Technologizuoto Meno Samprata: Objekto Ir Subjekto Komunikacija Interaktyviose Instaliacijose Magistro Baigiamojo Darbo Teorinė Dalis

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Technologizuoto Meno Samprata: Objekto Ir Subjekto Komunikacija Interaktyviose Instaliacijose Magistro Baigiamojo Darbo Teorinė Dalis VILNIAUS DAILĖS AKADEMIJA AUKŠTŲJŲ STUDIJŲ FAKULTETAS ŠIUOLAIKINĖS SKULPTŪROS KATEDRA Technologizuoto meno samprata: objekto ir subjekto komunikacija interaktyviose instaliacijose Magistro baigiamojo darbo teorinė dalis Studentas: Jokūbas Lukenskas, šiuolaikinė skulptūra, II mag. k. Teorinio darbo vadovas: Dr. Vytautas Michelkevičius Praktinio darbo vadovas: Doc. Antanas Šnaras Vilnius, 2013 1 Turinys Įvadas…………………………………………………………………………………….…3 Sąvokų apibrėţimai………………………………………...…………………………….…6 I. Objekto ir subjekto sąveika I. 1. Interaktyvumo samprata…………………………….………………………8 I. 2. Interpasyvumas…………………………………………………………….12 I. 3. Objekto ir subjekto inversija……………………………………………….15 II. Realybės tyrinėjimai mene, erdvės percepsija II. 1. Kubistų „simuliacijos―...................................................................................19 II. 2. Ambient menas...............................................................................................23 II. 3. Video menas………………………………………………………………..24 III. Technologija, medija ir menas III. 1. Technologinė ir komunikacinė medijos samprata…………...………………25 III. 2. Technologinio meno samprata……………………………………………….26 IV. Meno kūrinių pavyzdţiai IV. 1. Interaktyvios technologizuotos instaliacijos pasaulio kontekste…….……..31 IV. 2. Interaktyvios technologizuotos instaliacijos Lietuvos kontekste…………..40 Išvados...................................................................................................................................43 Iliustracijų sąrašas…………………………………………………………………………...64 Literatūra................................................................................................................................67 2 Įvadas Šiuolaikinis technologizuotas menas Lietuvoje tebėra pakankamai naujas, besiformuojantis reiškinys. Tai konceptualaus pobūdţio darbai, analizuojantys meną plačiąja prasme, pasitelkiant įvairias ţmogaus sukurtas daugiaprades materialiąsias ir nematerialiąsias technologijas. Paprastai šie darbai neuţima pastovios fizinės vietos, neatlieka praktinių funkcijų, technologija juose naudojama idėjai išreikšti ir atskleisti menininko koncepcijai. Įtakojami technologinių sprendimų meno kūriniai gali būti priskiriami šiuolaikinei skulptūrai, instaliacijos, video, medijų menui, ar tiesiog kaip dokumentacija bet kokio tipo menui. Esant labai plačiai amplitudei sąvokų ir suvokimo galimybių, yra sudėtinga vienpusiškai apibrėţti, kas tai yra šiuolaikinis technologijų menas – abstrakčiai kalbant, technologija laikytina bet koks naujas progresuojantis ir tobulėjantis ţmogaus išradimas, technologija niekada neuţsibaigia ir negali būti traktuojama kaip tam tikro proceso riba. Technologijos daro stiprų poveikį ne tik ţiūrovui, meno kūriniui, bet ir erdvei aplink kūrinį, o ypač – erdvei tarp ţiūrovo ir objekto. Nėra paprasta įvardinti, kas yra ta erdvė ir kaip ją veikia robotizuotas įsiterpimas. Visi tarsi ţinome, apie ką eina kalba, tačiau tai nėra nekintantis status quo, kuris turėtų vienintelę definiciją. Jau VII