines the timeline for completion of each stage of the study.

3.1 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1.1 Methodology From preliminary literature review, it is clear that the research borders mostly on the domain of urban studies (architecture/planning/urban design/urban geography). Moudon (1992), drawing on the works of Lewis Mumford, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Donald Appleyard, Amos Rapoport, Edmund Bacon, Jonathan Barnett and Kevin Lynch, identified typology-morphology studies as one of the major concentrations of inquiry in urban research (as cited in Cuthbert, 2006). Kropf (2009) asserted urban morphology as a method of investigation in understanding human settlements. The primary concern of this empirical study is human settlements in a cross cultural context. Therefore, the research adopts urban morphology as its major methodology.

Relating built form with place making, Mugavin (1999, pp. 95-99), drawing from the works on various perspectives: historical (Braudel, Foucault), power realtions (Nancy, Lefebvre) geographic reality (Foucault, Tuan, Soja, Relph, Entrekin), urban sociology (Benjamin, Arendt, Walter), architecture (Derrida, Eisenman, Tschumi), argued that, “urban morphology is in the mainstream of post- modern philosophical debate, although not often explicitly so, but rather implicitly, through its concern with place and form”. He outlined a framework for

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understanding a place in relation to its physical form. The frameworks suggests, in order to understand a city/town, a three phase analysis involves: inductive description of city/town acknowledging its socio-spatial practices; identification of patterns between physical fabric and its occupants along with socio-spatial codes that integrate physical, mental and social concepts of a place; discovery of place through historical review (Mugavin, 1999).

On a similar note, Kostoff (1999) argued that familiarity or precise knowledge of cultural conditions is essential for correct reading of settlement form. He stressed on doing deductive (historical) review of documents and maps following inductive field observation methods to develop an understanding of the cultural conditions. According to his (1999, p. 10) own words,

“Walking in an old town centre, sketching it and thinking about it, is instructive in a direct way. It is the first indispensible step. But it will not tell us what really happened until we turn to the archives, the history books, the old maps – until we assemble all the evidence, some of it often contradictory, that will happen to explain how a particular downtown got the look it now has”.

On another perspective, from a methodological point of view, articulation of research questions lead to particular objectives, research strategies and methodologies. The research strategies provide a starting point for answering the research questions. According to Blaikie (2007, 2009) selection of research strategies depend on both theoretical and practical considerations, such as, overall research aim, training and familiarity in particular research traditions, available resources and constraints. The same factors are also applicable for selecting methodologies or tactics. In architectural research, for a given study a variety of strategies and methodologies can be adopted while keeping coherence and consistency within a particular system of inquiry(Groat & Wang, 2002).

Research strategies In this research, the first three questions are more of explorative nature. This research will adopt inductive research strategy for them to explore the built forms and spatial patterns in particular context.

The fourth research question will require abductive strategy to explore the hill groups’ understanding and meaning of their settlements.

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For the final question, the research will adopt deductive strategy to evaluate the underpinnings of urban morphology theories considering this particular context.

Theoretical framework To define theory, Moore (as cited in Groat & Wang, 2002, p. 75) asserted it as “a set of interrelated concepts held as an explanation for observable phenomena by recourse to unobserved, more abstract principles”. Groat and Wang (2002, p. 75) summarises theory in relation to methodologies: “Theories tend to offer generalized descriptions about a condition that claim to fit all instances of the behaviour of that condition. Research methodologies, however, tend to be much more specific. At the level of research strategy, a specific ‘way of knowing’ the world is usually selected to test the claims of a theory. Depending upon the theory in question, there are usually ‘good fits’ between that theory and the research strategy chosen to test it”.

In this research, urban morphology is adopted as the overarching theoretical footing. From the literature review, two morphological theories are selected for this study: typological process and town-plan analysis. The two approaches are mutually complementary. The first one focuses on evolution of building types and the second emphasises on development process. Simply put, the first process is more of atomistic and the second is more of holistic. Kropf (2009) contends that using physical form of human settlements as common reference aspect to overlay or co- ordinate different approaches will provide a more coherent understanding of the built environment. A conceptual diagram (Figure 3.1) shows how these two theories relate in context to place.

Figure 3.1. Conceptual diagram of morphological theories in relation to place

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Research methodologies Concerning methodologies, there is scope to combine methodologies appropriate for achieving particular research objectives. Discussing general research methodology in the domain of architectural research, Groat and Wang (2002) identified seven major research types (Figure 3.2). The qualitative research is one of them. The origin of qualitative research approach lies in the social sciences. For qualitative research, Denzin and Lincoln (1998, p. 3) put forward the following generic definition: “Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials”.

Figure 3.2. Types of architectural research methods, Source: (Groat & Wang, 2002)

The qualitative research has four key characteristics: emphasis on natural settings, focus on interpretation and meanings, focus on how the respondents make sense of their own circumstances and use of multiple tactics (Groat & Wang, 2002, pp. 176-177). For selecting a general research methodology, the multi-tactic character of qualitative study offers the flexibility to select and adjust research methods as the research unfolds.

One of the research objectives is to discern the socio-spatial patterns of the hill groups. In qualitative research, Tesch (1990) offers a graphic classification of research types based on research interests (Figure 3.3). Phenomenography, which belongs to the discovery of regularities type, can be useful method for the research.

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Figure 3.3. Types of qualitative research, Source: (Tesch, 1990)

The following methodological approaches are going to be adopted in this research are presented in the following table (Table 3.1).

Methodologies Definitions Key theorists

Urban morphology Urban morphology - the study of change in the physical form and Muratori (1959) , shape of settlements over time – focuses on patterns of growth and Caniggia (2001) change (Carmona, Heath, Oc, & Tiesdell, 2010). and Conzen (1960)

Phenomenography Phenomenography is a research method adapted for mapping the Ference Marton qualitatively different way in which people experience, conceptualise (1981), Relph, (in relation to and understand various aspects of , and phenomena in, the world Norberg-Schulz Place making around them (Marton, 1986, p. 31). theories)

Table 3.1. Research methodologies

3.1.2 Research Design Research design is an action plan for getting from the investigator’s research questions to the knowledge derived from the research (Groat & Wang, 2002). The following figure (Figure 3.4) illustrates the stages of research design.

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Figure 3.4. Research design

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.

3.2 CASES AND PARTICIPANTS

For field research, the study has selected 20 neighbourhoods across two towns and two rural regions (across three sub-districts in two districts) in CHT (Appendix C, Map: Bandarban and Rangamati), through a case selection process. In each neighbourhood, the study will examine at least at least eight dwellings.

The dwellers in the specific neighbourhood are the research participants in the field research. As the research involves diverse hill groups, and ethical codes vary among them, rapports will be established prior starting fieldwork. Proper liaison will be done first with relevant gatekeepers in the key organizations, government and non-government, and key informants in the subject communities. Approval from the community gatekeepers will assist access in the settlements keeping obtrusiveness posed by the fieldwork at a minimal level.

3.3 INSTRUMENTS

The field research includes mapping, observation and interviews of the subject settlements. For the mapping, hand drawing and sketching will be done using drawing and measurement instruments. Photographs and videos will be recorded to corroborate with the drawings. The drawings will be processed and finalised using software, such as, AutoCAD and Google Sketchup. For observations and interviews audiovisual instruments will be used. A field diary or note will be kept to document the observations and rough data-set of interviews and conversations.

3.4 ETHICS AND LIMITATIONS

The field study involves observation of human settlements and interviews with the dwellers. After the confirmation of candidature, a low risk human ethics clearance will be requested to QUT Research Ethics Committee. In the field study, the research participants will be informed that their participation is voluntary and their privacy will be protected.

This research will focus on the settlements of the hill groups. The field research will cover selected neighbourhoods in urban and rural areas to observe the hill settlements and the effects of urbanisation on their built forms. The research will also

44 Chapter 3: Research Design

face issues regarding absence of proper documentation, such as, maps and plans of towns and settlements. In this sense, this research on the settlements of the hill groups makes it first of its kind in this region.

Chapter 4: Research Design 45

3.5 TIMELINE

46 Chapter 3: Research Design

Chapter 4: Methods

The methods chapter outlines the data collection and analysis methods to be used in this research. The first section (4.1) outlines the data sources, types and forms. The second section (4.2) discusses the data collection methods to be used. The third section (4.3) describes the data reduction and analysis methods.

Beginning with the articulation of research questions the subsequent research methods are framed in coherence with the research objectives. The following table (Table 4.1) illustrates how the methods – starting from research questions, specific objectives, data sources, types and forms, data analysis methods and relevant methodologies - are identified.

Chapter 4: Methods 47

Research Questions Objectives Data sources Data types and forms Data analysis Methodologies

What are the recurrent To analyse the recurrent Natural social settings: Primary data: Field observation Spatial analysis Urban morphology morphological patterns? morphological patterns fieldwork at urban and (Nonparticipant and participant), field rural sites interviews, drawings, maps, plans and notes

What are the existing To investigate spatial practices Semi-natural settings: Primary data: Interviews (Structured, semi Conversation Phenomenography spatial practices? local informants structured, unstructured) analysis What are the correlations To examine the relationship Natural social settings: Primary data: Field observation Spatial analysis Urban morphology between morphological pattern between culture and fieldwork at urban and (Nonparticipant and participant), drawings, patterns and spatial settlement forms rural sites maps and notes practices?

What are the effects of To examine the effects of Natural social settings: Primary data: Field observation (Participant), urbanisation on the urbanisation on the fieldwork at urban area field interviews, drawings, maps and notes settlement morphology morphological aspects and place making?

To investigate place making of Semi-natural settings: Primary data: Interviews (Structured, narrative Conversation Phenomenography hill groups in relation to their local informants and focus group) analysis settlements Do the morphological To categorise emergent elements Social artefacts: Primary, secondary and tertiary data: Maps, Spatial analysis Urban morphology patterns in the hill publications, archival drawings, plans settlements demonstrate data and mass media the character of an To summarise if the hill Primary, secondary data and tertiary data: Content analysis independent system? settlements show the character Documents, audiovisual materials and of an independent system physical artefacts To recommend planning policies for traditional neighbourhoods

Table 4.1. Research methods

Chapter 4: Methods 48

4.1 DATA SOURCES, TYPES AND FORMS

The research will examine subject settlements in the CHT of Bangladesh. The data will be collected from settlements in both urban and rural sites. The data sources include: field study of dwellings in urban neighbourhoods and rural villages, interviews with local informants/ research participants (dwellers, community elders and area chiefs), and all types of publications (on-site or off site), archival data and mass media (web sites) data.

Primary data will be generated through field observations and interviews. The field observations will include participant observation (the researcher will reside in an urban neighbourhood), non-participant observation (the researcher will visit the neighbourhoods and villages), field interviews, drawings (sketches) and mapping of the settlements. The interviews will include face-to-face interview with dwellers, phone/ face-to-face interview with area chiefs (headmen/ karbari) and focus group interview with area chiefs, community elders.

Secondary and tertiary data sources include publications, monographs, archival data, public/ private documents and mass media. The data includes documents, audiovisual materials (maps, images, audio and video recordings) and physical artefacts (ritual objects).

4.2 DATA COLLECTION

Primary and secondary data will be collected through field study in CHT at a single phase. The field research should take note to the monsoon-type climatic condition of Bangladesh. It has a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter. The hilly CHT region, one of the wettest climates, is subject to severe rainfall during the monsoon (June-September). But there is little or no rainfall in winter (November- February). As some sites are only accessible by waterways, winter is the suitable period for this type of travel. In Bangladesh, generally, winter is the time when many social festivals take place and people go for outdoor activities.

The research will also collect data through collaboration with urban morphology projects in the design studio DAB525 at QUT. A number of towns and cities in South Asia and Southeast Asia have been identified and the projects will

Chapter 4: Methods 49

collect data for comparative studies (Appendix B). These data sources will be analysed later with primary data sources collected from the field sites in CHT.

According to Creswell (2007) the data collection process is best illustrated as a circle of interrelated activities (Figure 4.1). The process begins with locating site, in this case, the neighbourhoods and villages. Rapport will be made with the respective headmen and karbari for gaining a responsive access in the site. In the neighbourhoods, headmen and karbari are the key informants for selecting particular dwellings.

Figure 4.1. Data collection activities, Source: (Creswell, 2007)

In each dwelling, the data collection adopts following methods (Figure 4.2). The methods begins with taking measurements, sketches, notes, photos, videos and hour long interviews with the dwellers. Interviews will be taken after having approval from the research participants. Following that, sketches, photographs and videos will record the existing built form typologies in the neighbourhood. Next a diagrammatic mapping of the area will be done. In later part of data collection, focus group interviews will be organised with participating headmen, karbari and community elders. This will be organised through proper institutions and linkages, such as, hill chief’s office, local cultural institute and headmen association.

50 Chapter 4: Methods

Methods Data source Data form ↓ Measurement of the dwelling Dwelling in a Physical survey notes neighbourhood or village ↓ Sketching, taking photographs/ Dwelling in a Sketches/drawings, videos of the dwelling/ built form neighbourhood or photos and videos village ↓ Interviews with the dwellers Dwellers in the subject Audio and video dwelling recordings (TBC) ↓ Sketching, taking photographs and Dwelling types in each Sketches/drawings, videos of building typologies neighbourhood or photos and videos village ↓ Mapping of the neighbourhood or Neighbourhood or Neighbourhood or village village village maps Figure 4.2. Data collection methods at site

All field sketches, drawings and survey measurements will be stored in a field note. Later the hard data will be scanned and digitised into soft data. The data about the dwellings will be collected using Caniggia’s methods (Figure 4.3). This will facilitate the comparison of base dwelling types and its recodified types. The site photos, videos and audio recordings (if permitted) will be stored for data analysis.

Similar to other field research, there might be some challenges involved. As Cresswell (2007) mentioned a researcher’s observation that there still can be some issues, even the researcher being of same nationality as the participants. However, as the research only focuses on built form and the presence of area chief will be a supporting factor for the interviews.

Chapter 5: Methods 51

Figure 4.3. Caniggia’s comparison of building types by region: Florence, Rome and Genoa, showing changes from base type in three regions, Source: (Caniggia & Maffei, 2001)

4.3 DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS

All field sketches, drawings and survey measurements will be stored. For the spatial analysis, preliminary mapping will be scanned and processed using the AutoCAD and Google Sketchup software. To check the drawings, still photos and videos of the settlements will be used. The drawings and visual materials will be

52 Chapter 4: Methods

analysed using morphological theoretical frameworks. Initial analysis and comparison of data will lead to data reduction and further analysis.

For content analysis, all archival and publication data concerning hill settlements will be interpreted and analysed using the theoretical framework of urban morphology to develop an understanding of the hill settlements.

For all interviews from research participants, the data will be transcribed and formatted to process by NVivo software.

Chapter 5: Methods 53

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

This chapter discusses the case selection process. The first two sections discuss selection criteria (5.1) and methods (5.2). The final section (5.3) outlines the field study schedule, scope for further revision and field research funding concerning the selected cases. The case selection process is illustrated in the following figure (Figure 5.1).

Case selection process

Urban/ rural settings → Selection Criteria

Cultural diversity →

Dwelling ownership →

↓

Selection methods

Figure 5.1. Case selection process

5.1 SELECTION CRITERIA

The research requires an understanding about hill groups’ settlements and the effects of urbanisation on spatial aspects. Therefore, the subject settlements should be inclusive of the following criteria: urban and rural settings, cultural diversity and dwelling ownership.

In order to develop an understanding about the urbanisation effects as well as the settlement patterns, the cases must include settlements from both urban and rural settings. The field research should include all the major hill groups so that the findings represent the majority settlement types and patterns. The subject settlements

54 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

should have high level of dwelling ownership, so that in the field study it will be easier to trace the individual dwellings with ownership. Dwelling ownership is a significant factor, as it ensures the dweller’s involvement on spatial aspects of the dwelling.

5.1.1 Urban and rural settings In order to study the urbanisation effects on the settlements of the hill groups, the field research will include hill settlements in both urban and rural settings. This will show the changes in settlement morphology and types due to urbanisation.

Prior to selection process, the research takes note to the following facts about the study area. The three CHT districts cover a very large area (13,189 sq. km.), one tenth land area of Bangladesh. One of the districts, Rangamati (6116.13 sq. km.) is the largest in the country. The major towns or district headquarter towns are named after their district name and they are: Rangamati (64.75 sq. km.), Bandarban (51.80 sq. km.) and Khagrachhari (67.99 sq. km.). There are few other minor towns which mostly function as market-town for the adjoining rural areas. Apart from the major towns, the minor towns and rural areas are less accessible due to transportation and security issues at the border regions.

5.1.2 Cultural diversity The research aims to become a representative case-study about the hill settlements. Therefore, the research will select number of subject settlements which are inclusive of all the hill groups. This will ensure cultural diversity as well as more typological variations in the findings.

5.1.3 Dwelling ownership Ownership is one of the controlling factors considering the whole design and construction process of a dwelling. Owners generally play the decision making role and shapes the spatial aspects of their own built form, regardless of whoever builds it. Tenants generally do not play any part in the design process. Therefore, the settlement cases will be selected based on high level of dwelling ownership (at least more than 50%). In the field work, for individual dwelling study, only those with ownership status will be selected.

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 55

5.2 SELECTION METHODS

After setting up the selection criteria, the research requires to identify and select the CHT hill groups. Later, the study proceeds to the selection of specific neighbourhoods and villages that satisfy the selection criteria. The selection process includes number of stages. The following figure (Figure 5.2) shows an overview of the case selection process.

Data sources Data types and forms Case selection methods Findings

Publications, ethnographic maps, NGO Ethnographic mapping in a timeline: showing number of hill groups, Total fourteen hill archival data and report, books, monographs populations and geographic locations at district level groups are primarily mass media (ethnographic text) and identified (website) colonial gazetteer ↓

Publications, NGO report, books, Selection of hill groups Eleven hill groups archival data and monographs (ethnographic are selected mass media text), colonial gazetteer and (website) census data ↓

Publications Census data and NGO report Selection of sub-districts: Three sub-districts are selected (with at Mapping hill groups at sub-district level least 8 hill groups) ↓

Publications Census data Selection of neighbourhood and village: Total of 20 settlements are Mapping hill groups starting from ward level (in urban area) and selected: 10 urban union level (in rural area) to neighbourhood and village level. neighbourhood and Using factors, such as, hill group household percentage, religious 10 villages affiliation percentage, ownership and electricity situation ↓

Local Phone interview Revision of selected cases: Revising the cases informants: Checking and updating quantitative data with qualitative data prior headmen or fieldwork karbari

Figure 5.2. Case selection methods

56 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

5.2.1 Ethnographic maps From colonial data sources, Lewin’s (1869) ethnographic narratives about the hill groups, their locations, possible origins and population numbers is a major resource to draw into. Based on these descriptions, the author has prepared an ethnographic map (Figure 5.3) that informs about the ethnic distribution of various hill groups at the beginning of the colonial period.

Figure 5.3. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1869, Source: Author, based on (Lewin, 1869)

The research analyses ethnographic maps from the available data sources to get an understanding about the geographic locations, distributions and numbers of the hill groups in different time periods. The following series of ethnographic maps

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 57

(Figure 5.4 - Figure 5.8) are in the following chronological order: 1901 [prepared by author based on the data from colonial gazetteer (Hutchinson, 1909)], 1951 [prepared by author based on Bessaignet’s (1958) monograph and data], 1960 (Sopher, 1964), 1965 (Brauns & Loffler, 1990) and 2009 [prepared by author based on the data from UNDP(2009) report [for maps with population numbers on (Figure 5.3 to Figure 5.5) refer to Appendix A1-A3].

Figure 5.4. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1901, Source: Author, based on (Hutchinson, 1909)

58 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Figure 5.5. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1951, Source: Author, based on (Bessaignet, 1958)

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 59

Figure 5.6. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1960, Source: (Sopher, 1964)

60 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Figure 5.7. Ethnographic map of CHT, 1965, Source: (Brauns & Loffler, 1990)

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 61

Figure 5.8. Ethnographic map of CHT, 2009, Source: Author, based on (UNDP-CHTDF, 2009)

Based on the ethnographic maps, a timeline table is prepared in order to get an overview about the locations and numbers of the hill communities at district level. The following table (Table 5.1) is used in selecting the hill groups for field study.

62 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Hill group T H Lewin Hutchinson Bessaignet D Sopher Brauns & Loffler (1965) UNDP (2009) (1861) (1901) (1951) (1960) District District District District District District

an linguistic group Ethno- linguistic Banderb Rangamati Khagrachari Banderban Rangamati Khagrachari Banderban Rangamati Khagrachari Banderban Rangamati Khagrachari Banderban Rangamati Khagrachari Banderban Rangamati Khagrachari

Bawm (Mb) 3000 696 977 Lushai (Ml) 25980 1615 3341 Pangkhua (Mp) 3000 144 627 Mru (Mm) 1500 10540 16121 Khumi (Mu) 2000 1469 1951 Shendoo (Ms) ? Not mentioned Not Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned mentioned

Mizo/ Kuki/ Chin group Chin Kuki/ Mizo/ Khyang (My) ? 416 1300 Tripura (Tt) 15000 23341 38257 Murung (Tm) Identified as Not mentioned Identified as Identified as a Identified as Identified as

sub-group Mru distinct group sub-group of Mru of Tripura Tripura and location data Reeang (Tr) Identified as Not mentioned Identified as a Identified as a Identified as Identified as

Tripura group Tripura sub-group distinct group distinct group sub-group of sub-group of of Tripura but no Tripura and Tripura location data location data Chak (Ak) Not Not mentioned Not

mentioned mentioned Marma (Am) ? 31906 65889 Chakma (Ac) 25000 44329 124762 Tangchangya (At) 2500 8313 Arakanese group

Table 5.1. Timeline of ethnic distribution of hill groups

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 63

5.2.2 Selection of hill groups The timeline table (Table 5.1) and available data sources inform number of facts. First, all the hill groups, except for one (Chak/Sak), were settled in the region well past the beginning of colonial rule. The maps indicate that the group named Chak or Sak (Ak) appeared as late as 1960s (Sopher first mentions them). Another group, the Shendu (Ms) or Lakheyr (mentioned by Lewin) totally disappear from the region.

Secondly, it is apparent that there are issues about some groups considering their identity, whether they are distinct groups or just sub-groups of a larger population. For instance, Lewin (1869), Brauns and Loffler (1990) identified the Murung and Riang as sub-groups of the Tripura group, while Sopher (1964) classified them as separate groups. Adding to the confusion, Bessaignet (1958) mentioned the Riang as a distinct group while identifying the Murung with the Mru. The confusion still persists but the debate on anthropological grouping is beyond the scope of this study. However, the knowledge can be useful as it might be indicative of a particular group’s spatial practices compared to its parent group.

Using the timeline table, the research selects the hill groups, who are identified as distinct culture group by available data sources. The eleven hill groups are: Bawm (Mb), Lushai (Ml), Pangkhua (Mp), Mru (Mm), Khumi (Mu), Khyang (My), Marma (Am), Chak (Ak), Chakma (Ac), Tangchangya (At) and Tripura (Tt). For later use in the study, an abbreviated letter form is prepared for each group. The form uses two letters. The first letter in upper case denotes the ethno-linguistic grouping, for instance, A for the Arakanese, M for the Mizo-Kuki-Chin and T for the Tripura group. The second letter in lower case denotes individual group name.

5.2.3 Mapping hill groups at sub-district level After selecting the hill groups, a mapping on their distributions at the sub- district level is prepared in a table format (Table 5.2). In the table, data shows that, Bandarban and Ruma sub-districts from Bandarban district and Rangamati sub- district from Rangamati district cover the most diversity considering the number of hill groups. While Bandarban and Rangamati are the major sub-districts in their respective districts, a rural sub-district like Ruma showing very high diversity is surprising.

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 64

The table also shows that in another district, the major sub-district, Khagrachhari, along with other sub-districts, have very low diversity with three hill groups. The previous timeline table (Table 5.1) also supports the data that, historically, Khagrachhari district always featured less diversity.

The research selects the three sub-districts: Bandarban, Ruma and Rangamati, for further investigations. The following facts and figures provide an overview about them. These three sub-districts cover a total of 2 towns, 18 wards, and 125 neighbourhoods in urban area and 15 unions, 51 mauzas and 628 villages in rural area.

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 65

Table 5.2. Distribution of hill groups at sub-district level

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 66

5.2.4 Mapping hill groups at neighbourhood and village level Selection of sub-districts leads to the next step of selecting the wards (in town) and unions (in rural area) with the most diversity. The recent census (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011) is a major data source for this selection process (Appendix C, Maps and Community Table C12, C13 and C15 on Rangamati and Bandarban). From the census data, three relevant community data tables are used in combination to trace the neighbourhoods and villages. The following figure (Figure 5.9) shows the three community data tables.

Figure 5.9. Community tables, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

The first community data table C12 provides the number of ethnic household, population and major communities at ward and union level. This data table does not provide data at neighbourhood and village level. To supplement this gap in data, the data table C13 and C15 are used. The community data table C15 provides the total household number and tenancy status of the household. This data table has information up to neighbourhood and village level. But, it does not have any category that provides specific data about the hill communities. Another data table C13 provides data on religious affiliations. This data table also has information up to neighbourhood and village level. The data table is useful for identifying ethnic neighbourhoods or villages as the hill groups are predominantly Buddhists in faith followed by Christianity.

These three data tables are used in combination to select the neighbourhoods and villages from the three sub-districts. A general selection framework (Figure 5.10) is developed in using the data tables. However, there is scope for adjustment if situation requires.

In this framework, the three data tables are termed as three factors. At the beginning, the first two factors, data table C12 and data table C15 are used to derive a percentage of ethnic household. This percentage is compared with the population percentage (Religious affiliation: Buddhist/ Christian/ Others) derived from the third factor, data table C13. The corresponding percentages, both at ward or union level,

Chapter 5: Case Selection Process 67

validate the data from data table C13. Based on this comparison, potential wards and unions are identified.

Factor 1: Factor 2: Factor 3: Neighbourhood/ Ward/ Neighbourhood/ village level union level village level data data data

Table C-15 Table C-12 Table C-13 General Ethnic Population by Household & population & Religion ownership Household (B/ C/ O)

↓ ↓ ↓ Total Household Ethnic Percentage Total population Ward/ number → Household → union level number ↕ ↓ Percentage Targeted ← Population

Identification of → ward/ union ←

↓ ↓ ↓ Identification of Comparison of Identification of Neighbourhood other → → → neighbourhood/ ← other / neighbourhood/ village neighbourhood/ village level village village

↓

Selection of neighbourhood/ village Figure 5.10. General selection framework

The identified wards and unions are further investigated at neighbourhood and village level using the data from Factor 1 (data table C15) and Factor 3 (data table C13). The same data are used to identify other neighbourhoods or villages. This produces three sets of data at neighbourhood/ village level: potential wards and unions which have high percentage of ethnic household and community, other identified high number of ethnic communities (Buddhist/ Christian/ Others) in low diversity and ethnic community ward/ union and high level of household ownership status. The comparison leads to the selection of neighbourhoods and villages. This framework is adopted in three sub-districts in selecting case settlements for field study.

68 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Bandarban sub-district The Bandarban sub-district covers 501.99 sq. km. area with a population of 88,282, density of 176 per sq. km. and urbanisation rate 46.93% (national rate 23.30%). It includes one town with 9 wards and 69 neighbourhoods in urban area, and five unions with 16 mauzas and 225 villages in rural area.

In Bandarban sub-district, the first two factors, data table C12 and data table C15 are used to derive a percentage table (Table 5.3) and chart (Figure 5.11) illustrating the situation of ethnic household at ward level. The data on unions shows less diversity. This percentage is compared with the population percentage table (Table 5.4) and chart (Figure 5.12) of religious affiliation derived from the third factor, data table C13. The corresponding percentage tables are compared at ward level. As both data are at the same level, the corresponding results also validate the data from data table C13. The data identifies some wards with higher percentage of hill groups thus having better possibility of diversity.

Ward Percentage C-12 (Factor 2) C-15 (Factor1) number Hill group Household Hill group Household Total Household number percentage number Ward No-1 26% 177 686 Ward No-2 15% 130 850 Ward No-3 19% 132 699 Ward No-4 26% 182 688 Ward No-5 71% 812 1146 Ward No-6 12% 178 1479 Ward No-7 1% 10 801 Ward No-8 4% 33 766 Ward No-9 12% 151 1211

Table 5.3. Hill group household percentage, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Chapter 6: Case Selection Process 69

Figure 5.11. Hill group Household percentage, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Ward Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) number Community percentage Community population Total (by Religion, B/ C/ O) (by Religion, B/ C/ O) Population Ward No-1 31% 1243 3996 Ward No-2 14% 635 4511 Ward No-3 28% 982 3561 Ward No-4 33% 1145 3507 Ward No-5 77% 4150 5395 Ward No-6 15% 1112 7424 Ward No-7 2% 65 3656 Ward No-8 4% 155 3654 Ward No-9 12% 683 5730 Table 5.4. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Figure 5.12. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

70 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

The identified wards are further investigated at neighbourhood and village level using the data from Factor 1 (data table C15) and Factor 3 (data table C13). The same data are used to identify other neighbourhoods or villages. Finally, five neighbourhoods (Table 5.5) distributed across two wards, are selected for field study.

Ward Neighbourhood Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) C-15 (Factor1) number Community Community Total Total Ownership percentage (by population (by Population Household Religion, B/ C/ O) Religion, B/ C/ O) number Ward Tripura para 97% 169 174 36 92% No-3 Ward Kayang Area No-5 96% 120 125 8 63% Madhyam para 82% 1955 2376 551 56% Rajbari area 59% 159 268 58 55% Ujani para 84% 1257 1490 303 53% Table 5.5. Selected Neighbourhoods, Bandarban, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Ruma sub-district The Ruma sub-district, with a population of 29, 098, density of 59 per sq. km. and urbanisation rate 1.25%, is a rural area. It covers 492.09 sq. km. area, including one urban neighbourhood, and four unions with 14 mauzas and 225 villages as rural area.

In this area, the data table C12 shows that there is no hill population in the only urban neighbourhood. It also shows except for one union there is very low diversity. Only the Ruma union has the most number of hill populations with considerable diversity. Therefore, concerning this sub-district the selection process can begin with identification of the union.

Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) C-15 (Factor1) Village Community Community Total Total Ownership Electricity percentage (by population (by Population Household Religion, B/ C/ O) Religion, B/ C/ O) number

Betel para 100% 646 646 120 100% 98% Asrom para 100% 294 294 60 72% 97% Eden para 100% 153 153 30 100% 100% Lon zhiri para 100% 97 97 25 100% 92% Eden road para 97% 138 142 32 84% 97% Table 5.6. Selected villages, Ruma, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Chapter 6: Case Selection Process 71

The Ruma union has 89 villages. On these villages, the population percentages of religious affiliation are derived from the data table C13 (Factor 3). This percentage is compared with ownership level and electricity situation from data table C15 (Factor 1). The table (Table 5.6) shows five villages having high level in all the factors. These identified villages are selected for the field study.

Rangamati sub-district The Rangamti sub-district covers 546.48 sq. km. area with a population of 1,24,728, density of 228 per sq. km. and urbanisation rate 67.35%. It includes one town with 9 wards and 55 neighbourhoods of urban area, and 6 unions with 21 mauzas and 178 villages of rural area.

In Rangamati sub-district, the data on rural area from data table C12 shows only one union includes considerably large hill population while having reasonable number in diversity. As urban area, the wards of Rangamati sub-district show considerable diversity. Therefore, considering this sub-district, both urban wards and the rural union are identified for further investigations.

Beginning with the urban area, the first two factors, data table C12 and data table C15 are used to derive a percentage table (Table 5.7) of ethnic household at ward level. Following that, the population percentage table (Table 5.8) of religious affiliation derived from the third factor, data table C13 is compared with the previous percentage. Comparison of both percentage tables, as they are at the same level, and corresponding results validate the data from data table C13. The data shows number of wards having high percentage of hill communities indicating better possibility of diversity. Next, ten urban neighbourhoods are identified across five wards for further investigations.

72 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Ward Percentage C-12 (Factor 2) C-15 (Factor1) number Hill group Household Hill group Household Total Household number percentage number Ward No-1 4% 73 1561 Ward No-2 5% 94 1881 Ward No-3 22% 312 1402 Ward No-4 6% 108 1782 Ward No-5 38% 503 1338 Ward No-6 51% 975 1905 Ward No-7 19% 438 2317 Ward No-8 58% 1918 3297 Ward No-9 49% 1103 2264 Table 5.7. Hill group household percentage, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Figure 5.13. Hill group household percentage, Rangamati , Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Ward Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) number Community percentage Community population Total (by Religion, B/ C/ O) (by Religion, B/ C/ O) Population Ward No-1 4% 369 8222 Ward No-2 6% 574 9258 Ward No-3 27% 1747 6357 Ward No-4 6% 541 8420 Ward No-5 38% 2281 6036 Ward No-6 55% 5062 9186 Ward No-7 21% 2198 10675 Ward No-8 61% 9158 14988 Ward No-9 46% 4947 10858 Table 5.8. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

Chapter 6: Case Selection Process 73

Figure 5.14. Community percentage (by Religion, Buddhist/ Christianity/ Others), Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

The identified wards are further investigated at neighbourhood and village level using the data from Factor 1 (data table C15) and Factor 3 (data table C13). The same data are used to identify other neighbourhoods or villages. Finally, considering all available factors, five neighbourhoods (Table 5.9) distributed across two wards are selected for field study.

Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) C-15 (Factor1) Ward Neighbourhood number Community percentage (by Total Household Ownership Religion, B/ C/ O) number

Ward No-5 Tangchanga para 85% 215 84% Belai chari 99% 80 99%

Ward No-8 Tribal Adam 97% 185 65%

Purba Tribal Adam 79% 161 76% Rajbari 89% 546 72% Table 5.9. Selected Neighbourhoods, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

In the rural area, the Balukhali union has 31 villages. On these villages, the population percentages of religious affiliation are derived from the data table C13 (Factor 3). This percentage is compared with ownership level and electricity situation from data table C15 (Factor 1). The table (Table 5.10) shows five villages having high level in all the factors except poor electricity condition. However, the data sources show that the whole union faces issues regarding poor electricity situation. These identified villages are selected for the field study.

74 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Percentage: C-13 (Factor 3) C-15 (Factor1) Village Community Community Total Total Ownership Electricity percentage (by population (by Population Household Religion, B/ C/ O) Religion, B/ C/ O) number

Balukhali Chakma Para 99% 431 433 89 100% 0% Mog Para 99% 78 79 18 94% 0% Lokkana Karbari para 100% 122 122 30 100% 20% Kuki para 100% 184 184 38 100% 50% Jarul Chari para 100% 133 133 27 56% 4% Table 5.10. Selected villages, Rangamati, Source: (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

5.3 FIELD STUDY

5.3.1 Field study schedule At this stage, from three high diversity sub-districts, a total of 10 urban neighbourhoods and 10 villages are selected for field research and further investigations. Among these neighbourhoods and villages, Bandarban sub-district contains five neighbourhoods, Ruma sub-district covers five villages and Rangamati sub-district includes ten neighbourhoods and villages. In the field study, from each neighbourhood or village, eight dwellings will be selected for field observation and its dwellers will be interviewed. This makes a total of 160 dwellings in three sub- districts.

For field study schedule, at this stage, two days of field visit are scheduled considering each settlement. The field visits will spend at least two hours for observation and interviews in each dwelling. Adding time for focus group interviews and some reserve days, a total of eight weeks of preliminary field research schedule is proposed. The following table (Table 5.11) illustrates the field study schedule.

Prior starting for the field work in each settlement, a rapport will be made with the respective area headmen and village karbari. This will ensure minimal obtrusiveness as well as responsive environment in the field.

5.3.2 Scope for revision It is to be noted that, before starting for the field research (after ethics approval) further investigations on these cases will be based on phone interview of research informants, such as headmen or other community elders. This qualitative

Chapter 6: Case Selection Process 75

data will validate the quantitative data. In such case, there is scope for revision on the selected cases. There is also scope for further checking at the beginning of the field work through face-to-face interview with the informants (in case, if any of the informants are not reachable through phone interview).

5.3.3 Funding for field research This research is funded through Australia Awards scholarship (Australian Leadership Award) by AusAid. Therefore, along with the usual university funds, there is specific fund for this research to do field survey and get research support facilities.

Field study schedule Neighbourhood and village observations & interviews Bandarban Town: 1 Ward: 2 Neighbourhood: 5 Dwelling: 5X 8H = 40 dwellings Days: (5X2) = 10 days Hr: 40H X 2Hr = 80 Hr

Ruma Ward:1 Union: 1 Mauza:1 Village: 5 Dwelling: 5X 8H = 40 dwellings Days: (5X2) = 10 days Hr: 40H X 2Hr = 80 Hr

Rangamati Town:1 Ward: 2 Neighbourhood: 5 Dwelling: 5X 8H = 40 dwellings Days: (5X2) = 10 days Hr: 40H X 2Hr = 80 Hr

U nion: 1 Mauza:3 Village: 5 Dwelling: 5X 8H = 40 dwellings Days: (5X2) = 10 days Hr: 40H X 2Hr = 80 Hr

40 days 320 Hr Focus group interviews 6 days 20 Hr Liasion & reserve days 10 days 80 Hr Total 160 dwellings (8 weeks) 56 days (7.5 Hr per day) 420 Hr Table 5.11. Field study schedule

76 Chapter 5: Case Selection Process

Chapter 6: Conclusions

This chapter contains brief conclusions at this stage of research and report on the engagements in scholarly activities in the first year of candidature.

6.1 CONCLUSIONS TO DATE

The study begins concerning the loss of traditional building culture of the hill groups in relation to urbanisation in CHT. The overarching aim of this study is to examine the built landscape of a distinct culture area. The research situates itself in the urban morphology discipline and intends to focus on the internalist approach of morphological theory. The research adopts urban morphology as the theoretical framework for spatial analysis of the dwellings and built forms. The research will adopt phenomenography as a method in relation to place making theory to develop an understanding about the subjective views of the dwellers about their settlements.

At this stage of research, the study already developed a framework of methods to select cases (preliminary), based on both qualitative and quantitative data. Through this case selection process, using qualitative (maps, ethnographic descriptions) and quantitative data (census data), the research has identified 20 urban and rural neighbourhoods, across three sub-districts in two districts (Appendix C, Map).

In each neighbourhood the research will examine at least eight dwellings and have interviews with the dwellers. This will reveal the settlement pattern of the neighbourhoods. The cases are selected so that the neighbourhoods will cover the settlements of the targeted hill groups. There is scope for cross-checking with more qualitative data, like phone interviews with local informants to finalise the neighbourhoods. In field research, the study will use data collection methods that will point towards the spatial aspects of the settlement forms and built form types. Along with it, the qualitative data of interviews will attempt to capture the dwellers’ understandings about their built environment and how they relate to it, their sense of place making.

References/ Bibliography 77

The research situates itself to the framework of cross-cultural study in urban morphology and area studies (analytical framework with the geographical concept of Zomia).

78 References/ Bibliography

6.2 FIRST YEAR OF CANDIDATURE

Course Work

o IFN001: Advanced Information Retrieval Skills (AIRS) [Grade: 7, Mark: 95%]

o Introductory Academic Program, by Language and Learning services o Research Master Class, by Dr. Gillian Lawson o Language development Program, by Karyn Gonano Tutoring

o DAB 525: Architecture and the City, Semester 1, 2012 o DAN 110: Architectural Theory and Research, Semester 1, 2012 o DAN 220: Architectural Theory and Research, Semester 2, 2012 o DAB 525: Architecture and the City, Semester 1 (commencing), 2012 Conferences

o IGNITE12! QUT Creative Industries Postgraduate Student Conference, QUT, 31 October - 2 November, 2012 Paper presented: Wedged between Continuity and Change: Typomorphology of the traditional hill settlements in Chittagong Hill Tracts

o 20th International Seminar on Urban Form, QUT, 17 - 20 July, 2013 Abstract submitted: Dwellings in the Borderland: a morphological study of traditional settlements in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Scholarly activities Guest critic

o DAB 110: Architectural Design 1, Course coordinator: Glenda Caldwell, Final review, 12 June, 2012

o DAB 710, Architectural Design 7, Course coordinator: Susan Loh, Final review, 14 June, 2012

Lectures

o DAB 420: Architecture, Culture and Space, Course coordinator: Dr. Anoma Kumarasuriyar, Lecture series, 2012

References/ Bibliography 79

Workshops

o Writing workshops, CIF, by Denise Scott PhD confirmation seminars

o Sustainable Energy Landscapes: Analysing Energy paradigms in Public Open Space, by Kaan Ozgun (PhD candidate), 2012

o Datascapes: The Representation of Cultural Landscapes in Australia and China, by Chen Yang (PhD candidate), 2012

o Slums, suburbia and self-organisation: A socio-spatial examination of planned and unplanned urban settlement, by Michael Mariott (PhD candidate), 2013

o A Water Urbanist approach to living with flooding in Can Tho province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Nguyen Phuong Nga, 2013

Professional activities

o Deicke Richards: Leadership Internship Module, Urban design group, Organisation supervisor: Cameron Davies, 5 November – 21 December, 2012

80 References/ Bibliography

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Appendices

Appendix A1 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1869

Appendices 85

Appendix A2 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1901

86 Appendices

Appendix A3 Ethnographic map of CHT, 1951

Appendices 87

Appendix B City list: DAB 525

88 Appendices DAB525 – ARCHITECTURE AND THE CITY

9. Southeast Asia – Regional capital cities Face-to-face Studio Room J201/2 Southeast Asia is a complex region, where really different ethnicities share the same landscapes. Historic kingdoms and contemporary powers have settled cities to administer the territory; colonial empires have also left a legacy in the urban form of these administrative towns.

Mandalay, Burma 1,234,000 Sittwe, Burma 181,000 Hakha, Burma 20,000 Bago, Burma 220,000 Luang Prabang, Laos 50,000 Pakse, Laos 87,000 Thakhek, Laos 35,000 Vientiane, Laos 754,000 Đà Nẵng, Vietnam 887,069 Đà Lạt, Vietnam 209,301 Buôn Ma Thuột, Vietnam 300,000 Huế, Vietnam 340,000 Siem Reap, Cambodia 174,265 Battambang, Cambodia 180,853 Kampong Cham, Cambodia 118,242 Pailin, Cambodia 70,482 Hat Yai, Thailand 157,359 Chiang Mai, Thailand 148,477 Chiang Rai, Thailand 199,699 Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 105,417

Page 9

Appendix C Census Data, 2011 (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011)

o District Map: Bandarban o Table C-12: Distribution of Ethnic households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

o Table C-13: Distribution of population by Religion, Residence and Community

o Table C-15: Distribution of General households by source of Drinking Water, Electricity connection and Housing Tenancy status, by Residence and Community

o District Map: Rangamati o Table C-12: Distribution of Ethnic households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

o Table C-13: Distribution of population by Religion, Residence and Community

o Table C-15: Distribution of General households by source of Drinking Water, Electricity connection and Housing Tenancy status, by Residence and Community

90 Appendices 14- BANDARBAN

91- RUMA Table C-12 : Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

Ethnic Administrative Unit UN / MZ / Ethnic Population in Main Groups ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Population WA MH Community Households Both Male Female Marma Mro Tripura Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 Bandarban Zila Total 36676 172401 87670 84731 77477 38021 20685 36218 03 1 Bandarban Zila 32057 151202 76981 74221 64444 36984 19178 30596 03 2 Bandarban Zila 2429 11335 5666 5669 8003 133 986 2213 03 3 Bandarban Zila 2190 9864 5023 4841 5030 904 521 3409 03 04 Alikadam Upazila Total 4021 21327 10955 10372 4046 11599 3079 2603 03 04 1 Alikadam Upazila 3588 19287 9898 9389 3244 11328 2946 1769 03 04 2 Alikadam Upazila 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 04 3 Alikadam Upazila 433 2040 1057 983 802 271 133 834 03 04 31 Alikadam Union Total 2768 15016 7717 7299 1286 9702 2374 1654 03 04 31 1 Alikadam Union 2335 12976 6660 6316 484 9431 2241 820 03 04 31 2 Alikadam Union 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 04 31 3 Alikadam Union 433 2040 1057 983 802 271 133 834 03 04 63 Chokhyong Union Total 1253 6311 3238 3073 2760 1897 705 949 03 14 Bandarban Sadar Upazila Total 8887 39812 20167 19645 22978 5829 1423 9582 03 14 1 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 7082 31202 15880 15322 17484 5724 543 7451 03 14 2 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 1805 8610 4287 4323 5494 105 880 2131 03 14 Bandarban Paurashava 0 03 14 01 Ward No-01 Total 177 1066 472 594 751 0 56 259 03 14 02 Ward No-02 Total 130 702 433 269 106 0 170 426 03 14 03 Ward No-03 Total 132 545 277 268 258 0 222 65 03 14 04 Ward No-04 Total 182 804 383 421 588 25 10 181 03 14 05 Ward No-05 Total 812 3882 1858 2024 2917 61 310 594 03 14 06 Ward No-06 Total 178 803 431 372 472 0 70 261 03 14 07 Ward No-07 Total 10 30 17 13 12 4 10 4 03 14 08 Ward No-08 Total 33 151 87 64 29 13 29 80 03 14 09 Ward No-09 Total 151 627 329 298 361 2 3 261 03 14 15 Bandarban Union Total 1426 6038 3173 2865 3606 0 220 2212 03 14 31 Kuhalong Union Total 2029 8225 4174 4051 6094 10 219 1902 03 14 47 Rajbila Union Total 1885 7624 3868 3756 6074 4 0 1546

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 1 of 3 Table C-12 : Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

Ethnic Administrative Unit UN / MZ / Ethnic Population in Main Groups ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Population WA MH Community Households Both Male Female Marma Mro Tripura Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 14 63 Suwalak Union Total 980 4928 2489 2439 1687 1590 5 1646 03 14 79 Tankabati Union Total 762 4387 2176 2211 23 4120 99 145 03 51 Lama Upazila Total 5802 27006 13630 13376 13752 7267 5314 673 03 51 1 Lama Upazila 5178 24281 12251 12030 11243 7239 5208 591 03 51 2 Lama Upazila 624 2725 1379 1346 2509 28 106 82 03 51 Lama Paurashava 0 03 51 01 Ward No-01 Total 55 208 88 120 194 0 0 14 03 51 02 Ward No-02 Total 13 40 24 16 26 5 2 7 03 51 03 Ward No-03 Total 126 508 239 269 442 9 24 33 03 51 04 Ward No-04 Total 4 10 7 3 0 4 0 6 03 51 05 Ward No-05 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 51 06 Ward No-06 Total 116 567 276 291 559 0 0 8 03 51 07 Ward No-07 Total 115 496 273 223 397 8 80 11 03 51 08 Ward No-08 Total 55 273 144 129 270 0 0 3 03 51 09 Ward No-09 Total 140 623 328 295 621 2 0 0 03 51 15 Aziznagar Union Total 167 861 442 419 472 125 247 17 03 51 27 Faitang Union Total 516 2405 1196 1209 2054 47 247 57 03 51 31 Fasyakhali Union Total 959 4552 2269 2283 2361 888 1133 170 03 51 47 Gajalia Union Total 1669 7411 3736 3675 3414 2019 1779 199 03 51 63 Lama Union Total 523 2618 1335 1283 580 1233 805 0 03 51 68 Rupshipara Union Total 853 3895 2013 1882 2226 1469 175 25 03 51 79 Sarai Union Total 491 2539 1260 1279 136 1458 822 123 03 73 Naikhongchhari Upazila Total 2399 11582 5817 5765 4351 1822 305 5104 03 73 1 Naikhongchhari Upazila 2042 9914 5043 4871 3871 1822 305 3916 03 73 3 Naikhongchhari Upazila 357 1668 774 894 480 0 0 1188 03 73 19 Baishari Union Total 601 2877 1446 1431 1265 465 128 1019 03 73 38 Dochhari Union Total 371 1999 1030 969 157 1357 177 308 03 73 57 Ghumdum Union Total 547 2705 1403 1302 131 0 0 2574 03 73 76 Naikhongchhari Union Total 880 4001 1938 2063 2798 0 0 1203

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 2 of 3 Table C-12 : Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