deš. M. McLuhanas pastebėjo, kad atsiradus naujai medijai, jai daţnai priskiriamos ankstesnės medijos ypatybės1. Anot Renatos Šukaitytės, „pastaruoju metu tarp meno ir mokslo kūrėjų vienas aktualiausių diskursų, aptariamų Tarptautinių elektroninio meno simpoziumų (International Symposium on Electronic Art) metu ir reflektuojamų per „Ars Electronica―, „Transmediale― festivalius, kitus svarbius medijų meno ir kultūros renginius bei transkontinentinių mokslinių konferencijų serijas „Refresh― (Banff, 2005), „Re:place― (Berlynas, 2007), „Re:live― (Melburnas, 2009), yra meno, mokslo, technologijų sąveikos ir samplaikos šiandienėje kultūroje bei kūrybiškos naujų technologijų panaudojimo galimybės. Menininkai savo darbuose plėtoja šį diskursą, įvairių disciplinų metodus, ţinias ir naujas technologijas integruodami į kūrybos procesą, bendradarbiaudami su įvairių sričių specialistais ir mokslininkais, įtraukdami į savo projektus visuomenės atstovus2. Kaip pastebi Oliveris Grau, vienas iš minėtų konferencijų iniciatorių, pirmosios Medijų meno istorijos magistro studijų programos įkūrėjas Danube Krems universitete, greta fotografijos, kino, video ir vis dar maţai reflektuojamų 7 ir 9 dešimtmečio medijų meno praktikų atsiranda naujos erdvės menininkų kūrybinei veiklai. Šiuolaikiniai menininkai aktyviai reiškiasi įvairiose skaitmeninės kūrybos srityse (tinklo mene, interaktyviame ir telematiniame mene). Laviruodami tarp meno ir mokslo jie tiria šiuolaikinių vaizdų 1 Marshall McLuhan, Kaip suprasti medijas: žmogaus tęsiniai, vertė Dalia Valentinavičienė, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003. 2 Renata Šukaitytė, Medijų menas kaip mokslinė eksperimentinė erdvė. Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos atvejai XX a.pab.–XXI a. 3 estetinius kriterijus ir technologines savybes, interaktyvumo ir procesualumo metodus bei kuria naujas kodų sistemas. Mano kūrybos ir teorinio darbo objektas – erdvės tarp ţiūrovo ir meno kūrinio kūrimas ir transformavimas pasitelkiant technologijas. Kadangi naujausiems reiškiniams apibūdinti dar nėra išgryninta naujų terminų, mano darbe medijos, technologijos, konceptualumas, interaktyvumas bus vartojami įprastai suvokiama reikšme. Objektas: objekto/subjekto komunikacija interaktyviose instaliacijose. Pagrindinė kylanti problema – šio fenomeno erdvinio lauko išanalizavimas. Kadangi sąvokos yra komplikuotos, o pati idėja – filosofinė, mano meninis ir teorinis tyrimas neturi atsakyti į konkretų klausimą, o tik stengtis pagilinti temos tyrinėjimus minėtu aspektu. Įsigalėjus, plėtojantis ir tendencingai daugėjant technologizuoto interaktyvaus meno, dėl nuolatinės komunikacijos, ţiūrovo įtraukimo į patį meną, kūrinio negalimybės egzistuoti be auditorijos, ţiūrovas tampa pagrindiniu komunikavimo tarp jo ir meno kūrinio veiksniu. Jis ne tik fiziškai įtakoja kūrinio veikimą, bet ir mentaliai apsprendţia darbo koncepciją, skirtingai ją suvokdamas ir interpretuodamas. Iš to iškėliau tiriamojo darbo hipotezę – ţiūrovas pats tampa objektu, jo ir meno kūrinio komunikacijos procese. Atsiranda sukeitimas vietomis, objekto/subjekto inversija. Tyrimo naujumas: savo tyrimu siekiu ne tiek aptarti technologizuoto meno chronologinę seką ar istoriją, kiek pasitelkdamas sąlyginai naujausius interaktyvaus meno pavyzdţius, išanalizuoti objekto/subjekto santykį per filosofinę prizmę, taikant