Ethnic Administrative Unit UN / MZ / Ethnic Population in Main Groups ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Population WA MH Community Households Both Male Female Marma Mro Tripura Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 73 76 1 Naikhongchhari Union 523 2333 1164 1169 2318 0 0 15 03 73 76 3 Naikhongchhari Union 357 1668 774 894 480 0 0 1188 03 89 Rowangchhari Upazila Total 5719 24745 12617 12128 14300 1292 2019 7134 03 89 1 Rowangchhari Upazila 4664 20207 10249 9958 11531 1292 1633 5751 03 89 3 Rowangchhari Upazila 1055 4538 2368 2170 2769 0 386 1383 03 89 19 Alikhong Union Total 1139 4906 2487 2419 2319 0 683 1904 03 89 38 Nowa Patang Union Total 1058 4289 2192 2097 2536 0 590 1163 03 89 57 Rowangchhari Union Total 1835 8273 4280 3993 4361 0 395 3517 03 89 57 1 Rowangchhari Union 780 3735 1912 1823 1592 0 9 2134 03 89 57 3 Rowangchhari Union 1055 4538 2368 2170 2769 0 386 1383 03 89 76 Tarachha Union Total 1687 7277 3658 3619 5084 1292 351 550 03 91 Ruma Upazila Total 5427 26503 13618 12885 9598 5364 3002 8539 03 91 1 Ruma Upazila 5427 26503 13618 12885 9598 5364 3002 8539 03 91 2 Ruma Upazila 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 91 19 Ghalangya Union Total 1002 5538 2831 2707 1060 3363 841 274 03 91 38 Paindu Union Total 1254 5707 2883 2824 3402 4 0 2301 03 91 57 Remakri Pransa Union Total 947 5150 2610 2540 70 1278 1447 2355 03 91 76 Ruma Union Total 2224 10108 5294 4814 5066 719 714 3609 03 91 76 1 Ruma Union 2224 10108 5294 4814 5066 719 714 3609 03 91 76 2 Ruma Union 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 95 Thanchi Upazila Total 4421 21426 10866 10560 8452 4848 5543 2583 03 95 1 Thanchi Upazila 4076 19808 10042 9766 7473 4215 5541 2579 03 95 3 Thanchi Upazila 345 1618 824 794 979 633 2 4 03 95 19 Balipara Union Total 1009 4528 2323 2205 2543 344 1100 541 03 95 38 Remakry Union Total 1236 5926 2983 2943 2835 599 1822 670 03 95 57 Thanchi Union Total 1351 6642 3401 3241 1938 2914 1191 599 03 95 57 1 Thanchi Union 1006 5024 2577 2447 959 2281 1189 595 03 95 57 3 Thanchi Union 345 1618 824 794 979 633 2 4 03 95 76 Tindu Union Total 825 4330 2159 2171 1136 991 1430 773

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 3 of 3 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 04 63 852 29 1 Roheni Karbari Para 142 0 0 0 142 0 03 04 63 852 30 1 Bosudeb Karbari Para 258 26 0 0 232 0 03 04 63 852 31 1 Banopur Chakma Para 118 24 0 0 94 0 03 14 Bandarban Sadar Upazila Total 88282 39600 6862 4511 33051 4258 03 14 1 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 46848 14419 779 3183 24306 4161 03 14 2 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 41434 25181 6083 1328 8745 97 03 14 Bandarban Paurashava 03 14 01 Ward No-01 Total 3996 2155 598 145 1080 18 03 14 01 061 2 *Balaghata Para 1373 690 84 46 553 0 03 14 01 160 2 *Balaghata Bazar 867 390 184 32 252 9 03 14 01 560 2 *Paschim Balaghata (Part) 1426 778 303 67 269 9 03 14 01 705 2 *Police Line Area 330 297 27 0 6 0 03 14 02 Ward No-02 Total 4511 3489 387 8 627 0 03 14 02 013 2 *Akhong Ziree 694 483 103 0 108 0 03 14 02 080 2 *Anath Ashram 141 116 5 0 20 0 03 14 02 200 2 *Chitra Sen Baidya Para 140 124 4 0 12 0 03 14 02 400 2 *Horticulture 115 109 0 0 6 0 03 14 02 500 2 *Tripura Knati Karbari Para 234 42 10 0 182 0 03 14 02 561 2 *Paschim Balaghata(Part) 549 527 14 0 8 0 03 14 02 710 2 *Shail Sova 1229 797 183 5 244 0 03 14 02 998 2 *Cantonment Area 1409 1291 68 3 47 0 03 14 03 Ward No-03 Total 3561 1907 672 264 702 16 03 14 03 210 2 *Brick Field 129 24 100 0 5 0 03 14 03 320 2 *Razar Ghoda Sisusadan 553 266 25 34 212 16 03 14 03 425 2 *Jele Para 304 42 262 0 0 0 03 14 03 440 2 *Kashem Para 400 345 45 9 1 0 03 14 03 461 2 *Kalaghata Para 267 194 9 11 53 0 03 14 03 470 2 *Kalaghata Bazar 342 312 13 13 4 0 03 14 03 680 2 *Rowanchhari Bus Station 367 156 136 0 75 0 03 14 03 690 2 *Barua Para/Baiua Area 726 330 16 29 351 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 7 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 14 03 760 2 *Tripura Para 174 0 5 168 1 0 03 14 03 830 2 *Ranir Char 50 50 0 0 0 0 03 14 03 858 2 *Rowanchhari Road 249 188 61 0 0 0 03 14 04 Ward No-04 Total 3507 1532 830 72 1064 9 03 14 04 205 2 *Bandarban Bazar 1585 529 318 52 677 9 03 14 04 270 2 *Cinema Hall Area 159 65 53 0 41 0 03 14 04 293 2 *Dhopa Pukur Par 253 117 84 6 46 0 03 14 04 335 2 *Chairman Para 730 369 213 3 145 0 03 14 04 510 2 *Maihyampara(Part) 769 441 162 11 155 0 03 14 04 739 2 *Shahi Mosque Area 11 11 0 0 0 0 03 14 05 Ward No-05 Total 5395 613 632 579 3550 21 03 14 05 209 2 *Barisal Para (Part) 703 408 56 1 238 0 03 14 05 451 2 *Jadhi Para 433 1 16 198 218 0 03 14 05 491 2 *Kayang Area 125 0 5 7 113 0 03 14 05 502 2 *Madhyam Para 2376 103 314 162 1793 4 03 14 05 722 2 *Rajbari Area 268 2 107 22 137 0 03 14 05 868 2 *Ujani Para 1490 99 134 189 1051 17 03 14 06 Ward No-06 Total 7424 4451 1861 163 916 33 03 14 06 180 2 *Banarupa Para 1976 1247 669 12 42 6 03 14 06 192 2 *Banshiapara 486 250 75 0 161 0 03 14 06 263 2 *College Road Area 548 323 54 1 167 3 03 14 06 333 2 *Ghona Para 448 236 137 26 49 0 03 14 06 375 2 *New Golshan 673 251 122 111 189 0 03 14 06 406 2 *Hospital Area 249 179 36 12 22 0 03 14 06 496 2 *Keochin Para 1383 976 160 0 224 23 03 14 06 671 2 *Noapara 403 135 264 0 4 0 03 14 06 773 2 *Siddique Nagar 193 189 4 0 0 0 03 14 06 805 2 *Stadium Aleka 757 420 330 1 6 0 03 14 06 990 2 *Jail 308 245 10 0 52 1 03 14 07 Ward No-07 Total 3656 3481 110 15 50 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 8 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 14 07 052 2 *Army Para 1330 1277 37 15 1 0 03 14 07 278 2 *D.C.Office Area (Police Lin 388 354 29 0 5 0 03 14 07 315 2 *Gorstan Mosque Area 492 459 14 0 19 0 03 14 07 757 2 *Sher-E-Bangla Nagar 1168 1140 5 0 23 0 03 14 07 798 2 *Upazila Parishad Area 278 251 25 0 2 0 03 14 08 Ward No-08 Total 3654 2885 614 64 91 0 03 14 08 209 2 *Barisal Para (Part) 588 472 107 0 9 0 03 14 08 258 2 *Bus Stand 285 273 8 3 1 0 03 14 08 389 2 *Hafazghona 1138 891 168 29 50 0 03 14 08 654 2 *Member Para 1265 949 281 9 26 0 03 14 08 723 2 *Shandarabajepara 378 300 50 23 5 0 03 14 09 Ward No-09 Total 5730 4668 379 18 665 0 03 14 09 026 2 *Amtoli Para 427 335 0 0 92 0 03 14 09 423 2 *Islampur 1198 1010 180 3 5 0 03 14 09 457 2 *Joutha Khamar 125 32 9 0 84 0 03 14 09 464 2 *Kashai Para 239 239 0 0 0 0 03 14 09 474 2 *Kashem Para 1162 1106 27 1 28 0 03 14 09 503 2 *Lalmohan Bagan 216 170 22 8 16 0 03 14 09 542 2 *Langi Para 421 289 11 0 121 0 03 14 09 581 2 *Langir Char 150 138 0 0 12 0 03 14 09 670 2 *Meghla 189 124 16 3 46 0 03 14 09 688 2 *Kabiraj Para 391 361 20 3 7 0 03 14 09 695 2 *Khadya Gudam (Food Godown) 499 374 55 0 70 0 03 14 09 807 2 *Tigar Para 197 12 1 0 184 0 03 14 09 824 2 *Town Primary School Area 516 478 38 0 0 0 03 14 15 Bandarban Union Total 9219 2921 130 824 5271 73 03 14 15 062 1 *Balaghata (Part) 1662 342 17 136 1094 73 03 14 15 062 01 1 Bagan Para 27 0 0 0 27 0 03 14 15 062 02 1 Kataly Para 182 0 0 0 182 0 03 14 15 062 03 1 Lamu Jree Namar Para 164 0 0 3 161 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 9 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 14 15 062 04 1 Joy Mohan Para 92 62 6 0 24 0 03 14 15 062 05 1 Natun Para 7 0 0 0 7 0 03 14 15 062 06 1 Uzi Chhara Para 169 0 0 0 169 0 03 14 15 062 07 1 Manu Head Man Para 71 0 0 0 71 0 03 14 15 062 08 1 Habron Para 133 0 0 133 0 0 03 14 15 062 09 1 Tangpru Para 129 12 8 0 109 0 03 14 15 062 10 1 Mangu Pru Para 182 0 0 0 182 0 03 14 15 062 11 1 Lamu Jiree Upar Para 184 10 0 0 147 27 03 14 15 062 12 1 Brikhang Para 8 0 0 0 8 0 03 14 15 062 13 1 Lamu Jiree Muslim Para 302 246 3 0 7 46 03 14 15 062 14 1 Purba Balaghata 12 12 0 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 1 *Bandarban (Part) 6292 2562 111 687 2932 0 03 14 15 124 01 1 Goaliakhola Para 656 655 1 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 02 1 Uttar Goaliakhola Char 317 317 0 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 03 1 Doluar Bakpara 119 119 0 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 04 1 Rowaja Para 170 0 0 0 170 0 03 14 15 124 05 1 Dalujire Para 64 0 0 0 64 0 03 14 15 124 06 1 Dumkee Para 157 6 0 0 151 0 03 14 15 124 07 1 Bangamura Para 235 235 0 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 08 1 Bichhinnarbag Para 23 18 0 0 5 0 03 14 15 124 09 1 Sitamura Para 134 0 0 0 134 0 03 14 15 124 10 1 Dath Bhanga Para 114 1 0 4 109 0 03 14 15 124 11 1 Tamru Para 70 70 0 0 0 0 03 14 15 124 12 1 Jiniang Para 133 5 10 0 118 0 03 14 15 124 13 1 Lamba Ghona Para 247 11 0 0 236 0 03 14 15 124 14 1 Sat Kamal Para (N) 497 2 4 3 488 0 03 14 15 124 15 1 Kana Bom Para 108 9 0 99 0 0 03 14 15 124 16 1 Reichha Thali Para 695 62 4 0 629 0 03 14 15 124 17 1 Reichha Bazar Alaka 706 622 60 3 21 0 03 14 15 124 18 1 Fisheiri Out Alaka 148 69 0 0 79 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 10 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 91 57 316 21 1 Gadipai Para 164 0 0 164 0 0 03 91 57 316 22 1 Pashing Para 70 0 0 42 0 28 03 91 57 316 23 1 Bishai Para 60 0 0 60 0 0 03 91 57 316 24 1 Lengpu Para 57 0 0 6 0 51 03 91 57 316 25 1 Bathiram Para 83 0 0 83 0 0 03 91 57 316 26 1 Ananga Para 120 0 0 120 0 0 03 91 57 316 27 1 Khaleha Para 75 0 0 38 0 37 03 91 57 316 28 1 Mrangko Para 254 0 0 254 0 0 03 91 57 316 29 1 Lohopara 104 0 0 104 0 0 03 91 57 852 1 *Remakri Pransa 2269 1 2 1870 1 395 03 91 57 852 01 1 Sunsum Para 276 0 0 276 0 0 03 91 57 852 02 1 Nuntiar Para 319 0 0 318 1 0 03 91 57 852 03 1 Thaikang Para 206 0 0 206 0 0 03 91 57 852 04 1 Menpa Para 53 0 0 0 0 53 03 91 57 852 05 1 Kashipai Para 56 0 0 53 0 3 03 91 57 852 06 1 Tindanti Para 251 0 2 249 0 0 03 91 57 852 07 1 Slopi Para 215 1 0 214 0 0 03 91 57 852 08 1 Lengu Para 121 0 0 8 0 113 03 91 57 852 09 1 Chhaikheyoun Para 285 0 0 285 0 0 03 91 57 852 10 1 Tamlu Para 252 0 0 252 0 0 03 91 57 852 11 1 Dula Chan Para 235 0 0 9 0 226 03 91 76 Ruma Union Total 12417 1520 491 3813 5779 814 03 91 76 1 Ruma Union 12054 1174 477 3812 5777 814 03 91 76 2 Ruma Union 363 346 14 1 2 0 03 91 76 497 1 *Koladi 2423 13 0 626 1632 152 03 91 76 497 01 1 Palika Para 232 0 0 0 232 0 03 91 76 497 02 1 Tandhaziri Para 111 0 0 0 111 0 03 91 76 497 03 1 Kraudang Para 112 13 0 0 99 0 03 91 76 497 04 1 Arzun Para 128 0 0 126 2 0 03 91 76 497 05 1 Malenggra Para 117 0 0 0 117 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 50 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 91 76 497 06 1 Bashadew Para 95 0 0 0 95 0 03 91 76 497 07 1 Aungswe Para 76 0 0 76 0 0 03 91 76 497 08 1 Najerat Para 72 0 0 69 3 0 03 91 76 497 09 1 Mong Thoaishing Para 109 0 0 0 109 0 03 91 76 497 10 1 Chinlak Para 106 0 0 4 0 102 03 91 76 497 11 1 Naitong Para 212 0 0 0 212 0 03 91 76 497 12 1 Samakhal Para 256 0 0 0 256 0 03 91 76 497 13 1 Kaotai Para 52 0 0 0 2 50 03 91 76 497 14 1 Rijuk Para 62 0 0 0 62 0 03 91 76 497 15 1 Monlai Para 250 0 0 242 8 0 03 91 76 497 16 1 Thonthom Ziri Para 23 0 0 0 23 0 03 91 76 497 17 1 Mongyo Para 104 0 0 0 104 0 03 91 76 497 18 1 Mong Shanu Para 35 0 0 0 35 0 03 91 76 497 19 1 Kembuya Para 156 0 0 0 156 0 03 91 76 497 20 1 Nangle Para 115 0 0 109 6 0 03 91 76 781 1 *Poli 6485 933 474 2341 2548 189 03 91 76 781 01 1 Saifopara 139 0 0 0 139 0 03 91 76 781 02 1 Battalhem Para 63 0 0 58 5 0 03 91 76 781 03 1 Poli Para 180 0 0 0 180 0 03 91 76 781 04 1 Betel Para 646 0 0 646 0 0 03 91 76 781 05 1 Jungre Para 69 0 0 69 0 0 03 91 76 781 06 1 Monagra Para 15 0 0 0 15 0 03 91 76 781 07 1 Minziri Para 221 0 0 0 221 0 03 91 76 781 08 1 Upazila Elaka Head.Q. 167 114 14 5 34 0 03 91 76 781 09 1 Hatimatha Para 127 0 0 0 127 0 03 91 76 781 10 1 Pailot Para 255 130 30 47 48 0 03 91 76 781 11 1 Jigon Para 100 0 0 87 13 0 03 91 76 781 12 1 Barua Para 267 7 41 19 200 0 03 91 76 781 13 1 Asrom Para 294 0 0 72 218 4 03 91 76 781 14 1 Cauncil Elaka 121 25 11 16 69 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 51 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 91 76 781 15 1 Muslim Para 230 218 1 3 8 0 03 91 76 781 16 1 Thana Para 374 123 6 93 152 0 03 91 76 781 17 1 Guna Para 268 15 48 19 182 4 03 91 76 781 18 1 Eden Para 153 0 0 153 0 0 03 91 76 781 19 1 Lon Ziri Para 97 0 0 0 97 0 03 91 76 781 20 1 Lairopi Para 191 0 0 191 0 0 03 91 76 781 21 1 Ruma Bazar East 217 37 19 32 129 0 03 91 76 781 22 1 Ruma Bazar West 218 133 19 21 45 0 03 91 76 781 23 1 Ruma Bazar North 213 61 77 50 25 0 03 91 76 781 24 1 Ruma Bazar South 218 9 30 52 127 0 03 91 76 781 25 1 College Area 96 55 0 7 34 0 03 91 76 781 26 1 Lebujiri Para 163 0 160 0 3 0 03 91 76 781 27 1 Chairagra Para 110 0 0 37 73 0 03 91 76 781 28 1 Selim Para 58 0 0 47 11 0 03 91 76 781 29 1 Eden Road Para 142 0 4 133 5 0 03 91 76 781 30 1 Borshi Para 43 0 0 0 43 0 03 91 76 781 31 1 Mongshadi 126 0 0 126 0 0 03 91 76 781 32 1 Merakfasha Para 30 0 0 0 30 0 03 91 76 781 33 1 Baygomoni Para 102 0 0 102 0 0 03 91 76 781 34 1 Abashik Elaka 246 6 14 60 166 0 03 91 76 781 35 1 Ring Tuipara 181 0 0 0 0 181 03 91 76 781 36 1 Baitunipara 105 0 0 105 0 0 03 91 76 781 37 1 Crangtong Para 91 0 0 91 0 0 03 91 76 781 39 1 Shadu Mokpara 67 0 0 0 67 0 03 91 76 781 40 1 Mongpo Para 82 0 0 0 82 0 03 91 76 923 1 *Ruma 1573 0 0 724 386 463 03 91 76 923 01 1 Mendui Para 79 0 0 0 0 79 03 91 76 923 02 1 Menron Para 50 0 0 3 0 47 03 91 76 923 03 1 Angga Para 134 0 0 0 0 134 03 91 76 923 04 1 Saikot Para 122 0 0 122 0 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 52 of 60 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 03 91 76 923 05 1 Kulain Para 54 0 0 54 0 0 03 91 76 923 06 1 Litongshe Para 119 0 0 43 76 0 03 91 76 923 07 1 Mongthoyaichin Para 149 0 0 0 149 0 03 91 76 923 08 1 Enam Para 142 0 0 0 0 142 03 91 76 923 09 1 Rumana Para 151 0 0 151 0 0 03 91 76 923 10 1 Bagamuk Para 125 0 0 0 125 0 03 91 76 923 11 1 Bagalek Para 91 0 0 91 0 0 03 91 76 923 12 1 Ochiram Para 85 0 0 85 0 0 03 91 76 923 13 1 Rembuk Para 42 0 0 6 36 0 03 91 76 923 14 1 Mentuk Para 61 0 0 0 0 61 03 91 76 923 15 1 Luthise Para 56 0 0 56 0 0 03 91 76 923 16 1 Dharziling Para 75 0 0 75 0 0 03 91 76 923 17 1 Lalshom Thomg Para 38 0 0 38 0 0 03 91 76 994 1 *Sengum 1573 228 3 121 1211 10 03 91 76 994 01 1 Bottali Para 294 0 0 0 294 0 03 91 76 994 02 1 Amttali Para 100 0 0 0 100 0 03 91 76 994 03 1 Moyour Para 205 0 0 0 205 0 03 91 76 994 04 1 Mongshaiching Para 58 0 0 0 58 0 03 91 76 994 05 1 Nami Para 100 48 0 13 39 0 03 91 76 994 06 1 Thangnum Para 31 0 0 31 0 0 03 91 76 994 07 1 Ruma Char Upar Para 208 26 0 0 182 0 03 91 76 994 08 1 Rumachar Nicher Para 85 0 0 0 85 0 03 91 76 994 09 1 Wikuk Para 23 0 0 23 0 0 03 91 76 994 10 1 Kaikhyong Jhiri Para 163 102 3 0 58 0 03 91 76 994 11 1 Dulujiri Para 144 0 0 2 132 10 03 91 76 994 12 1 Rayal Para 77 7 0 52 18 0 03 91 76 994 13 1 Sengum Para 85 45 0 0 40 0 03 91 76 998 2 *Army Garison (Reserved Area 363 346 14 1 2 0 03 95 Thanchi Upazila Total 23591 1496 387 8577 11300 1831 03 95 1 Thanchi Upazila 21813 1346 377 8348 9955 1787

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 53 of 60 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 04 63 852 22 1 Ishak Para 120 0.0 62.5 37.5 29.2 99.2 0.0 0.8 03 04 63 852 23 1 Naya Para Mog 119 0.0 86.6 13.4 15.1 99.2 0.0 0.8 03 04 63 852 24 1 Kalar Jiri 60 0.0 8.3 91.7 0.0 98.3 0.0 1.7 03 04 63 852 25 1 Mong Paikhy Hadman Para 90 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 04 63 852 27 1 Karmokar Para 39 0.0 43.6 56.4 5.1 94.9 0.0 5.1 03 04 63 852 28 1 Laru Morung Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 04 63 852 29 1 Roheni Karbari Para 29 0.0 6.9 93.1 51.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 04 63 852 30 1 Bosudeb Karbari Para 60 0.0 68.3 31.7 5.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 04 63 852 31 1 Banopur Chakma Para 22 0.0 18.2 81.8 4.5 95.5 4.5 0.0 03 14 Bandarban Sadar Upazila Total 18399 26.8 37.6 35.6 54.3 64.5 27.0 8.5 03 14 1 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 10073 2.4 43.7 54.0 27.8 86.3 5.2 8.5 03 14 2 Bandarban Sadar Upazila 8326 56.3 30.3 13.4 86.4 38.2 53.4 8.5 03 14 Bandarban Paurashava 03 14 01 Ward No-01 Total 686 9.9 88.9 1.2 84.0 30.6 64.4 5.0 03 14 01 061 2 *Balaghata Para 287 11.8 87.1 1.0 84.7 27.2 64.5 8.4 03 14 01 160 2 *Balaghata Bazar 151 5.3 92.7 2.0 90.7 41.1 56.3 2.6 03 14 01 560 2 *Paschim Balaghata (Part) 234 5.1 94.0 0.9 77.8 29.9 67.5 2.6 03 14 01 705 2 *Police Line Area 14 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 03 14 02 Ward No-02 Total 850 28.5 70.6 0.9 88.5 34.0 58.1 7.9 03 14 02 013 2 *Akhong Ziree 162 24.7 72.2 3.1 82.1 51.9 45.1 3.1 03 14 02 080 2 *Anath Ashram 28 7.1 92.9 0.0 67.9 10.7 71.4 17.9 03 14 02 200 2 *Chitra Sen Baidya Para 30 36.7 63.3 0.0 90.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 03 14 02 400 2 *Horticulture 28 35.7 64.3 0.0 92.9 28.6 25.0 46.4 03 14 02 500 2 *Tripura Knati Karbari Para 59 27.1 67.8 5.1 89.8 64.4 28.8 6.8 03 14 02 561 2 *Paschim Balaghata(Part) 120 10.8 89.2 0.0 93.3 33.3 62.5 4.2 03 14 02 710 2 *Shail Sova 273 0.0 100.0 0.0 85.0 37.0 60.4 2.6 03 14 02 998 2 *Cantonment Area 150 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 81.3 18.7 03 14 03 Ward No-03 Total 699 7.2 60.9 31.9 63.2 42.3 39.8 17.9 03 14 03 210 2 *Brick Field 30 3.3 3.3 93.3 33.3 66.7 3.3 30.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 7 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 14 03 320 2 *Razar Ghoda Sisusadan 45 17.8 0.0 82.2 17.8 4.4 11.1 84.4 03 14 03 425 2 *Jele Para 60 3.3 3.3 93.3 60.0 66.7 21.7 11.7 03 14 03 440 2 *Kashem Para 88 0.0 90.9 9.1 70.5 27.3 68.2 4.5 03 14 03 461 2 *Kalaghata Para 58 1.7 98.3 0.0 67.2 19.0 51.7 29.3 03 14 03 470 2 *Kalaghata Bazar 73 15.1 83.6 1.4 93.2 49.3 49.3 1.4 03 14 03 680 2 *Rowanchhari Bus Station 86 14.0 36.0 50.0 88.4 38.4 60.5 1.2 03 14 03 690 2 *Barua Para/Baiua Area 160 1.3 92.5 6.3 47.5 40.0 39.4 20.6 03 14 03 760 2 *Tripura Para 36 36.1 63.9 0.0 97.2 91.7 8.3 0.0 03 14 03 830 2 *Ranir Char 10 0.0 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0 03 14 03 858 2 *Rowanchhari Road 53 0.0 41.5 58.5 60.4 62.3 26.4 11.3 03 14 04 Ward No-04 Total 688 99.0 0.4 0.6 98.3 33.3 53.3 13.4 03 14 04 205 2 *Bandarban Bazar 227 97.4 0.9 1.8 95.6 30.8 40.1 29.1 03 14 04 270 2 *Cinema Hall Area 20 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 25.0 65.0 10.0 03 14 04 293 2 *Dhopa Pukur Par 44 100.0 0.0 0.0 97.7 47.7 52.3 0.0 03 14 04 335 2 *Chairman Para 156 99.4 0.6 0.0 100.0 50.0 46.8 3.2 03 14 04 510 2 *Maihyampara(Part) 237 100.0 0.0 0.0 99.6 23.2 68.8 8.0 03 14 04 739 2 *Shahi Mosque Area 4 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 03 14 05 Ward No-05 Total 1146 90.0 8.8 1.2 92.2 44.7 41.4 14.0 03 14 05 209 2 *Barisal Para (Part) 161 100.0 0.0 0.0 80.7 0.0 46.6 53.4 03 14 05 451 2 *Jadhi Para 65 92.3 7.7 0.0 100.0 12.3 16.9 70.8 03 14 05 491 2 *Kayang Area 8 12.5 87.5 0.0 87.5 62.5 37.5 0.0 03 14 05 502 2 *Madhyam Para 551 92.7 7.1 0.2 96.9 55.9 41.9 2.2 03 14 05 722 2 *Rajbari Area 58 86.2 13.8 0.0 67.2 55.2 41.4 3.4 03 14 05 868 2 *Ujani Para 303 81.8 13.9 4.3 93.1 52.5 42.9 4.6 03 14 06 Ward No-06 Total 1479 71.1 20.4 8.5 89.0 42.4 52.4 5.2 03 14 06 180 2 *Banarupa Para 436 51.4 43.6 5.0 95.2 40.8 54.1 5.0 03 14 06 192 2 *Banshiapara 80 66.3 23.8 10.0 100.0 13.8 85.0 1.3 03 14 06 263 2 *College Road Area 99 100.0 0.0 0.0 96.0 67.7 31.3 1.0 03 14 06 333 2 *Ghona Para 103 98.1 1.0 1.0 94.2 34.0 48.5 17.5

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 8 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 14 06 375 2 *New Golshan 144 99.3 0.7 0.0 99.3 25.0 75.0 0.0 03 14 06 406 2 *Hospital Area 44 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 97.7 2.3 03 14 06 496 2 *Keochin Para 292 62.7 11.3 26.0 63.7 62.3 27.4 10.3 03 14 06 671 2 *Noapara 86 84.9 5.8 9.3 95.3 33.7 65.1 1.2 03 14 06 773 2 *Siddique Nagar 45 4.4 73.3 22.2 55.6 48.9 48.9 2.2 03 14 06 805 2 *Stadium Aleka 150 86.7 13.3 0.0 100.0 44.7 54.0 1.3 03 14 06 990 2 *Jail 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 07 Ward No-07 Total 801 84.3 15.4 0.4 98.8 14.0 85.6 0.4 03 14 07 052 2 *Army Para 298 68.8 30.5 0.7 97.3 14.1 84.9 1.0 03 14 07 278 2 *D.C.Office Area (Police Lin 62 90.3 9.7 0.0 100.0 25.8 74.2 0.0 03 14 07 315 2 *Gorstan Mosque Area 119 80.7 19.3 0.0 98.3 10.1 89.9 0.0 03 14 07 757 2 *Sher-E-Bangla Nagar 263 98.9 0.8 0.4 100.0 13.7 86.3 0.0 03 14 07 798 2 *Upazila Parishad Area 59 98.3 1.7 0.0 100.0 10.2 89.8 0.0 03 14 08 Ward No-08 Total 766 56.3 26.2 17.5 91.6 39.9 56.7 3.4 03 14 08 209 2 *Barisal Para (Part) 130 77.7 5.4 16.9 93.8 36.2 62.3 1.5 03 14 08 258 2 *Bus Stand 52 65.4 7.7 26.9 86.5 28.8 51.9 19.2 03 14 08 389 2 *Hafazghona 226 33.6 44.7 21.7 88.5 42.9 52.7 4.4 03 14 08 654 2 *Member Para 277 71.5 28.5 0.0 100.0 36.5 63.5 0.0 03 14 08 723 2 *Shandarabajepara 81 27.2 12.3 60.5 71.6 56.8 38.3 4.9 03 14 09 Ward No-09 Total 1211 38.0 12.7 49.3 72.9 49.2 40.9 9.9 03 14 09 026 2 *Amtoli Para 87 0.0 0.0 100.0 41.4 66.7 9.2 24.1 03 14 09 423 2 *Islampur 272 46.7 30.1 23.2 89.7 47.1 43.0 9.9 03 14 09 457 2 *Joutha Khamar 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 36.7 60.0 0.0 40.0 03 14 09 464 2 *Kashai Para 52 0.0 1.9 98.1 40.4 92.3 3.8 3.8 03 14 09 474 2 *Kashem Para 242 26.9 3.3 69.8 89.3 41.3 57.4 1.2 03 14 09 503 2 *Lalmohan Bagan 39 0.0 48.7 51.3 43.6 20.5 17.9 61.5 03 14 09 542 2 *Langi Para 99 52.5 5.1 42.4 36.4 84.8 11.1 4.0 03 14 09 581 2 *Langir Char 29 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.4 82.8 13.8 3.4 03 14 09 670 2 *Meghla 15 0.0 0.0 100.0 46.7 53.3 13.3 33.3