istoriškai susiformavusių filosofinių doktrinų ir mokyklų pagrindines idėjas šiuo aspektu. Išplėtus tiriamojo klausimo kontekstą, reikėtų aptarti, kaip apskritai skaitmenos atsiradimas ir tobulėjimas įtakoja vizualinės kultūros raišką? Kodėl šiuolaikinio meno autoriai įvairiai traktuoja skaitmeninių technologijų panaudojimą kūryboje? Kiek ir kokie pavojai ar/ir privalumai siejami su naujųjų technologijų panaudojimu meninėje raiškoje? Kur link krypsta vizualinės kultūros dinamika? Kaip ir kokiais būdais šiuolaikinės technologijos pritaikomos meno reikmėms ? Kaip apskritai suprasti šiandieninį meno kūrinį ir erdvę tarp kūrinio ir ţiūrovo? Kaip suvokiama ši erdvė ir kaip traktuojamas ţiūrovo ir meno santykis su ja? Kokiomis sąlygomis objektas gali tapti subjektu ir veikti kaip aktyvusis narys šioje binarinėje opozicijoje? Šiais klausimais stengiuosi suprasti ir įvardinti šiuolaikinio (skaitmeninio, technologizuoto, tarpdiscipliniško) meno tendencijas ir gaires. Naujosios medijos atveria beribį informacijos, ţinių, tenchnologijų srautą, praryja viską, kas sensta ir akumulioja į naujesnį, modernesnį, patrauklesnį pavidalą. Ţmogiškieji ištekliai tarytum ―suZipuojami‖ į vienį ir tampa pasiekiami bet kuriam iš mūsų. Problema ypač liečia jaunos kartos menininkus konceptualistus, siekiančius išplėtoti meno, kaip 4 kultūrinio reiškinio svarbą, bandančius sukurti ne masinės vartosenos produktą, bet įgalinti masinę kultūrą suprasti šiuolaikinę meninę kalbą. Kaip teigia Baudrillardas, paţangos skatinama „masinė komunikacija pašalina kultūrą ir ţinojimą―. Masinės medijos neretai neutralizuoja gyvą, unikalų mąstymą. Panašią funkciją atlieka ir masinis menas, perteikiantis ideologizuotą informaciją ir dėl savo prieinamumo bei gebėjimo manipuliuoti, pasiekiantis ir įtraukiantis į ţaidimą kiekvieną. Baigiamojo darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti interaktyvų kūrinio ir ţiūrovo santykį per filosofinę ir fenomenologinę prizmę, sąveiką ir komunikaciją, pasitelkiant meninius pavyzdţius (daugiausia – interaktyvias instaliacijas), kuriuose naudojamos šiuolaikinės technologijos, ir kurie nagrinėja šios erdvės suvokimą ir funkcijas, Lietuvos ir pasaulio kontekste. Darbo uždaviniai: apibūdinti šiuolaikinį vizualųjį technologizuotą meną pasaulio ir Lietuvos kontekste, aptarti praktinius erdvės tarp ţiūrovo ir meno kūrinio tyrinėjimus. Analizuoti, gilintis, bei suprasti technologinių procesų įtaką naujausiems meno kūriniams. Susisteminti ir taikyti filosofijos, fenomenologijos, psichoanalizės prieigas ir jomis pasinaudojant atskleisti objekto/subjekto sampratą ir jų komunikaciją, meno kūrinio ir ţiūrovo santykį, erdvės tarp kūrinio ir auditorijos suvokimą. Tyrimo metodas: formalioji meno kūrinių analizė, socialinės dailės teorijos metodas, fenomenologijos, filosofijos, psichoanalizės prieigos. Literatūros aptarimas: literatūrinės medţiagos apie pačią meno ir technologijų jungtį yra nemaţai. Nuolat randantis naujovėms, internetas tampa vienų pagrindinių šaltinių, kadangi jame ţymiai greičiau atsiduria naujausia informacija apie šiuos reiškinius, nei, tarkim, knyga, pasiekianti Lietuvą. Tačiau mane labiau domina technologijos įtaka erdvei bei objekto/subjekto santykiui, tad tyrimas bus aktualus, nes Lietuvoje šioje srityje dirbančių teoretikų
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