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 9 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 14 09 688 2 *Kabiraj Para 93 84.9 15.1 0.0 98.9 20.4 79.6 0.0 03 14 09 695 2 *Khadya Gudam (Food Godown) 118 100.0 0.0 0.0 88.1 20.3 72.0 7.6 03 14 09 807 2 *Tigar Para 43 0.0 14.0 86.0 20.9 86.0 0.0 14.0 03 14 09 824 2 *Town Primary School Area 92 20.7 20.7 58.7 96.7 43.5 50.0 6.5 03 14 15 Bandarban Union Total 2001 1.0 40.3 58.7 34.3 87.5 6.9 5.6 03 14 15 062 1 *Balaghata (Part) 393 0.5 49.6 49.9 25.4 88.0 6.4 5.6 03 14 15 062 01 1 Bagan Para 8 0.0 0.0 100.0 37.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 062 02 1 Kataly Para 49 0.0 0.0 100.0 16.3 98.0 0.0 2.0 03 14 15 062 03 1 Lamu Jree Namar Para 42 0.0 92.9 7.1 31.0 97.6 2.4 0.0 03 14 15 062 04 1 Joy Mohan Para 17 0.0 100.0 0.0 35.3 94.1 5.9 0.0 03 14 15 062 05 1 Natun Para 3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 062 06 1 Uzi Chhara Para 48 0.0 89.6 10.4 4.2 87.5 0.0 12.5 03 14 15 062 07 1 Manu Head Man Para 20 0.0 5.0 95.0 0.0 95.0 0.0 5.0 03 14 15 062 08 1 Habron Para 29 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 062 09 1 Tangpru Para 29 0.0 82.8 17.2 72.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 062 10 1 Mangu Pru Para 46 0.0 2.2 97.8 0.0 95.7 2.2 2.2 03 14 15 062 11 1 Lamu Jiree Upar Para 44 0.0 9.1 90.9 11.4 72.7 11.4 15.9 03 14 15 062 12 1 Brikhang Para 2 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 062 13 1 Lamu Jiree Muslim Para 54 3.7 64.8 31.5 24.1 57.4 31.5 11.1 03 14 15 062 14 1 Purba Balaghata 2 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 14 15 124 1 *Bandarban (Part) 1286 1.4 34.1 64.5 41.1 84.4 8.6 7.0 03 14 15 124 01 1 Goaliakhola Para 118 0.0 46.6 53.4 45.8 78.8 13.6 7.6 03 14 15 124 02 1 Uttar Goaliakhola Char 58 0.0 98.3 1.7 56.9 87.9 6.9 5.2 03 14 15 124 03 1 Doluar Bakpara 21 0.0 42.9 57.1 38.1 71.4 4.8 23.8 03 14 15 124 04 1 Rowaja Para 39 0.0 2.6 97.4 33.3 97.4 0.0 2.6 03 14 15 124 05 1 Dalujire Para 17 0.0 47.1 52.9 0.0 88.2 0.0 11.8 03 14 15 124 06 1 Dumkee Para 37 0.0 97.3 2.7 0.0 97.3 0.0 2.7 03 14 15 124 07 1 Bangamura Para 40 0.0 55.0 45.0 50.0 87.5 5.0 7.5 03 14 15 124 08 1 Bichhinnarbag Para 6 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 10 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 91 57 852 1 *Remakri Pransa 434 0.0 0.0 100.0 42.6 42.9 0.0 57.1 03 91 57 852 01 1 Sunsum Para 52 0.0 0.0 100.0 32.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 57 852 02 1 Nuntiar Para 59 0.0 0.0 100.0 62.7 1.7 0.0 98.3 03 91 57 852 03 1 Thaikang Para 44 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.6 93.2 0.0 6.8 03 91 57 852 04 1 Menpa Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 58.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 57 852 05 1 Kashipai Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 57 852 06 1 Tindanti Para 53 0.0 0.0 100.0 35.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 57 852 07 1 Slopi Para 41 0.0 0.0 100.0 31.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 57 852 08 1 Lengu Para 20 0.0 0.0 100.0 60.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 57 852 09 1 Chhaikheyoun Para 59 0.0 0.0 100.0 59.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 57 852 10 1 Tamlu Para 49 0.0 0.0 100.0 40.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 57 852 11 1 Dula Chan Para 33 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 76 Ruma Union Total 2610 16.4 13.3 70.3 42.8 78.8 17.1 4.1 03 91 76 1 Ruma Union 2597 15.9 13.4 70.7 42.5 79.2 17.2 3.6 03 91 76 2 Ruma Union 13 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 76 497 1 *Koladi 536 21.8 0.6 77.6 14.4 99.4 0.2 0.4 03 91 76 497 01 1 Palika Para 54 0.0 0.0 100.0 29.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 02 1 Tandhaziri Para 27 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 03 1 Kraudang Para 23 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 04 1 Arzun Para 27 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.7 96.3 3.7 0.0 03 91 76 497 05 1 Malenggra Para 25 0.0 0.0 100.0 12.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 06 1 Bashadew Para 19 0.0 0.0 100.0 15.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 07 1 Aungswe Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 33.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 08 1 Najerat Para 14 0.0 0.0 100.0 35.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 09 1 Mong Thoaishing Para 21 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 10 1 Chinlak Para 20 95.0 0.0 5.0 45.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 11 1 Naitong Para 54 1.9 0.0 98.1 1.9 96.3 0.0 3.7 03 91 76 497 12 1 Samakhal Para 72 100.0 0.0 0.0 6.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 13 1 Kaotai Para 11 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 52 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 91 76 497 14 1 Rijuk Para 14 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 15 1 Monlai Para 50 4.0 6.0 90.0 32.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 16 1 Thonthom Ziri Para 5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 17 1 Mongyo Para 29 0.0 0.0 100.0 6.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 18 1 Mong Shanu Para 8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 19 1 Kembuya Para 33 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 497 20 1 Nangle Para 18 0.0 0.0 100.0 44.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 1 *Poli 1371 14.2 24.9 61.0 67.6 65.8 28.4 5.8 03 91 76 781 01 1 Saifopara 35 0.0 0.0 100.0 40.0 97.1 0.0 2.9 03 91 76 781 02 1 Battalhem Para 14 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 03 1 Poli Para 36 0.0 8.3 91.7 36.1 94.4 0.0 5.6 03 91 76 781 04 1 Betel Para 120 50.0 0.0 50.0 97.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 05 1 Jungre Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 16.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 06 1 Monagra Para 5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 07 1 Minziri Para 46 97.8 0.0 2.2 8.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 08 1 Upazila Elaka Head.Q. 37 0.0 89.2 10.8 81.1 2.7 97.3 0.0 03 91 76 781 09 1 Hatimatha Para 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 23.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 10 1 Pailot Para 69 0.0 79.7 20.3 65.2 7.2 84.1 8.7 03 91 76 781 11 1 Jigon Para 11 0.0 9.1 90.9 72.7 54.5 45.5 0.0 03 91 76 781 12 1 Barua Para 57 0.0 3.5 96.5 98.2 89.5 8.8 1.8 03 91 76 781 13 1 Asrom Para 60 1.7 1.7 96.7 96.7 71.7 18.3 10.0 03 91 76 781 14 1 Cauncil Elaka 27 0.0 3.7 96.3 92.6 44.4 55.6 0.0 03 91 76 781 15 1 Muslim Para 46 60.9 6.5 32.6 100.0 80.4 19.6 0.0 03 91 76 781 16 1 Thana Para 36 2.8 88.9 8.3 66.7 36.1 2.8 61.1 03 91 76 781 17 1 Guna Para 59 0.0 94.9 5.1 79.7 59.3 15.3 25.4 03 91 76 781 18 1 Eden Para 30 0.0 96.7 3.3 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 19 1 Lon Ziri Para 25 0.0 100.0 0.0 92.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 20 1 Lairopi Para 42 0.0 0.0 100.0 81.0 42.9 0.0 57.1 03 91 76 781 21 1 Ruma Bazar East 56 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.2 23.2 75.0 1.8

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 53 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 91 76 781 22 1 Ruma Bazar West 57 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 21.1 78.9 0.0 03 91 76 781 23 1 Ruma Bazar North 84 67.9 0.0 32.1 98.8 27.4 72.6 0.0 03 91 76 781 24 1 Ruma Bazar South 48 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 45.8 54.2 0.0 03 91 76 781 25 1 College Area 14 0.0 7.1 92.9 14.3 57.1 42.9 0.0 03 91 76 781 26 1 Lebujiri Para 33 0.0 100.0 0.0 93.9 18.2 81.8 0.0 03 91 76 781 27 1 Chairagra Para 28 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 28 1 Selim Para 14 14.3 0.0 85.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 29 1 Eden Road Para 32 0.0 93.8 6.3 96.9 84.4 15.6 0.0 03 91 76 781 30 1 Borshi Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 31 1 Mongshadi 23 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 32 1 Merakfasha Para 9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 33 1 Baygomoni Para 24 0.0 0.0 100.0 12.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 34 1 Abashik Elaka 36 0.0 100.0 0.0 88.9 16.7 80.6 2.8 03 91 76 781 35 1 Ring Tuipara 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 36 1 Baitunipara 22 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 37 1 Crangtong Para 18 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 39 1 Shadu Mokpara 13 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 781 40 1 Mongpo Para 21 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 1 *Ruma 323 0.0 0.3 99.7 14.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 01 1 Mendui Para 11 0.0 0.0 100.0 18.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 02 1 Menron Para 10 0.0 0.0 100.0 10.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 03 1 Angga Para 20 0.0 0.0 100.0 40.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 04 1 Saikot Para 28 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 05 1 Kulain Para 9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 06 1 Litongshe Para 21 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 07 1 Mongthoyaichin Para 29 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 08 1 Enam Para 28 0.0 0.0 100.0 25.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 09 1 Rumana Para 42 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 10 1 Bagamuk Para 26 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.7 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 54 of 62 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 03 91 76 923 11 1 Bagalek Para 24 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 12 1 Ochiram Para 17 0.0 0.0 100.0 58.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 13 1 Rembuk Para 8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 14 1 Mentuk Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 15 1 Luthise Para 13 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 16 1 Dharziling Para 14 0.0 7.1 92.9 78.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 923 17 1 Lalshom Thomg Para 11 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 1 *Sengum 367 28.1 0.5 71.4 14.7 81.2 15.3 3.5 03 91 76 994 01 1 Bottali Para 65 90.8 0.0 9.2 29.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 02 1 Amttali Para 25 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.0 0.0 4.0 03 91 76 994 03 1 Moyour Para 51 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.1 0.0 3.9 03 91 76 994 04 1 Mongshaiching Para 14 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 05 1 Nami Para 23 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.0 73.9 21.7 4.3 03 91 76 994 06 1 Thangnum Para 8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 07 1 Ruma Char Upar Para 43 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 08 1 Rumachar Nicher Para 19 0.0 10.5 89.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 09 1 Wikuk Para 5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 10 1 Kaikhyong Jhiri Para 48 0.0 0.0 100.0 54.2 4.2 95.8 0.0 03 91 76 994 11 1 Dulujiri Para 38 92.1 0.0 7.9 5.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 91 76 994 12 1 Rayal Para 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 91 76 994 13 1 Sengum Para 19 0.0 0.0 100.0 15.8 73.7 26.3 0.0 03 91 76 998 2 *Army Garison (Reserved Area 13 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 03 95 Thanchi Upazila Total 4774 11.7 6.7 81.6 14.7 91.5 5.6 3.0 03 95 1 Thanchi Upazila 4422 8.3 7.2 84.5 15.4 90.8 6.0 3.2 03 95 3 Thanchi Upazila 352 54.0 1.1 44.9 5.7 99.1 0.3 0.6 03 95 19 Balipara Union Total 1182 24.6 8.1 67.3 19.0 89.3 9.1 1.7 03 95 19 633 1 *Sekdu 356 2.5 9.0 88.5 15.4 99.7 0.0 0.3 03 95 19 633 01 1 Nagandra Para 5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 03 95 19 633 02 1 Balipara 104 0.0 30.8 69.2 35.6 99.0 0.0 1.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 55 of 62 BALUKHALI

87- RANGAMATI Table C-12 : Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

Ethnic Administrative Unit UN / MZ / Ethnic Population in Main Groups ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Population WA MH Community Households Both Male Female Chakma Marma Tanchaynga Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 75 Naniarchar Upazila Total 7876 36290 18428 17862 35314 854 6 116 84 75 1 Naniarchar Upazila 6913 32020 16300 15720 31130 786 6 98 84 75 3 Naniarchar Upazila 963 4270 2128 2142 4184 68 0 18 84 75 19 Burighat Union Total 1548 7181 3635 3546 6382 745 4 50 84 75 38 Ghila Chhari Union Total 1802 8405 4234 4171 8365 31 2 7 84 75 57 Naniarchar Union Total 2220 10239 5230 5009 10131 68 0 40 84 75 57 1 Naniarchar Union 1257 5969 3102 2867 5947 0 0 22 84 75 57 3 Naniarchar Union 963 4270 2128 2142 4184 68 0 18 84 75 76 Sabekhyong Union Total 2306 10465 5329 5136 10436 10 0 19 84 78 Rajasthali Upazila Total 4308 18702 9527 9175 200 10269 4369 3864 84 78 1 Rajasthali Upazila 3852 16942 8675 8267 137 9081 3897 3827 84 78 3 Rajasthali Upazila 456 1760 852 908 63 1188 472 37 84 78 23 Bangalhalia Union Total 1177 5021 2595 2426 101 4255 194 471 84 78 46 Ghila Chhari Union Total 1474 6885 3547 3338 30 618 3126 3111 84 78 71 Gainda Union Total 1657 6796 3385 3411 69 5396 1049 282 84 78 71 1 Gainda Union 1201 5036 2533 2503 6 4208 577 245 84 78 71 3 Gainda Union 456 1760 852 908 63 1188 472 37 84 87 Rangamati Sadar Upazila Total 13187 60835 30589 30246 52445 2309 3149 2932 84 87 1 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 7663 36270 18586 17684 31541 1177 2361 1191 84 87 2 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 5524 24565 12003 12562 20904 1132 788 1741 84 87 Rangamati Paurashava 0 84 87 01 Ward No-01 Total 73 308 155 153 179 10 0 119 84 87 02 Ward No-02 Total 94 522 220 302 356 35 0 131 84 87 03 Ward No-03 Total 312 1326 555 771 1073 65 47 141 84 87 04 Ward No-04 Total 108 451 216 235 409 24 15 3 84 87 05 Ward No-05 Total 503 2231 1093 1138 963 602 416 250 84 87 06 Ward No-06 Total 975 4719 2332 2387 4107 49 52 511 84 87 07 Ward No-07 Total 438 1879 872 1007 1703 100 39 37 84 87 08 Ward No-08 Total 1918 8368 4071 4297 7757 174 166 271

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 4 of 5 Table C-12 : Distribution of Ethnic Households, Population by Sex, Residence and Community

Ethnic Administrative Unit UN / MZ / Ethnic Population in Main Groups ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Population WA MH Community Households Both Male Female Chakma Marma Tanchaynga Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 09 Ward No-09 Total 1103 4761 2489 2272 4357 73 53 278 84 87 13 Banduk Bhanga Union Total 1617 8244 4182 4062 8210 10 0 24 84 87 27 Balukhali Union Total 1624 7679 3960 3719 5991 125 495 1068 84 87 40 Jibtali Union Total 566 2895 1546 1349 2027 634 234 0 84 87 54 Kutuk Chhari Union Total 1332 5955 2994 2961 5925 0 5 25 84 87 67 Magban Union Total 1392 6624 3430 3194 4596 382 1618 28 84 87 81 Sapchhari Union Total 1132 4873 2474 2399 4792 26 9 46

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 5 of 5 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 78 71 397 06 1 Longadu Para 111 0 0 0 111 0 84 78 71 397 07 1 Paindang Para 183 0 0 0 183 0 84 78 71 397 08 1 Puaito Para 107 0 0 0 107 0 84 78 71 397 09 1 Balumura Para 220 0 0 0 220 0 84 78 71 397 10 1 Longadu Punarbashan 124 0 0 0 124 0 84 78 71 497 1 *Jimram 395 0 0 0 395 0 84 78 71 497 01 1 Khaitak Para 83 0 0 0 83 0 84 78 71 497 02 1 Jimram Para 61 0 0 0 61 0 84 78 71 497 03 1 Ara Chhari Para 69 0 0 0 69 0 84 78 71 497 04 1 Chaingkhyong Para 182 0 0 0 182 0 84 78 71 894 3 *Powaithu 3080 1112 174 23 1765 6 84 78 71 894 01 3 Mabbai Para 181 0 0 0 181 0 84 78 71 894 02 3 Haji Para 375 347 0 0 28 0 84 78 71 894 03 3 Angira Para 45 0 0 0 45 0 84 78 71 894 04 3 Tula Chhari Para 108 0 0 0 108 0 84 78 71 894 05 3 Tamachi Para 104 0 0 0 104 0 84 78 71 894 06 3 Bimachhara Para 133 0 0 0 133 0 84 78 71 894 07 3 Hnaramuk Tong Para 190 4 16 2 166 2 84 78 71 894 08 3 Marma Para(Hnaramuk 170 31 23 4 112 0 84 78 71 894 09 3 Tula Para 67 12 4 0 51 0 84 78 71 894 10 3 Mraowa Para 262 0 0 0 262 0 84 78 71 894 11 3 Powaithu Para 165 0 0 0 165 0 84 78 71 894 12 3 Mabbai Parapunarbas 122 0 0 0 122 0 84 78 71 894 13 3 Amchhara Para 1158 718 131 17 288 4 84 87 Rangamati Sadar Upazila Total 124728 48583 13523 484 61932 206 84 87 1 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 40728 3788 1195 157 35569 19 84 87 2 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 84000 44795 12328 327 26363 187 84 87 Rangamati Paurashava 84 87 01 Ward No-01 Total 8222 5143 2710 4 330 35

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 57 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 01 484 2 *Islampur 584 584 0 0 0 0 84 87 01 536 2 *Mohsin Colony 1785 1213 566 0 6 0 84 87 01 577 2 *Natun Jalia Para 865 0 865 0 0 0 84 87 01 829 2 *Sariatpur 522 402 120 0 0 0 84 87 01 835 2 *Satal Pahar 138 138 0 0 0 0 84 87 01 839 2 *Sukty Patty 704 493 206 0 0 5 84 87 01 884 2 *Reserve Bazar(Part-1) 1745 982 494 3 236 30 84 87 01 977 2 *Puran Jalia Para 379 0 378 1 0 0 84 87 01 978 2 *Puran Para(Basti) 1070 1070 0 0 0 0 84 87 01 985 2 *Taiybha Pahar 430 261 81 0 88 0 84 87 02 Ward No-02 Total 9258 7478 1206 11 530 33 84 87 02 581 2 *Mohila College 775 632 69 0 74 0 84 87 02 596 2 *Mosjid Colony 871 805 25 0 41 0 84 87 02 772 2 *Pathar Ghhata 2438 1684 423 7 316 8 84 87 02 884 2 *Reserve Bazar (Part-2) 1787 1647 104 2 18 16 84 87 02 927 2 *Unnyan Board 1702 1564 106 2 21 9 84 87 02 988 2 *Puran Bus Stand 1685 1146 479 0 60 0 84 87 03 Ward No-03 Total 6357 3002 1608 89 1651 7 84 87 03 343 2 *Dsb Colony 871 420 309 3 132 7 84 87 03 589 2 *Majhir Basti 1738 344 675 4 715 0 84 87 03 770 2 *Police Line 3404 2217 574 82 531 0 84 87 03 936 2 *Tribal Officer Colony 344 21 50 0 273 0 84 87 04 Ward No-04 Total 8420 7170 709 7 528 6 84 87 04 036 2 *A.D.C.Colony 1209 1115 76 0 18 0 84 87 04 319 2 *Deer Park 273 87 12 0 174 0 84 87 04 326 2 *Dhanmia Hill 545 519 26 0 0 0 84 87 04 427 2 *Karmachary Colony 785 750 25 3 4 3 84 87 04 526 2 *Master Colony 707 289 173 0 245 0 84 87 04 737 2 *Wapda Colony 885 723 137 0 25 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 58 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 04 750 2 *Omdamia Pahar 2203 2125 40 2 36 0 84 87 04 958 2 *Tabal Chaari Bazar 1146 909 220 2 12 3 84 87 04 972 2 *Sramik Colony 667 653 0 0 14 0 84 87 05 Ward No-05 Total 6036 2445 1310 90 2191 0 84 87 05 060 2 *Tanchanga Para 952 127 12 0 813 0 84 87 05 073 2 *Agricul Farm 121 88 5 0 28 0 84 87 05 110 2 *Assam Basti 2366 635 772 74 885 0 84 87 05 184 2 *Belai Chhari 450 0 0 6 444 0 84 87 05 921 2 *Sharnatila Muslim Para 1574 1377 176 0 21 0 84 87 05 922 2 *Sharnatila Hindu Para 573 218 345 10 0 0 84 87 06 Ward No-06 Total 9186 3484 640 30 4992 40 84 87 06 147 2 *Bedbedi Para 4431 2113 511 22 1775 10 84 87 06 600 2 *Muslim Para 603 546 24 0 33 0 84 87 06 810 2 *Rangapani 4152 825 105 8 3184 30 84 87 07 Ward No-07 Total 10675 7137 1340 16 2179 3 84 87 07 221 2 *Banarupa 3042 2178 364 11 489 0 84 87 07 368 2 *Garjantali 758 53 446 0 259 0 84 87 07 515 2 *Kathaltali 5706 4897 517 5 284 3 84 87 07 690 2 *Shashid Dewan Para 693 1 10 0 682 0 84 87 07 780 2 *Tridp Nagar 476 8 3 0 465 0 84 87 08 Ward No-08 Total 14988 3836 1994 43 9064 51 84 87 08 195 2 *Barua Para 990 259 148 5 578 0 84 87 08 210 2 *Champaknagar 1686 939 275 4 425 43 84 87 08 290 2 *Dakshin Kalindipur 5304 2347 1058 14 1877 8 84 87 08 342 2 *Debashishnagar 1659 123 174 11 1351 0 84 87 08 500 2 *Kallyanpur 1341 38 23 1 1279 0 84 87 08 600 2 *Tribal Adam/S 802 7 18 0 777 0 84 87 08 650 2 *Purba Tribal Adam 780 30 131 0 619 0 84 87 08 773 2 *Rajbari 2426 93 167 8 2158 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 59 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 09 Ward No-09 Total 10858 5100 811 37 4898 12 84 87 09 080 2 *Amanatbugh 3242 2812 246 4 180 0 84 87 09 270 2 *College Gate 3416 1006 187 26 2197 0 84 87 09 663 2 *Nayadam (Katachhar 1818 94 24 0 1699 1 84 87 09 742 2 *Uttar Kalindipur 2382 1188 354 7 822 11 84 87 13 Banduk Bhanga Union Total 8322 0 2 0 8320 0 84 87 13 129 1 *Banduk Bhanga 8322 0 2 0 8320 0 84 87 13 129 01 1 Demugha Chhara Para 160 0 0 0 160 0 84 87 13 129 02 1 Tripura Chhara Para 480 0 0 0 480 0 84 87 13 129 03 1 Tripura Chhara Mukh 444 0 0 0 444 0 84 87 13 129 04 1 Uttar Kichinga Adam 223 0 0 0 223 0 84 87 13 129 05 1 Kuramara Para 477 0 0 0 477 0 84 87 13 129 06 1 Tongtulla Para 269 0 0 0 269 0 84 87 13 129 07 1 Deba Chhari Para 229 0 0 0 229 0 84 87 13 129 08 1 Maichha Para 303 0 0 0 303 0 84 87 13 129 09 1 Bhurbanna Para 114 0 0 0 114 0 84 87 13 129 10 1 Damai Chhara Para 278 0 0 0 278 0 84 87 13 129 11 1 Sailer Chhara Para 57 0 0 0 57 0 84 87 13 129 12 1 Kayang Chhara Para 118 0 0 0 118 0 84 87 13 129 13 1 Sekra Chhara Para 215 0 0 0 215 0 84 87 13 129 14 1 Kukiudana Para 91 0 0 0 91 0 84 87 13 129 15 1 Mohish Bhanga Para 115 0 0 0 115 0 84 87 13 129 16 1 Durkhaia Para 312 0 0 0 312 0 84 87 13 129 17 1 Kiching Adam Passim 86 0 0 0 86 0 84 87 13 129 18 1 Palad Adam Para 181 0 0 0 181 0 84 87 13 129 19 1 Boal Chhari Para 217 0 0 0 217 0 84 87 13 129 20 1 Shahas Badha Para 149 0 0 0 149 0 84 87 13 129 21 1 Kharigong Para 502 0 0 0 502 0 84 87 13 129 22 1 Saku Para 136 0 0 0 136 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 60 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 13 129 23 1 Kuki Para 135 0 0 0 135 0 84 87 13 129 24 1 Mogpara 196 0 0 0 196 0 84 87 13 129 25 1 Kumra Para 199 0 0 0 199 0 84 87 13 129 26 1 Barbua Chap Para 151 0 0 0 151 0 84 87 13 129 27 1 Muba Chhari Para 115 0 0 0 115 0 84 87 13 129 28 1 Lekhany Chhara Para 132 0 0 0 132 0 84 87 13 129 29 1 Uluchhari Para 154 0 0 0 154 0 84 87 13 129 30 1 Charikhong Mukh Par 113 0 0 0 113 0 84 87 13 129 31 1 Charikhong Para 384 0 0 0 384 0 84 87 13 129 32 1 Tingaza Para 180 0 0 0 180 0 84 87 13 129 33 1 Bakmara Kizing 133 0 0 0 133 0 84 87 13 129 34 1 Mach Barali Chara 17 0 0 0 17 0 84 87 13 129 35 1 Chairman Para 100 0 0 0 100 0 84 87 13 129 36 1 Noadam 63 0 0 0 63 0 84 87 13 129 37 1 Tilakky Chara 222 0 0 0 222 0 84 87 13 129 38 1 Kagtta Chara 111 0 2 0 109 0 84 87 13 129 39 1 Borudona 225 0 0 0 225 0 84 87 13 129 40 1 Zamchuk 56 0 0 0 56 0 84 87 13 129 41 1 Back Chari 142 0 0 0 142 0 84 87 13 129 42 1 Tans Mura 77 0 0 0 77 0 84 87 13 129 43 1 Mono Adam 69 0 0 0 69 0 84 87 13 129 44 1 Ulu Chari 60 0 0 0 60 0 84 87 13 129 45 1 Kurally Chari 132 0 0 0 132 0 84 87 27 Balukhali Union Total 8241 510 867 117 6728 19 84 87 27 086 1 *Balukhali 913 399 2 0 512 0 84 87 27 086 01 1 Balukhali Chakma Pa 433 0 2 0 431 0 84 87 27 086 02 1 Farm Area 26 23 0 0 3 0 84 87 27 086 03 1 Muslim Block 274 274 0 0 0 0 84 87 27 086 04 1 Mogpara 79 1 0 0 78 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 61 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 27 086 05 1 Adapahar 101 101 0 0 0 0 84 87 27 216 1 *Basanta 419 0 0 113 306 0 84 87 27 216 01 1 Bigakhyong Para 113 0 0 0 113 0 84 87 27 216 02 1 Lokkana Karbari Par 122 0 0 0 122 0 84 87 27 216 03 1 Kuki Para 184 0 0 113 71 0 84 87 27 346 1 *Fulgazi Baper Chha 520 0 3 0 517 0 84 87 27 346 01 1 Fulgazi Baper Chha 159 0 2 0 157 0 84 87 27 346 02 1 Moddya Kainda Para 131 0 0 0 131 0 84 87 27 346 03 1 Dazari Para 230 0 1 0 229 0 84 87 27 389 1 *Hajaribak 821 0 0 0 802 19 84 87 27 389 01 1 Khandab Chhara Para 335 0 0 0 335 0 84 87 27 389 02 1 Kabuka Para 147 0 0 0 144 3 84 87 27 389 03 1 Tara Chhari Para 69 0 0 0 65 4 84 87 27 389 04 1 Hajaribak Para 137 0 0 0 137 0 84 87 27 389 05 1 Jarul Chhari Para 133 0 0 0 121 12 84 87 27 432 1 *Hemanta 1528 0 0 4 1524 0 84 87 27 432 01 1 Haja Chhari Para 357 0 0 4 353 0 84 87 27 432 02 1 Prema Chhari Para 142 0 0 0 142 0 84 87 27 432 03 1 Shil Chhari 311 0 0 0 311 0 84 87 27 432 04 1 Basanda Nicher 487 0 0 0 487 0 84 87 27 432 05 1 Basanda Main Para 231 0 0 0 231 0 84 87 27 562 1 *Kaindya 1818 0 0 0 1818 0 84 87 27 562 01 1 Badal Chhari Para 431 0 0 0 431 0 84 87 27 562 02 1 Kaindya Mukh Para 230 0 0 0 230 0 84 87 27 562 03 1 Duratang Para 411 0 0 0 411 0 84 87 27 562 04 1 Bamer Kaindya Para 330 0 0 0 330 0 84 87 27 562 05 1 Bamer Kaindya Main 416 0 0 0 416 0 84 87 27 821 1 *Rangamati 2222 111 862 0 1249 0 84 87 27 821 01 1 Tripura Para 971 14 862 0 95 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 62 of 67 Table C-13: Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence and Community

Administrative Unit UN / MZ / ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Total Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others WA MH Community

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 84 87 27 821 02 1 Muslim Para 97 97 0 0 0 0 84 87 27 821 03 1 Noapara 253 0 0 0 253 0 84 87 27 821 04 1 Maricha Bilpara 400 0 0 0 400 0 84 87 27 821 05 1 Khari Kong 501 0 0 0 501 0 84 87 40 Jibtali Union Total 4466 1459 99 5 2903 0 84 87 40 302 1 *Dhanpata 1069 0 0 5 1064 0 84 87 40 302 01 1 Mobachari Para 162 0 0 0 162 0 84 87 40 302 02 1 Panchari Para 310 0 0 0 310 0 84 87 40 302 03 1 Aghaychari Para 392 0 0 0 392 0 84 87 40 302 04 1 Dhanpta Mukpara 119 0 0 5 114 0 84 87 40 302 05 1 Landra Char Para 86 0 0 0 86 0 84 87 40 519 1 *Jibtali 2098 1400 92 0 606 0 84 87 40 519 01 1 Chairman Para 414 26 66 0 322 0 84 87 40 519 02 1 Navy Sailors Colony 823 797 15 0 11 0 84 87 40 519 03 1 Navy Officers Colon 223 210 9 0 4 0 84 87 40 519 04 1 M.E.S. Colony 216 212 0 0 4 0 84 87 40 519 05 1 Jibtali Para(Headman) 265 0 0 0 265 0 84 87 40 519 06 1 Sukna Chhari Para 157 155 2 0 0 0 84 87 40 648 1 *Kushalyaghona 1299 59 7 0 1233 0 84 87 40 648 01 1 Bak Chhari Para 300 0 0 0 300 0 84 87 40 648 02 1 Para Chhari Para 64 0 7 0 57 0 84 87 40 648 03 1 Haja Chhari 141 0 0 0 141 0 84 87 40 648 04 1 Kushulla Ghona 68 4 0 0 64 0 84 87 40 648 05 1 Dulla Chhari 176 0 0 0 176 0 84 87 40 648 06 1 Raikhyong Bazar 144 55 0 0 89 0 84 87 40 648 07 1 Haja Chhari Tongcho 253 0 0 0 253 0 84 87 40 648 08 1 Panama Chhara 153 0 0 0 153 0 84 87 54 Kutuk Chhari Union Total 6319 117 140 2 6060 0 84 87 54 259 1 *Dalu Chhari 2028 116 138 0 1774 0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 63 of 67 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 78 71 397 06 1 Longadu Para 26 0.0 100.0 0.0 7.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 397 07 1 Paindang Para 41 0.0 100.0 0.0 26.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 397 08 1 Puaito Para 27 3.7 96.3 0.0 22.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 397 09 1 Balumura Para 46 0.0 0.0 100.0 23.9 95.7 0.0 4.3 84 78 71 397 10 1 Longadu Punarbashan 32 0.0 3.1 96.9 3.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 497 1 *Jimram 85 0.0 45.9 54.1 16.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 497 01 1 Khaitak Para 20 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 497 02 1 Jimram Para 14 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 497 03 1 Ara Chhari Para 12 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 497 04 1 Chaingkhyong Para 39 0.0 100.0 0.0 25.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 3 *Powaithu 755 0.3 90.2 9.5 52.2 67.3 26.9 5.8 84 78 71 894 01 3 Mabbai Para 48 0.0 95.8 4.2 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 02 3 Haji Para 78 0.0 98.7 1.3 50.0 82.1 3.8 14.1 84 78 71 894 03 3 Angira Para 12 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 04 3 Tula Chhari Para 21 0.0 95.2 4.8 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 05 3 Tamachi Para 19 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.1 94.7 0.0 5.3 84 78 71 894 06 3 Bimachhara Para 31 0.0 64.5 35.5 9.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 07 3 Hnaramuk Tong Para 58 1.7 98.3 0.0 77.6 65.5 27.6 6.9 84 78 71 894 08 3 Marma Para(Hnaramuk 40 0.0 100.0 0.0 60.0 57.5 25.0 17.5 84 78 71 894 09 3 Tula Para 18 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 10 3 Mraowa Para 65 0.0 83.1 16.9 23.1 98.5 0.0 1.5 84 78 71 894 11 3 Powaithu Para 42 0.0 90.5 9.5 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 12 3 Mabbai Parapunarbas 35 0.0 37.1 62.9 8.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 78 71 894 13 3 Amchhara Para 288 0.3 99.3 0.3 83.7 32.6 60.4 6.9 84 87 Rangamati Sadar Upazila Total 26188 17.6 57.1 25.4 75.6 65.2 31.9 2.9 84 87 1 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 8441 8.0 34.1 57.9 32.2 94.0 3.7 2.3 84 87 2 Rangamati Sadar Upazila 17747 22.1 68.0 9.9 96.2 51.5 45.4 3.1 84 87 Rangamati Paurashava

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 59 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 01 Ward No-01 Total 1561 23.3 61.2 15.4 94.8 67.5 31.9 0.6 84 87 01 484 2 *Islampur 120 0.8 93.3 5.8 98.3 92.5 7.5 0.0 84 87 01 536 2 *Mohsin Colony 362 62.4 37.3 0.3 99.2 49.2 50.0 0.8 84 87 01 577 2 *Natun Jalia Para 161 0.0 25.5 74.5 93.8 95.0 5.0 0.0 84 87 01 829 2 *Sariatpur 93 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 95.7 4.3 0.0 84 87 01 835 2 *Satal Pahar 31 0.0 90.3 9.7 83.9 51.6 45.2 3.2 84 87 01 839 2 *Sukty Patty 120 73.3 25.0 1.7 100.0 56.7 43.3 0.0 84 87 01 884 2 *Reserve Bazar(Part-1) 288 17.0 74.3 8.7 99.0 51.0 47.9 1.0 84 87 01 977 2 *Puran Jalia Para 81 0.0 2.5 97.5 45.7 92.6 4.9 2.5 84 87 01 978 2 *Puran Para(Basti) 219 0.0 98.2 1.8 95.9 69.4 30.1 0.5 84 87 01 985 2 *Taiybha Pahar 86 0.0 100.0 0.0 94.2 74.4 25.6 0.0 84 87 02 Ward No-02 Total 1881 47.0 50.1 2.8 97.4 28.0 69.8 2.3 84 87 02 581 2 *Mohila College 157 71.3 28.7 0.0 95.5 22.3 76.4 1.3 84 87 02 596 2 *Mosjid Colony 172 22.1 77.9 0.0 97.1 29.7 70.3 0.0 84 87 02 772 2 *Pathar Ghhata 524 54.4 45.6 0.0 99.4 32.4 67.0 0.6 84 87 02 884 2 *Reserve Bazar (Part-2) 309 7.1 86.7 6.1 96.1 28.2 69.9 1.9 84 87 02 927 2 *Unnyan Board 374 64.7 26.7 8.6 95.5 17.9 78.3 3.7 84 87 02 988 2 *Puran Bus Stand 345 53.9 45.5 0.6 98.8 33.6 61.2 5.2 84 87 03 Ward No-03 Total 1402 34.3 65.0 0.6 99.4 46.9 51.4 1.8 84 87 03 343 2 *Dsb Colony 203 14.8 85.2 0.0 99.5 51.7 48.3 0.0 84 87 03 589 2 *Majhir Basti 402 32.8 67.2 0.0 100.0 59.2 40.3 0.5 84 87 03 770 2 *Police Line 718 42.2 56.5 1.3 99.2 37.2 60.0 2.8 84 87 03 936 2 *Tribal Officer Colony 79 20.3 79.7 0.0 98.7 59.5 36.7 3.8 84 87 04 Ward No-04 Total 1782 56.7 40.6 2.6 93.7 44.7 52.6 2.6 84 87 04 036 2 *A.D.C.Colony 279 67.4 29.0 3.6 93.9 46.6 50.5 2.9 84 87 04 319 2 *Deer Park 63 1.6 60.3 38.1 60.3 71.4 17.5 11.1 84 87 04 326 2 *Dhanmia Hill 103 62.1 37.9 0.0 96.1 64.1 33.0 2.9 84 87 04 427 2 *Karmachary Colony 140 74.3 19.3 6.4 97.1 37.1 57.9 5.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 60 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 04 526 2 *Master Colony 165 11.5 88.5 0.0 100.0 33.9 64.2 1.8 84 87 04 737 2 *Wapda Colony 212 59.0 41.0 0.0 98.1 36.3 63.7 0.0 84 87 04 750 2 *Omdamia Pahar 450 57.6 42.4 0.0 87.3 48.4 48.4 3.1 84 87 04 958 2 *Tabal Chaari Bazar 225 52.0 46.2 1.8 99.6 37.8 60.4 1.8 84 87 04 972 2 *Sramik Colony 145 92.4 7.6 0.0 99.3 46.9 52.4 0.7 84 87 05 Ward No-05 Total 1338 27.9 68.2 3.9 97.1 67.6 28.7 3.7 84 87 05 060 2 *Tanchanga Para 215 0.0 89.3 10.7 92.1 84.2 5.6 10.2 84 87 05 073 2 *Agricul Farm 25 44.0 56.0 0.0 100.0 44.0 56.0 0.0 84 87 05 110 2 *Assam Basti 550 6.5 88.4 5.1 97.3 63.1 33.1 3.8 84 87 05 184 2 *Belai Chhari 80 0.0 98.8 1.3 100.0 98.8 0.0 1.3 84 87 05 921 2 *Sharnatila Muslim Para 336 68.5 31.5 0.0 98.5 59.5 40.2 0.3 84 87 05 922 2 *Sharnatila Hindu Para 132 72.7 27.3 0.0 98.5 65.9 31.1 3.0 84 87 06 Ward No-06 Total 1905 7.6 45.9 46.6 91.4 74.0 19.1 6.9 84 87 06 147 2 *Bedbedi Para 983 13.9 23.6 62.5 91.3 65.4 27.1 7.5 84 87 06 600 2 *Muslim Para 136 2.9 43.4 53.7 94.9 66.2 31.6 2.2 84 87 06 810 2 *Rangapani 786 0.4 74.2 25.4 91.0 86.1 7.0 6.9 84 87 07 Ward No-07 Total 2317 10.0 84.6 5.4 98.9 37.6 59.1 3.2 84 87 07 221 2 *Banarupa 641 4.8 94.9 0.3 99.2 20.9 70.4 8.7 84 87 07 368 2 *Garjantali 171 1.2 97.7 1.2 100.0 85.4 13.5 1.2 84 87 07 515 2 *Kathaltali 1231 15.3 74.9 9.8 98.4 33.7 65.5 0.8 84 87 07 690 2 *Shashid Dewan Para 161 6.8 93.2 0.0 100.0 67.1 31.7 1.2 84 87 07 780 2 *Tridp Nagar 113 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 61.1 34.5 4.4 84 87 08 Ward No-08 Total 3297 5.0 94.7 0.3 98.9 52.1 45.0 2.9 84 87 08 195 2 *Barua Para 258 1.6 98.4 0.0 99.6 32.9 64.0 3.1 84 87 08 210 2 *Champaknagar 399 10.3 89.7 0.0 98.0 36.3 61.2 2.5 84 87 08 290 2 *Dakshin Kalindipur 1115 6.4 93.6 0.0 99.6 43.7 54.3 2.0 84 87 08 342 2 *Debashishnagar 371 1.3 96.5 2.2 98.7 59.8 36.4 3.8 84 87 08 500 2 *Kallyanpur 262 14.9 84.7 0.4 100.0 55.0 44.3 0.8

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 61 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 08 600 2 *Tribal Adam/S 185 0.0 100.0 0.0 98.9 65.4 34.1 0.5 84 87 08 650 2 *Purba Tribal Adam 161 1.2 98.1 0.6 96.3 75.8 22.4 1.9 84 87 08 773 2 *Rajbari 546 0.4 99.6 0.0 98.0 72.0 21.6 6.4 84 87 09 Ward No-09 Total 2264 12.0 73.3 14.7 93.3 53.1 43.3 3.6 84 87 09 080 2 *Amanatbugh 615 19.7 77.2 3.1 99.5 39.7 57.6 2.8 84 87 09 270 2 *College Gate 728 10.7 67.7 21.6 97.5 50.3 45.2 4.5 84 87 09 663 2 *Nayadam (Katachhar 370 0.3 59.5 40.3 68.1 97.8 0.3 1.9 84 87 09 742 2 *Uttar Kalindipur 551 13.1 85.7 1.3 97.8 41.7 53.7 4.5 84 87 13 Banduk Bhanga Union Total 1636 2.0 32.3 65.7 41.5 98.3 0.0 1.7 84 87 13 129 1 *Banduk Bhanga 1636 2.0 32.3 65.7 41.5 98.3 0.0 1.7 84 87 13 129 01 1 Demugha Chhara Para 33 0.0 0.0 100.0 36.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 02 1 Tripura Chhara Para 86 0.0 0.0 100.0 52.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 03 1 Tripura Chhara Mukh 84 0.0 0.0 100.0 60.7 96.4 0.0 3.6 84 87 13 129 04 1 Uttar Kichinga Adam 44 0.0 18.2 81.8 52.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 05 1 Kuramara Para 106 0.0 15.1 84.9 35.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 06 1 Tongtulla Para 60 0.0 21.7 78.3 15.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 07 1 Deba Chhari Para 50 0.0 0.0 100.0 18.0 98.0 0.0 2.0 84 87 13 129 08 1 Maichha Para 60 0.0 0.0 100.0 40.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 09 1 Bhurbanna Para 28 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 10 1 Damai Chhara Para 52 0.0 59.6 40.4 26.9 92.3 0.0 7.7 84 87 13 129 11 1 Sailer Chhara Para 11 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 12 1 Kayang Chhara Para 24 0.0 91.7 8.3 4.2 95.8 0.0 4.2 84 87 13 129 13 1 Sekra Chhara Para 35 0.0 5.7 94.3 42.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 14 1 Kukiudana Para 18 0.0 0.0 100.0 55.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 15 1 Mohish Bhanga Para 21 0.0 4.8 95.2 23.8 95.2 0.0 4.8 84 87 13 129 16 1 Durkhaia Para 60 11.7 10.0 78.3 28.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 17 1 Kiching Adam Passim 18 0.0 0.0 100.0 88.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 18 1 Palad Adam Para 39 2.6 0.0 97.4 38.5 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 62 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 13 129 19 1 Boal Chhari Para 42 0.0 0.0 100.0 28.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 20 1 Shahas Badha Para 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 20.0 96.7 0.0 3.3 84 87 13 129 21 1 Kharigong Para 103 0.0 76.7 23.3 68.9 99.0 0.0 1.0 84 87 13 129 22 1 Saku Para 25 0.0 48.0 52.0 84.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 23 1 Kuki Para 23 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 24 1 Mogpara 40 0.0 45.0 55.0 32.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 25 1 Kumra Para 39 0.0 100.0 0.0 43.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 26 1 Barbua Chap Para 36 0.0 100.0 0.0 75.0 94.4 0.0 5.6 84 87 13 129 27 1 Muba Chhari Para 21 0.0 71.4 28.6 33.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 28 1 Lekhany Chhara Para 24 0.0 100.0 0.0 95.8 95.8 0.0 4.2 84 87 13 129 29 1 Uluchhari Para 31 0.0 0.0 100.0 25.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 30 1 Charikhong Mukh Par 22 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.5 95.5 0.0 4.5 84 87 13 129 31 1 Charikhong Para 70 0.0 30.0 70.0 20.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 32 1 Tingaza Para 38 0.0 100.0 0.0 60.5 94.7 0.0 5.3 84 87 13 129 33 1 Bakmara Kizing 27 0.0 29.6 70.4 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 34 1 Mach Barali Chara 3 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 35 1 Chairman Para 16 0.0 93.8 6.3 62.5 93.8 0.0 6.3 84 87 13 129 36 1 Noadam 11 0.0 90.9 9.1 36.4 72.7 0.0 27.3 84 87 13 129 37 1 Tilakky Chara 42 0.0 100.0 0.0 54.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 38 1 Kagtta Chara 20 0.0 30.0 70.0 5.0 95.0 0.0 5.0 84 87 13 129 39 1 Borudona 43 0.0 88.4 11.6 27.9 97.7 0.0 2.3 84 87 13 129 40 1 Zamchuk 12 16.7 0.0 83.3 33.3 91.7 0.0 8.3 84 87 13 129 41 1 Back Chari 23 0.0 4.3 95.7 47.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 42 1 Tans Mura 16 0.0 100.0 0.0 6.3 87.5 0.0 12.5 84 87 13 129 43 1 Mono Adam 14 0.0 7.1 92.9 85.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 44 1 Ulu Chari 13 0.0 0.0 100.0 23.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 13 129 45 1 Kurally Chari 23 95.7 0.0 4.3 52.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 Balukhali Union Total 1748 11.2 16.6 72.2 10.7 97.3 0.1 2.6

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 63 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 27 086 1 *Balukhali 190 0.0 26.8 73.2 11.6 92.6 0.5 6.8 84 87 27 086 01 1 Balukhali Chakma Pa 89 0.0 16.9 83.1 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 086 02 1 Farm Area 6 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0 16.7 0.0 83.3 84 87 27 086 03 1 Muslim Block 53 0.0 26.4 73.6 39.6 88.7 0.0 11.3 84 87 27 086 04 1 Mogpara 18 0.0 22.2 77.8 0.0 94.4 0.0 5.6 84 87 27 086 05 1 Adapahar 24 0.0 58.3 41.7 4.2 91.7 4.2 4.2 84 87 27 216 1 *Basanta 93 18.3 0.0 81.7 28.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 216 01 1 Bigakhyong Para 25 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 216 02 1 Lokkana Karbari Par 30 56.7 0.0 43.3 20.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 216 03 1 Kuki Para 38 0.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 346 1 *Fulgazi Baper Chha 102 1.0 10.8 88.2 5.9 98.0 1.0 1.0 84 87 27 346 01 1 Fulgazi Baper Chha 29 0.0 6.9 93.1 13.8 93.1 3.4 3.4 84 87 27 346 02 1 Moddya Kainda Para 25 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 346 03 1 Dazari Para 48 2.1 18.8 79.2 4.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 389 1 *Hajaribak 166 0.0 66.9 33.1 16.3 84.9 0.0 15.1 84 87 27 389 01 1 Khandab Chhara Para 65 0.0 98.5 1.5 24.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 389 02 1 Kabuka Para 35 0.0 22.9 77.1 14.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 389 03 1 Tara Chhari Para 15 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 389 04 1 Hajaribak Para 24 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.8 45.8 0.0 54.2 84 87 27 389 05 1 Jarul Chhari Para 27 0.0 55.6 44.4 3.7 55.6 0.0 44.4 84 87 27 432 1 *Hemanta 328 33.8 2.7 63.4 14.9 99.4 0.0 0.6 84 87 27 432 01 1 Haja Chhari Para 75 40.0 4.0 56.0 9.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 432 02 1 Prema Chhari Para 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 432 03 1 Shil Chhari 71 84.5 8.5 7.0 11.3 97.2 0.0 2.8 84 87 27 432 04 1 Basanda Nicher 99 21.2 0.0 78.8 13.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 432 05 1 Basanda Main Para 53 0.0 0.0 100.0 39.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 562 1 *Kaindya 375 17.6 13.6 68.8 10.7 98.9 0.0 1.1 84 87 27 562 01 1 Badal Chhari Para 83 60.2 7.2 32.5 9.6 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 64 of 69 Table C-15: Distribution of General Households by Source of Drinking Water, Electricity Connection and Housing Tenancy Status, by Residence and Community

Administrative Unit Source of Drinking Water (%) Electricity Housing Tenancy (%) UN / MZ / Number of ZL UZ Vill RMO Residence Connection WA MH Households Community Tap Tube-Well Other (%) Owned Rented Rent free

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84 87 27 562 02 1 Kaindya Mukh Para 44 4.5 22.7 72.7 11.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 562 03 1 Duratang Para 85 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.5 96.5 0.0 3.5 84 87 27 562 04 1 Bamer Kaindya Para 73 19.2 39.7 41.1 15.1 98.6 0.0 1.4 84 87 27 562 05 1 Bamer Kaindya Main 90 0.0 6.7 93.3 14.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 1 *Rangamati 494 0.0 11.7 88.3 3.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 01 1 Tripura Para 224 0.0 4.9 95.1 2.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 02 1 Muslim Para 29 0.0 55.2 44.8 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 03 1 Noapara 49 0.0 2.0 98.0 10.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 04 1 Maricha Bilpara 85 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 27 821 05 1 Khari Kong 107 0.0 28.0 72.0 6.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 Jibtali Union Total 801 25.8 14.7 59.4 47.7 77.0 22.5 0.5 84 87 40 302 1 *Dhanpata 186 0.5 1.1 98.4 10.2 99.5 0.0 0.5 84 87 40 302 01 1 Mobachari Para 21 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 302 02 1 Panchari Para 60 0.0 1.7 98.3 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 302 03 1 Aghaychari Para 60 1.7 0.0 98.3 25.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 302 04 1 Dhanpta Mukpara 26 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 302 05 1 Landra Char Para 19 0.0 5.3 94.7 0.0 94.7 0.0 5.3 84 87 40 519 1 *Jibtali 349 59.0 27.2 13.8 80.8 47.9 51.6 0.6 84 87 40 519 01 1 Chairman Para 88 0.0 75.0 25.0 84.1 97.7 0.0 2.3 84 87 40 519 02 1 Navy Sailors Colony 105 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.0 99.0 0.0 84 87 40 519 03 1 Navy Officers Colon 60 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.7 98.3 0.0 84 87 40 519 04 1 M.E.S. Colony 41 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 58.5 41.5 0.0 84 87 40 519 05 1 Jibtali Para(Headman) 55 0.0 52.7 47.3 3.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 519 06 1 Sukna Chhari Para 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 648 1 *Kushalyaghona 266 0.0 7.9 92.1 30.5 99.6 0.0 0.4 84 87 40 648 01 1 Bak Chhari Para 60 0.0 0.0 100.0 46.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 648 02 1 Para Chhari Para 17 0.0 5.9 94.1 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 84 87 40 648 03 1 Haja Chhari 30 0.0 0.0 100.0 60.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

RMO: 1 = Rural, 2 = Urban and 3 = Other Urban Page 65 of 69